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CSHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Micror&productions  Institut  canadien  de  microreproductions  historiques 


1980 


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L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
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D 
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de  la  nettetd  de  I'exemplaire  film6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche  shall 
contain  the  symbol  —►(meaning  CONTINUED"), 
or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END")  whichever 
applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaftra  sur  la  der- 
nidre  image  de  rhaque  microfiche,  selon  le  cas: 
le  symbols  -^  sigr.<fie  "A  SUIVRE",  le  symbole 
V  signifle  "FIN". 


The  original  copy  was  borrowed  from,  and 
filmed  with,  the  kind  consent  of  the  following 
institution: 

Library, 

Geological  Survey  of  Canada 

Maps  or  plates  too  large  to  be  entirely  included 
in  one  exposure  are  filmed  beginning  in  the 
upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to  right  and  top  to 
bottom,  as  many  frames  as  required.  The 
following  diagrams  illustrate  the  method: 


L'exemplaire  filmA  fut  reproduit  grdce  d  la 
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Bibliothdque, 

Commission  Giologique  du  Canada 

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partir  de  Tangle  supirieure  gauche,  de  gaurhe  d 
droite  et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  n6cessaire.  Le  diagramme  suivant 
illustre  la  mdthode  : 


1  2  3 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

SMITHSONIAN  MISCELLANEOUS  COLLECTIONS. 

181    

REVIEW 


07 


AMERICAN    BIRDS, 


IN  THE  MUSEUM  OP  THE 


SMITHSONIAN    INSTITUTION. 


PART    K. 


S.  F.   BAIRD. 


'f- 


WASHINGTON: 
SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION. 

1864—1872. 
\ 


I 


ADVERTISEMENT. 


The  Review  of  American  Birds,  of  which  the  present  work,  by 
Prof.  Bairil,  constitutes  tlie  first  part,  is  intended  to  serve  as  a 
descriptive  catalogue,  willi  critical  commentaries,  of  the  species  of 
American  Birds  in  the  Museum  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution; 
giving,  at  clie  same  time,  ;i  list  of  the  specimens,  tbeir  localities, 
and  donors.  As  indicated  by  the  date  at  the  beginning  of  each 
signature,  it  was  published,  sheet  by  sheet,  between  Juno,  IStit, 
and  June,  ISfiG,  and  has  been  extensively  in  use  by  ornithologists, 
although  not  regularly  distributed  to  Libraries  and  Societies.  It 
is  now  reissued  for  that  purpose,  and,  for  the  first  time,  with  the 
list  of  species  described,  and  with   an  alphabetical  index 

JOSEPH  HENRY, 

Secretary  S.  I. 
Washinot.in,  D.  C, 

NOVKMBBK  21,  1  872. 


PmLADBLPRIA: 
OOLLina.  PRIMTBB. 


INTRODUCTION. 


The  primary  object  in  undertaking  the  present  work  was  to 
furnish  a  list  of  American  Birds  iu  the  Museum  of  the  Smithsonian 
Institution,  with  their  localities  and  donors;  and,  as  many  of  thera 
are  of  considerable  rarity,  and  others  new  to  science,  the  opportu- 
nity has  been  embraced  to  give  synoptical  tables  and  descriptions 
of  some  of  the  genera  and  species.  The  signatures  were  distributed, 
as  printed,  to  the  leading  ornithologists  of  the  day,  beginning  June, 
18G4,  and  ending  June,  18G6 ;  and  the  "Review"  has  beeu  exten- 
sively quoted  by  writers. 

It  was  at  first  proposed  to  confine  the  "Review"  to  North'  and 
Middle  America,  but  gradually  the  plan  was  extended  until,  in  the 
later  monographs,  all  procurable  American  species  were  included. 

The  present  part  of  the  "Review"  includes  all  the  slender-billed 
Oscines,  with  the  exception  of  the  Gserehidte,  which  -would  have 
been  added  but  for  the  difficulty  of  presenting  a  satisfactory  defi- 
nition of  the  genera,  as  compared  with  the  allied  forms. 

A  second  part  of  the  "  Review"  will  be  published  as  soon  as  it 
can  be  prepared. 

SPENCER  F.  BAIRP, 

Assistant  Secretary  S.  I. 

SmFTHSONMAN  T.\9TITnTI0IT, 

November  20,  1872. 

'  The  southern  bonndary  of  the  United  States,  bnt  also  including  the 
whole  Peninsula  of  Lower  California,  is  here  taken  as  tliat  of  North  America  ; 
while  by  I'idille  America  is  to  be  understood  the  region  intervening  between 
the  United  States  and  the  southern  end  of  the  Isthmus  of  Darien,  and  em- 
bracijg  the  whole  West  Indies,  excepting  Tobago  and  Trinidad. 


(Hi) 


Ihl 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Advbhtisemknt 

ISTBODtJCTIOir    . 


Pa  em 
.      ii 

.     iii 


Tprdidjb      .       «        , 

TUBCINA  .  .  , 

Catharas,  Bon. 

Catharus,  Bon 
Malacocicfala, 

Tardus,  L. 

Hytocichla,  B 
Planesticus, 
Merula,  L. 
Hesperocichla 

Platycichla,  Bd. 

Seniiuierula,  Scl. 

Mimocichla,  Scl. 

Raiuphocinclas,  Lafi 
MlMINili      ... 

Margarops,  Scl. 

Oreoscoptes,  Bd. 

Uarporhynohus,  Cab 

Mimus,  Boie 

Oaleoaooptes,  Cab 

Melanoptila,  StL 

Melanotis,  Bon. 

Donacobius,  Sts. 

ClNCLID^S 

Cinclas,  Bechst. 

SAXICOMDiE  . 

Saxicola,  Bechst. 

Bialia,  Sw. 
Stlviidjb 

Regulna,  Ctin.    , 

Polioptila,  Scl. 
CnAM^AD^  . 

Chanuea,  Gambel 


Scl. 

ird 
Bon. 

Bd. 


Pam 

1 

4 
,  6 
,      7 

,  10, 

,  11 

,  13 

.  28 

.  81 
32 

.  32 

.  33 

.  35 

.  41 
.      4 

.  41 

.  42 

.  43 

.  48 

.  54 

.  66 

.  66 

.  67 

.  69 

.  69 

.  61 

.  61 

.  62 

.  64 

.  65 

.  67 

.  75 

.  76l 


Pahida        .        .        .       « 
Parirjb    .... 

Lophophanes,  Kamp  . 
Panis,  Linn.  .  . 
Psaltriparus,  Bon.  . 
Auriparoa^  Bd. 
Bitting  .  ,  ,  . 
Sitta,  Litin.  ,  , 
Cebibiada  .... 
Certhia,  Linn.  . 

TROOIiODYTIDiB 

Kh  od  i  noc  i  ucl  a,  Hard . 
Heleodytes,  Cat). 
Caiupylorhynchus,  Spix. 
Salpinctep,  Cab. 
Cathorpes,  Bd. 
Cinuic«rthia,  Less.    . 
Cyphorinus,  Cab,       . 
Microceroulus,  Scl.    . 
Heterorhiua,  Bd. 
Tbryothorus,  Vieill. 


77 

77 

77 

79 

84 

85 

86 

86 

£9 

89 

91 

91 

95 

96 

109 

110 

111 

112 

113 

115 

120 


Thryotliorus,  Vieill.  123 

ThryoniaiMjs,  Scl.    .  12(j 

Thryopbilus,  Bd.      .         .  127 

Pheugop"diu8,  Cab. .         .  134 

Troglodytes,  Vieill.    .         .  137 

Troglodytes,  Vieill.    138 

Anorthura,  Reuvie  .  144 

Cistothorua,  Cab.       .         .  14(5 

Cistotl.orus,  Cab.    .  146 

Telraatodytea,  Cab.    147 

MoTACIlIilD*  .  .  •  .160 

Motacilla,  Linn.  •  151 

(V) 


▼i 


TABLE   OP   CONTENTS. 


'I 

i4 


Pahi 

• 

Paoi 

Anthns,  Bechl.        ,        , 

.  102 

Progiie 

• 

.  271 

Aiithu»,  Bechat. 

.  153 

Progne,  Dote 

• 

.  272 

Neocofj'P,  Sd.  . 

.  155 

I'liaanpiogiiH, 

Bd. 

.  2H3 

HouHMioryB,  Ud. 

.  166 

Petrochelidoii,  Cab. 

• 

.  286 

Pediooor;'8,  liJ. 

.  167 

Uiruudo,  Linn. 

« 

.  293 

Stlvioolidx         .        .        . 

.  160 

Uiiundu,  Linn. 

.  294 

SiLVICOLINA       .            .            . 

.  167 

Tachycineia, 

Cab. 

.  296 

Mnioiilteie     .          .          • 

.  166 

Calliuhtflidou 

,Bryu 

nt  803 

Muiotilta,  Vieill. 

.  166 

Attitjora,  Hole    . 

• 

.  305 

Paralu,  lion.      .         , 

.  168 

Atticora,  IJoi 

« 

.  305 

Vermivorece   ,         .         • 

.  166 

liotioohelidoii,  Bd 

.    306 

Protonotaria,  litl. 

.  173 

Ntfochelidon 

S<1. 

.  307 

Ileliuinthophaga,  Cab. 

.  173 

Pygoclu-lidoi 

,Bd. 

.  308 

Helmithurud,  liaf.     . 

.  179 

Stelgidopteryx,  Bd. 

• 

.  312 

Sylvi'-olem 

.  166 

Cotylf,  Loie 

• 

.  318 

Pt^ri8,sogIo.-»3a,  IJd.     . 

.  180 

VlBBONIDiV    . 

• 

.  322 

Dendioica,  Gray 

.  182 

Vireotiylvia,  Bon. 

• 

.  826 

Gbothi.ypiN/«    .         .         . 

.  214 

Vireosylvia, 

Bon. 

.  327 

^eiuna          .         .         . 

.  166 

LnwiviTin),  Buird 

.  345 

SeiuruH,  Sw. 

.  214 

Vir«o,   Vii^ilt.     . 

• 

.  350 

Oporornis,  Jid.           , 

.  218 

Vireo,  Vieill. 

• 

.  353 

Geothljipeiii    . 

.  166 

Vireouolla,  Baird 

.  369 

Qeothlypis,  Cub. 

.  210 

Ne>5cliloe,  Scl.    . 

.  371 

IOTBRIAtli« 

.  228 

Hylt)philns,  Temm. 

.  372 

Icteriece          .         .         , 

.  166 

Laletes,  S-luitr 

.  682 

Icteria,  Vieill    . 

.  228 

CycloihlH,  Swains 

.  384 

Granptollua,  Dtibus    . 

.  230 

Vireolauius,  thibus 

.  395 

Teretrigieoe        ,        . 

.  166 

Ampeuid^    .         .         • 

.  400 

•"tristis,  Cab.    . 

.  233 

Duiiia^    . 

.  401 

SaropiiAoiN.E    . 

.  335 

Duliis,  Vieill.    . 

.  401 

Myiodiocte3,  And. 

.  238 

Ampblin^         .         . 

.  403 

Basileuterus,  Cab.     . 

.  241 

Ampelis,  Linn. 

.  403 

Basileaterus,  Cab 

.  241 

Ptilog(«iatin« 

.  408 

Idiotes,  Bd.     . 

.  247 

Ptilogoiiys,  Sw. 

.  410 

Myiothlypis,  Cab. 

.   251 

Ptilogonys,  Sw. 

.  412 

Setc^haga,  Sw.     . 

.   253 

Sphenot^'lus 

Bd. 

.  412 

Setophaga,  Sw. 

.  256 

Phaenopepla,  Scl. 

.  416 

Myioboffus,  Bd. 

.  257 

Hyiadestina    . 

.417 

Euthlypia,  Cab. 

.  2(32 

Myiadestes,  Sw. 

.  418 

Cardellina,  Duhus 

.  263 

Cic)ilo]i8is,  Cnh. 

.  433 

Cardellina,  Dubua 

.  263 

Platycichla,  Baird 

.  436 

Ergaticns,  Bd. 

.  264 

LkHUVM 

.  437 

HlRUNDINinS 

.  267 

Collurio,  Vig.   . 

.  437 

List  of  Species  described           . 

• 

.  451 

Alphabetieal  Index          .        , 

• 

.  465 

SMITHSONIAN  MISCELLANEOUS  COLLECTIONS. 

181    


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS 


IN  THE  MUSEUM  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION/ 


S.   F.   B  AIRD, 


PART     I. 

\  KORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA. 


liVVT/i 


OSCINES. 

J.^       ";  Family  TURDID^.' 

The  American  liirdidsp,  Saxicolidse,  and  Cmclidse  are  all  closclj 
related  to  each  other  by  the  presence  of  common  characters,  which 
distinguish  them  from  the  other  allied  American  families  of  Osciriea 


'  The  present  work  is  intended  as  a  catalogue  of  the  birds  of  Northern  and 
Middle  America  in  the  Mu«euin  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  with  such 
critical  notices  of  the  same  as  appear  to  be  called  for,  and  a  list  of  the  speci- 
mens, or  of  such  of  them  i  s  best  show  the  geographical  distribution  of  the 
species.  Species  not  in  the  Smithsonian  collection,  but  which  I  have  had 
the  opportunity  of  personally  examining  and  comparing,  are  also  included. 
Specijs  mentioned  oy  authors,  but  which  I  have  not  seen,  will  be  mentioned 
at  the  end  of  the  genera  or  families  to  which  they  are  supposed  to  belong. 

As  understood  in  the  present  work,  the  term  "  North  America"  is  intended 
to  cover  the  region  in  and  north  of  the  valleys  of  the  Rio  Grande  and  Gila,  or 
north  of  a  line  drawn  from  the  raouth  of  the  Rio  Grande  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
to  that  of  the  Yaqui,  near  Guaymas,  on  the  east  side  of  the  Gulf  of  California, 
and  embraces  the  peninsulas  of  Florida  and  of  Lower  California  and  Greenland. 
Middle  America  extends  f"om  the  same  line  southward  to  the  continental 
part  of  South  America,  including  Mexico,  Guatemala,  San  Salvador,  Nicaraguii, 
Honduras,  Costa  Rica,  the  Isthmus  of  Panama  and  of  Darien,  and  the  whole 
of  the  West  Indies,  excepting  Trinidad  and  perhaps  Tobago. 

Any  specimens  which  may  nerve  to  extend  the  list  of  the  species  enumerated 
as  belonging  to  the  Institution,  or  furnish  additional  material  for  invistigation, 
will  be  thankfully  received. 

'  For  a  synopsis  of  the  American  Tunlidx,  See  Sclater,  Pr.  Zool.  Soc.  1859. 
1      June,  1864. 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS, 


[I'AllT  r. 


havinpj  uncovered  nostrils  and  with  ten  pr'niaries,  tlie  first,  of  vvliich 
is  eitiior  spurious  or  much  shorter  thiiii  tlic  second,  agreeing  in  this 
respect  with  the  Si/ltncoltdee  having  nine  primaries  only.  The  moat 
striking  of  these  common  characters  is  seen  in  the  deeply  cleft  tt»es, 
of  which  the  outer  is  united  by  the  hasal  joint  alone  to  the  middle 
toe,  while  the  inner  is  separated  almost  to  the  very  base  of  its  first 
joint.*  The  frontal  feathers  extend,  with  rare  exceptions,  to  the 
very  nostrils.  The  bill  is  elongated  and  subulate,  moderately 
slender,  and  usually  notched  at  tip ;  the  culmen  moderately  curved 
from  the  base,  and  the  mouth  well  provided  with  bristles,  except 
in  a  few  cases.  Usually  the  sfutellie  covering  the  front  and  sides 
of  the  tarsus  are  fused  into  o>ie  continuous  ]>late,  or  else  scarcely 
appreciable,  except  on  the  inner  edge  oidy  ;  in  the  Mocking  Thrushes 
they  are,  however,  distinctly  marked.  The  lateral  toes  are  nearly 
equal,  the  outer  rather  the  longer.  With  these  as  some  of  the  prin- 
cipal characteristics,  they  may  be  distinguished  from  each  other  as 
follows : — 


m 


iiil 


A.  Nostrils  oval.     Loral  and  frontal  feathers  with  bristly  points,  or  inter- 
spersed with  bristles  ;  rictus  with  longer  or  shorter  bristles. 

Bajclcolldaa.  Wings  very  long  and  much  pointed,  reaching  beyond  the 
middle  of  the  shirt  bqiiare  or  eraarginated  tail,  and  one  and  a  half 
times  or  more  the  length  of  the  latter.  The  spurious  primary  very 
short,  the  second  quill  longer  than  the  fourth.  In  the  closed  wing  tlie 
outer  secondary  reaches  ouly  about  two-thirds  the  length  of  longest 
primary. 

Turdidae.  Wings  mo<lerate,  more  rounded,  not  reaching  beyond  middle 
of  the  often  rounded  tail,  and  not  more  than  one  and  a  third  the 
latter,  usually  more  nearly  equal.  Spurious  primary  sometimes  half 
the  length  of  second  quill ;  the  second  quill  shorter  than  the  fourth. 
In  the  closed  wing  the  outer  secondary  reaches  three-fourths  or  more 
the  length  of  longest  primary. 

'  In  a  perfectly  fresh  specimen  of  TnrHus  muxtelimts,  the  basal  half  of  the 
first  phalanx  of  the  inner  toe  is  connected  with  the  1st  joint  of  the  middle  toe 
by  a  membrane  which  stretches  across  to  within  two-fifths  of  the  end  of  the 
latter;  there  appears  however  to  be  no  ligamentous  adhesion.  The  basal 
joint  of  the  outer  toe  is  entirely  adherent,  and  a  membrane  extends  from  nearly 
the  basal  half  of  the  second  joint  to  the  distal  end  of  the  first  joint  of  thu  ' 
middle  toe.  When  this  connecting  membrane  becomes  dried  the  division 
of  the  toes  appears  considerably  greater. 

When  t  toea  are  all  extended  in  line  with  the  tarsus,  the  hind  claw 
stretches  u  attle  beyond  the  lateral  and  scarcely  reaches  the  base  of  the 
middle  claw. 

The  plates  at  the  tipper  surface  of  the  basal  joints  of  the  toes  are  quadraa-r. 
gular  and  opposite  each  other. 


TUnDID^. 


8 


B.  NoHtrUs  linear,  fn  lower  eflge  of   nasal    menihrano.     Loral   and   frontal 
feathers  soft  and  dowuy,  and  no  bristles  or  bristly  jwinta  whatever 
about  the  month. 
CinoUdaB.     Body  very  short  and  broad.      Wings  short,  rounded,  and 
concave. 

The  American  Sybnadse  are  in  some  respects  very  closely  related 
to  the  Saxicolidae,  but  may  \m  distinguished  by  their  much  smaller 
size,  more  slender  and  depressed  bill,  more  strongly  bristled  rictus, 
etc. ;  on  which  account  they  are  more  strictly  "  fly-catchers,"  taking 
their  prey  in  great  part  on  the  wing. 

Of  the  three  families,  the  Tiirdidee  contain  a  great  variety  of  forms, 
and  exhibit  widely  different  characters,  rendering  it  exceedingly  diffi- 
cult to  arrange  them  in  any  systematic  or  regular  seciucnce,  or  to 
accurately  define  their  boundaries.  In  my  work  on  the  Birds  of  North 
America,  I  placed  the  Mocking  Thrushes  among  the  Wrens,  on  ac- 
count of  the  distinct  tarsal  scutellue,  and  other  characters.  I  am 
now,  however,  inclined  to  believe,  with  Dr.  Sdater,  that  their  place 
is  with  the  recognized  Turdidae ;  and  among  other  reasons,  on  the 
ground  o.  .heir  more  deeply  cleft  toes,  and  greater  extension  forward 
of  frontal  feathers.  On  the  other  hand,  I  have  included  Dnnacohiua 
among  the  Thrushes,  on  account  of  the  deeply  cleft  toes  ;  although, 
as  in  the  Wrens,  the  open  nostrils  are  considerably  in  advance  of 
the  frontal  feathers.  .    ,..:•  ,...,.  .t, 

The  following  .synopsis  of  such  American  forms  of  Turdidse  as  I 
have  had  the  opportunity  of  exaniining,  may  serve  to  determine  the 
genera  artificially,  even  though  their  natm<il  affinities  be  somewhat 
violated.  Nowhere  is  it  more  difficult  than  here  to  furnish  in  linear 
series,  trenchant  and  positive  characters  which  shall  at  the  same 
time  express  and  illnstrate  their  true  relationships.  Cichlerminia 
and  Cinclocerthia,  which  I  have  not  seen,  are  placed  by  Dr.  Sclater 
the  one  b-itween  Turdus  and  Margarops,  the  other  between  Rham- 
phocinclus  and  Harporhynchus.  The  primary  division  is  into 
Turdinse,  or  species  with  the  tarsi  "bootod."  that  is,  having  all  the 
scutellae  fused  into  a  continuous  plate  covering  the  front  of  the  tarsus 
and  extending  half  way  round  on  the  two  sides ;  and  Miminae,  or 
those  with  this  same  anterior  half  of  the  tarsus  covered  by  a  suc- 
cession of  imbricated  overlapping  scales,  usually  seven  in  numl)er. 
In  one  species  of  Mimocichla,  jilaced  in  the  first  section,  the  division 
of  the  scutellae  are  appreciable,  although  they  are  all  fused  into  one 
plate ;  while  in  the  Cat-bird  the  scutelliB,  in  some  specimens  (as  No. 
20,396),  are  quite  indistinguishable — the  leg  here  being  as  much 
"  booted"  as  in  the  true  Thrushes ;  in  others,  however,  they  are  per- 


■- 


m 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


r . 


fectly  distinct.     Even  in  the  first  section  individuals,  in  nearly  all 
the  species,  may  be  noted  with  indications  of  separate  scutellae. 

The  Turdus  gigas  of  Fraser  has  been  placed  among  the  typical 
Thrushes,  but  realjy  differs  in  many  important  points,  as  does  still 
more  the  2T  aurantius  of  Jamaica,  in  shorter  wings,  much  longer 
1st  primary,  very  long  tarsi,  and  other  characters  of  Mimocichla. 
I  have  accordingly  been  obliged  to  consider  as  a  good  genus  the 
section  Semi.nerula  of  Sclater,  although  I  would  prefer  to  consider 
aurantius  as  the  type  rather  than  gigas  and  its  allies : — 

A.  Turdinae. — Taraua  covered  anteriorly  with  a  continuous  plate. 

1.  Wings  decidedly  longer  than  the  tail,'  which  is  nearly 

even.     Bill  considerably  shorter  than  the  head. 

First  quill  one-half  to  one-third  the  second.  Wings 
rounded.  Tarsus  longer  than  the  head ;  out- 
stretched toes  reaching  beyond  the  tail     .         .  Caiharus. 

First  quill  usually  not  one-fourth  the  second.  Wings 
pointed.  Tarsus  hardly  the  length  of  head,  but 
yet  longer  than  middle  toe;  outstretched  toes 
falling  short  of  tip  of  tail  ....  Turdus. 

Wings  as  in  2'urdus.  Tarsus  shorter  than  middle 
toe.  Bill  short  and  very  broad ;  width  greater 
than  distance  from  nostril  to  tip        .         .         .  Platycichla,* 

First  quill  more  than  one-third  the  second.  Wings 
rounded.  Tarsus  considerably  longer  than 
head ;  outstretched  toes  falling  short  of  tip  of 
tail.     Bill  lengthened       .....  Seinimerula. 

2.  Wings  about  equal  to  the  tail,  which  is  somewhat 

graduated.     Bill  stout,  nearly  as  long  as  the  head. 
Tarsus  lengthened,  considerably  longer  than  mid- 
dle toe  and  claw. 
First  quill  more  than  one-third  the  second.     Rictal 

bristles  very  short    ......  Mimocichla. 

S.  Wings  longer  than   the   tail,  which  is  considerably 
rounded.     Bill  longer  than  the  head,  and  slightly 
decurved. 
First  quill  more  than  half  the  longest     .         .         .  Ehamvhocinclus. 

B.  Miminea.' — Tar?»  scutellate  anteriorly  ;  scutell»  seven. 

4.   vViii^s  deriiiedly  longer  than  the  tail,  which  is  nearly 
even.     Tarsus  as  long  as  the  head.- 
Tarsus  hardly  longer  than  middle  toe  and  claw. 
Bill  about  equal  to  the  head,  decidedly  notched ; 


•  In  the  present  work  the  length  of  the  tail  is  measured  from  the  coccyx, 
inside  of  the  skin,  and  not,  as  usually  the  case,  from  the  base  of  the  quills  at 
their  insertion.     The  wings  are  measured  from  the  carpal  joint,  with  dividers. 

*  Possibly  CichlopsiSf  Cab.,  but  diffeiiu'^  much  from  his  description. 


TURDlDiB. 


Margarops. 


Oreoscoptes. 


wings  rounded  ;   1st  quill  more  than  half  the 
second  ;   5th   longest.     Claws  very  strong  and 
much  curved.     Rictal  bristles  very  short  . 
Bill   decidedly   shorter    than    the    head,   scarcely 
notched ;   wings  pointed ;   1st  quill  less  than 
half  the  second ;   3d  and  4th  longest.     Claws 
not  peculiar.     Bristles  prominent.     Tarsus  con- 
sideralily  longer  than  middle  toe  and  claw 
6.  Wings  decideiily  shorter  than  the  tail,  which  is  con-  ' 

siderably  graduated ;  lat  quill  half  or  more  than  >j 

half  the  second. 
Tail  firm,  the  feathers  moderately  broad:  the  ex- 
terior with  outer  web  near  the  end,  less  than 
one-tl  ■  1  the  inner. 
Bill  lengthened  ;  sometimes  much  decurved ;  no 

notch  at  tip       .......    Ilarporhynchus. 

Bill  notched,  shorter  than  head ;  straight. 

Bcutellse  very  distinct 

Scutellse  more  or  less  obsolete       ,         .         . 
Tail  rather  soft :  the  feathers  broad ;  the  exterior  with 
outer  web  near  the  tip  rather  more  than  one- 
third  the  inner  (except  in  Donncobius), 
Rictus  without  any  bristles  whatever  .         .         . 
Rictus  with  well  developed  bristles 
Divisions  of  tarsus  mostly  obsolete.     Rictus  well 
bristled.      Lateral  tail  feathers  scarcely  more 
than  half  the  central ;  width  of  its  outer  web 
half  the  inner Donacobius. 


Mi  mux. 
Galeoscoptes. 


ifelattoptila. 
Melanotis. 


• 


iclus. 


bcyx, 

lis  at 

iers. 


Of  the  family  Turdidm,  as  here  given,  the  genera  arc  all  peculiar 
to  America,  with  the  exception  of  Tardus;  and  even  here  our  species 
belong  to  sections  scarcely  if  at  all  represeute^d  in  the  Old  World, 
except  by  stragglers  from  the  American  Continent. 

The  sexes  are  all  similar  in  the  American  species,  except  in  some 
divisions  of  I'urduH,  in  its  most  genijral  sense. 

A  very  remarkable  pecnliarity  of  form  is  observable  in  some  of  the 
species  of  Oreocincla,  an  Old  AVorld  genus  of  Turdidse,  consisting 
in  the  possession  of  more  than  twelve  tail  feathers,  a  character 
quite  unique,  I  believe,  among  the  land  birds.*  Sundevall,  in  a 
communication  on  the  subject  to  Cabanis'  Journal  fiir  Ornithologie 
(1858,  159),  gives  0.  varia  and  malaynna  as  having  fourteen  tail 
feathers :  the  other  species  twelve.  A  specimen  of  O.  varia,  how- 
ever, in  the  Smith;^onian  collection,  received  from  the  Philadelphia 
,  Academy,  and  of  uncertain  locality,  has  fifteen  tail  feathers,  and  has 
probably  lost  a  sixteenth. 


'  See  also  Cabanis'  Museum  Heineanum,  I,  1850,  6. 


f 


REVIEW  or  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


Hi; 

ili; 


CATHARUS,  Bon  A  p. 

t 
Catharus,  Bonap.  Conap.  I,  1850,  278.     (Type  Catharus  immaculatus,  Bonap.) 

Malacocichla,  Gould,  Pr.  Zool.  Soo.  1854,  285.     (Type  M.  dryas,  Gould.) 

The  genus  Catharus  has  been  made  by  Dr.  Sclater  to  include  two 
groups:  Catharus  proper,  in  which  the  species  have  a  close  re- 
semblance in  coloration  to  the  small  American  Thrushes,  as  T.  fiis- 
cescens,  etc.,  but  without  any  spotting  on  the  breast,  and  without 
crest;  and  Malacocichla  of  Gould,  in  which  the  upper  parts,  or  at 
least  the  head,  are  black,  and  Avith  the  feathers  of  the  head  above  and 
nape,  moderately  elongated,  so  as  to  form  a  bushy,  rounded  crest. 

The  species  of  Catharus  proper,  as  just  stated,  closely  resemble 
such  small  ThrurJies  as  Tardus  fuscescens,  nanus,  etc.  in  coloration 
and  external  appearance.  The  bill  is  very  similar,  both  in  shape 
and  character  of  bristles,  which  are  perhaps  not  quite  so  long  in 
some,  longer  in  others.  The  plumage  is,  however,  softer  and 
fuller ;  the  tarsi  appreciably  longer,  the  tail  shorter,  the  feathers  nar- 
rower. The  principal  difference  is  in  the  wings,  which  are  short, 
rounded,  and  concave.  The  1st  quill  in  G.  melpomene  is  nearly  or 
quite  half  the  2d,  which  about  equals  the  8th  quill.  In  C.  occiden- 
talis  the  wings  are  more  pointed,  the  1st  quill  about  one-third'-'the 
2d,  which  is  between  the  tth  and  8th  in  size.  Here  the  bristles  are 
shorter ;  while  in  C.  frantzii  they  are  unusually  long.  G.  occidentalis 
forms  the  transition  to  the  smaller  spotted  Turdi.  In  C.  (AlalacO' 
cichla)  maculatus  the  1st  primary  is  shoi'ter. 

.    In  all  the  skins  I  have  seen  the  outstretched  legs  r^ach  either 
very  nearly  to  the  tip  of  the  tail  or  beyond  it. 

In  one  specimen  of  C.  melpomene,  from  Mr.  Lawrence's  collec- 
tion, the  divisions  of  the  tarsal  scutellce  are  distinctly  definable  on 
the  anterior  face,  while  they  are  confluent  on  the  sides.  It  is  possible 
that  at  one  stage  of  development  the  tarsi,  which  are  covered  with 
a  "  boot,"  or  a  continuous  plate,  are  distinctly  scutellate — the  scutellsB 
meliing  subsequently  into  a  single  plate.  The  occasional  persistence 
of  this  immature  feature  in  an  adult  bird  may  thus  be  explained 
without  invalidating  the  importance  of  the  character  as  Kaup  has 
endeavored  to  do  in  the  case  of  Turdus  migratorius. 

As  Dr.  Sclater  has  furnished  an  excellent  synopsis  of  the  species 
of  American  Turdidae  (Pr.  Zool.  Soc.  1859),  it  will  not  be  necessary 
here  to  do  the  same. 


CATHARUS.  T 

i 

Caf.harus. 
Catliarus  melpomene. 

Turdus  melpomene,  Cab.  Mus.  Hein.  I,  1850,  5  (Xalapa). — Cntharua 
melpomene,  Scl.  P.  Z.  S.  1859,  323.— Ib.  Cat.  Am.  Birds,  1861,  1, 
No.  1.— Cabams,  Jour.  1860,  322.— Salvin,  Ibis,  1^60,  29. 

Cathurus  aurantiirostris,  Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1856,  294  (not  of  Uartlaub). 

Hab.  Mexico  (Cordova,  Orizaba,  Oaxaca)  ;  Quatemala ;  Costt^  Rica. 

Specimens  vary  somewhat  in  the  shade  of  colorfttion  and  the  in- 
tensity of  the  rufescence  of  tail  and  wings.  The  bill  is  generally 
(in  the  dried  skin)  bright  yellow,  sometimes  orange,  a  little  dusky 
towards  the  tip  above ;  sometimes  this  latter  shade  encropches  on 
the  culmen ;  in  one  specimen  (No,  22,3G2)  the  whole  upper  mandible 
is  light  brownish,  and  in  No.  2  of  Mr.  Lawrence's  Collection  it  is 
nearly  as  black  as  in  C.  occidentalis.  Some  specimens  have  a  shade 
of  grayish  in  the  feathers  of  the  chin  ;  but  in  none  is  there  any  in- 
dication of  the  yellowish-brown  of  the  jugulura  of  occidentalis.  The 
legs  are  always  yellowish,  though  varying  in  the  shade  of  this  color. 
The  rump  and  tail  are  always  more  rufous  than  tlife  back,  as  in 
Turdus  pallasii  and  its  allies,  ihough  the  contrast  is  not  so  striking. 

A  specimen  (30,484)  from  Costa  Rica,  in  imperfect  plumage, 
differs  in  the  prevalence  of  a  grayish  olive  shade  in  +he  back,  ai.d  a 
less  intense  shade  of  rufous  on  the  rump  and  tail.*  It  is  not  im- 
probable that  this  may  be  the  true  C.  aurantiirostris  of  Ilartlaub, 
which  is  said  to  differ  in  the  more  olive  buck.  Although  Ilartlaub 
describes  the  whole  upper  parts  as  uniformly  olivaceous,  including 
the  wings  and  tail,  his  figure  represents  the  latter  as  being  more 
rufous. 

If  the  species  of  Hartlaub  and  Cabanis  should  hereafter  prove  to 
be  the  same,  it  is  somewhat  of  a  question  to  which  of  their  names 
the  priority  should  be  assigned.  The  date  of  the  aurantiirostris 
is  March,  1850,  exactly  coeval  with  Bonaparte's  "inwiaculatus." 
The  name  "  melpomene^^  appears  on  page  5,  of  sig.  1,  of  Museum 
Heineanum,  but  without  any  signature  date  affixed — this  practice 
not  having  been  introduced  until  the  appearance  of  the  fourteenth 
signature,  where  the  date  of  Jan,  1851  is  printed  at  the  bottom  of 
page  107.  There  is  nothing  whatever  to  show  tl/^t  even  if  the  first 
signature  was  published  in  1850,  it  appeared  as  e^       as  March. 


'  Tardus  aurantiirostris,  Hartlaub,  Rev.  Zool.  March,  1850,  158  (Vene- 
zuela) ;  Ib.  Jard.  Cent.  Orn.  1851,  80,  pi.  Ixxii.  Catharua  aurantiiroHris, 
S(  LATKR,  P.  Z,  S.  1859,  323.  Catharua  immaculatua,  Bun.  Co^».  March,  1850, 
276  (Caraccas). 


8 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


u 


ii'  t 


m 


Note. — Additional  specimens  received  from  Costa  Rica — none  in 
very  perfect  plumage — agree  in  being  all  rather  grayer,  with  less  con- 
trast of  back  and  tail  coverts  than  Mexican  and  (j.  uatemalan.  They, 
however,  vary  considerably  among  themselves — some  being  quite 
decidedly  olivaceous  on  tho  back.  Tie  most  olivaceous  specimens 
have  the  most  brightly  orange-foloreu  bills.  In  some  of  the  others 
the  bill  above  is  light  horn  color.  No.  33,259  has  an  unusually 
large  first  primar)' — more  than  half  t      longest. 

List  op  Specimens. 


Sm(th- 

Collec- 

Sex 

When 

Hiininn 

tor's 

Hnd 

Locality. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

No. 

No. 

Agf. 

22,3ii2 

.3.1,122 

.. 

Cordova,  Mex. 

VorroHux. 

l(i.84l 

,  , 

,  , 

Moxit'o. 

. .  > 

J.  Ooiilil. 

20,201 

68 

,  , 

OrizHba,  Mex. 

.  •  • 

Prof.  Suinlchrast. 

Prof.  Suioicbnist. 

32,4.')1 

322 

,  , 

t( 

■  •  • 

n 

ii 

S2,4r.3 

68 

,  , 

(< 

• . . 

l( 

4* 

7,9.")1 

Juv. 

Guatemala. 

•  •  • 

J.  Gould. 

13,661 

, , 

,  , 

ti 

• .  • 

Dr.  Sclater. 

soerio 

30 

,  , 

BuenHKf  Qiiat. 

Sept.  1862. 

0.  .Snlviii. 

Salvin  &  riodmao. 

30,482 

11 

,  , 

San  J()8e,  Costa 

. . . 

l)r.  KruiitziiiH. 

J   Caruiol. 

,  , 

1 

,  , 

Moxioi).      [Uica. 

... 

Cub.  ofG.N.  Law- 

D'Oca. 

,  , 

2 

,  , 

Ouaceraala. 

■ .  > 

"        [reace. 

33.2/>8 

10!) 

.t 

ti 

. . . 

Dr.  Franwius. 

3.3,2-)6 

110 

.  , 

K 

. . . 

1, 

*J.2r>i> 

,  , 

1( 

J.  Carniol. 

83,25.-. 

, , 

,  , 

U 

... 

4i 

S3,2.'i7 

•• 

•* 

1( 

... 

(t 

16,841.   Upper  mand.  black  ;  rufouH  oi'  wlags  very  iatense. — 29,201.    Bill  orange  red,  iu 
yellowUb.  — 3.3,259.   lat  primary  very  large. 


(kia 


Catharus  occidentalism 

Catharua  occidentalis,  Sclatkr,  P.  Z.  S.  1859,  323,  370.— Ib.  Cat.  Am. 
Birds,  1861,  1  (No.  2). 

Hab.  Mexico  (Oaxaca  and  Totontepec  (Sclater)  ;  Orizaba). 

This  species  may  readily  be  distinguished  from  C.  melpomene  by 
several  characters.  The  general  color  above  is  much  the  same  ;  but 
while  the  rump,  tail  and  wings  are  little,  if  at  all  more  rufous  than 
the  back,  the  head  above  and  nape  are  decidedly  so.  There  is  an 
indication  of  streaks  on  the  jugulum  and  throat,  the  feathers  being 
pale  buff  at  base,  broadly  streaked  centrally,  and  tipped  with  plum- 
beous ;  while  in  melpomene  there  is  no  indication  of  the  buff,  nor  of 
streaks,  the  feathers  being  pure  plumbeous,  except  where  the  whitish 
basal  portion  shows  on  the  chin  and  throat.  The  legs  are  darker 
and  more  olivaceous.  The  bill  is  dark  brown,  almost  black,  except 
the  yellowish  basal  portion  of  lower  jaw.  The  wings  are  longer  and 
more  pointed,  the  longest  primary  exceeding  the  10th  by  .65  of  an 
inch,  instead  of  .35  to  .40.  The  spurious  primary  is  smaller  and 
narrower,  its  raposed  portion  reaching  over  scarcely  more  than  one^ 


CATHAUU8. 


i 


^m. 


tin 

ng 
ra- 

of 

ish 

ier 

ept 

ind 

an 

md 

ne- 


third  of  that  of  the  2d  quill,  instead  of  nearly  or  quite  one-half.  The 
bill  is  shorter  and  more  slender  (.3(>  or  lens  from  tip  to  nostril,  instead 
of  .42).  The  tarsi  and  toes  are  absolutely  and  relatively  about  the 
same  length  as  in  nwlpomene  (tarsus  1.25,  middle  too  and  claw  .85 
iu  No.  22,3(;i ;  a  little  less  in  29,202). 

It  will  be  seen  from  the  speeimens  indicated  as  from  Orizaba,  that 
this  species  is  not  confined  to  the  west  coast,  as  supposed. 

List  of  Specimens. 


1        ; 

Smlth-'Collno-    Bex 

When 
Collectod. 

soaiao     tor's  i  aod 

Locality. 

R'»tolved  from 

Collected  by 

No.        No.    i  Age. 

22,.1»il  40,700 

Mexico. 

Verreanx. 

29,202 

202 

Orizaba,  Mex. 

Prof.  Sumichra&t. 

Prof.  StimlcbraHt. 

3i,ir>i 

202 

'* 

" 

32Ar>r> 

202 

(( 

It 

32.4)6 

202 

■   <( 

ti 

32,4o7 

202 

It 

II 

32,4,08 

399 

II 

11 

22,361.     Not  exactly  like  type. 

Cathariis  frantzii. 

Catharns  frantzii,  Cab.  Jour.  Orn.  for  Sept.  1860  (pub.  Jan.  1861),  323 
(Costa  Rica). 

nab,  Costa  Rica. 

No.  30,482.  First  primary  about  half  the  2d.  Above  rufescent 
olive,  a  little  more  rufous  on  the  rump  and  tail,  still  more  so  on  ihe 
head  above  and  nape ;  the  outer  edge  of  primaries  a  little  grayer 
than  the  back.  Beneath  plumbeous  gray,  darkest  on  the  front  and 
sides  of  the  breast,  under  wing  covers,  and  thighs.  Edges  of  tliroat 
feathers  perhaps  a  little  lighter.  Sides  of  head  grayish.  Flanks, 
middle  of  belly  and  anal  regions  white  ;  under  tail  coverts  pale  rusty, 
some  of  the  feaihers  faintly  edged  with  plumbeous.  Upper  mandible 
black ;  lower  yellow,  but  rather  brownish  at  tip ;  legs  pale  brown. 
Length,  7.60;  wing,  3.30;  tail,  3.20;  bill,  from  nostril  to  tip,  .41; 
tarsus,  1.3(5;  middle  toe  and  claw,  1.00;  5th  or  longest  primary, 
.47,  longer  than  the  tenth. 

Another  specimen  (No.  30,483),  although  quite  different,  appears 
to  be  a  more  immature  stage  of  the  same  si)ecies.  The  upper  parts 
are  darker  and  tinged  with  a  more  brownish  rufous ;  the  breast  anu 
sides  are  also  strongly  marked  with  the  same. 

The  Calharus  frantzii  is  intermediate  between  C  melpomene  and 
occidentalis.  The  back  is  more  olivaceous  and  darker  than  in  the 
latter,  the  head  of  much  the  same  color.  Different  frt>m  either,  the 
outer  webs  of  the  primaries  are  grayer  than  the  back,  instead  of 


m 


UEVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


more  rufous.  There  are  no  streaks  on  the  throat  as  in  occidentalis, 
or  else  t'  ey  r.re  very  faintly  indicated ;  and  the  plunilx  ous  of  the 
under  parts  is  much  darker  than  in  melpomene.  Tlie  bill  and  feet 
are  colored  as  in  occidentalis,  the  feet  still  darker  than  in  the  latter 
species.  The  bill  is  proportionally  as  large  as  in  melpome.ne ;  the 
bristles  apparently  very  long. 

u 

List  op  Specihenb. 


Smith- 

RODiaii 
No. 

30.482 
33,2.H 
30,483 


Collec- 

Sex 

tor's 

aod 

No. 

Age. 

89 

Ad. 

SO 

148 

Juv. 

Locality. 


Costa  Uicu. 


When 
Collected. 


Received  from 


Dr.  Fraatzlus. 


Collected  by 


Dr.  Fraalziuti. 


Malacocichla. 

Catharus  dryas. 

Malacocichla  dryas,  Gould,  P.  Z.  8.  1854,  285,  pi.  79  (Gnateraala). — 
ScLATBR  &  Salvin,  Ibis,  1859,  7.— ScLATER,  P.  Z.  S.  1859,  324. 

Hab.  Guatemala. 

Above  slaty  olive-green ;  the  top  and  sides  of  the  head,  including 
lower  ^.aw,  continuous  and  deep  black;  beneath  light  ochry  yellow, 
becoming  yellowish-white  on  the  belly  and  anal  region  ;  crissum 
tinged  with  brown  ;  sides  of  body  and  inside  of  wings  somewhat  like 
the  back  ;  small  indistinct  spots  of  olivaceous  on  the  chin  and  throat, 
which  become  larger  and  more  rounded  on  jugulum  and  breast.  Bill 
and  legs  yellow. 

Length,  6.00 ;  wing,  3.fi0 ;  1st  primary,  .96  ;  tail,  2.*r5  ;  bill  from 
nostril,  .40,  from  gape,  .92;  tarsus,  1.40;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .96. 

This  species  is  easily  distinguished  from  G.  maculatus^  of  Ecua- 
dor, by  the  much  more  olive  back  (not  dark  ash)  and  ochry  yellow 
breast.  The  wings  are  longer  and  the  tail  shorter  in  proportion  (in 
maculatus  measuring  respectively  3.50  and  3.00). 

I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  Salvin  for  the  opportunity  of  examining  his 
cabinet  specimen  of  this  species,  lent  me  for  the  purpose.  (No.  31, 
Salvin  coll.  Tileman,  Rio  Potochic,  Guatemala,  Jan.  1861.)    It  does 

'  A  sjwiiiinen  of  Malacocichla,  in  Mr.  Lawrence's  collection,  from  the  Napo, 
with  a  general  resemblance  to  a  type  Napo  skin  of  M.  maculatus  received  from 
Mr.  Verreaux,  is  in  some  respects  more  like  M.  dryas.  Thus  the  uj)per  parts 
instead  of  being  grayish  sooty,  are  more  olive,  the  under  parts  more  ochrace- 
ous  yellow.  The  crissum,  however,  instead  of  being  yellowish-white,  like  the 
anal  region,  is  v.'^  a  .snuflfy  brown.     The  tail  is  much  longer  (3.30). 


^ii.^^f] 


TURDtJ8. 


\\ 


not  agree  exactly  with  Mr.  Gould's  dujcrlption,  but  is  probably  ihe 
saiue  species.  ,j-;av  * 

Catharus  mexicanas. 

Malacocichla  mexicona,  Bon.  Comptea  Renuas,  XLIII,  Nov.  1856,  998 
(Xalapa). — Catharun  inextcmun,  Sclatkb,  P.  Z.  S.  1859,  324. — Ib. 
Catal.  i:-Gl,  1,  uo.  4. 

Hab.  S.  Mexico ;  Guatemala. 

Above  yellowish  olive,  with  a  tinge  of  rufous  in  the  rump  and 
base  of  tail.  Top  and  sides  of  head  black,  this  color  not  extending 
to  sides  of  lower  jaw,  which  are  dark  ash.  Beneath  ashy  ;  the  chin 
and  tliroat  whitish  ;  middle  of  belly  and  crissum  white  ;  breast  and 
sides  tinged  with  olive.  Bill  yellow ;  dusl:y  along  culmcu  ;  tip 
brownish  yellow  or  very  pale  corneous. 

Length,  6.00  ;  wing,  3.55  ;  1st  primary,  .90;  tail,  2.80  ;  bill,  from 
nostril,  .40,  from  gape,  .90;  tarsus,  1.30;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .88. 

Specimen  examined,  No.  32  of  Mr.  Salvin's  collection,  Rio  Poto- 
chic,  Tileman,  Guatemala,  Jan.  1801  (lent  by  Mr.  Salvin). 

This  species  is  easily  distinguished  by  the  combination  of  the  yel- 
lowish olive  back,  black  head,  and  absence  of  spots  beneath.  The 
olive  has  a  more  gamboge  tinge  than  in  dryas,  and  the  black  of  the 
head  does  not  extend  over  the  lower  jaw.  There  is  nothing  of  the 
ochry  yellow  of  the  under  parts,  nor  the  spots  of  dryas. 


TURDUS,  LisN. 
Turdus,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  ed.  10th,  1758,  1G8.    (Type  T.  viscivorus  of  Europe.) 

The  genus  Turdus  is  an  exceedingly  cosmopolitan  one,  embracing 
species  from  nearly  all  parts  of  the  world  excepting  Australia. 
There  are  many  minor  variations  in  external  anatomy  and  style  of 
coloration ;  but  the  transition  is  so  gradual  from  one  form  to  another 
as  to  render  it  exceedingly  difficult  to  separate  them  generically  to  any 
considerable  extent.  They  agree  in  the  conical  subulate  bill,  shorter 
than  the  head ;  the  tip  gently  decurved  and  notched  (except  in 
Hexperocichla)  ;  the  rictus  with  moderate  bristles  ;  the  wings  rather 
long  and  pointed,  with  small  1st  primary  (less  than  one-fourth  the 
second)  ;  considerably  longer  than  the  tail,  which  is  firm,  nearly  even, 
with  broad  feathers.  Tarsi  variable,  seldom  as  long  as  the  skull, 
the  scutellae  fused  into  a  continuous  plate  ;  only  in  rare  individual 
instances  showing  indications  of  the  lines  of  separation. 

The  following  arrangement  of  the  genus  is  proposed  as  expressing, 
with  some  accuracy,  the  characters  of  the  American  species : — 


■^ 


19 


REVIEW  OP  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


11 


[part  I. 


bires  similtir, 

Hylocichla.     Smalhnt  Bpeoiea.     Bill  sliort,  broad  at  ba? e :  tnnch  depressed. 

Tttfrti  long  and  Hlender,  Iciger  than  middlo  tO')  uiid  olaw  bv  the  additional 

lengtl)   of  the  claw  ;    outslietched    legs   reaching  nearly  to  tip  of   tail. 

•    Body  slendei.      Color:    above  olivaceoua  or  redtlish,  buueath  whitish; 

brtast  spotted  ;  throat  without  spota. 

Turdus.  Bill  atouter  and  higher.  Tarsi  short,  scaroelj  lonjjer  than  niiddK 
to"  and  claw.  Bo<ly  stout,  g'juerally  whitish  beneath  and  spotted.  (2d 
quill  longer  than  5th?). 

Flanesticus.  Similar  to  preceding.  (2<1  quill  shorter  than  5th  ?).  Beneath 
mostly  unicolored  ;  unstreaked  except  the  throat,  which  is  whitish  with 
dark  streaks. 

Sexes  dissimilar. 
Morula.     Similar  to  Tardus.     Male  usually  more  or  less  Mack,  especially  on 
the  head  ;  females  brownish,  often  with  streaked  throats.     Bill  distinctly 
notched. 

Hesperocichla.  Similar  to  Turdus.  Male  reddish  beneath,  with  a  black 
collar.     Bill  without  notch. 


I 


Of  the  prnceding  sections  into  which  I  have  divided  Turdus,  the 
first  one  is  possibly  entitled  to  full  generic  rank.  It  is  intended  to 
include  the  small  North  American  si)ecies,  with  Turdus  mustelivus, 
Gm.,  at  the  head  as  type,  which  are  closely  connected  on  the  one  side 
with  Catharus,  by  their  lengthened  tarsi,  and  with  Turdus  l)y  the 
shape  of  the  wing.  The  bills  are  shorter,  more  depressed,  and  broader 
at  base  than  in  typical  Turdus,  so  much  so  that  the  species  have 
frequently  been  described  under  Muscicapa. 

Tl\p  section  Turdus,  as  well  as  the  entire  genus  itself,  has  as  its 
type  Turdus  viscivorus  of  Europe.  "We  have  no  native  represeiita- 
tive  of  this  group — one  species  only,  Turdus  iliacus,  coming  into 
the  American  fauna  from  i*3  occurring  in  Greenland. 

Planesticus,  first  announced,  as  far  as  I  can  ascertain,  by  Bona- 
parte in  his  Notes  on  Delattre's  Collection,  1854,  2t,  appears  to  have 
as  its  type  T.  jamacensis  (T.  lerehoulleti  of  Bonaparte,  erroneously 
credited  to  Colombia  instead  of  Jamaica).  It  is  among  these  species 
that  we  find  the  closest  relationships  to  the  large  European  Thrushes, 
as  viscivorus,  etc.  The  legs  are  short  and  stout.  In  the  best  known 
species — T.  migratorius — there  is  an  occasional  indication  of  sepa- 
rate scutellaj  on  the  lower  part  of  the  tarsi,  to  which  Kaiip  has 
called  attention  in  the  Archiv  fiir  Naturgeschichte.  I  find  the  same 
feature  in  a  specimen  of  T.  viscivorus,  No.  18,716,  in  T.  lorquatiix, 
18,944,  and  many  other  species,  and  consider  it  merely  a  cuuditiou 
of  immaturity  of  development. 


jjl^jjl,),         TURDU8. 


11 


The  type  of  Merula  (Leach,  1810)  is  Tardus  merula  of  Europe. 
It  differs  from  the  American  upeciea  1  have  seen  iu  having  the  claws 
mucli  longer  and  less  curved. 

I'urdus  nieviua  should  be  removed  from  its  position  among  the 
PlanesUci  and  placed  >.ither  ainonj-;  Merula,  o"  even  assigned  to  a 
separate  division.  It  agrees  with  Merula  in  the  dissimilarity  of  color 
in  the  sexes  ;  but  differs  from  all  the  American  true  Thrushes  in  a 
much  more  subulate  and  slenderly  conical  bill,  without  any  notch  at 
the  tip.  The  claws  are  longer  and  straighter  than  in  2\  mifraturius, 
more  like  typical  T.  merula.  In  form  it  is  perhaps  nearer  T.  tor- 
quatuti  than  other  species  of  Merula. 

It  is  somewhat  of  a  question  as  to  what  name  should  be  given  to 
the  section  of  Tardus,  of  which  naevius  is  the  type.  Bonaparte, 
in  his  Notes  on  Delattre,  state  that  Tardus  nsevius,  Gm.,  is  the  type 
of  his  new  genua  Ixoreus,  and  that  it  is  not  a  Thrush  at  all,  but  a 
true  Tseniopterien.  Dr.  Sclater,  to  whom  Bonaparte  exhibited  his 
supposed  species,  T.  nsevius,  states  (Pr  Zool.  Soc.  1859,  331)  that 
it  proved  to  be  the  Taeuioptera  rufiventris,  of  South  America,  a 
bird  of  an  entirely  different  order.  Now,  on  the  one  hand,  Turdus 
nsevius,  Gm.,  is  positively  stated  by  Bonaparte  to  be  the  type  of  his 
genus  Ixoreus.  Dr.  Sclater,  however,  explains  Bonapar^^e's  errone- 
ous ideas  of  its  affinities  by  showing  that  he  had  in  view  an  entirely 
different  species,  a  fact  which  only  accidentally  comes  to  light. 
Under  these  circumstances,  if  Ixoreus  is  not  to  be  applied  to  nsevius, 
must  it  not  be  assigned  to  Tsenioptera  rufivenlris,  in  case  that 
species  should  need  a  new  generic  appellation  ;  or  should  it  be 
dropped  altogether?  On  the  whole  I  am  inclined  to  adopt  the  latter 
view,  and  accordingly  propose  thr  name  Hesperocichla. 

It  will  be  understood,  of  course,  that  the  preceding  arrangement 
of  Turdus  is  only  provisional,  and  merely  intended  to  hint  at  the 
affinities  of  the  American  species.  Without  a  full  series  of  the  Old 
World  Thrushes,  I  can  only  base  my  notices  on  the  species  I  have 
before  me.  _      ,    .1* 

Hylocichla.       ,t    ,,  , 


Turdus  mustelinus. 


•:.-;H.f 


Tardus  mtistelimis,  Gmelin,  Syst.  Nat.  I,  1788,  817. — Aonnnoir,  Orn. 
Biog.  I,  1832,  372,  pi.  73.— Ib.  Birds  Am.  Ill,  1841,  24,  pi.  144.— 
D'Orb.  La  Sagra'.s  Cuba  Ois.  1840,  49.— Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  isr)8, 
212.— Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1856,  294,  and  1859,  325.— Is.  Catal.  1801, 
2,  No.  6. 

Turdus  mdodus,  WiM.  Am.  Orn.  I,  1808,  35,  pi.  ii. 

Turdus  densus,  Bonap.  Comptes  Rendus,  XXVIII,  1853,  2. — Ib.  Notes 
Delattre,  1854,  2G  (Tabasco). 


1<I 


REVIKW  OP  AMERICAN  BIUDS. 


[part  I. 


in  ' 


m 


Additional  figures:  ViBiLtoT,  Ois.  Am.  Sept.  II,  pi.  Izii. — Wilson,  Am. 
Orii.  I,  pi.  ii. 

Hah.  V.  S.  eaHt  of  MiRaonri  plains,  south  to  Quatemala.  Cuba,  La  Saoba  ; 
Honduras,  Mt)oRE  (Pr.  Z.  S.  1859,  55). 

This  species  varies  loss  in  its  markings  and  shade  of  color  than 
perhaps  any  of  our  small  spotted  Thrushes.  In  some  there  is  a  faint 
tinge  of  pale  buff  on  the  undc^r  parts,  which  are  nearly  pure  white  in 
others,  with  the  wash  of  buff  restricted  to  the  breast.  Some  s[)eei- 
niens  appear  n\ore  spotted  beneath  than  others,  but  this  is  the  case  with 
Northern  skins  (as  15G9,  from  Carlisle)  equally  with  more  Southern  ; 
in  fact  specimens  from  Guatemala  and  Mexico  exhibit  precisely  the 
same  variations  in  this  respect.  I  am,  therefore,  not  disposed  to 
consider  'Tardus  densus,  of  Bonaparte,  as  a  good  sj^ecies,  unless 
possessing  distinctive  characters  not  mentioned  by  that  author,  and 
other  than  that  of  being  more  thickly  spotted  beneath,  with  the  spots 
larger  and  the  bird  smaller. 

The  young  Tardus  mustelinus  is  like  the  adult,  except  in  having 
rusty  yellow  triangular  spots  in  the  ends  of  the  wing  coverts. 

Dr.  Sclater  gives  Jamaica  as  one  of  the  winter  localities  of  this 
Thrush.  Mr,  March  has  never  met  with  it,  and  is  of  the  opinion 
that  the  bird  referred  to  by  Gosse  is  the  Mimus  hillii,  at  one  time 
supposed  by  the  Jamaican  Ornithologists  to  be  the  T.  mustelinus. 

List  of  Specimens. 


Smlth- 

Bonian 

No. 

Collec- 
tiir'a 
No. 

Sex 
and 
Auie. 

Locality. 

When 

Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

4,6.J0 

8,3ni> 

22,3.-)B 

7,947 

20,392 

*96 
34,414 

"s 

377 

? 

Foi  t  Pierre.  Neb. 
Iiidepeudeucc,  Mo. 
Mexico. 
Guatemala. 

Coban,  Vera  Paz. 

MayS.lS.W. 
June  22, '67. 

Col.  Vaucban. 
W.  M    Magraw. 
Verreaux. 
J.  Gould. 
Cab.  Lawrence. 
0.  Salvia. 

Dr.  Hayden. 
Dr.  J.  0.  Cooper. 

Constancia. 

8,390.   Iris  brown. 

Turdiis  pallasii. 

Turdus  pallasii,  Cabani?,  Wiegmann's  Archiv,  1847  (i),  205. — In.  Jour- 
nal f.  Orn.  1855,  470  (Cuba).— Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  212.— 
Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1859,  325.— Ib.  Catal.  1861,.  2,  No.  7. 

Turdus  solitaritts,  Wii.soN,  Amer.  Orn.  V,  1812,  95  (not  of  Linn.«us). — 
Sclater,  P.  Z.  8.  1^57,  212. 

Turdus  minor,  Bon.  Obs.  Wilson,  1825,  No.  72. 

Turdus  guttatus,  Cabanis,  Tscliudi,  Fauna  Peruviana,  1844,  187  (not 
Muscicapa  guttata  of  Pallas). 


M 


-4 


TURDUS. 


yk 


Additional  figures :   Acd.  Birdn  Am.  Ill,  pi.  oxlvi.— Is.  Oro.  Biog.  I, 
pi.  Iviii. 

Ilab.  Eastern  North  America.     Cuba,  Cab.     Mexico  f  ,     ; 

A  large  series  of  speeimens  from  the  nortliern  parts  of  the  United 
States  shows  considerable  variations  in  color,  etc.  In  all,  of  course, 
the  rump  and  tail  are  rufous,  in  decided  contrast  with  the  rest  of  tho 
upper  ))arts.  The  shade  of  color  here  varies  considerahly,  however: 
generally  it  is  of  reddish  olive,  sonietimes  as  bright  and  of  tlie  same 
shade  as  in  T.fuscescens  (as  in  7591,  Washington),  t5;ongh  generally 
a  little  less  intense.  In  two  specimens  only  does  the  back  have  tho 
olive  rather  than  reddish  shade  predominant  (28,22.5,  Washington  ; 
29,649,  Maine),  as  in  T.  swm/ifionii  and  nanus.  These  s])ecimens  are 
almost  as  small  as  nanus,  but  have  the  large  bill  and  fulvous  tinge 
of  sides  and  crissum  of  pallasii.  In  many  specimens  there  are  vestiges 
of  the  lighter  spots  on  the  ends  of  the  wing  coverts. 

The  under  parts  do  not  vary  mr?h,  although  sometimes  the  tingo 
of  pale  buff  across  the  breast  is  more  decided  ;  sometimes  nearly 
wanting.  The  size  is  pretty  constant ;  the  wing  rarely  exceeds  .3.75, 
ill  one  case  only  (2,092,  Carlisle)  measuring  3.85  ;  in  half  the  speci- 
mens it  is  about  .20  less.  The  bill,  too,  is  pretty  constantly  .40 
from  tip  to  nostril.     The  tarsi  measure  about  1.15. 

A  young  bird  has  all  the  feathers  of  the  head,  back,  and  wing 
coverts  streaked  centrally  with  drop-shaped  spots  of  rusty  yellowish. 

I  have  seen  no  specimen  of  this  bird  from  south  of  the  limits  of  the 
United  States.  Mr.  Sclater  quotes  one  from  Orizaba ;  but  it  may 
be  the  audubotv',  as  Prof.  Sumichrast  has  sent  a  specimen  referable 
rather  to  the  latter  variety.  .  .„ '_Z'  ,^;i .      '_ 


List  op  Specimens. 


}'■> 


Smlth- 

soniaQ 

No. 

22,610 


31,413 


Collec- 

Sex 

tor's 

Hiid 

No. 

Age. 

505 

,  , 

•• 

•  • 

Locality. 


When 
Collected. 


Received  from 


Fort  Simpioii,  R   A.  Sep.  6,1860. 
Kort,  Poel'K  River 
Ft.  Rue,  Slave  Lake. 
Ft.  Resulutiuo,   " 


B.  R.  Ross. 

C.  P.  Oaudnt. 
L.  Clark,  .Jr. 
J.  Lockhart. 


Collected  by 


Turdus  nanus.      -rJ^r   -^'^  s----    '■■  -'  ■''■■'  .^'  ■=   ;'^'-  ■- ■■ 

Turdu.1  nanus,  Ann.  Orn.  Biog.  V,  1S39,  201,  pi.  coi. — Bairp,  Birds  N.  A. 

1858,  213.— Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1859.— In.  Catal.  1861. 
f  Tnrdns  aomilnschlca,  Gmei.in,  S.  N.  I,  1788,  808. 
if  Muftcicapa  guttata,  r'ALLAS,  Zoog.  Rosso-Asiat.  11,1811,465. 

Hah.  Western  North  America  (south  of  Columbia  R.  ?)  to  Rocky  Mountains, 
south  to  Cape  St.  Lucas. 


m 


If 


¥ 

IlL 

i\  ■ 


I 


16 


RKVIEW  OP  AMERICAN  1HRD8. 


[I'AHT  I. 


1  have  littlo  to  add  to  th«  remarks  on  this  Hpocios  in  tlio  Birds  of 
North  Amuriua,  except  that  the  predoiniiiunt  Khudo  in  the  back  is 
tlie  olive  of  Hwaintionii  ratiier  than  the  reddish  of /««<•(»«<•? n«,  ns  in 
T.  paUasii.  I  have,  however,  not  mentioned  the  difference  in  tiie 
bill,  V,  liieh,  besides  beinj^  sniallcr,  is  much  more  deprcHsed,  as  in 
AnthuH.  The  heij?ht  of  the  bill  ut  the  base  juHt  back  of  the  nostrils 
in  jiaUtiHn  is  from  .17  to  .15)  of  an  inch,  while  in  vanuts  it  is  only  .15. . 
The  distance  from  tip  of  bill  to  nostril  is  .35  or  .36  ;  the  lengtli  of 
tarsus,  1.07  to  1.10;  the  win}?,  3.30  to  ,S»48.  The  clear  plumbeous 
east  of  the  flanks  and  thijfhH,  anil  the  white  crissum  of  variua,  con- 
trast characteriitically  with  the  rufous  tinge  of  the  same  jjarts  in 
j)allanu.     The  legs  are  rather  (hirker  and  considerably  more  slender. 

Pallas,  in  his  Zoographia  liosso-Asiatica,  I,  1831  (?),  4<55,  de- 
scribes a  Muscicapa  (jultata  from  Kodiak,  an  island  of  the  Russian 
American  Archipelago,  collected  by  Billings.  This  was,  in  all  pro- 
bability, a  young  Thrush  in  the  inmiaturc  spotted  plumage,  and  if 
any  described  North  American  species,  may,  from  its  size  and  colora- 
tion, be  referred  to  Turdun  nanus,  rather  than  to  any  other  Thru.sh. 
Should  this  be  substantiated,  the  name  gutlatun  must  take  prece- 
dence ;  but  as  there  is  still  some  uncertainty  on  the  subject,  I  prefer 
to  make  no  change  at  present  until  young  birds  of  the  species  can 
be  procured.  A  youtig  T.  pallasii  shows  some  rather  marked  differ- 
ences from  Pallas'  description. 

LiBT  OP  Specimens. 


gmith- 

Collec- 

Sex 

NnniHD 

tor'H 

and 

No. 

No. 

Age. 

8,1B8 

.. 

,  , 

1(!,1-1H 

353 

V 

10,881 

.  , 

d 

8.170 

,  , 

32,16.5 

10,781 

<f 

Locality. 


Sacramento  Valley. 
Fort  Crook,  Cal. 
Fori  Brid){er. 
Frontora,  Tex. 
San  Gertrude  Mt., 
Cape  St.  Lacas. 


When 
Collected. 


May  20,  '.19. 
April  29 
May  8. 

Jan.  1861. 


Received  from 


Lt.  Williamson. 
J.  Fellner. 
C.  Drexler. 
Major  Emory, 

J.  XatttuB. 


Collected  by 


Dr.  Newberry. 
Cbas.' Wright. 


Turdus  auduboni. 

Turdiis  auduboni,  Baird. 

Merula  silens,  Swainson,  Philos.  Mag.  I,  1827,  369  (not  Turdus  silevs  of 
ViEiLLOT,  Ercycl.  Mi  th.  II,  1823,  647,  based  on  T.  tnustelimis,  Wils. 
=  T.  fuscescins). — Ib.  Fauna  Bor.-Amer.  II,  1831,  186. — Baird, 
Birds  N.  Amer.  1858,  213,  and  922.— Sclatkr,  P.  Z.  S.  1858,  325 
(La  Parada),  and  1859,  325  (Oaxaca).— Ib.  Catal.  Am.  Birds,  1861, 
2,  no.  9. 

Ilab.  Rocky  Mountains,  from  Fort  Bridger  south  into  Mexico. 


Since  my  article  on  the  genus  Turdus  was  published  in  the  Birds 


. )  v.n  ^'4 


TUKDU8. 


IT 


of  North  America,  I  have  8i'«>n  several  other  specimenH  of  the  larj?e 
race  of  Turdut  pnllaxii.  The  back  is  rather  more  olivaceous  llian 
in  pallaHii,  the  rump  pulcr  and  h^ss  rufous,  and  the  colors  jfi'iiorally 
much  as  in  nanux.  In  the  largest  specimen  (10,88fi,  from  Fort 
IJridgcr)  the  wing  is  4. 18  inclicn  ;  tail,  S.fiO  ;  bill,  from  tip  to  nostril, 
.45;  tarauu,  1.2(5.  Other  specinienB  from  Mexico  and  Ouat'niala 
are  a  little  pmaller,  but  all  exceed  pallaHii  in  size. 

This  species  or  race  np'Kars  to  belong  to  the  high  table  lands  of 

^rth  America;  the  skin  coll«>cted  by  Mr.  Drexler,  at  Fort  liridgcr, 

•.hat  from  Cantonment  IJurgwyn  (both  localities  in  the  Rocky 

Aiouii  ains),  being  however  the  only  specimens  recorded  from  the 

li.iited  States.     On  the  other  hand,  it  seems  to  be  rather  common 

in  Mexico  and  (juatemula. 

A  specinien  from  Orizaba  agrees  with  the  others  referred  to  in  the 
grayer  plumage  above,  although  not  larger  than  many  of  the  true 
pallasii.  It  is  probably  the  same  variety  that  Dr.  Selater  refers  to 
as  T.  pallasii  from  Orizaba. 

^^'hether  the  present  bird  be  specifically  distinct  from  T.  pnllasii 
or  not,  there  is  no  doubt  of  its  being  a  decidedly  marked  race,  of 
larger  size  and  grayer  plumage  above.  While,  as  defined,  the  true 
T.  pallasii  is  confined  to  eastern  North  America,  possibly  not  mi- 
grating south  of  its  limits,  the  2\  aiiduboni  belongs  to  the  ct-ntral 
North  American  plateau,  ranging  from  Fort  Bridger  to  Orizaba. 

As  the  name  of  T.  silens  is  pre-occupied  in  the  genus  by  A'ieillot, 

I  have  ventured  to  affix  the  name  of  T.  auduboni  to  the  present  bird, 

basing  the   name   upon   the  largest  specimen  from  Fort  Bridger 

(10,886). 

LiBi'  OF  Spbcihers. 


Smith- 

Collec- 

Sex 

Roniiin 

tor's 

and 

No. 

No. 

Age. 

10,8S6 

483 

(f 

11,7.34 

,  , 

7,9.i0 

,  , 

^..-STfl 

i3,aso 

.32,459f 

3dd 

Iiocitlity 


Fort  Brldtferf 
Cantonment  Bnr- 
Mezico.  lgyiyu,H.lL. 


0ii»ba. 


I 


When 
CoUected. 


May  28,  '58. 


Received  from 


C.  Drexler. 

Dr.  W  W.  Ander- 

J.  Gould.        [son. 


Prof.  Sainl<)bra§t. 


Collected  liy 


10,886.   Type.     No.  11,734.   8;  11  28;  3.74. 

Turdus  fiiscescens. 

Turdus  mustelivus,  Wilson,  Am.  Om.  V,  1812,  98,  pi.  43  (not  of  Cmrliit). 

Tardus  fuscescens,  Stephens,  Shaw's  Gen.  Zool.  Kirds,  X,  i,  1817,  182. 
Cab.  Jour.  18.').'),  470  (Cuba).— Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  214.— 
ScLATER,  P.  Z.  S.  ?ri.')9,  32().— Ib.  Catal.  Am.  Birds,  1861,  2,  no.  10. 

Turdus  silens,  Vibill.  Encyclop.  M6th.  II,  1823,  647  (based  on  T,  muite- 
linns,  WiLs.). 
2       June,  1864. 


18 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


Ik 


m 


[part  r. 


Turdus  wthonii,  Bon.  Obs.  Wils.  182t),  .  a.  73. 

Turdus  mhior,  D'Orb.  La  Sagra's  Cuba  Ois.  1H40,  47,  pi.  v  (Cuba). 

Hab,  Easttfrn  North  America  ;  Cuba ;  Panama  (winter). 

There  is  not  mnch  variation  in  the  color,  and  but  little  in  the  size 
of  thJR  species.  The  spots  on  the  breast  are  sometimes  more  distinct 
than  common,  but  less  so  than  in  2\  udulatus,  and  they  never  extend 
so  far  back. 

It  is  a  matter  of  some  geographical  interest  that  Mr.  Drexler 
obtained  the  true  T.  fuscescens  at  Fort  Bridger,  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  instead  of  T.  ustulatua,  its  v/estern  representative. 

The  collections  of  the  Smithsouiari  Institution  do  not  contain 
specimens  of  this  species  from  any  point  north  of  Port  Garry,  ucr 
south  of  the  limits  of  the  United  States,  although  Mr.  Lawrence  has 
a  skin  from  the  Isthmus  of  Panama  I  do  not  find  it  quoted  as  from 
beyond  the  United  States  by  recent  authors. 

List  of  Spbcimrws. 


6mUh- 

Collec- 

Sex 

When 
Collected. 

Boaiaa 

No. 

tor's 
No. 

HDd 

Age. 

Locality. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

22.299 

Halifax,  N  3. 

W.  0.  Wlntfp. 

"^ 

18.683 

ie 

,  , 

Portsmouth.  N.  H. 

... 

E  Couen. 

13.132 

,  , 

,  , 

Red   Kiv.or  Settle- 

... 

C.  8    Hubbard. 

18,  .122 

23 

^'  [ment.B..^ 

D  Oiinn. 

13,698 
4.713 

•• 

.BjinyLake. 
Mo7or  Veriiiillon. 

May  29. 

U.  Kenulcott. 
Lt.  Wiiiren. 

Dr.  Haydon. 

10,881 

^ 

Fort  Bridger,  Utah. 

May  27,  '98. 

C.  Drexler. 

•• 

8 

Fauama. 

... 

Cab.  Lawrence. 

M'Lean.  &  Oalb. 

I  !■ 


13,132.    No.  2,2S6.  Eg|{8.    No.  8.  Cabinet  of  0.  N.  Lawrence. 


!    -    !5 


till 

mm 

m ,? 


Turdus  ustulatua. 

Turdus  ustulatus,  Ndttall,  Man.  1, 1840,  400  (Columbia  River).— Baird, 
Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  215,  pi.  Ixxxi,  fig.  1.— Cooper  &  Sdckley,  P.  R. 
Rep.  XII,  II,  1860,  171. 

Additional  specimens  of  this  bird,  received  since  the  publication 
of  the  "Birds  of  North  America,"  have  satisfied  me  of  the  validity 
of  this  species.  Of  the  diagnostic  characters  there  enumerated,  I 
find  that  of  the  fulvous  or  yellowish  brown  of  the  axillars  (and  to 
some  extent  of  the  tibine),  as  compared  with  their  purer  ash  in  fus- 
cescens  to  bo  a  constant  one.  The  spots  on  the  breast  are  much 
better  defined,  darker,  and  extend  farther  back  on  the  breast.  The 
sides  are  more  of  a  yellowish-brown.  The  bill  is  much  darker, 
being  dark  brown  except  at  the  base  of  the  lower  niniidil)le,  which  is 
yellowish,  and  m  marked  contrast  to  the  remainder  ;  while  in /usees- 


TURDU8. 


in 


cena  the  lower  mandible  is  yellowish,  only  tinged  with  brownish 
(sonii'tiuH'S  scarcely  uppreciublc)  lovvurds  the  end. 

This  species  hitherto  has  not  been  noted  as  found  outside  of  tho 
limits  of  Washington  Territory  and  Morthern  Oregon^  nor  as  far  east 
as  the  Rocky  Mountains — tlie  most  eastern  pc'''it  being  Chiloweyuek 
Depot,  of  the  Northwes(ern  Boundary  Survey  (as  15,931.  July  3, 
18.')9,  Dr.  Kennerly),  where  it  was  found  breeding  very  abundantly. 
The  eggs  bear  a  close  resemblance  to  those  of  T.  swainsoni,  being 
thickly  spotted,  instead  of  being  plain  blue,  as  in  its  u;>arest  relative, 
T.  t'uscescens. 


-Baird, 
t,  P.  R. 


[licatiou 
.validity 
rated,  I 
l(and  to 
lin  /»s- 
re  much 
The 
Idarker, 
,'hieh  is 
lyusces- 


Turdus  svrainsonii. 

Turdua  swainsonii,  Cab.  Tschudi,  Fauna  Peruana,  1844-46, 188. — ?  Scla- 
TKR  &  Salvin,  Ibia,  1859,  6  (Guatemala). — Bclatbk,  P.  Z.  S.  Ib58, 
451  (Kouador)  ;  lb6P,  32(J.— In.  Calal.  18ljl,  2,  no.  11.— Baikd, 
Birds  N.  Am.  1868,  216.— Oundlaoii,  Cab.  Jour.  1801,  324  (Cuba). 

Tardus  minor,  Qmklin,  Syst.  Nat.  I,  1788,  809  (in  part). 

Tardus  olivnceus,  Giraud,  Birds  L.  Island,  1843-44,  92  (not  of  Linn.). 

(?)7'i  -^  •  minimus,  Lafrbsnayk,  Rev.  Zool.  1848,5. — Sclater,  P.  Z.  8. 
1854,  111.— Bryant,  Pr.  Boat.  Soo.  VII,  18(50,  226  (Bogota).— 
Lawrence,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lyo.  1863.    (Birds  Panama,  IV,  no.  384.) 

Ilab.  Eastern  North  America ;  westward  to  Ft.  Bridger  and  Upper  Columbia, 
north  to  Arctic  Ocean,  south  to  Ecuador. 

There  is  not  much  difference  in  the  color  and  size  of  specimens  of 
this  species  from  different  parts  of  the  United  States.  There  is  a 
strong  fulvous  tinge  on  the  throat,  breast,  and  side  of  head  and  neck, 
a  tawny  yellowish  ring  round  the  eye,  and  a  decided  line  of  the  same 
extending  from  the  nostrils  to  the  eye.  The  upper  parts  are  of  uni- 
form  olivaceous,  and  pretty  constant  in  shade ;  sometimes  a  little 
grayer,  sometimes  with  a  faint  tinge  of  rufous,  though  this  is  usually 
almost  inappreciable. 

Sometimes  the  fulvous  tinge  of  the  breast  is  so  slight  as  to  induce 
a  resemblance  to  "  alicise ;  but  here  the  persistence  of  the  yellowish 
ring  rouhd  the  eye,  and  the  line  from  eye  to  nostril,  will  generally 
determine  the  species.  In  a  few  instances  the  ring  round  the  eye 
and  loral  line  are  very  pale,  but  I  have  considered  the  distinct  ex- 
istence of  the  latter  as  inclining  the  decision  in  favor  of  swainmnii. 
It  is  quite  possible  that  some  of  these  doubtful  specimens  may  be 
hybrids  of  the  two  species,  as  they  invariably  come  from  the  regions 
where  both  breed  abundantly. 

The  bill  is  generally  rather  small,  on  an  average  measuring  .35 
from  front  of  bill  to  nostril ;  in  one  or  two  specimens  in  the  series, 
as  22,250,  from  Washington,  it  measures  .40,  or  nearly  as  much  as 


20 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


m 


I' 'I 

M 


llh  !' 


I  1 


aliciae.  One  specimen  (5,657)  from  Kansas,  has  the  bill  oulj  .30 
from  nostril  to  tip;  thf  i,  .99;  winj?,  3.80;  tail,  2.88.  In  an 
average  specimen  from  ?  (2,639)  the  bill  is  .40  ;  tarsus,  1.12  ; 

wing,  3.75;  tail,  2.85. 

A  specimen  from  Panama,  belonging  to  Mr.  Lawrence's  collection, 
and  which  he  refers  to  the  Tardus  minimus  of  Lafresnaye,  is  smaller 
than  the  average  of  northern  specimens,  with  shorter  bill.  It  is  a" 
very  little  less  than  the  Kansas  specimen,  with  the  bill  a  little  longer ; 
but  several  Carlisle  and  other  northern  specimens  have  the  wings 
und  tail  still  shorter.  I  am,  therefore,  disinclined  to  consider  the 
(Specimen  as  anything  more  than  T.  swainsonii,  perhaps  a  short 
billed  variety  to  which  the  Kansas  specimen  may  also  belong. 

If  the  Ikirdus  minimus  of  Lafresnaye  be  properly  described,  it 
would  appear  to  be  ditierent  from  any  of  the  varieties  of  T.  swain- 
sonii. 

This  species  has  been  found  to  occur  farther  to  the  west  than  was 
formerly  supposed.  Mr.  Drexler  obtained  specimens  at  Fort  Bridger, 
Dr.  Cooper  in  the  Bitterroot  Mountains,  and  Dr.  Kennerlv  of  the 
N.  W.  Boundary  Survey,  found  it  in  Washington  Territory.  ^  -r th- 
ward  it  reaches  almost  to  the  Arctic  Ocean,  along  the  Mat-  jnzie, 
and  across  from  there  to  Fort  Yukon  ;  in  fact  it  occurs  throughout 
the  whole  northern  heavily  wooded  region.  I  have  seen  no  speci- 
mens from  Labrador,  where,  however,  T.  aliciae  seems  abundant. 

Having  had  the  opportunity  of  examining  the  specimen  from  Bo- 
gota, which  Dr.  Bryant  referred  to  the  species  of  Lafresnaye  (no.  92 
of  Dr.  Bryant's  collection),  I  am  able  to  corroborate  the  remarks  of 
the  former  relative  to  its  peculiarities.  The  spots  are  larger  than 
common  in  the  North  American  birds,  and  appear  to  extend  farther 
back  on  the  breast  and  sides,  where,  in  fact,  they  are  as  dark  as  those 
on  the  jugulum,  instead  of  being  fainter  and  grayer  of  tint.  The 
flanks  are  darker,  and  colored  like  the  back,  instead  of  being  much 
lighter.  The  line  from  bill  to  eye,  and  probably  the  ring  round  the 
eye,  are  of  a  much  more  brownish-yellow.  , 

I  am,  however,  not  ready  to  conclude  that  this  specimen  is  specifi- 
cally distinct  from  Tardus  swainsonii,  as  North  American  skins 
vary  a  good  deal  in  their  characters,  some  of  them  approaching 
it  in  one  direction  and  some  in  another.  The  size  is  nearly  equal  to 
tl?e  average  of  swainsonii,  the  skin  being  pressed  up  so  as  to  seem 
shorter  than  it  should  be.  It  measures  but  5.90,  but  should  be  at 
least  6.50;  the  wing  is  3.80;  the  tail  2.95;  bill  to  nostril,  .36; 
tarsus,  1.04  ;  all  dimensions  readily  paralleled  in  the  North  American 
bird.     The  bill  is  fully  as  large. 


E;it! 


TURDL'S. 


SI 


The  Tardus  minimus  of  Mr.  Lawrence,  from  Panama,  is  even 
more  like  typical  North  American  birds. 

It  is  quite  possible  that  neither  of  these  specimens  belongs  to  the 
trae  T.  viinimus  of  Lafresnaye,  as  this  author  speaks  of  his  bird 
being  of  a  smoky  brown  tinge  above,  "just  as  in  Seiurus  aquaticus 
(noveMracensia),^'  a  decidedly  dififereut  color. 

List  of  Specimens. 


Smlth- 

Collcc- 

Spx 

When 
Collected. 

KUDiaa 

ti)r"« 

and 

Locality. 

Received  from 

Collected  V 

No. 

No. 

Age. 

21.622 

, Moose  Factoty,  H. 

J.  Mackeujie. 

20,616 

79 

, , 

'=          [Bay. 

Julys,  '60. 

C.  Drexler. 

C.  Dr<^xler. 

20.614 

483 

, , 

Fort  Oeorije. 

July  11, '60. 

14 

23,2S,S 

,  , 

^_8t."§te|.¥ei.g,  W.  B. 

.   •  * 

G.  A.  Boardman. 

2,200 

,  , 

rT 

CarllKle,  Far 

May3,184.->. 

8    F.  Baiid. 

22.2.VI 

.'>44 

WashliifitoQ. 

•  •  • 

D.  W    PreiitlHS. 

27,180 

86 

? 

Fort  Yukon. 

June  20. 

Jkh.  Lockliart. 

27,1.S2 

1,190 

fT 

14 

it 

R,  Keniiicott. 

23.2-.n 

,  , 

Fort  Good  Hope. 

•  ■  ■ 

R  W  M'Fuilane. 

27,188 

9 

F'>rt  SimjiBon. 

•  >  • 

B   R.  Ro88. 

22,612 

649 

Bi(f  Island. 

44 

Jno.  Reid. 

19,479 

,  , 

Fort  Rctiiilution. 

May  2. 

R.  Kennicott. 

17,380 

«2 

Siskatchpwau. 

l8of). 

*' 

ll,.58J 

,  , 

Red  River  Sftt. 

« . . 

D.  Gunn. 

6,81S 

rf 

Black  Hillg.       • 

Sept.  l.S. 

Lt    Wnrien. 

Dr.  Hayd<>D, 

8,.30' 

Ifi 

Inde)ieiiileiice,  Mo. 

Mir.  27,".')7. 

W.  M.  Magraw. 

Dr  J.  G.  Cooper. 

e.Ofi.l 

,  , 

'rf 

St.  Louis,  Mo. 

May  U,  "37. 

Lt.  Biyau. 

W.  8.  Wood. 

4,  .124 

,  , 

CalcaKien,  La. 

18.54. 

0.  Wurdemann. 

12,199 

•• 

-• 

Red  Fork  of  Arkan- 

xaH. 

... 

Dr   S.  W.  Wood- 
tiouse. 

8  215 

147 

,  , 

Fort  Laramie. 

Sep.  10,  '.'57. 

Dr.  J.  G.  Cooper. 

10,887 

rf 

Fort  Bridifor. 

May  27,  '.'>S. 

C    Prexler. 

22,o;j7 

93 

.. 

Bitter  Ko,.t  V»lley. 

Sep.  3,  '60. 

Dr.  J.  0.  Cooper. 

21,916 

S49 

<f 

Clark's  Fork  of  Col. 

•  •  • 

A.  Campbell. 

Dr.  Kenaerlr. 

21,917 

538 

V 

[Ri?er. 

.  •  < 

" 

41             ' 

13,,'577 

,  , 

Mexico. 

•  ■  • 

J.  Gould. 

7,948 

K 

•  .  1 

44 

vi.r,n 

,  , 

, , 

Guatemala. 

•  •  ■ 

(4 

20,393 

Coban,  Vera  Pai. 

•  •  * 

O.  Salvin. 

S 

■• 

Panama. 

1S62. 

Cab.  Lawrence.' 

M'Leanaau. 

(2,206.)  7.40;  12.08;  4.08.     (8,302.)  Iris  brow*. 

Turdiis  alicio. 

#    Turdm  alicim,  BAiftn,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  217,  pi.  81,  fig.  2.- 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Aug.  1861,  217  (Labrador) 


-CouEB,  Pr. 


The  validity  of  this  species,  first  established  in  1858,  in  the  "Birds 
of  North  America,"  has  since  been  substantiated,  and  its  geographical 
distribution  ascertained  by  numerous  specimens  in  the  Museum  of 
the  Smithsonian  Institution.  Labrador  and  the  Lower  Mackenzie 
River,  Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  and  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  to  the 
south,  Costa  Rica,  have  all  been  added  to  the  regions  known  to  be 
inhabited  by  it.  It  is,  in  fact,  a  very  remarkable  circumstance,  that 
for  two  or  three  years  past  it  has  been  more  abundant  around  Wash- 


Type  of  minimus  of  Lawrence. 


4 


t9 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


I 


i' 


!    ■•' 


|i:i 
:il: 


"i  !  • 


I 


ington  than  swainsonii  itself.  It  certainly  is  mnch  more  common 
now  than  formerly,  as  none  of  the  older  collections  embrace  it  among 
their  species,  while  it  is  frequently  met  with  at  the  jJresent  time. 

As  originally  described,  it  differs  from  awainavnii  in  larger  size, 
longer  bill,  feet,  and  wings  especially,  straighter  and  narrower  bill. 
The  back  is  of  a  greener  olive.  The  breast  !.r,d  sides  of  the  head, 
are  entirely  destitute  of  the  buff  tinge,  or  at  best  this  is  very  faintly- 
indicated  on  the  upper  part  of  the  breast.  The  most  charicteristic 
features  are  seen  on  the  side  of  the  head.  Here  there  i'-  no  indica- 
tion whatever  of  the  light  line  from  nostril  to  eye,  and  scarcely 
any  of  a  light  ring  round  the  eye — the  whole  region  being  grayish- 
olive,  relieved  slightly  by  whitish  shaft-streaks  on  the  ear  coverts. 
The  sides  of  body,  axillars,  and  tibiae  are  olivaceous  gray,  without 
any  of  the  fulvous  tinge  seen  in  swainsonii.  The  bill  measures  .40, 
from  tip  to  nostril  sometimes  more;  tarsi,  1.21;  wing,  4.20;  tail, 
3.10 — total,  about  T.SO.  Some  specimens  slightly  exceed  these 
dimensions ;  few,  if  any,  fall  short  of  them. 

At  the  time  that  this  species  was  described,  in  1858,  the  only 
known  localities  were  Illinois  and  the  line  of  the  Missouri  River 
along  the  mouths  of  the  Vermilion  and  the  James  Rivers.  Since 
that  time  its  distribution  has  been  found  to  be  much  more  extensive. 
Although  not  yet  found  west  of  the  Missouri,  nor  on  it  above  Fort 
Union,  it  is  abundant  along  the  Lower  Mackenzie,  and  especially 
about  Fort  Anderson,  on  Anderson  River.  It  is  rare  on  the  Youkon, 
as  well  as  on  Slave  Lake,  except  perhaps  at  the  western  extremity. 
Mr.  Coues  found  it  abundant  in  Labrador.  It  is  now  particularly 
common  in  the  spring  about  Washington,  and  a  few  specimens  have 
been  obtained  about  Philadelphia.'  South  of  this  it  has  not  been 
noticed  with  the  single  exception  of  the  specimen  recorded  below. 
Dr.  Bryant,  however,  thinks  he  has  seen  it  in  Dr.  Gundlach's  Cuban 
collection.  # 

In  a  word,  its  distribution  in  North  America,  as  at  present  known, 
la  from  the  Missouri  River  and  the  Mackenzie  on  the  west,  to  Wash- 


'  Mr.  J.  A.  Allen,  in  a  paper  on  the  Birds  of  Springfield,  Mass.  (Pr.  Essex 
Institute,  IV,  1864,  56),  speaks  of  Turdus  aliciae  as  abundant  about  Springfield, 
and  as  grading  so  insensibly  into  the  T.  swainsonii,  as  not  to  be  entitleil  to 
consideration  as  even  a  strongly  marked  variety.  I  am  inclined,  however,  to 
think,  from  the  nature  of  his  remarks  and  comparisons,  that  he  has  not  seen 
what  I  call  T.  aliciae. 

During  the  many  years  I  collected  birds  about  Carlisle,  and  in  the  course 
of  which  I  killed  large  numbers  of  T.  swainsonii,  I  never  saw  an  aliciae,  although 
I  observed  the  same  variations  in  shade  and  color  of  the  former  referred  to  by 
Mr.  Allen. 


TURDUS. 


88 


iugton  and  Philadelphia  on  the  east,  and  northward  to  the  shores 
of  the  A'ctio  Ocean,  where,  however,  it  is  conliued  within  narrow 
limits  of  longitude. 


Smlth- 

Collec- 

Sex 

Wlien 
Collected. 

SOUiUD 

No. 

tor's 

No. 

aud 

Age. 

Locality. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

27,:128 

194 

9 

Fort  Youkon. 

J 11  uo  30, '61. 

J   Lockharl. 

27,2()3 

1,420 

la  PierfWH  TTuuse. 
TorlXiidpr-oii. 

... 

B   K.  RoKH. 
K.  Mhci  arlaoe. 

J.  Flett. 

22,607 

V 

Fort  Sitn|)so"ri.' 

Sept  10, '60 

B.  R.  Ro-8. 

18,072 

100 

rf 

GroBvaterKiy,  T,ab. 

istai. 

Elliot  Cones. 

4,708 

,  , 

rf 

Ko.  orvFrnrnnrn. 

May  8,  '06. 

Lt.  Warren. 

Dr.  Hayden. 

10  0,S1 

, , 

W.  Northfleld,  111. 

.  .  . 

R    Keni'lcott. 

Alice  KeuDicott. 

22.2''8 

, , 

Ohio. 

•  •  • 

J.  M.  Wheaton. 

22,246 

,  , 

, , 

WanliinKton,  D.  C. 

•  •  • 

C.  Drexler. 

.S0,485 

91 

•• 

San  Jose.CoHtaKica. 

... 

Dr.  A.  V.  F.-antiiu8. 

(27,323.)  7.20;  12.10;  4.10.     (10,084.)  Type. 

Turdus  iliacus. 

Tardus  iliacus,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  10th  ed.  17.58,  168,  and  of  European 
authors. — Reinhakdt,  Ibis,  1861,  6  (Greenland). 

The  occurrence  of  this  well  known  European  species  in  Greenland 
brings  it  within  the  limits  of  the  American  Fauna.  Two  Greenland 
specimens  are  recorded  by  Dr.  Reinhardt :  one  of  them  shot  at 
Frederickshaab,  Oct.  20,  1845.' 


Planesticus. 
TuMus  jamaicensls. 

Turdus  jamaicensis,  Gmelin,  S.  N.  I,  1788,  800. — GossE,  Birds  Jam. 
1847,  142.— Bon.  Consp.  1850,  271.— March,  Pr.  A.  N.  S.  1863, 
292.— ScLATEB,  P.  Z.  S.  1859,  327.— In.  Catal.  1861,  3,  no.  13. 

Turdus  cnpucinus,  Hartlaub,  Bp.  Consp.  271. 

Turdus  lereboulleti,  Bp.  Comptes  Rendus,  XXXVIII,  Jan.  1854,  3. 

Hab,  Jamaica. 


Smith- 
sonian 
No. 

Collec- 
tor's 
No. 

Sex 
and 

AgH. 

Locality. 

When 

Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

22,144 

•• 

•• 

Spanish  town,  Jam. 

W.  T.  March. 

'  This  species  is  smaller  than  our  Robin  {T.  miijratoriua'),  but  of  a  similar 
grayish-olive  above,  including  tlie  head.  The  under  parts  are  white;  the 
ft'athers  of  the  lower  throat  and  breast  streaked  with  brown.  The  sides, 
axillars,  and  inner  wing  covert  are  reddish  cinnamon.  A  conspicuous  white 
streak  over  the  eye  and  extending  as  far  back  as  the  nape.  Bill  black,  yel- 
low at  base  of  lower  jaw.  L^gs  pale-colored.  Second  quill  longer  than  fifth. 
Length,  about  8.25  ;  wing,  4.64 ;  tail,  3.45  ;  bill,  from  gape,  1.07,  from  nostril, 
.44;  tarsus,  l.ltt;  middle  toe  and  claw,  1.15.  Specimen  described:  18,718, 
% ,  received  from  the  Royal  Artillery  Institution,  Woolwich. 


24 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


:: 


Tardus  lencaucheit. 

Tardus  leucauchen,  Sclatbr,  P.  Z.  S,  1858,  447. — Sclater,  Ibia,  1859, 
6.— Ib.  Catal.  Am.  Birds,  1861,  3,  no.  1(J. 

Hab.  Guatemala.     Mexico? 

Description  of  No.  30,64t.  (Compared  with  type.)  Above  black- 
ish ash,  with  tinge  of  olivaceous;  wings  and  tail  blackish  brown,- 
almost  black.  Beneath  pale  brownish  ash  ;  axillars  and  under  wing 
coverts  tinged  with  yellowish  ;  flanks  rather  darker ;  middle  of  abdo- 
men and  crissum  white.  Inner  edges  of  the  quills  towards  base  not 
lighter  than  elsewhere,  but  brown.  Chin  and  upper  throat  white, 
the  feathers  streaked  centrally  with  black  ;  a  conspicuous  pure  white 
patch  at  lower  end  of  throat.  Legs  horn  color;  bill  yellowish, 
tinged  with  brown  along  culmen  towards  the  tip.  •    fi-f^ 

Length,  9. 25  (skin) ;  wings,  4. 80  ;  tail,  4. 20  ;  bill,  from  nostril, .  50 ; 
tarsus,  1.16;  middle  toe  and  claw,  1.10;  longest  primary  (4th  and 
5th),  1.10,  longer  than  the  shortest;  2d  intermediate  between  6th 
and  nh. 

Specimens  from  Costa  Rica,  compared  with  30,64*7,  are  smaller; 
the  back  more  olivaceous ;  the  median  line  of  the  belly  whiter ;  the 
crissal  feathers  longer  and  more  edged  with  plumbeous ;  the  bill 
more  tinged  with  brown.  A  triangular  yellowish  spot  in  the  larger 
coverts  apparently  indicates  a  slight  immaturity. 


[jl: 


Smith 

Collec- 

Sex 

When 
Collected. 

Itunlan 

No. 

tor'« 

No. 

and 

Agb. 

Locality. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

22,360 

43. 4H.') 

"Mexico." 

E.  Verreaux. 

32.684 

43.468 

V 

" 

•' 

20.  .^S8 

i.wa 

Choctuu,  Vera  Par. 

Jan.  i860. 

0.  SalTln. 

30,647 

3,011 

7 

•• 

[fluat. 
Guatemala. 

Cab  of  G.N.  Law- 

S3,26,S 

23 

rf 

Dota  Mts.,  CoNta 

.Ian.  27,  '64. 

J.  Carntol.  [rence. 

33,264 

23 

d 

[Kictt. 

It 

30,647     " Compared  With  type."     33,263.    Length,  9;   extent,  13.     Ills  yellowUh-brown. 
3.3,264.  Iris  brown. 


!|i! 


II' 


Turdns  assimilis. 

Turdus  assimilis,  Cab.  Mas.  Hein.  1850,  4.— Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1857,  202 ; 
1859,  370  (eggs).— Ib.  Catal.  Am.  Birds,  1861,  3,  no.  16. 

Hab.  Mexico  (Vera  Cruz,  Orizaba,  Oaxaca;.     Guatemala. 

No.  22,351.  Upper  parts  uniformly  yellowish-olive,  very  much 
as  in  the  brighter  varieties  of  Turdus  sv^r^ivsonii.'  Wing  and  tail 
feathers  (concealed  portions)  brown,  of  similar  shade,  without  ih© 


TURPUa. 


olive.  Beneath  pule  grayish  fulvous,  rather  darker  on  the  flanks, 
where  the  color  is  much  as  on  the  back.  Belly  to  crissiini  white. 
Chin  white,  the  feathers  streaked  centrally  with  blackish  brown  ;  a 
whitish  region  posverior  to  the  streaks. 

Axillars  yellowish  fulvous,  as  also  to  a  rather  less  degree,  the  in- 
side of  the  wings,  including  the  basal  portion  of  inner  webs  of  the 
quills.     Bill  and  legs  horn  color,  the  under  mandible  paler. 

Length,  8.75  ;  wing,  5.20;  tail,  4.30;  bill  to  nostril,  .57  ;  tarsus, 
1.20;  middle  toe  aiid  claw,  1.12;  claw  alone,  .30;  longest  primary 
exceeds  the  shortest  by  1.20;  second  quill  intermediate  between  the 
6th  and  7th  (.16  longer  than  the  latter). 

This  specimen,  in  color  of  upper  parts,  wings  and  tail,  is  very 
similar  to  Tardus  ijrayi,  although  readily  distinguishable  by  the 
white  abdomen,  darker  throat-streaks,  etc. 

Tardus  leucauchen  is  distinguishable  at  a  glance  from  T.  assimi- 
lis,  by  its  colors,  almost  black  above,  not  fulvous;  light  pluml)eous 
ashy  beneath,  not  pale  fulvous ;  uniform  brown  of  inner  webs  of 
quills,  and  dark  axillars,  not  decidedly  paler  and  fulvous ;  greater 
amount  of  white  on  the  throat ;  yel>ow  bill ;  shorter  and  more 
rounded  wings,  etc. 

I  have  been  thus  detailed  in  showing  the  differences  between  what 
I  consider  characteristic  specimens  of  assimilis  and  leucauchen,  to 
introduce  a  series  of  specimens  exactly  intermediate  between  the  two, 
all  labelled  assimilis:  18,564  from  Orizaba,  by  Dr.  Sclater;  30,648 
from  Guatemala,  by  Mr.  Salvin  ;  22,357,  Mexico,  by  Mr.  Verreaux. 
In  22,351,  the  size,  proportion,  and  color  are  more  like  leucauchen ; 
the  wings  and  tail  are  nearly  as  dark ;  the  back,  however,  is  green- 
ish-olive; the  under  parts  similar,  but  paler;  the  axillars  with  a 
little  more  fulvous;  the  bill  is  as  yellow.  In  18,564,  the  relation- 
ship to  assimilis  is  shown  by  a  still  lighter  tinge  above,  the  axillars 
almost  as  fulvous  as  in  assimilis.  Some  durk  shaft  spots  and  streaks 
in  the  feathers  of  the  breast  are  indications  of  a  certain  degree  of 
immaturity. 

The  gradation  of  these  specimens  between  assimilis,  as  described 
above,  and  leucauchen,  is  so  perfect,  that  in  coloration  No.  18,564 
would,  I  think,  be  referred  to  the  former,  and  22,357  to  the  latter. 
With  this,  No.  30,648,  from  Guatemala,  recently  received  from  Mr. 
Salvin,  also  agrees  quite  closely — the  axillars  only  being  rather  more 
fulvous. 

It  is  quite  possible  that  these  specimens  referred  to  as  intermedi- 
ate forms  may,  as  labelled,  all  belong  to  Turdus  assimilis ;  while 
22,351  may  be  another  species.      In  this  case  I  must  leave  the 


26 


REVIKW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[pAr.r  I. 


question  to  be  decided  hereafter.     Mr.  Selater  evidently  refers  to 
this  iutermediate  form  in  P.  Z.  S.  1859,  370. 


SniKh- 
«uiimQ 

No. 

Culleo- 

Cur'8 
No. 

Sex 
Hud 
Age. 

LocalUx. 

When 
Collected. 

ReceWed  from 

Collected  by 

1  «,.•>!)  4 

SO,«48 

40,700 
40,789 

"12 

6 

9 

Mexico. 

Oriiabu,  Mex. 
DiieiiitH,  Quut. 
Xalupa. 

1860. 

VerieHux. 

1  e.  Scluter. 
0.  Hulvio. 
Cab.  JLawreDce. 

Bottori. 
DOca! 

Turdus  grayi. 

?  Merula  tristis,  Swains.  Philos.  Mag.  1827, 369.  —  Turdus  tristis,  Scilatkr, 

P.  Z.  S.  ISSG,  2J)4;  1859,  :«0. 
2"urdus  gniyi.  Bon.  P.  Z.  S.  1837,  118.— Ib.  Conapectns,  1850,  272.— 

SciiATBK  &  Salvin,  Ibis,  I,  1859,  5  (eggs). — Sclater,  Catal.  18G1,4, 

no.  22. — Cauanis,  Jouni.  for  18U0,  323. 
f  Planesticus  luridus,  Bun.  Coinptes  Keudas,  XXXVIII,  1854,  4  (New 

Grenada). 
Turdus  canius,  Bon.  Comptes  Ren  ■  us,  XLI,  1855,  '".il  — Turdus  cnfsius, 

ScLATKR,  P.  Z.  S.  Ib59,  330.— Lawu.  Ann    N.  Y.  L^o.  181)1,  32(j 

(Panama). 

Hab.  Mexico  (Xalupa,  Cordova,  Oaxaca)  ;  Guatemala  (Vera  Paz)  ;  Costa 
Rica. 

In  a  rather  large  series  of  specimens  I  find  some  differences  in 
individuals,  which,  however,  do  not  appear  of  specific  value,  espe- 
cially as  the  separation  in  one  character  does  not  correspond  with  that 
based  on  another ;  nor  are  there  any  appreciable  geographical  rela- 
tionships. The  length  of  the  wing,  tarsus,  and  bill,  as  well  as  the  color 
and  width  of  the  latter,  vary  in  specimens  from  the  same  localities. 
In  some  the  inner  edges  of  the  quills  towards  their  bases  are  of  the 
same  light  cinnamon  as  the  inner  coverts ;  this  color  sometimes 
sharply  defined  as  a  margin.  In  others,  again,  this  is  less  distinct ; 
while  in  some  these  edges  are  only  of  a  paler  gray,  with  the  faintest 
trace  only  of  cinnamon,  and  no  margin  is  traceable. 

In  most  specimens  of  this  bird  the  edges  of  the  inner  webs  of  the 
quills  towards  the  base  are  light  cinnamon,  like  the  axillars,  forming 
a  conspicuous  and  well  defined  edging.  In  No.  30,646,  however 
(a  female  bird),  this  character  is  almost  inappreciable. 

No.  30,559,  from  Acajutla,  differs  in  being  larger  (length,  10.00  ; 
wing,  5.15  ;  tail,  4.80 ;  bill  to  nostril,  .60  ;  tarsus,  1.25).  The  colors 
are  paler,  upper  parts  more  olive,  and  the  inner  edges  of  the  quills 


PAr.r  I. 
gfers  to 

icted  by 


TURDU8, 


21 


jttorl. 


,  SCLATEB, 

50,  272.— 
1. 18G1,4, 

[,  4  (New 

hs  c.Tsiiw, 
18G1,  32G 

z)  ;  Costa 


•ences  in 
Lie,  espe- 
Ivith  that 
ical  rela- 
Ithe  color 
icalities. 
•e  of  the 
Imetimos 

istinct ; 

faintest 

|)s  of  the 

[forming 

lowever 

10.00; 
le  colors 
le  quills 


only  very  slightly  fulvous,  without  any  well  definca  edging.     This 
is  also  the  case  with  Bome  Costa  Kiea  skins. 

Mexican  specimens  seem  to  have  shorter  bills  than  Guatemalan. 
Ill  all  there  is  a  decided  bare  space  beJiind  the  eye,  less  marked, 
however,  especially  around  the  eye,  than  in  T.  (jijinnujihllialmutf. 
The  latter  species  is  otherwise  somewhat  similar,  dillering  mainly  in 
the  absence  of  the  cinnamon  tinge  to  the  under  parts  of  the  body. 

Male  and  female  specintens  from  I'anama,  in  Mr.  Lawrence's  col- 
lection, exhibit  both  extremes  of  coloration  of  the  quills  as  referred 
to  above. 

I  do  not  consider  the  evidence  l)efore  me  favorable  to  the  scpara- 
ration  of  T.  ceesius  from  the  original  grayi ;  and  therefore,  for  the 
present,  prefer  to  unite  the  two  species.  Planesticus  luriduH,  Bon. 
Notes  Orn.  Delattre,  28,  New  Qrenada,  probably,  as  suggested  by 
Sclater,  belongs  here  also. 

It  is  difficult  to  say  to  which  of  the  Mexican  Planestici  the  Tardus 
tristis  of  Swainson  belongs.  His  description  of  "olive  brown,  be- 
neath whitish  ;  chin  with  black  spots ;  under  wing  coverts  pale  fer- 
ruginous ;  bill  and  legs  brown,"  really  suits  1\  leucauvhvn  better 
than  grayi,  to  which  it  has  generally  been  referred,  but  is  too  far 
from  the  truth  to  admit  of  being  identified  with  either. 


Smith- 

CoUec- 

Sex 

When 
Collected. 

BOniHU 

N.). 

ti)r'a 

No. 

HDd 

Age. 

Locality. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

13,HH4 

.. 

.. 

Xalapa,  Mex. 

P,  L.  Sclater. 

D'Oca. 

33..)70 

18.'5 

,  , 

Mirador,  Mpx. 

Nov.  186S. 

Dr,  Sartorius. 



•2-i  :ri!t 

40,703 

9 

C'irddva?  Mex. 

Verieaux, 

32,686 

14,080 

^ 

Mexico. 

Jalapa.           [Onat. 

Tactic,  Vera    »a«. 

... 

Cab   Lawrence. 

t 

2n,3'n4 

1,449 

, , 

Jan   1860. 

0.  Saivin. 

V 

30,646 

3,013 

V 

Cobau,          "   [dor, 

1861, 

" 

30,S.'i9 

<f 

Acajiitla,  San  Salva- 

Aug,  11,'63, 

Capt.  .1,  M.  Dow. 

3',I,4M 

17 

Saa  Joue  Costa  Kica. 

•   •  • 

Dr.  V.  Fraulziua. 

Carniol. 

33.280 

, , 

41 

J.  Carniol. 

^  - 

33.262 

, , 

CI 

" 

.S3  261 

147 

, , 

" 

•  •  • 

Dr.  V,  Krantzln.'i. 

8 

, , 

Oaatemala. 

... 

Cab.  Lawieuce. 

>  (, 

,. 

11 

V 

Pit  nam  a. 

.  ■  ■ 

"                     I 

•• 

10 

d 

It 

... 

"                     1 

13,604. 

4,80; 

1.2.-5; 

i.m. 

33,.570. 

22,3i59. 

4  70; 

1.30; 

1.10. 

9 

4,70; 

1  30; 

1.13. 

20.394, 

4  60; 

1,18; 

1.1.1. 

.30,646 

480; 

1.25; 

l.l.V 

30,8.>9, 

fil.'i, 

1  30 

1,17. 

30,481, 

4,7.'i; 

1.20; 

1  12. 

8. 

4..W; 

1  22; 

1  10. 

11, 

4.40; 

1,20; 

1  0.i. 

10, 

4,8) ; 

1.20; 

1,10. 

Inner  edges  of  quilU  cinnamon  ;  sharply  defined. 

ti  44  44  '44 

44  44  44  II 

Cinnamon  ;  not  Hharply  deflued. 

"  sharply  difluiHl. 

Paler,  only  a  trace  of  cinnamon. 

Cinnamon;  sharply  defined. 

Paler,  not  ed^red  with  cinnamon. 


•  T.  casius,  Lawr. 


w 


I! 


I'll 


^jl 


;.il 


9S 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[I'ART  L 


TurdiiA  obfloletiis. 

Titriliii  ohsuletii.i,  Lawrencb,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.  VII,  18G2  (  % ,  Panama). 
Ilab.  iHthiuui)  of  Panama. 

Male  :  Second  quill  botwoe-n  6th  and  Tth ;  4th  and  5th  longest. 
Color  above  dark  browiiiish  olive,  deepest  on  the  head;  beneath  show- 
ing a  considerably  paler  shade  of  the  same,  but  darkest  on  the  wides ; 
throat  similar,  but  with  a  grayish  tinge,  the  centres  of  the  feathers 
obsoletely  darker.  Region  about  the  vent  and  under  tail  coverts 
pure  white.  Inner  wing  coverts,  axillars,  and  inner  edges  of  the 
quills  cinnamon  rufous.  Greater  coverts  with  a  spot  of  cinnamon 
at  tho  end  (an  indication  of  immaturity  ?).  Bill  and  legs  uniform 
brown. 

Length,  8.10;  wing,  4.60;  tail,  3.80;  bill  from  gape,  1.15,  from 
.nostril,  .58;  tarsus,  1.17  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  1.15. 

I  owe  the  opportunity  of  examining  this  species  to  tho  kindness 
of  Mr.  Lawrence,  the  description  being  taken  from  his  type  speci- 
men No.  12,  collected  by  Mr.  M'Leaunan  in  1862.  Tho  peculiar 
dark  lines  crossing  the  feathers  on  the  back,  described  by  Mr.  Law- 
rence,  are  purely  optical  in  character,  being  similar  to  tho  watering 
of  silks,  etc.  The  under  parts,  too,  are  quite  uniform,  the  edges  of 
the  feathers  being  possibly  a  little  ferruginous. 

This  species  may  be  the  female  of  one  of  the  black  species  as 
suggested  by  Dr.  Sclater,  in  a  letter  to  Mr,  Lawrence ;  but  I  am 
unable  to  assign  it  to  any  of  those  described,  and  the  bird  is  marked 
as  a  male  by  Mr.  M'Leaunan. 

Turdus  migratoriUB. 

Tardus  miijratorius,  Linn.  S.  N.  12th  ed.  1766,  292.— Sclater,  P.  Z.  S. 

1856,  294  ;  1859,  331.— In.  Catal.  Am.  Birds,  1861, 4.— Baird,  Birds 

N.  Am.  1858,  218.— Cooper  &  Suckley,  P.  R.  R.  R.  XII,  ii,  1859, 172. 
Figures:  Vikillot,  Ois.  Am.  S«pt.  II,  pi,  Ix,  Ixi. — Wilson,  Am.  Orn. 

I,  1H(.I8,  pi.  ii.— DoDoiiTY,  Cab.  N.  H.  I.  1830,  pi.  xii Addubon, 

Birds  Am.  Ill,  pi.  142;  Orn.  Biog.  II,  pi.  131. 

Ilah.  Tlie  whole  of  North  America ;  Mexico  (Oaxaca,  Cordova)  ;  Cuba,  very 
rare  (Gundlach)  ;  Tob.ago  (Kirk). 

In  highly  plumaged  specimens  from  the  east  the  feathers  of  the 
inter-scapular  region  are  frequently,  even  generally,  tinged  with 
blackish  in  their  centres,  passing  gradually  into  ash  on  the  edges, 
and  the  blaclr  of  the  head  ceases  to  be  sharply  defined.  There  is  also 
usually  a  well  defined  whitish  tip,  half  au  inch  long,  to  the  outer  tail 
feathers. 


TURDUS.  If 

In  Rocky  Mountain  skins,  tlie  tail  Is  t- itiicr  black  except  a  very 
narrow  whitish  edge,  or  the  white  tips  of  eastern  HpeeinienH  are  ro- 
placed  by  a  dull  gray.  The  black  of  the  head,  too,  is  better  defined, 
the  interscapulur  feathers  more  uniformly  ash,  and  the  upper  parts 
without  the  faint  brownish  wanh  so  frequently  seen  in  eaHtcrn  speei- 
mcns.  There  are,  however,  some  exceptions  to  these  features,  in  the 
8eri«'s  from  each  locality.  The  colors  generally  of  western  bird* 
appear  to  be  pa)er. 

It  may  be  pvoper  to  state  that,  while  in  spring  adult  specimens 
the  bill  is  yellow  with  the  extreme  tip  dusky,  in  immature,  and  per- 
hui).s  winter  dress,  there  is  every  gradation  from  this  to  a  uniformly 
dusky  bill.     The  entire  culmen  is  frequently  tinged  with  brown. 

In  none  of  the  specimens  before  me  is  the  head  entirely  destitute 
of  its  brown  or  blackish  color,  although  the  edges  of  the  feathers 
are  fr('(iuently  so  much  tinged  with  ash  as  greatly  to  obscure  this 
character. 

The  bills  vary  considerably  in  length — the  shortest  measuring  ,50 
from  tip  to  nostrils,  the  average  being  barely  .60. 

A  specimen  from  Mirador,  Mex.  (No.  23.908),  agrees  generally 
with  skins  from  the  United  States,  but  the  throat  anteriorly  is  so 
closely  streaked  with  black  as  to  exceed  the  white  in  amount,  this 
color  being  restricted  principally  to  the  chin. 

This  species  is  found  throughout  the  whole  of  North  America, 
north  to  the  Arctic  Ocean,  wherever  collections  have  been  made, 
and  as  far  south  as  the  latitude  of  Vera  Cruz.  No  species  are  more 
generally  distributed  in  North  America  than  this  bird  and  Dendrceca 
sediva.     I  find  no  mention  of  its  occurrence  south  of  Mexico. 

I  mention  only  the  extra  limital  specimens  of  the  many  skins  in 
the  Smithsonian  collection. 


Smlth- 

Hiiulau 

No. 

CoUec- 

tor'H 
No. 

Sex 
and 
Age. 

Locality. 

CoUected.    '     Received  from 

Collected  by 

7,949 
13,.'JH1 
23,908 

•• 

'  • 

Mexico. 
Hlrador,  Mex. 

... 

J.  Gould. 

4( 

Dr.  C.  Sartorlus. 

J.  Taylor. 

Turdiis  coiifinis. 

Tr^dus  cnnjinis,  Baird,  n.  8. 
Hah.  Todo3  Santos,  Cape  St.  Lucas. 

No.  2.3,789.  Entire  upper  parts  and  sides  of  head  and  neck  uni- 
form grnyish  ash,  with  ])erhap8  a  faint  tinge  of  olivaceous,  less  than 
in  eastern  specimens  of  T.  migratorius.     The  central  portions  of  the 


80 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  HIUDS. 


[part  I. 


feathers  of  the  top  ofhond  nro  rather  darker  than  tho  odpes,  though 
almost  inappreoiahly  ho,  and  not  imparting  a  general  dusky  apjiear- 
anco.  Tho  chin  and  tlnoat  are  white,  streaked  with  ashy  hrown. 
Tho  jnguhim  and  breast  are  pale  yellowish  buflF;  the  axillurs,  inner 
wing  coverts  and  sides  of  the  breast  similarly,  but  rather  more  de- 
cidedly eolored.  The  belly  and  edges  of  tho  erissal  feathers  are 
white,  ihe  hinder  parts  of  the  flanks  ashy.  Thure  is  a  distinet 
whitish  stripe  from  the  lores  over,  and  a  (piarter  of  an  inch  behind 
the  eye ;  the  lower  eyelid  is  also  white.  The  tail  feathers  are 
worn,  but  there  is  an  indieation  of  a  narrow  white  tip.  The 
feathers  of  the  jugulum,  especially  of  the  sides,  arc  tipped  with 
ashy  like  the  back,  as  in  immature  specimens  of  T.  migralorius. 
The  greater  wing  coverts  are  tipped  with  dull  white.  The  bill  is 
yellowish ;  the  upper  mandible  and  the  tip  of  lower  tinged  with 
dusky.     The  feet  are  pale  brown. 

The  length  cannot  be  given  accurately,  as  the  skin  is  mnch  drawn 
up.  The  wing,  however,  measures  5.10  inches,  its  tip  reaching  1.40 
beyond  the  longest  secondary;  tail,  4  10;  tarsus,  1.20;  middle  toe 
and  claw,  1.07  ;  exposed  portion  of  culraen,  .92 ;  from  tip  to  open 
portion  of  nostrils,  .60. 

The  specimen  with  a  general  resemblance  to  ar  immature  T. 
migralorius  (especially  the  western  variety),  in  the  white  superciliary 
streak  and  general  markings,  is  much  lighter  beneath  than  in  any  of 
the  many  skins  of  T.  viigralorius  before  me ;  there  being  none  of 
the  dark  chestnut  or  cinnamon  shade,  but  rather  a  light  buflF;  tho 
belly  and  flanks  are  much  more  purely  white.  The  8U])erciliary 
stripe  extends  farther  behind  the  eye  ;  indeed  in  most  specimens  of 
viigratorius  the  white  is  nearly  confined  to  the  jyelids.  The  bill 
and  v.ings  are  rather  longer  than  usual  in  migra:orius ;  the  middle 
toe,  on  the  other  hand,  appears  shorter. 

The  specimen  lacks  entirely  the  reddish-brown  back  of  T.  Jlavi- 
roatris,  in  which  latter  also  the  brea.st  and  sides  are  like  those  of 
viigratorius.  The  white  of  the  belly  is  even  more  extended.  It 
has  a  whitish  superciliary  streak,  entirely  wanting  in  Jlavirostris. 
The  upper  part  of  the  jugulum  is  not  streaked.  The  wings  are 
longer  and  more  pointed,  and  the  primaries  extend  considerably 
farther  beyond  the  secondaries.  The  bills  are  of  the  same  size  ;  the 
tarsus  is  1.20,  or  longer  than  the  middle  toe  and  claw  ;  while  in  Jlavi- 
rostris (although  a  larger  bird)  the  tarsus  is  only  1.00,  and  shorter 
than  the  middle  toe  and  claw  (1.20). 

Upon  the  whole,  it  may  be  that  the  specimen  before  me  represents 
an  abnormal  plumage  of   T.  migratorius ;  but  its  rather  different 


lilillri;: 


I 


1 


TURDUS. 


31 


proportions,  mnoh  paler  ground  color  boncath,  proator  extent  of 
white  on  tin*  l)«'ily,  abHeni-c  of  bluclt  or  diislvy  on  tlic  liciul,  etc.,  leads 
me  to  consider  it  us  dintiiict.  Its  beiiif?  u  suninier  bird  of  (.'ape  St. 
liUcurt  is  also  an  additional  argninent  for  this  view.  It  is  decidedly 
not  to  be  referred  to  T.  Jlavirodris. 


Smllh- 
•oulitn 

No. 

CoHec- 
tor'i 
No 

Spx 
nod 

LooaMty. 

Wlinn 
Collected. 

Rocelved  from 

Collected  by 

23,78» 

•• 

Tc<lo«Saiitoii,C.  8.  L 

Sum.uriSW) 

J.  Xaiita*. 

J.  Xautun. 

Turdus  flaTirostris. 

Turdiis  flavirostris,  Swainbon,  Philoa.  Mag.  1827,  369. — Sclater,  P.  Z. 

S.  185J),  332. 
Tiirdus  rufnpiiUi(itu»,  Lafr.  Re7.  Zool.  1840,  259  (erroneouHly  qaoted 

88  from  Monterey,  Cal.)- 
Turdua  palliutus,  Bonap.  Conspectus,  1850,  272. 

Ilab.  Western  Mexioo. 

This  species  appears  to  be  but  little  known  to  ornithologists  at 
the  present  time,  none  having  been  obtained  by  Boucard,  Salle, 
D'Oca,  and  other  collectors.  Mr.  Xantus,  however,  procured  nume- 
rous specimens,  in  1863,  about  Colima,  Mex.,  which  would  seem  to  be 
its  centre  of  abundance.  It  appears  to  vary  but  little  in  color  with 
sex  and  season,  and  may  readily  be  identified  by  Sclater's  diugnosis. 


Smith- 
bodIbd 

No. 

12,864 
26,349 
29,350 
29,381 
29,3.')2 
29,3.'i3 

80,131 
80,137 
81,818 


Collec- 

Sex 

tor's 

aud 

No. 

Age. 

9:} 

rf 

104 

rf 

100 

rP 

102 

rf 

101 

106 

V 

10,^ 

J 

103 

rf 

143 

V 

1,711 

cf 

Locality. 


1st.  Tchuantcpec. 
Colemtt,  Mpx. 


When 

Collected. 


Mny  17, 
Juii.  1863. 


Feb.  1983. 
Aug.  1863. 


Received  from 


T.  C   Martin. 
J.  Xantus. 


Collected  by 


A.  J   Cirayson. 

J,   XHQlUb. 


29,349.  Length,  B.fiO.     Iris  brown. 

29,3.W.  "        8.S0.       "    reddish. 

20,3'>1.  "   brown. 

2{).3,W.  "        " 

?fl,3J3.  "        " 


29,3.14.  Iris  brown. 

30,134.  Length,  8./S0. 
30.1.37.  "  9.25. 
31,818. 


Iris  brown. 


Me7'ula. 
Turdiis  infuacatus. 

Merula  infuscata,   Lafkes.   Rev.    Zool.    1844,  41. — Turdus  infuscatuSf 
ScLATEK  &  Salvin,  Ibis,  I,  1859,  6.— ScLATEK,  P.  Z.  S.  1859,  334, 
362.— Ib.  Catal.  1861,  5  (no.  33). 
Hub.  Mexico  (Xalapa,  Oaxaca).     Guatemala. 


32 


REVIEW  OP  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


* 


3i         '\ 


I: 


; 'iiili 


ill 


I' 


!;ii 


[part  I. 


Siiiitli 
No 

Collnc- 
lor'H 
No. 

Hex 
and 
Akb. 

Locality. 

When 
Colleoied. 

Received  frum 

Collected  by 

l;i.6.J7 
30,8  »9 

4,440 

•• 

Xalapa. 

Vera  Pax,  Ouat. 

j   I>r.  P.  L.  Sclater. 
O.  Salvin. 

noca 

Saivlu&Godinan. 

Turdus  riifltorques. 

Tardus  rujitorf/ues,  Hahtlaub,  Rev.  Zool.  1844,  214. — Sclatrb,  P.  Z.  S. 
1859,  334  ;   Ibis,  II,  18C0,  29  ;  Catal.  IStil,  tj,  no.  35. 

Hab.  Guatemala ;   Duenas. 


Smith- 

Honiaa 

No. 


20,391 


Collec- 
tor'H 
No. 

Sex 
and 
A|;e. 

401 

d 

Locality. 


When 
Collected. 


DueiiaH,  Ouat. 


I  Au(f.  3,  1859. 


Received  from 


O,  Salvin. 


Collected  by 


Hesperocichla. 
Turdug  naeviuA. 

Turdu.i  naevius,  Gm.  S.  N.  1, 1788,  817.— Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  18.57, 4 ;  1859, 
331.— Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  219.— Coopkb  &  Spckley,  P.  R. 
R.  R.  XII,  n,  1859,  172. 

Orpheus  meruloides,  Rich.  F.  B.  A.  11,  1831, 187,  pi.  xxxviil. 

Other  figures :  Vieillot,  Ois.  Am.  Sept.  II,  1807,  pi.  Ixvi. — Aud.  Om. 
Biog.  IV,  1838,  pi.  369,  and  433.— Ib.  Birds  Am.  Ill,  pi.  143. 

This  species  is  not  recorded  as  found  elsewhere  than  on  the  north- 
west coast  of  America,  from  California  northward  to  Russian  America, 
Richardson  obtained  a  single  specimen  on  Great  Bear  Lake,  described 
as  Orpheus  meruloides ;  and  Mr.  Kennicott  found  another  in  the 
Rocky  Mts.,  on  Porcupine  River  (No.  27,221,  August  28,  1861,  col- 
lector's number  1,612). 

It  is  proper  to  state  that  the  specimen  collected  by  Mr.  Kennicott 
(of  which  only  the  head  and  wing  were  preserved)  exhibits  a  decided 
notch  in  the  bill.  Nothing  approximating  to  this  character,  how- 
ever, could  be  discerned  in  over  fifty  other  specimens  examined  ;  in 
all  of  which,  if  any  indication  of  notch  existed,  it  was  of  the  most 
obsolete  character,  and  was,  in  most  instances,  not  to  be  found  at  all. 

PLAT7CICHLA,  Baird. 
Platycichia,  Baird,  n.  g.     (Type  P.  hrevtpes.') 
Among  the  South  America!.  Thrushes  in  the  Museum  of  the 
Smitiisonian  Institution  is  one  (No.  23,954)  for  which  I  am  unable 

'  PIntjjcinhIn  hrrvipes,  Bairii.  The  .ipper  parts  are  greenish-olive,  with  an 
apiieurauue  of  darker  edged  tu  the  feathers  of  the  head  aud  back.     The  under 


PLATYCICHLA — 8EMIMERULA. 


33 


to  find  a  name  generic  or  8j)ecific,  and  which  differs  so  very  con- 
siderably from  any  other  I  have  met  with  as  to  be  well  entitled  to 
a  new  generic  appellation.  It  was  obtained  by  Dr.  G  R.  Horner, 
U.  S.  N.,  during  the  cruise  of  the  Delaware  many  years  ago,  on  the 
coast  of  South  America,  probably  in  Brazil.  Two  specimens  similar 
to  it  are  in  the  Philadelphia  Academy.  This  may  possibly  be  the 
Cichlopsis  leucoyenys,  Cab.  Mus.  Hein.  1850,  54,  or  an  allied  species; 
but  I  cannot  reconcile  it  with  the  description  of  either  genus  or 
species  by  Cabanis. 

With  the  general  appearance  of  a  Planesticus,  it  differs  markedly 
in  having  a  short  and  very  broad  deeply  cleft  bill,  muf-h  depressed 
at  the  base,  and  with  moderate  bristles.  The  diameter  of  the  jaw 
across  the  base  of  lower  mandible  is  .42,  much  greater  than  the 
length  of  gonys  (.31),  and  at  least  equal  to  the  distance  from 
nostrils  to  end  of  bill,  very  different  from  what  it  is  in  Turdus  migra- 
torius.  The  feet  are  weak.  The  tarsi  are  very  short,  being  less 
than  the  middle  toe  and  claw  ;  they  are  booted,  or  without  transverse 
divisions.     The  wings  and  tail  are  much  as  in  Turdus  migratorivs. 

In  external  form  this  bird  exhibits  quite  an  approach  to  the  Ampe- 
lidae,  especially  to  Myadestes,  although  evidently  a  Thrush  ;  but  its 
short  broad  bill  and  weak  feet,  with  short  tarsi,  distinguish  it  from 
all  others. 

SEMIMERX7LA,  Sclater. 
Semimerula,  Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1859,  332.     (Typo  Turdus  gigas.) 

Size  large.  Wings  rather  short  and  rounded,  decidedly,  but  not 
considerably  longer  than  the  tail,  which  is  slightly  rounded.  First 
quill  in  T.  gigas  nearly  one-half  the  2d,  in  aurantius  two-fifths  ;  2(1 
about  jqual  to  the  8th,  or  shorter  than  7th  ;  5th  longest.  Bill  large, 
in  some  specimens  as  long  as  the  head.  Legs  stout  and  strong. 
Tarsi  decidedly  longer  than  the  head.  Color  dusky  all  over.  Sexes 
similar. 


parts  are  jellowish-olive  ;  crissum  palur ,  the  middle  of  belly  and  anal  region 
whitish  aah ;  the  throat  feathers  witli  shaft  streaks  and  arrow  spots  of  dusky, 
obscurely  indicated  on  the  jugnlum  ;  under  wing  coverts  cinnamon  ;  middle 
coverts  with  an  occasional  cinnamon  spot.  Total  length,  o.40 ;  wing,  4.45  ; 
tail,  3.80 ;  exposed  portion  of  first  primary,  .9r> ;  of  second,  3.05  ;  of  longest 
(fourth,  measured  from  exposed  base  of  first  primary),  3.30;  hill:  length 
from  forehead,  .80;  from  nostril,  .43;  along  gape,  .95;  width  of  gape,  .55; 
Z'"'/''-  tarsus,  .95;  middle  toe  and  claw,  1.00;  claw  alone,  .29;  hind  toe  and 
claw,  .()8;  claw  alone,  .35. 
3       July,  1864. 


ii; 


34 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  f. 


m 


Among  the  species  of  Tardus,  of  Dr.  Sclator,  I  find  in  his  section 
Semimerula  a  group  which,  in  its  characters,  differs  so  widely  from 
Tardus  and  Merula  proper,  that  I  cannot  hc^Io  considering  it  of 
generic  rank.  At  one  end  of  the  section  is  Lr.  Sclater's  type,  1\ 
giyas  of  Ecuador,  in  which  the  wings  dilfer  most  from  Tardus  in 
being  broad  and  much  rounded ;  the  1st  primary  very  large,  and 
almost  half  the  2d,  which  about  equals  the  8th — the  6th  quill  longest. 
The  bill  is  shaped  like  that  of  T.  migratorius,  but  rather  larger. 
The  legs  are  stout  and  strong.  In  T.  aurantius  the  wings  are  rather 
more  pointed,  but  considerably  less  so  than  in  T.  migratorius.  The 
lengthened  tarsi,  considerably  longer  than  the  head,  form  a  conspicu- 
ous feature.  The  general  appearance  of  aurantius  is  very  like  that 
of  Mimocichla,  the  principal  apparent  difference  being  in  the  shorter 
and  less  rounded  tail.  The  style  of  coloration,  too,  is  much  the 
same. 

Mr.  George  R.  Gray  places  Cichlopsis,  of  Cabanis,  among  the 
Thrushes,  with  T.  aurantius  as  the  type.  The  true  type,  however, 
is  Tardus  leiicogenys,  Licht.  Berlin  Mus.,  which  is  generically  very 
diflFerent  from  the  Tardus  leucogenys,  Latham  {=^T.  aurantius,  Gr.). 

Semimerula  aurantia. 

Tardus  aurantius,  Gm.  Syst.  Nat.  I,  1788,  832.— Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1859, 
333. — Ib.  Catal.  Am.  Birds,  1861,  6,  no.  37.    {Semimerula.) 

Turdus  leucogeni/x,  Latham,  Ind,  Orn.  I,  341. — Gosse,  Birds  Jam.  1847, 
136.— Ib.  Illuat.  no.  23. 

Hab,  Jamaica. 

The  sexes  do  not  appear  to  differ  in  this  species,  although  the  bills 
vary  greatly  in  size.  Thus  in  24,340,  %,  the  bill  measures  .60  from 
tip  to  nostril;  while  in  22,142,  9,  it  measures  .76,  with  the  same 
width  at  base  or  even  rather  narrower.  Thus,  as  in  other  large 
Thrushes,  I  find  that  the  bill  varies  considerably  in  size,  although 
the  average  in  a  large  number  of  specimens  may  furnish  good  specific 
characters. 

A  youngibird  exhibits  nothing  of  the  spotted  plumage  of  the  im- 
mature North  American  Thrushes,  differing  from  the  adult  merely  in 
a  wash  of  ferruginous  on  the  under  side,  as  well  as  on  the  top  of 
head  and  back. 

Measurement  of  24,340,  %  :  Length,  10.00  ;  wing,  4.80;  tail,  4.3.5; 
bill  from  head,  1.00,  from  nostril,  .60,  from  gape,  1.20  ;  1st  primary, 
1.10;  2d  primary,  3.20;  tarsus,  1.54;  middle  toe  and  claw,  1.28. 


ir 


MIMOCTCHLA. 


35 


Bmith- 

Colleo- 

Sex 

Kuiiian 

lor's 

aud 

No. 

No. 

AKe. 

13,670 

,  , 

2;}.  3(12 

cf  Jnv 

22,140 

(f 

22,141 

i 

22.142 

22,143 

.. 

24,340 

28 

<s 

Locality. 


When 
Collected. 


Jnmalca.  ' 

Trelawney,  Jam. 
SpauisbtowD,  Jam. 


"       [Jam. 
Ooshea,  St.  Anoes,  Oct.  10,  '61. 


July  9,  '69. 


Received  from 


Dr.  Sclater. 

W.  ThoH.  March. 


Collected  by 


W.  Otiburn. 


MIMOCICHLA,  ScLATER. 
Mimocichla,  Sclatek,  P.  Z.  S.  1859,  336.     (Type  Turdus  ruhrtpes,  Temm.) 

Form. — Bill  large,  about  as  long  as  the  head,  without  apparent 
notch  in  some  species.  Bictal  bristles  inconspicuous,  those  near  the 
angle  of  the  mouth  reaching  scarcely  more  than  half  way  to  the 
nostrils.  Tarsi  lengthened,  equal  to  the  middle  toe  and  two  lengths 
of  its  claw,  either  entirely  smooth  (or  "  booted")  anteriorly,  or  with 
obsolete  indications  of  scutellae  on  the  exterior  face.  Wing  a  little 
shorter  than  the  tail,  rather  pointed ;  the  1st  primary  large,  broadly- 
falcate,  more  or  less  obtuse,  and  contained  from  two  and  a  half  to 
three  times  in  the  2d  primary,  which  is  nearly  equal  to  the  8th  quill ; 
the  4th  and  5th  quills  longest,  the  3d  and  6th  little  shorter.  Tail 
somewhat  graduated;  the  lateral  feathers. about  three-quarters  of  an 
inch  shorter.     A  naked  ring  round  the  eye, 

Color. — In  the  four  species  known  to  me  the  prevalent  color  is  a 
uniform  slaty  or  plumbeous,  as  in  the  Cat-bird  (Mimus  carolinensis). 
The  extreme  chin  is  white,  the  throat  with  a  black  patch,  either  uni- 
form or  interrupted  with  white.  The  lores  and  space  beneath  the 
eye  blackish.  The  lateral  tail  feathers  have  a  terminal  patch  of 
white  on  their  under  surface  for  nearly  half  the  exposed  length, 
obscured  on  the  outer  web  by  a  plumbeous  tinge  on  the  upper  sur- 
face. All  the  feathers  of  wings  and  tail  black,  the  former  with  the 
exposed  or  outer  surface  margined  broadly  with  plumbeous  in  abrupt 
contrast  (the  black  shows  externally  on  the  ends  of  the  quills).  First 
and  2d  quills  black,  without  external  margin.  Tail  feathers  margined 
at  the  base. 

The  species  may  be  thus  distinguished  : — 

Bill  black ;  whole  nnder  parts,  including  vent  and  crissam, 

aniform  slaty plumhea. 

Bill  reddish-black  ;  ander  parts  plumbeous,  except  vent  and 

criBsnm,  which  are  white schistacea. 

Bill  reddish-black ;  beneath  plumbeons  ;  lower  abdomen  and 

thighs  cinnamon  red  ;  crissum  white      ....     ruhripea. 


86 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


!ri 


IN 


Bill  yellow ;  breast  light  cinereous,  shading  into  a  white  ab- 
domen and  oricsum ;  throat  white,  with  narrow  central 
streaks  of  black  (in  all  others  uniform  black)        .        . 


ardosiacea. 


This  genus — a  strongly  marked  one  among  the  American  Thrushes 
— is  confined  to  the  West  India  Islands,  and  may  possibly  include 
more  species  than  those  here  enumerated.  These  have  been  in  a 
state  of  much  confusion  until  disentangled  by  the  discovery,  on  the 
part  of  Dr.  Bryant,  of  the  true  2\  plumbeus,  of  Linnteus,  as  shown 
by  him  in  his  paper  presented  to  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural 
History. 

Mimocichla  plumbea. 

Tardus  plumbeus,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  ed.  X,  1758,  169,  not  of  ed.  XII,  1, 
294  (except  reference  to  Catesby),  nor  of  Gmelin,  814,  12,  which 
does  not  belong  to  the  series  at  all,  being  a  mixture  of  different 
forms. 

Mimus  rubrtpes,  Bryant,  Pr.  Bost.  8oc.  VII,  1859,  114.  (Blue  Jay  and 
Blue  Thrasher  of  inhabitants.) 

Mimokitta  plumbea,  Bkyant,  Pr.  Bodt.  Soc.  N.  H.  1863. 

Tardus  viscivorus  pluvibeus,  Catesby,  Carol.  I,  tab.  zxx. 
Bab.  Bahamas. 

Bill  from  base  of  skull  about  as  long  as  the  head.  No  indication  of  a  ter- 
minal notch,  or  at  best  a  very  faint  one.  Commissural  edge  of  upper  jaw 
straight  as  far  as  the  nostrils,  then  concave  to  the  tip.  Bristles  about  gape 
very  short  and  inconspicuous,  those  at  the  angle  of  the  mouth  extended  for- 
ward, reaching  only  half  way  to  the  nostrils.  A  narrow  membranous  ring 
round  the  eye,  with  a  small  naked  space  behind. 

Tarsi  lengthened,  rather  more  than  equal  to  one  and  a  quarter  times  the 
length  of  middle  toe  and  claw.  Scutellse  indistinctly  evident,  almost  oblite- 
rated and  fused  together,  most  distinct  on  the  external  face,  eight  in  number 
to  the  base  of  middle  toe.  Outer  lateral  toe  and  claw  the  longer,  reaching  to 
base  of  middle  claw,  about  equal  to  the  hind  toe  and  claw. 

Tail  graduated  ;  lateral  feathers  .60,  shorter  than  the  middle  ones.  Wings 
a  little  shorter  than  the  tail,  moderately  rounded  ;  4th  and  5th  quills  longest ; 
3d  and  6th  little  shorter;  2d  intermediate  between  7th  and  8th,  .45  shorter 
than  the  longest;  l&t  quill  with  its  exposed  surface  oi^e-third  the  length  of 
the  2d,  slightly  falcate,  broadest  in  the  middle,  but  with  the  sides  about 
parallel  to  the  end,  where  it  is  obliquely  truncate  with  the  corners  rounded. 

Oeneral  color  slaty  gray  (like  that  of  Afimm  caroliiiensis),  including  crissum, 
tibiae,  inner  wing  coverts,  etc. ;  rather  lighter  beneath.  Feathers  of  crown 
with  concealed  dark  central  streaks.  Lores,  space  beneath  the  eye,  fading 
out  behind  and  a  broad  square  patch  on  the  chin  and  throat  widening 
a  little  behind,  black,  without  any  edging  of  white.  Space  between  the  rami 
of  lower  jaw,  and  a  patch  on  its  outer  side  white  ;  the  latter  duller  in  color 
and  continued  beneath  the  eye,  becoming  more  plumbeous,  and  forming  an 
Sudistinct  line  of  separp.tion  between  the  black  of  throat  and  that  below  the 


MIMOCICIILA. 


B1 


eye.  Wings  and  tail  black,  the  coverts  and  onter  edges  of  the  quills  light 
hoary  plumbeous,  margining  and  abruptly  contrasting  with  the  general  black 
(1st  and  2d  primaries  not  margined).  Rather  more  than  the  terminal  fourth 
(1.20  inches)  of  lateral  tail  feathers  with  a  white  patch,  the  portion  on  the 
outer  web  plumbeous ;  this  patch  diuiinishea  in  size  on  the  others  until  on 
the  two  inner  on  each  side  it  forms  only  a  slight  plumbeous  tip.  The  bill  is 
black ;  the  legs  reddish. 

Tarsus,  1.40;  middle  toe  and  claw,  1.10;  claw  from  base,  .30;  bill  from 
base  of  head,  1.09,  from  nostrils,  .61;  commissure,  1.10;  wing,  4.G8  ;  tail, 
5  ;  1st  quill,  1.00  long,  .20  wide. 

As  shown  by  Dr.  Bryant,  this  is  the  true  Turdus  plumheus  of 
Linnaeus,  based  upon  the  TurduH  visvivorus  plumbeus  of  Catesby 
(I,  pi.  xxx),  a  Bahama  bird  not  recognized  ..y  naturalists  until  the 
visit  of  Dr.  Bryant  to  the  Bahamas,  in  1859.  In  the  10th  edition 
LinntBUS  confines  his  citations  entirely  to  Catesby;  in  the  12th,  he 
includes  Brisson's  description  of  Merula  americana  cinerea,  a  differ- 
ent species.  In  their  endeavors  to  find  in  Catesby's  bird  one  or 
other  of  the  species  belonging  to  the  West  Indies,  authors  found 
a  great  stumbling  block  in  the  black  bill  represented  in  his  figure 
and  description ;  and  Vieillot  insists  that  Catesby  must  have  been 
in  error.  This  is,  however,  one  of  the  most  strongly  gnarked 
characteristics  of  the  species. 


I         1 

Smith-  CoUec-  Sex 


enaiaa 
No. 

33,16S 


tor'8 
No. 


15 


and 

Age. 


Localtty. 


NuHsau,  N.  P. 


When 
Collected. 


Ap.  22,  '64. 


Received  from 


Collected  by 


Lt.  Fitz({erald. 
Cab.  l)r.  Bryant. 


33,ltf8.  Legs,  luside  of  bill,  aud  iria  orange  red  ;  bill  black. 


niimocichla  scliistacea. 

Mimocichia  schistacea,  Baird,  n.  B. 

(17,713.)  Bill  very  large  and  stout,  about  as  long  as  the  head ;  commissure 
very  nearly  straight.  Bill  decidedly  notched.  Rictal  bristles  short ;  not 
reaching  as  far  forward  as  the  nostrils.  Legs  stout ;  tarsi  longer  than  middle 
toe  and  claw ;  no  indication  of  acutellation  anteriorly.  Wings  rather  shorter 
than  tail ;  Ist  primary  much  developed,  almost  half  the  2d,  broad-falcate, 
rather  pointed.  Tail  somewhat  graduated ;  lateral  feathers  .70  shorter  than 
central. 

Color  dark  plumbeous,  scarcely  paler  on  the  rnmp.  Centres  of  feathers  of 
head  and  back  darker  (concealed).  Tibiee  plumbeous,  vent  and  crissnm 
white.  A  broad  patch  on  throat  extending  to  the  jugulum,  lores,  and  space 
beneath  the  eye,  black;  chin  and  short  stripe  along  the  side  of  lower  jaw, 
with  concealed  basal  edges  of  the  throat  feathers,  white.  Tail  feathers  with 
a  terminal  while  patch,  largest  externally,  and  diminishing  to  the  central 


88 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


:i. 


!  Hi 


!M'-   I 


::.'  ^ 


ones.  Wings  and  tail  black.  Outer  edges  of  wing  feathers,  except  Ist  and 
2d  primaries,  and  of  tail  feathers  at  the  base,  plumbeous.  Bill  iu  skin  red- 
dish-black  ;  legs  apparently  reddish.     Iris  in  life  light  brown. 

Length  of  skin,  10.50  ;  wing,  5.00  ;  tail,  5.10  ;  longest  quill,  .50  longer  than 
2d;  Ist  quill  1.55  long,  .20  wide  ;  2d,  3.40  ;  bill  from  forehead,  1.20,  nostril, 
.71 ;  commissure,  1.31 ;  tarsus,  1.50 ;  middle  toe  aud  olaw,  1.21,  claw  aloue, 
.30 ;  bind  toe  aud  claw,  .81. 

I  have  not  been  without  a  suspicion  that  this  bird  might  be  the 
M.  rubripes,  without  any  reddish  on  the  belly.  In  view,  however, 
of  the  close  resemblances  among  the  West  India  species,  and  certain 
apparent  differences  of  form,  I  am  more  inclined  to  the  opinion  that 
they  are  distinct.  The  size  is  about  the  same,  but  the  bill  is 
conspicuously  larger  and  heavier;  middle  and  hind  toes  longer,  with 
their  claws  longer ;  the  1st  primary  longer.  There  is  none  of  the 
cinnamon  red  of  the  belly ;  the  plumbeous  of  the  belly  extends 
farther  down  to  the  vent,  and  includes  the  flanks  and  tibiaj.  The 
general  color  of  the  body  is  much  darker,  and  the  rump  is  scarcely 
lighter  than  the  back. 

It  is,  however,  proper  to  state  that,  while  two  of  the  three  speci- 
mens before  me  are  as  described,  a  third  (No.  IT,  11 2)  shows  but 
little  pHimbeous  on  the  thighs,  which  are  of  a  dirty  whitish.  Both 
the  Monte  Verde  birds,  nevertheless,  were  killed  in  May,  and  are 
apparently  in  full  plumage,  and  none  were  met  with  having  cinnamon 
colored  bellies.  In  a  large  collection  of  the  true  rubripes,  from 
another  part  of  Cuba,  all  the  individuals  were  fully  marked,  as  above 
indicated,  with  cinnamon  red. 

One  specimen  of  this  bird  is  in  the  museum  of  the  Philadelphia 
Academy. 


Smith- 
so  uiau 
No. 

Collec- 
tor's 
No. 

Sex 
and 
Age. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

17,112 
17,113 

•• 

Monte  Verde,  Cuba. 

it 

M*y  6. 

Chas.  Wright. 

(17,112.)   Length,  10  25.     (17,113)   Length,  10.00. 

mimociclila  rutiripes. 

Turdus  rubripes,  Temm.  PI.  Col.  409.— Vigors,  Zool.  Jonr.  Ill,  1827, 439. 
— Db  la  Saora,  Cuba,  Ois.  1839,  46,  pi.  iv. — Qukdlach,  Boston 
Jour.  VI,  1853,  318. — Mimus  rubripes,  Bp.  Consp.  276. — Galeoscop- 
tes  rubripes,  Cab.  Mus.  Hein.  1850,  82.  —  Id.  Journ.  Ill,  1855, 
470.— ScLATER,  P.  Z.  S.  1859,  336.— Ib.  Catal.  Am.  Birds,  1861,  6, 
no.  40  (J/jHJoc/c/i/a). 

Hab.  Cuba. 


'=. 


r  ■ 


MIMOCICHLA. 


89 


(31,978.)  Bill  from  base  of  skull  about  as  long  as  the  head,  with  a  distinot 
teiiuiual  notch.  Riotal  bristles  short ;  those  at  the  nngle  of  mouth  reaching 
scarcely  more  than  half  way  to  the  nostril.  A  distinct  membranous  ring 
round  the  eye. 

.  -si  lengthened.  No  traces  of  scutellse  in  most  specimens ;  the  faintest 
possible  (perhaps  fallacious)  indications  in  others. 

Wings  rather  rounded,  shorter  than  the  tail ;  4th  and  5th  qnills  longest ; 
2d  between  7th  and  8th  ;  Ist  quill  slightly  falcate,  rather  obtuse  at  the  end, 
contained  a  little  more  than  two  and  a  half  times  in  the  2d  quill.  Tail 
moderately  graduated  ;  lateral  feathers  .70  shorter  than  central. 

General  color  slaty  or  plumbeous  gray,  marker  on  the  back  and  head.  Lores, 
space  beneath  the  eye  and  extending  on  the  ears,  and  a  large  patch  on  thu 
throat,  black ;  chin,  and  a  short  patch  from  the  side  of  lower  jaw  as  far  back 
as  its  articulation,  together  with  the  concealed  bases  of  the  black  throat 
feathers,  white.  Posterior  part  of  belly  and  flanks,  with  the  tibia,  light 
cinnamon  red.  Crissum  and  terminal  half  of  exposed  surface  of  tail  white. 
Wing  and  tail  feathers  black,  exdept  as  described,  abruptly  margined  ex- 
ternally with  plumbeous  (in  the  latter  on  the  concealed  bases  of  the  feathers). 
Legs  apparently  red  in  life,  fading  into  yellowish.  Bill  in  the  dried  skin 
dusky,  possibly  in  life  of  a  dark  reddish  color. 

Length,  10.20;  wing,  5.00;  tail,  5.20;  longest  quill,  .60  lonper  than  the 
2d;  Ist  1.25  long,  .21  wide;  tarsi,  1.50;  middle  toe  and  claw,  1.12;  olaw 
alone,  .28;  bill  from  forehead,  1.08  ;  nostrils,  .65  ;  gape,  1.25. 

In  a  considerable  number  of  specimens  before  me  I  find  quite  a 
variation  in  size  (No.  31,979  measuring  9.20,  wing,  4.75),  with  but 
little  in  form ;  the  1st  primary  is  sometimes  rather  smaller  in  pro- 
portion than  as  described.     The  colors,  too,  are  very  constant. 


Smith- 
sonian 
No. 

Collec- 
tor's 
No. 

Sex 
and 
Age. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

1,S16 
31,978 
31,979 

•• 

Cuba. 
(I 

!!. 

S.  K.  Baird.    Dep. 
J.  Ashhurst. 

Mimocichla  ardosiacea. 

Turdus  plumheus,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  ed.  Xll,  I,  1766,  294  (not  of  10th  ed. 
exol.  reference  to  Catesby). — Vieillot,  Ois.  Am.  Sept.  II,  1807,  2, 
pi.  Iviii.— Ib,  Nouv.  Diet.  XX,  1818,  242.— f  Galeoscopfe.i  plumheus, 
Salle,  Pr.  Z.  S.  1857,  231. —  Galeoscoptes  {Mimocichla)  plumheus, 
ScLATER,  P.  Z.  S.  18.'59,  336. 

Turdus  ardosiaceus,  Vieill.  Encyclop.  M6th.  II,  1823, 648  (St.  Domingo). 

Le  Merle  cendri  d*Am^rique,  Bkisson,  Ornithol.  II,  17G0,  288  (St.  Do- 
mingo). 

Hah.  St.  Domingo. 

Bill  from  base  of  skull  shorter  than  the  head.     Lower  edges  of  upper  jaw 
straight  to  the  middle,  and  then  scarcely  curved  to  the  tip  where  there  is  a 


40 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BlUDS, 


[part  r. 


1    • 


I 


very  slight  notoh.  Briatlea  at  base  of  bill  very  inconspioaoua.  Bat  a  slight 
indictitiuu  of  the  oonspiouous  membranous  riug  rouud  the  eye  of  jilnmbea. 

Tarai  long,  about  one  and  a  third  times  the  length  of  middle  toe  and  claw. 
Scutellae  visible  on  the  exterior  side,  but  the  edges  there  fused;  seven  observ- 
able to  the  base  of  the  toes  (one  less  than  in  plumbea).  Outer  lateral  toe  the 
longer. 

Tail  graduated  ;  the  feathera  rather  obtusely  pointed  ;  the  lateral  about  half 
an  inch  shorter  than  the  central.  Wings  a  little  shorter  than  the  tail,  moder- 
ately rounded  ;  6th  quill  longer  than  4th,  6th,  and  3d ;  2d  between  7th  and 
8th  ;  1st  quill  falcate,  broadest  in  the  middle,  but  pointed  (not  obtuse,  na  in 
plumbea)  ;  exposed  portion  1.14  in  length,  .21  iu  breadth,  contained  three 
times  (or  one-third)  in  the  length  of  the  2d. 

General  color  rather  dark  plumbeous  gray  above  and  on  the  inside  of  wings 
and  axillars.  Beneath  with  the  jugulum,  upper  part  of  breast,  and  flanks  light 
ashy  gray,  passing  insensibly  into  the  almost  pure  white  of  the  middle  of  the 
belly,  anal  region,  and  crissum.  Tibia  plumbeous.  Throat  and  chin  white, 
with  narrow  V-shaped  streaks  of  black  on  the  central  third  of  the  feathers, 
which  extend  a  little  into  the  ashy  of  the  lower  throat.  Loral  region  b>iu  space 
beneath  the  eye  dusky.  An  indication  of  a  white  streak  from  the  side  of 
lower  jaw,  margined  below  by  a  rather  continuous  line  of  black.  Wings 
black,  with  their  upper  exterior  exposed  surface  abruptly  like  the  back,  but 
lighter.  Tail  black,  with  a  terminal  patch  of  white  on  the  outer  feather 
(about  1.20),  becoming  less  on  the  others,  the  posterior  edge  nearly  trans- 
verse ;  the  upper  surface  on  the  outer  webs  dark  plumbeous.  Bill  and  feet 
apparently  bright  yellow,  perhaps  faded  from  red. 

Bill  from  base  of  skull,  1.14;  from  nostril,  .70;  gape,  1.34;  tarei,  1.55; 
middle  toe  and  claw,  1.15  ;  claw  aloue,  .31 ;  wings,  5.20;  tail,  5.25. 

Tlie  only  specimen  I  have  seen  of  this  species  is  in  the  museum 
of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  where  it  is 
labelled  "  T.  plumbeus,  South  America." 

In  form  this  species  exhibits  a  close  resemblance  to  M.  plumbea ; 
but  the  colors  are  very  different.  The  bill  is  yellow,  not  black,  and  in- 
stead of  a  uniform  slaty  gray  over  the  whole  body  above  and  below, 
including  the  crissum,  the  middle  of  the  belly,  vent,  and  crissum  are 
white.  Instead  of  a  uniform  square  black  patch  on  the  throat,  this 
has  white  as  its  predominant  color,  with  narrow  central  streaks  of 
black. 

Vieillot  figures  and  describes  this  bird  quite  accurately  and  un- 
mistakably, giving  it  as  an  inhabitant  of  the  Antilles ;  but  his 
accounts  are  evidently  based  on  the  species  as  observed  in  St.  Do- 
mingo, and  to  which  it  may  possibly  be  confined.  The  specimen 
belonging  to  the  Academy  has  no  indication  of  locality  other  than 
"  Amer.-Merid." 

Vieillot  gives  the  bill  and  feet  as  red. 


Mm 

\m   ■■  ■ 


RAMPHOCINCLUS — MAUGAR0P8. 


41 


RAMPHOCINCLUS,  Laprbsnatb. 

liamphocinclun,  Lafr.  R.  Z.  1843,  6G.     (Type  Turdus  brachyurm,  Vieill.) 

Uill  longer  than  the  ht^ad,  notched  ;  culiuen  and  oommiHBure  considerably 
(Ifcurved  from  the  baae  ;  gonya  Hlightly  ho.  HiotUH  with  uhort  bristles.  Tarsus 
lengthened,  longer  than  the  bead  or  the  middle  toe ;  the  soutellce  fused  into 
one  }ilate,  or  faintly  indicated.  Wings  rather  pointed,  longer  than  the  tail ; 
1st  primary  more  than  half  the  longest ;  2d  about  equal  to  the  9th.  Tail 
rounded,  the  lateral  feather  graduated ;  the  feathers  generally  rather  narrow, 
with  quite  narrow  outer  web.  ^ 

Tills  interesting  genus  is  well  marked  among  its  fellows,  and  will 
readily  be  recognized  The  single  species  in  pattern  of  coloration 
(closely  resembles  Melanotis  Jiypoleucits,  and  should  perhaps  be 
l)laced  very  near  it,  having  sooty  brown  where  the  other  has  blue. 
It  differs,  however,  in  much  more  curved,  and  longer  bill ;  shorter, 
narrower,  and  less  rounded  tail,  with  narrower  outer  webs,  etc. 


Ramphocinclus  lira  city  iiriis. 

Turdus  brachyurus,  Vikill.  Nouv.  Diet.  XX,  255. — Ib.  Encycl.  M6th. 
1821,  GSf). — Ramphocynclas  brachyurun,  Lafr.  R.  Z.  1843,  6i). — 
ScLATBR,  P.  Z.  S.  1859,  338.— Ib.  Catal.  18(il,  7,  no.  4A.—  Cinclo- 
certhia  brarhyurn,  Sclater,  P.  Z.  8.  Ib55,  213.  „ 

Zoothera  cinclops,  Bp.  Consp.  259. 

Total  length,  8.00;  wing,  4.00;  tail,  3,50;  graduation,  .4.'5 ;  outer  web  of 
lateral  feathers  one-fourth  the  inn«#;  exposed  portion  of  Ist  primary,  1.60; 
of  2d,  2.50;  of  longest  (measured  from  exposed  base  of  1st  primary),  3.00; 
length  of  bill  from  forehead,  1.15,  from  nostril,  .70  ;  along  gape,  1.34  ;  tarsus, ' 
1.20;  middle  toe  and  claw,  1.00;  claw  alone,  .30;  hiud  toe  and  claw,  .72; 
claw  alone,  .37. 


Smlth- 

Kuuiau 

No, 

Conec- 
toi  'b 
No. 

Sox 
»nd 

A^e. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

32,690 

46,887 

d 

Martiniqae. 

Ed.  Verreaujt. 

MARQAROPS,  Sclater. 

Marf)arops,  Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1859,  335.  (Type  Turdus /uscntun,  Vieill.) 

Cichlalopia,  Bon.  R.  Z.  1857,  205,  not  of  C.  R.  1854,  XXXVIII,  1  (which 

was  based  on  Turdus  vufpinus,  Hart.  =-:  Rhodinocincla  rosea). 

Bill  very  large  and  stout,  with  a  distinct  notch  ;  longer  than  the  head ; 
culmen  curving  gently  from  base,  and  more  abruptly  towards  tip ;  commis- 
sural edge  of  upper  jaw  also  much  curved,  so  that  the  whole  lower  jaw, 
except  at  the  base,  falls  inside  of  the  chord  connecting  the  two  ends  of  the 
arc.     Rictal  bristles  short,  and  scant ;  more  so  than  in  Mimocichla. 


49 


BEVIEW  OP  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[PAHT  I. 


tr 


Mil 


Wings  rounded  ;  the  inner  secondary  quillx  apparently  unooinmonly  long  ; 
4tli  <|ui>l  longest,  next  3d  and  5tli ;  2d  between  the  6th  and  7th ;  Ist  iiuill 
more  tliau  lialf  the  2d,  broad  and  rather  falcate  ;  2d  quill  .70  Hhorter  than  4th. 

Tail  rather  Hliorter  than  wings,  rounded  ;  the  lateral  feathers  half  an  inch 
shorter  than  the  central  ones. 

Legs  short  and  stout ;  tarsus  barely  longer  than  middle  toe  and  claw  ;  dis- 
tinctly scutellate  over  anterior  half  of  circumference,  the  plates  well  defined, 
and  six  or  seven  in  number  ;  claws  all  very  stout  and  much  curved,  almost 
like  those  of  a  Woodpecker;  hind  toe  and  claw  decidedly  longer  than  the 
lateral. 

Margarops  fuscatiis. 

Tardus  fuscutus,  Vikillot,  Ois     m.  Sept.  II,  1806,  1,  pi.  Ivii,  hh. — Ib. 
Enoyclop.  Meth.  11,1823,639. —  Civhlertitiniaf'uscala,  Nkwton,  Ibis, 

1859,  141,  eggs,  pi.  xii,  fig.  8  (Sta  Cruz).— Cashin,  I'r.  A.  N.  S. 

1860,  376  (St.  Thomas). — Manjaropi  fuscutus,  Sclatkk,  Pr.  Z.  S. 
1859,  335.— In.  Catal.  1861,  6,  no.  38. 

Colluricinilafusca,  Gould,  P.  Z.  S.  1^36, 6  (see  Newton,  Ibis,  1859, 142). 
Hub.    St.   Domingo  and  Porto  Kico  (Vieill.)  ;    St.  Thomas ;    Santa  Cruz 
(Newton). 

Length  (of  30,405),  11.40;  wing,  5.20;  bill  from  head,  1.30;  nostril,  .78; 
gape,  1.50;  tarsus,  1.41 ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  1.30;  claw  alone  (chord),  .35  ; 
hind  toe  and  claw,  .95. 

Iris  pearly  white ;  bills  varying  much  in  size ;  eggs  blue  (Newton). 


Sinith- 

KUUiHU 

No. 

CoIIbc- 
tiir's 

No. 

Sex 
Hiid 
Age. 

Locality. 

1 

C.Tfe«ed.         Kecelved  from 

Collected  by 

30,40.1 
30,4U6 

i4 

8c.  Thoiaai. 

Acad,  Nut.  ScieDcex. 
Cab.  Lawrence. 

K.  Swift. 

tl 

OREOSCOFTES,  Baird. 
Oreoscoptes,  Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  346.    (Type  Orpheus  montanus,  Towns.) 

Bill  shorter  than  the  head,  without  distinct  notch.  Bristles  prominent, 
their  tips  reaching  beyond  the  nostrils.  Wings  pointed,  equal  to,  or  a  little 
longer  than  the  tail.  First  quill  not  half  the  second,  about  two-fifths  the 
longest ;  3d,  4th,  and  5th  quills  equal  and  longest ;  2d  between  6th  and  7th. 
Tail  but  slightly  graduated  ;  the  feathers  narrow.  Tarsus  longer  than  middle 
toe  and  claw  by  an  additional  claw  ;  scutellse  distinct  an'teriorly. 

Only  one  species  is  at  present  known  of  this  genus. 

Oi'eoscoptes  montanus. 

Orpheus  montanus,  Townsknd,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  VII,  ii,  1837, 
192.— AuD.  Birds  Amer.  II,  1841,  194,  pi.  139.— Tardus  moutanm, 
Ann.  Orn.  Biog.  IV,  1838,  437,  pi.  369,  fig.  l.—Mimus  montanus. 


HARPORHYN0IIU8. 


iS 


BosAP.  Consp.  1850,  27<). —  Onotropieit  montnnut,  Baird,  Birds  N. 
Aiiier.  1858,  347.— Solatek,  P.  Z.  S.  185i>,  340.— lu.  fatal.  18U1, 
8,  no.  30. 

Jlab,  Rocky  MtH.  of  Duited  Status,  west  to  Paciflo,  south  to  Cap«  St.  Luoas. 

Specimens  from  Capo  St.  Lucas,  as  usual,  are  smaller  than  muro 
nortluTii  ones. 

A  young  bird  from  Ft.  Bridger  is  precisely  like  the  adult,  differ- 
ing only  in  having  the  edges  of  the  dorsal  feathers  lighter,  causing 
a  streaked  appearance.  The  wings  aud  tail  are  considerably  darker 
than  in  au  'dult. 


Smltli- 

Tollec- 

Sex 

■uniiiii 

ti)i'» 

and 

N.I. 

N... 

AKe. 

8,2.'il 

213 

8,821 

,  , 

V 

11,070 

d 

19,2  J 

21 

lfl,347 

,  , 

, , 

V.K.m 

39 

^ 

13,.10S 

30 

0 

12.44*! 

,  , 

^ 

11,. '.;u 

68 

fT 

u.r>:ii 

48 

rf 

8,i4:i 

,  , 

V 

8.129 

,  , 

d 

2j,7ni 

3,348 

cf 

82,104 

2,429 

cT 

LocaHty. 


Flirt  Iiaiiimle. 
niack   IlillH. 
Kort  Bridger. 
KattlexUHke  Uills. 
Willow  SpriuijH. 
K.'ho  Valli'y,  (Uah 
8.   F(irk  of  Hiim- 
Zuui  Mt^.      [holdt. 
Lower  Colorado. 
Fort  Yuma. 
LoM  AogeleH. 

Cape  St.  Luoas. 


When 
Collected. 

Sept.  28,  'm. 

April  18, '58. 
Mny  10. 
May  14 
May  22,  'f>fi. 
May  HI,  '.'i!». 
Sept  26,  '57. 


Nov.  ."S,  '59. 
Nov.  11,  '69. 


Received  from 


Dr.  J.  O.  Cooper. 
Lt.  Warren. 
C.  Drexler. 
Capt.  lii-ynoldB. 

Capt.  SinipHuu. 

Capt.  Sltgreavea. 
Lt.  J.  C.  Ives. 

Lt.  Williainsou. 

John  Xantus. 


Collected  by 


Dr.  Haydim. 


Dr  Hayden. 
0.  11.  Trook. 
(J.  S   MCarlhy. 

Dr.  WoodliouHe. 
MolllmiiKoa. 

Dr.  Heeriuaun. 


11,531.   Irig  yellow.    32,164.   Leugtb,  8  60.     IrU  orange. 


HARPORHTNCHUS,  Cabanis. 

Toxogtoma,  Wagler,  Isis,  1831,  528.      (Type  T.  vetula,  Waol.,  not 

Toxostoma,  Raf.  181  G.) 
Harpes,  Gambel,  Pr.  A.  N.  S.  Phila.  II,  1845,  264.     (Type  Ilarpea  redi- 

vivus,  Gahb.,  not  of  Goldfuss,  1839.) 
Uarporh/jnchus,  Cabanis,  Archiv  f.  Naturg.  1848,  f,  98.     (Type  Ilarpes 

redivivus,  Gahb.) 

Bill  from  forehead  as  long  as,  or  much  longer  than  the  head ;  hecoming 
more  and  wore  decurved  in  both  jaws  as  lengthened.  No  indication  of  a 
notch.  Rictus  with  the  bristles  extending  beyond  the  nostrils.  Tarsus  long 
and  stout,  appreciably  exceeding  the  middle  toe  and  claw,  strongly  scutellate 
anteriorly.  Wings-  considerably  shorter  than  tail,  much  rounded ;  the  1st 
quill  more  than  half  the  2d  ;  4th  or  5th  longest.  Tail  large,  much  graduated ; 
the  feathers  lirm. 

There  are  few  genera  in  Ornithology  where  the  difference  in  the 
comparative  length  and  shape  of  the  bill  is  so  great  in  the  different 
species ;  and  yet  the  transition  from  the  short  straight  form  in  H. 
rufus  to  the  very  long  aud  much  decurved  one  in  H,  redivivus  is 


44 


REVIEW  OP  AMERICAN  RIRDS. 


[part  I. 


li  '  ■  . 


BO  pontln  that  few  porsons  would  ever  think  of  sopnrntinj?  thcin 
geniTically.  Even  in  individual  spccinionH  of  th«  lonf?  I)ilii'<i  species 
there  is  miieii  dinVrcnce  in  tiiis  rcHpcct,  allowing  that  so  far  from 
furnishing  generic  characters,  it  is  not  entirely  available  oven  for 
specific  iudlcutiuns. 

Ilurporliynchus  riifus. 

Turdw  ru/iiH,  Link.  Syst.  Nat.  10th  ed.  1758,  169,  based  on  CATEsnT, 
tab.  19.— Ib.  SyHt.  Nat.  I,  17tf(i,  293,—IJnrporhynchus  rii/mi,  Cab. 
Mu».  Heln.  18.')0,  82.— Baird,  BirdB  N.  Am.  lf«68,  3fi3.— Sclatrr, 
P.  Z.  !S.  1859,  340.— Ib.  Catal.  18G1,  8,  no.  4».—AIimua  ru/us,  Pa. 
Max.  Cab.  Jour.  1858,  180. 

Figures :  Vikillot,  Ois.  Am.  Sept.  II,  pi.  lix. — Wilson,  Am.  Orn.  II,  pi. 
xiv. — AuD.  Orn.  Biog.  pi.  cxvi. 

Sab.  United  States,  east  of  Rocky  Mts.,  north  to  Lake  Winnipeg. 

In  the  "Birds  of  North  America"  I  have  called  attention  to  the 
fact  of  the  larger  size,  with  disproportionat*  ly  longer  tails,  and 
rather  more  curved  bills  of  specimens  from  the  high  plains  beyond 
the  Missouri  River. 


Smith-  CoUec- 

Sox 

When 
Collected. 

■UDlaa 
No. 

tor's 

No. 

and 

AKe. 

Lockllty. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

1,377 

1 

Carlisle,  Pa. 

April  22, '44. 

S   F.  Baird. 

S.  F.  Baird. 

2,261 

44 

May  16,  '43, 

44 

44 

12.182 

rf 

WaRhinKton. 

May  1,  'flfi. 

C.  Drexler. 

32.264 

rf 

Maciin,  Oa. 

March,  1848. 

Prof.  JoR.  I,eoonte. 

^     , 

6,948 

Ft.  Garry,  Red  Rlv. 

•  ■  • 

nuuald  Oann. 

32,392 

•• 

44 

... 

44 

EC.  Bid  well.  [son. 

4.433 

Qua'sqiiiron,  Iowa. 

13  311 

8 

, , 

Fort  Leavenworth. 

.  .  . 

Capt.  J   H.  Siinp- 

C.  S.  M'Carthy. 

8,292 

, , 

Indepeudeiice,  Mo. 

May  26,  '/i7. 

W.  M.  Magraw. 

Dr.  Cocipir. 

8,819 

Loup  Forks 

AiiK.  8. 

Lt.  Waneu. 

Dr.  Uayden. 

fi,283 

ff 

Flirt  Lookont. 

June  22, '86. 

44 

'• 

S,«.W 

357 

Repiibllcau  Fork. 

Sept.  26,  '06. 

Lt.  Biyan. 
Capt.  Reynolds. 

W.  8.  Wood. 

19,346 

,  , 

, , 

Stiaking  It.,  Sa^e 

June  13, '60. 

0.  H.  Trook. 

[Creek. 

^7.)  11.20.     (2,261.)  9.79.    (8,292.)  12.75.     Iris  orange.     (8,819.)  12.00.     Iris  yellow. 


■Mil 


^■i-: 


.aarporhynchus  longirostris. 

Orpheus  lorifjirostris,  Lafr.  R.  Z.  1838,  55. — Ib.  Mag.  de  Zool.  1839,  Ois. 
pi.  i. — Toxostoma  longirostre,  Ca3.  Wiegm.  Arch.  1847,  i,  207. — 
Mimus  longirostriK,  Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  185(5,294  (Cordova). — Uarpo- 
rhynchus  lontfirostris,  Cab.  Mus.  Hein.  1850,  81. — Baird,  Birds  N. 
Am.  1858,  352,  pi.  lii.— Sclateb,  P.  Z.  S.  1859,  339.— Ib.  Catal. 
1861,  8,  no.  47. 

Ilab.  Eastern  Mexico  ;  north  to  Rio  Grande,  Texas. 

Among  the  specimens  before  me  i.s  one  (28,030)  from  iSIirndor, 
Mexico,  which  differs  from  the  rest  in  rather  deeper  rufous  above ; 


ii 


HAUI'OUilYNCIIUB. 


46 


the  foatherg  of  criHsuni  rufous,  edged  with  palo  brownish-yellow 
(instead  of  their  being  dirty  white).  Tiie  bill  ia  very  difl'erent, 
being  longer,  slenderer,  more  pointi'd  towards  the  end,  and  more 
gently  decurved  than  that  of  II.  curvirostria.  Its  dinu'nsion8  aro 
an  follows:  From  forehead,  1.40;  from  gape,  1.52;  from  nostril, 
1.00,  mea.sured  with  dividers.  In  4,01(5,  from  IJrownsville,  tho 
measurements  are:  From  forehead,  1.25;  from  gape,  1.32;  from 
nostril,  .M3. 

Without  more  specimens  to  cHtablish  a  permanent  difTcrcnce  in 
these  respects,  I  do  not  feel  at  liberty  to  suggest  a  diflerenee  of 
species,  especially  as  the  skin  referred  to  belongs  to  the  region  in- 
habited by  typical  H.  longirontris. 


Smlth- 

Collec- 

Sex 

RUUlaD 

tor'* 

and 

No. 

No. 

Ai<e. 

4,0H) 

1 

<f 

8,  111) 

22,3!»0 

29,742 

'<f 

,S'il,4tH) 

o:j 

T  28,03() 

20 

•• 

LocaUty. 


When 
Collected. 


BrowoHvllle,  Tex. 
Lower  Kiu  Uraode. 
Mexico. 
Orl/alia,  Mex. 
El  Mlrador,  Mex. 
Xulapa. 


Sept.  1853. 


Received  from 


Lt.  D.  N.  Couch. 
Major  Einorjr. 
Veireaux. 
PioC.  SiiiiiichrRHt. 
Dr.  0.  SHi'torliiK. 
Cab.  Lawrence. 


Collected  hj 


A.  Sibott. 


D'Oca. 


(4,01«.)  10.25.    Hj'M  browDlih-yellow.    (28,0:iO.)  Long  biUed  variety. 


Harporhynchiis  curvirostris. 

Orpheus  cnrviroatris,  SwAtNSox,  Philoa.  Mag.  1827,  369  (eastern  Mexico). 
— M'Call,  Pr.  A.  N.  So.  May,  1848,  63. — Mimas  curriros/rls,  Gray, 
Genera,  1844—49. — Toxostomn  atrvirostris,  Uonap.  ConHpectiis,  1850, 
277.— acLATER,  P.  Z.  S.  1857,  212.— Ifdrporhynchus  curvirostris, 
•  Cab.  Mua.  Hein.  I,  1850,  81.— Baird,  Bi  ds  N.  Am.  1858,  .351,  pi. 
li.— Herrmann,  P.  R.  R.  Rep.  X,  Parke's  Rep.  1859,  11.— Sclateb, 
P.  Z  S.  1859,  339.— Ib.  Catal.  1861,  7,  no.  46. 

Pomntorhinus  turdinns,  Tbmm.  H.  Col.  441. 

t  Toxostoma  vetula,  Waglbr,  Isis,  1831,  528. 

Hah.  Mexico,  from  the  United  States  line,  southward  (Oaxaca,  Cordova, 
Orizaba,  Mirador)  ;  Mazatian  ;  Colima. 

Specimens  from  Mazatlan  and  Colima  differ  from  those  in  the  col- 
lection from  eastern  Mexico,  in  having  heavier  and  thicker  bills,  and 
perhaps  stouter  legs.  In  31,819,  the  height  of  the  bill  at  the  nostrils 
is  .28  of  an  inch,  while  in  4,028  it  is  .26— both  being  females.  The 
wing  in  31,819  is  longer  and  more  pointed  than  u.sual,  measuring 
4.50.  I,  however,  cannot  think  that  there  is  any  specific  difference  : 
a  large  number  of  specimens  from  either  side  of  Mexico  probably 
exhibiting  the  same  variations. 

The  specimen,  No.  8,128,  mentioned  on  page  352  of  the  Report 


m 


n:"\ 


t 

r 

' 

^i,;.  : 

1 

i    . 

%-  . 

I 


.,  "il 


46 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


on  Birds  as  differing  froin  the  others  in  the  collection,  still  renuiins 
quite  unique  in  reference  to  some  characters. 


Smlth- 

Collec- 

Sex 

When 
Collected. 

80IliHD 

No. 

tor's 

No. 

and 
Age. 

tocRllty. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

4,02.) 

24 

V 

Brownsville,  Vex. 

Feb.  18.^). 

Lt.  D.  N.  Couch. 

7,200 

•• 

d 

KinKKold  Bur'ncka, 
Tex. 

Mnj.  W.  H.  Emory. 

J.  H.  Clark. 

7,101 

,  , 

Eii({le  PaHg,  T<  x. 

•  •  • 

it 

A.  Schott. 

4022 

,  , 

V 

TainaulipHx,  J'-^x. 

18.W. 

U.  Couch. 

?8.12S 

,  , 

.. 

New  Mexico. 

Lt.  J   G.  Parke. 

Dr.  HeeriiiaDn. 

Si:i.7sa 

, , 

Mazatlan,  Mex. 

ISlil. 

J.  Xauius. 

.■n.sif) 

1,001 

<i 

MtH.  of  Collma. 

Jane,  1863. 

1. 

IS  MiS 

,  , 

Eastern  Mexico. 

. .  ■ 

P,  L.  Sclater. 

22,391 

17,36.'? 

rf 

" 

... 

Veriemix. 

•• 

19 

Orizaba,  Mex. 

... 

Cab,  Lawrence. 



(4,023.)  10,00.     (7,200.)  11.50.     (4,022.)  10.00.     Eyea  yellow.    (31,819.)  11.00.    Iria  oraofce. 


narporhynchits  cinereus. 

Ilarporhynchus  cinereus,  Xantus,  Pr.  A.  N.  So.  1859,  298. — Baird,  ib. 
303.— Sclater,  Catal.  Ife61,  8,  no.  49. 

12,960.  Bill  as  long  as  the  head ;  all  the  lateral  outlines  gently  decnrved  from 
the  base.  Bristles  not  very  conspicuous,  but  reaching  to  the  nostrils.  Wings 
considerably  shorter  than  the  tail,  mach  rounded.  First  primary  broad, 
nearly  half  the  length  of  the  2d ;  the  3d  to  the  7th  quills  nearly  equal,  their 
tips  forming  the  outline  of  a  gentle  curve ;  the  2d  quill  shorter  than  the  9th. 
Tail  considerably  graduated,  the  lateral  feathers  more  than  an  inch  the 
shorter.  Legs  stout ;  tarsi  longei  than  middle  toe,  distinctly  scutellate,  with 
seven  scales. 

Above  ashy  brown,  with  perhaps  a  tinge  of  rusty  on  the  rump ;  beneath 
fulvous  white,  more  fulvous  on  the  flanks,  inside  of  wing,  and  crissum.  Be- 
neatli,  except  chin,  throat,  and  from  middle  of  abdomen  to  crissum,  with  well 
defined  V-shaped  spots  of  dark  brown  at  the  ends  of  the  feathers,  largest 
across  the  breast.  Loral  region  hoar/.  Wings  with  two  narrow  whitish 
bands  across  the  tips  of  greater  and  middle  coverts  ;  the  quills  edged  ex- 
ternally with  paler.  Outer  three  tail  feathers  with  a  rather  obsolete  white 
patch  in  the  end  of  inner  web,  and  across  the  tips  of  the  outer. 

Spring  specimens  are  of  rather  purer  white  beneath,  with  the  spots  more 
distinct  than  as  described. 

Length  of  12,960  (skin),  10.00 ;  wing,  4.10  ;  tail,  4.65  ;  Ist  primary,  1.60  ; 
2d,  2.50;  bill  from  gape,  1.40,  from  above,  1.16,  from  nostril,  .90;  tarsus, 
1.2G  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  1.12;  claw  alone,  .30. 

This  species  is  curiously  similar  in  coloration  to  Oreoscoptes  mon- 
fanus,  from  which  its  much  larger  size,  much  longer  and  decurved 
liill,  and  the  graduated  tail,  of  course  readily  distinguish  it.  It 
agrees  in  some  respects  with  H.  riifus  and  longirosfris,  but  it  is 
smaller,  the  bill  longer  and  more  curved ;  the  upper  parts  are 
ashy  olivaceous  brown  instead  of  rufous,  etc. 


HARPORIIYNCIIUS. 


47 


Smith- 

Coll«c- 

Sex 

soniau    tor'n 

HUtl 

Ni.       No. 

A({H. 

Irt.flll 

1,0!H) 

9 

12,0.'i7 

4ft6 

rf 

IS.OOO 

704 

(f 

2B,310 

1,089 

<f 

Locality. 


When 
Collected. 


Cape  St    Lucas. 


IS-W. 


SpriDg,  '99. 


Received  f^om 


Collected  by 


J.  Xaotus, 


(12,0:»7.)  lO.aO.    Iris  orange.    (13,090.)  11.00.    Irii  orange. 


Ilarporhynnklus  lecontei. 

Toxosioma  lecontei,  L.\WR.  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.  V,  Sept.  1851,  109  (Fort 
Yuma).— //ar/»or/i,ync/iu,«  lecontei,  Bonap.  C.  R.  XXVIII,  18r)4,  57. — 
Ib.  Notes  Delattre,  39.— Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  360,  pi.  1. 

Ilab.  Gila  River ;  Fort  Yuma. 

The  specinum  upon  which  the  species  was  based  by  Mr.  I^awrence, 
collected  at  B'ort  Yuma,  by  Dr.  Leconte,  still  rcinains  unique,  and 
of  H.  crissalis  a  second  specimen  only  has  been  obtained.  It  is  not 
a  little  remarkable  that  two  species  so  large  and  conspicuous  should 
be  both  from  the  same  region,  and  so  very  rare.  With  nuich  the 
same  shade  of  coloration,  H.  crissalis  is  a  little  darker,  the  under 
tail  coverts  deep  chestnut  instead  of  rusty  fulvous ;  the  bill  is  much 
longer  and  more  slender,  the  tail  also  much  longer. 

No.  53.    Fort  Yuma.     Cab,  of  Geo.  N.  Lawrence. 

Ilarporhynchus  crissalis. 

Harporhynchiis  crissalis,  Henrt,  Pr.  A.  N.  So.  May,  1858. — Baird,  Birds 
N.  Am.  1858,  350,  pi.  Ixxxii. 

Hub.  Regiou  of  the  Oila  River,  to  Rocky  Mts. 

A  second  specimen  (11,533)  of  this  rare 'species  is  larger  than  the 
type,  but  otherwise  agrees  with  it.    Its  dimensions  are  as  follows: — 

Lenftth  before  skinning,  12.50;  of  skin,  12.50;  wing,  3.90;  tail,  (5.50;  its 
graduation,  1.45  ;  Ist  quill,  1.50 ;  2d,  .41 ;  bill  from  forehead  (chord  of  curve), 
1.65,  from  gape,  1.75,  from  nostril,  1.30;  curve  of  culmen,  1  62;  height  of 
bill  at  nostril,  .22;  tarsus,  1.30;  middle  toe  and  claw,  1.12. 

The  bill  of  this  species,  though  not  quite  so  iong  as  in  rcdivivus, 
when  most  developed,  is  almost  as  much  curved,  and  much  more 
slender — the  depth  at  nostrils  being  but  .22,  instead  of  .26.  The 
Gize  of  this  specimen  is  equal  to  the  largest  of  redivivus  (3,932) ;  the 
tail  absolutely  longer.  The  feet  are,  however,  considerably  smaller, 
the  claws  especially  so ;  the  tarsus  measures  but  1.30,  instead  of 
1.52;  the  middle  claw  .29,  instead  of  .36.  With  these  differences 
in  form,  however,  it  would  be  impossible  to  separate  the  two 
gcuerically. 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS, 


..  r 


[part  I, 


I 


M 


It)     • 

^1 

r  ■     :: 

lit 

I: 

0 

fli 

M  t 

mi . 

i*;'             "• 

ll       ,„       ■ 

i 

If-    ■ 

Smith- 
huniau 

Collec- 
tor's 
No. 

Sex 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

8,127 
11,633 

32 

d 

Mimbres 

Fort  Yama,  Oal. 

... 

Dr.  T.  C.  Henry. 
Lt.  J.  C.  Ives. 

H.  B.  MiillhuuBeu. 

8,127.   Type  ;  now  in  museum  Phila.  Acad.     (11,S33.)  12.50.     Ir's  yellow. 

Harporhynchiis  redivivus. 

Harpes  redioiva,  Gambbl,  Pr.  A.  N.  S.  II,  Aug.  1845,  264. —  Torostoma 

redivivu,  Gamuel,  J.  A.  N.  Sc.  2d  aer.  I,  1847,  42. — Cabsin,  Illust. 

I,  1855,  2(i0,  pi.  xlii. — llarporhi/nchus  redivivus,  Cabanis,  Arcliiv 

Naturg.   1848,  98.  — Baibd,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  349.— Sclaxeb, 

'  P.  Z.  S.  1859,339. 

This  species  has  hitherto  only  been  found  in  the  coast  region  of 
California,  whence  numerous  specimens  have  been  received  by  the 
Smithsonian  Institution.  .    ., ,;,  jr 

MIMUS,  BoiE. 

Mimus,  BoiE,  Isia,  Oot.  1826,  972.     (Type  Tardus  poly/jlottm,  Linn.) 
Orpheus,  Swainson,  Zool.  Jour.  Ill,  1827,  167.     (Same  type.) 

Bill  not  much  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  head  ;  gently  decurved  from 
the  baae ;  notched  at  tip ;  commiaaure  curved.  Gonya  atraight,  or  alightly 
concave.  Rictal  briatlea  quite  well  developed.  Winga  rather  ahorter  than 
the  tail.  First  primary  about  equal  to,  or  rather  more  than  half  the  2d  ;  3d, 
4th,  and  5th  quills  nearly  equal,  tith  scarcely  shorter.  Tail  considerably 
graduated  ;  the  feathers  stiff,  rather  narrow,  especially  the  outer  webs,  lateral 
feathers  about  three-quartera  of  an  inch  the  ahorter  in  the  type.  Tarsi  longer 
than  middle  toe  and  claw  by  rather  less  than  an  additional  claw  ;  tarsi  con- 
spicuously and  strongly  scutellate ;  broad  plates  seven. 

Mimus  polyglottiis. 

Turdns  polyglottus,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  10th  ed.  1758,  169 ;  12th  ed.  1766, 
293.— il/tmus  polyglottus,  Boie,  Isis,  1826,  972.— Sclater,  P.  Z.  S. 
1856,  212.— Ib.  1859,  340.  — Is.  Catal.  1861,  8,  no.  61.  — Baied, 
Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  344. 
i  Orpheus  leucopterus,  Vigors,  Zool.  Beechey,  1839. 
Figures :   Wilson,  Am.  Orn.  II,  1810,  pi.  x,  fig.  1. — Aud.  Om.  Biog.  I, 
1831,  pL  xxi.— Ib.  Birds  Amer.  II,  1841,  pi.  137. 
Hab.  North  America,  from  about  40O  (rare  in  Massachusetts,  Samuels),  south 
to  Mexico.     Said  to  occur  in  Cuba. 

No.  12,511.  The  general  proportions  will  best  be  illustrated  by  the  table  of 
measurements.     The  3d  and  4th  quills  are  longest ;  the  2d  equal  to  the  8th  ; 
the  1st  more  than  half  the  2d  (in  some  specimens  about  half,  in  others  half 
the  3d,  as  in  No.  G14.) 


MIMU8. 


0" 


The  upper  parts  are  ashy,  with  a  tinge  of  brown,  the  color  purest  on  top  of 
head.  The  lores  are  dusky.  The  under  parts  are  white,  purest  on  throat 
and  middle  of  belly ;  a  tinge  of  ashy  across  the  breast,  of  yellowish-brown 
or  faint  fulvous  on  flanks  and  crissum.  There  are  some  obscure  shaft  streaks 
of  brown  on  the  flanks,  mostly  concealed  under  the  wings.  There  is  a  slight 
indication  of  a  dusky  strijw  on  each  side  of  the  chin,  caused  by  a  range  of  short 
black  bristles,  the  feathers  themselves  not  appearing  to  be  colored. 

The  wings  and  tail  are  dark  brown,  not  black ;  the  large  feathers  edged 
externally  with  ashy.  There  are  two  bauds  of  white  on  the  wing  on  the  tips 
of  th'»  greater  and  middle  coverts  ;  the  ends  of  the  secondaries  are  also  edged 
with  white.  In  addition  to  this  the  basal  portion  of  all  the  primaries  is 
white,  restricted  to  the  extreme  base  in  the  outer  ones,  and  encroacliing  suc- 
cessively in  the  rest  until  in  the  three  innermost  ones  it  occupies  the  basal 
two-thirds  of  the  feather,  or  more,  extending  farthest  lorward  on  the  inner 
web,  the  shafts  remaining  black.  The  small  coverts  overlying  the  bases  of 
the  primaries  are  also  white,  with  a  brown  streak  near  the  ends  ;  this  forms 
a  conspicuous  white  patch  on  tlie  outer  surface  of  the  wing. 

The  outer  tail  feather  is  white,  slightly  mottled  in  one  or  two  places  with 
brown,  especially  along  tlie  shaft  near  the  end,  and  towards  the  base  of  the 
inner  web.  The  next  feather  is  white  at  the  extreme  base,  and  for  about  the 
terminal  third  of  the  inner  web,  and  the  end  of  the  outer  web.  The  third 
has  a  similar  but  much  smaller  patch  of  white  along  the  middle  of  the  inner 
web  near  the  end ;  the  fourth  has  no  white.     The  bill  and  legs  are  black. 

The  markings  of  the  wings  are  as  described  in  most  specimens,  although 
in  some  the  amount  of  white  is  less.  There  is,  however,  considerable  diffei- 
ence  in  the  white  of  the  tail  feathers.  In  a  small  proportion  only  of  the 
whole  number  examined  from  eastern  North  America,  is  the  outer  feather 
pure  white,  and  again  sometimes  the  faint  mottling  on  the  inner  web  near  the 
middle  web  becomes  a  conspicuous  dusky  patch.  In  several  specimens  the 
whole  inner  web  of  the  second  feather  is  white,  with  slight  mottling  along  a 
portion  of  the  inner  edge  (32,162).  In  12,445  the  white  spot  in  the  end  of 
the  3d  feather  extends  along  the  inner  side  of  the  shaft  into  a  patch  at  the 
.base.  In  this  specimen  the  ouler  feather  is  entirely  white;  the  whole  inner 
web  and  the  basal  portion  of  the  outer  web  of  the  second.  In  all  the  speci- 
mens before  me  the  outer  web  of  the  second  tail  feather  is  black,  except  at 
the  extreme  base  and  tip.  In  none  is  there  any  white  on  the  fourth  feather. ' 
No.  12,511.  Length,  9.00;  wing,  4.10;  tail,  4.90,  its  graduation,  .70;  1st 
primary,  1.50 ;  2d  primary,  2.70 ;  bill  from  above,  .63,  from  nostril,  .50 ; 
tarsus,  1.25  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  1.00;  claw,  .30. 


'  Since  writing  the  preceding  description,  I  have  met  with  one  specimen 
(19,089,  male,  from  Arkansas)  which  differs  very  considerably  from  any  other 
I  have  seen  in  an  unusual  amount  of  white,  which  extends  farther  along 
the  primaries  so  as  to  be  very  conspicuous.  The  two  outer  tail  feathers  are 
entirely  white,  except  a  slight  edging  at  the  end  of  the  second  ;  the  third  is 
white  on  the  shaft  and  along  the  greater  part  of  the  inner  web.  The  fourth 
has  a  small  white  patch  ou  the  end.  The  dimensions  are :  Length,  10.00 ; 
wing,  4.70;  tail,  5.00. 

4       July.  1864. 


50 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


!:■.  i: 


"til 


•  I  have  not  had  an  opportunity  of  examining  the  supposed  3r. 
polygloUu8  of  Cuba.  If,  however,  the  description  of  Orpheus  po]'/- 
gloltus,  in  De  la  Sagra's  Cuba  (Oiseaux,  53),  be  correctly  drawn 
from  a  Cuban  specimen,  it  may  very  readily  be  different,  as  tho 
North  American  bird  can  certainly  not  be  said  to  have  the  tail 
brown  with  a  white  spot  towards  the  extremity  of  the  lateral  tail 
feathers,  nor  is  there  any  white  on  the  secondary  quills.  The  rump 
cannot  be  called  grayish-blue,  in  contrast  with  a  pale  grayish-brown 
of  the  remaining  upper  parts, 

Mr.  Richard  Hill,  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Philadelphia  Aca- 
demy, has  suggested  the  idea  that  the  name  of  polyglottus  shouKI 
be  applied  to  the  Jamaican  rather  than  to  the  North  American  bird. 
The  first  citation  of  Linnaeus  is  to  Sloane's  Jamaica,  the  second  to 
Catesby,  and  the  third  to  Kalm.  As,  however,  the  only  locality 
given  by  Linnaeus  is  "  Virginia,"  and  no  mention  is  made  of  Jamaica ; 
and  as  his  next  species  is  the  Jamaican  orj)heus,  it  will  perhaps  bo 
no  violation  of  the  most  rigid  mica  of  nomenclature  to  pass  over 
the  citation  of  Sloane  as  irrelevant,  and  confine  the  reference  strictly 
to  the  continental  species.  The  Turdiis  orpheus,  of  Linnseus,  is 
based  on  the  species  of  Brown  and  Edwards,  both  unmistakably  the 
small  Jamaican  bird,  and  not  the  larger,  31.  hillii,  as  intimated  by 
Mr.  Hill. 

In  the  "  Birds  of  North  America"  I  have  adverted  to  the  pecnli- 
arities  of  western  specimens  in  having  a  longer  tail  than  eastern. 
The  tail  is  more  graduated  also,  the  lateral  feathers  being  1.25 
inches  or  more  shorter  than  the  central.  The  whole  bird,  in  fact,  is 
larger ;  the  wings  being  also  longer,  but  the  disproportionate  length 
of  the  tail  is  quite  decided. 


Smith- 

CoUec- 

Sex 

Kouiaa 

tor'a 

ftnd 

No. 

No. 

AKe. 

12,443 

,  , 

cf 

12,u4,j 

,  , 

(T 

l!t,0S9 

fi7 

(f 

19.001 

141 

20,29/) 

48 

20,298 

4 

.  • 

11,530 

61 

.. 

17,120 

17.445 

3,317 

<f 

2:!,7.')0 

,  , 

23.013 

28 

33,870 

IflS 

V 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Pennsylvania. 

... 

Washington,  D.  C. 

Fort  C'.bl). 

May  24,  '60. 

Adaline  Creek 

June  18, '60. 

Foi  t  Stockton,  Tex. 

May  2(5,  '60. 

" 

Mar.  12,  '60. 

BlgCanon,Col.Rlv. 

•  >  • 

Cape  St.  Lucas. 

ISiJO. 

It 

Oct.  31,  '69. 

W.  const  AD3orica. 

.  .  t 

El  Mirador,  Mex. 

•   •  • 

" 

Nov.  1863. 

Received  from 


Nat.  Institute, 
J.  H.  Clark. 

ti 

P.  Duffy. 

Lt.  J   C.  Ives. 

John  XantUH. 
it 

Nat.  Institute. 
Dr.  C.  Sartorlus. 


Collected  by 


Dr.  G.  Leib, 
J.  F.  Ciillan. 
C.  S.  M'Carthy. 


MoUbausen. 


19,089.   Unusual  amount  of  white  on  wlngii  aa<I  tall. 

mimiis  orpheus. 

Turdus  orpheus,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  10th  ed.  I,  175S,  169.— Ib.  12th  e.L 
1766.— ViKiLLOT,  Ois.  Am.   Sept.   II,  1^07,  12,  pi.  Ixviii.— Oosse, 


MIMU8. 


&l 


Birds  Jam.  1846,  \44.—^rimns  orpheus,  Sclatrr,  P.  Z.  S.  1P59,  341. 

— Ib.  Catal.  Am.  Birds,  1861,  9,  uo.  52.— Makcu,  Pr.  A.  N.  So.  18(J3, 

290  (eggs). 
Mimus  poly<jlottua,  Hill,  Pr.  A.  >J.  Sc.  1853,  304. 
Tardus  sp.  2,  Bkownb,  Nat.  Hist.  Jam.  1756,  469  (Jamaica). 
Tardus  cinereus  minor,  Edwaeds,  Av.  II,  tab.  Ixxviii  (Jamaica). — Selio- 

MANN,  IV,  pi.  li. 
f  Turdus  dominicus,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  12th  ed.  I,  1766,  295  (based  on 

Merula  dominicensis,  Brisson,  St.  Domingo). 

Bab.  Jamaica;  St.  Domingo? 

(No.  22,159. )  In  form,  size,  and  coloration  this  species  is  exceedingly  similar 
to  M.  polyglottm ;  the  only  marked  difference  in  shape  being  an  api>  "ntly 
more  graduated  tail  than  in  the  eastern  specimens  of  the  latter — the  uffer- 
ences  between  the  lateral  and  central  feathers  amounting  to  from  one  inch  to 
one  and  a  quarter.  The  differences  in  coloration  between  the  two  are  much 
as  if  an  additional  tail  feather  entirely  white  had  been  provided  for  M.  orpheus, 
the  2d,  3d,  and  4th  feathers  being  marked  as  the  1st,  2d,  and  3d  in  M.  poly- 
glottus.  There  are  the  same  variations  in  markings  in  the  corresponding 
feathers  of  these  two  series  in  both  species.  The  two  outer  feathers  are  usu- 
ally entirely  white ;  the  2d  sometimes  a  little  streaked  ;  the  .3d  sometimes 
entirely  white,  always  so  on  the  inner  web,  generally  partially  so  on  the  outer. 
The  4th  has  sometimes  the  whole  inner  web  white ;  sometimes  this  is  restricted 
to  a  patch  towards  its  end.  There  is  a  very  small  spot  of  white  on  the  end 
of  the  fifth  feather. 

The  under  parts  are  of  a  purer  white  than  in  polyglottus,  and  the  ash  of  the 
breast  is  less  distinct.  The  loral  region  also  is  conspicuously  whiter.  The 
two  species  can,  however,  at  once  be  distinguished  by  the  dusky  outer  web 
of  the  second  tail  feather  in  polyglottus,  which  is  entirely  white  in  orpheus. 

Length,  9.90;  wing,  4.35  ;  tail,  5.20;  bill  from  nostril,  1.00;  tarsus,  1.25. 

This  species  can  hardly  be  considered  as  less  in  size  than  poly- 
glottus; indeed,  the  measurements  of  the  specimen  selected  fcr  de- 
scription are  larger  than  those  of  the  type  of  my  description  of  the 
eastern  variety  of  polyglottus.  I  have,  in  fact,  not  met  with  a 
s'iin  so  small  as  that  described  by  Dr.  Sclater. 

I  have  never  seen  a  specimen  of  M.  dominicus,  from  St.  Domingo, 
and  can  express  no  opinion  as  to  its  relationships  to  M.  orpheus. 
It  is  described  as  having  the  outer  three  tail  feathers  white  as  in 
orpheus. 


Smlih- 

Collec- 

Sex 

SDDiaa 

tor's 

and 

No. 

No. 

Age. 

22,1.16 

22,1,')7 

,  , 

d 

22,lfl,S 

.  , 

2t,.S71 

30 

? 

24,378 

30 

Locality. 


Spanlshtown,  Jam. 


When 
Collected. 


Oct.  10,  '61. 


Received  from 


W.  T.  March. 


Collected  by 


I 


r  , 


:ii 


'^ti 


62 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I, 


Mimiis  bahamensis,  Bryakt. 

Mimus  hahamensis,  Bbyamt,  Pr.  Host.  Soc.  VII,  Sept.  1859,  114. 

Bill  shorter  than  head.  Rictal  bristles  reaching  rather  Imyond  the  nostrils. 
Curvature  of  oommissure  gentle  from  baae  to  near  the  notclied  tip,  where  it  ia 
increased.  First  primary  large,  rather  falcate,  just  half  the  2d ;  4th  quill 
longest ;  3d  and  tlien  5th  but  little  shorter ;  2d  intermediate  between  7th  and 
8th,  half  an  iuch  less  than  the  longest.  Tarsi  distinctly  scutellate ;  plates 
seven.     Tail  moderately  graduated  (.70). 

Color  above  brownish-gray,  each  feather  showing  a  brown  centre,  and  gray- 
ish or  asliy  edges  less  distinct  and  more  soiled  on  the  lower  part  of  the  back. 
Beneath  soiled  grayish-white,  the  breast  more  gray,  the  feathers  being  ashy 
with  lighter  tips.  The  feathers  of  under  parts  with  brown  shaft-streaks,  want- 
ing on  the  throat  and  middle  of  the  belly,  partially  concealed  across  the 
breast,  more  evident  on  the  sides  of  belly,  and  broad  and  conspicuous  ntidur 
the  wings,  where  the  axillars  are  similarly  streaked.  Wing  feathers  brown, 
all  margined  with  pale  ashy ;  the  greater  and  middle  coverts  with  white, 
forming  two  bands.  Tail  feathers  ashy  above,  suffused  with  brownish  towards 
the  borders,  and  edged  with  whitish.  All  have  a  whitish  patch  at  end,  ou 
the  inner  web,  and  on  the  extreme  tip  of  outer.  This  white  is  about  half  au 
inch  long  on  the  outer  feather,  a  little  less  on  the  rest.     Bill  and  legs  black. 

There  is  an  obscure  dusky  line  on  each  side  of  the  throat ;  the  ear  coverts 
are  dusky ;  the  space  between  bill  and  eye  is  grayish-white.  The  whitish 
feathers  of  the  cheeks  are  edged  with  dusky  at  the  tips. 

Length,  11.00  ;  wing,  4.80 ;  tail,  5.70  ;  graduation,  .70  ;  Ist  quill,  1.70  ;  2d, 
3.28;  bill  above,  1.10;  from  nostril,  .72;  tarsus,  1.50;  middle  toe  and  claw, 
1.34 ;  claw,  .35  ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .85  ;  claw  alone,  .50. 


Smith- 
soulau 

No. 

Colleu- 
tor's 
No. 

Sex 
and 
A«e. 

Locality. 

When 

Collected. 

Kecelvfld  from 

Collected  by 

13,.i0.-. 

•• 

Bahama  Key. 

18J9. 

Dr.  H.  Biyaut. 

13,30j.  Type. 

Mimus  hillii. 

Mimus  hilUi,  March,  Pr.  A.  N.  Sc.  Nov.  18C3,  291  (Jamaica). 
Mimus  urpheus,  Hill,  Pr.  A.  N.  Sc.  18tJ3,  304. 

(No.  24,376.)  General  form  and  characters  as  in  M.  hahamensis.  Fifth 
quill  longet>t ;  4th  and  6th  a  little  shorter,  then  3d;  2d  shorter  than  8th, 
about  equal  to  the  9th,  .65  shorter  than  the  longest.  Tail  considerably 
graduated. 

In  some  specimens  the  3d  quill  is  a  little  longer  than  the  8th ;  in  all  it  is 
shorter  than  the  7th. 

The  colors  are  as  described  in  M.  hahamensis.  The  only  appreciable  differ- 
ence is  in  the  purer  white  of  the  under  parts,  and  especially  across  the  breast, 
where  the  feathers  are  of  the  same  soiled  white  to  their  plumbeous  bases,  or 
for  half  the  length,  instead  of  being  ashy  to  the  scarcely  appreciable  lighter 
edges.     There  are  no  faint  dusky  shaft  streaks  on  the  feathers  in  front  of  the 


MIMUB. 


fi8 


Collected  by 


h  ;  in  all  it  is 


jngnlum,  the  shafts  heing  wliite  ;  on  its  sides  alone  are  there  indications  of 
theae,  which  on  tlie  sides  of  the  breast  and  belly  become  more  distinct  than 
in  M.  bakamensis,  owing  to  tlie  purer  white  of  the  under  parts.  There  is 
rather  more  white  on  tiie  end  of  the  tail  feathers,  this  covering  .70  in  the 
outer  one. 

An  immature  specimen  (26,802)  is  similar  to  the  adults,  but  has  a  little 
more  white  on  the  end  of  the  tail,  and  the  feathers  of  the  breast  and  jugulum 
show  triangular  spots  of  brown  at  the  ends. 

Length  (of  24,37(3),  11.75;  wing,  4.90;  tail,  6.30;  graduation,  1.00;  Ist 
quill,  1.50;  2d  quill,  3.00;  bill  from  nostril,  .70;  tarsus,  1.51;  middle  toe 
and  claw,  1.22;  claw,  .35. 

This  Species  is  very  closely  related  to  the  M.  bahamensis,  hut 
appears  to  diflFer  in  some  appreciable  features.  The  distinction  in 
coloration  has  already  been  adverted  to.  It  is  a  larger  species,  and 
the  tail  is  more  graduated — the  difference  in  length  between  the 
lateral  and  middle  feathers  being  1.00  instead  of  .70.  The  wings 
are  more  rounded ;  the  5th  quill  longest  instead  of  the  4th ;  the  2d 
shorter  than  the  8th,  instead  of  longer. 

A  larger  series  of  specimens  of  M.  hahamensis  will  perhaps  be 
necessary  fully  to  ascertain  the  relationships  between  the  Bahaman 
and  Jamaican  birds,  and  prove  whether  they  be  really  distinct  or  not. 
How  they  stand  in  reference  to  M.  gundlachi,  of  Cuba,  it  is  even 
more  difficult  to  determine,  as  our  only  guide  is  the  brief  comparison 
by  Cabanis  of  his  species  with  M.  safurninus  of  Brazil.  To  this, 
however,  there  is  very  little  resemblance  on  the  part  of  the  Jamaican 
and  Bahaman  birds,  as  shown  by  comparing  them  with  a  specimen 
presented  by  the  Berlin  Museum.  Cabanis  speaks  of  the  white 
tip  of  the  tail  feathers  being  but  3-4  lines  long  in  gundlachi ;  in  the 
others  it  is  from  one-half  to  three-quarters  of  an  inch. 

Of  the  South  American  Minii  in  the  museum  of  the  Smithsonian 
Institution,  the  relationship  is  closest  to  M.  thenca,  of  Chile,  much 
more  than  to  satiirninus. 

Mr.  Hill  thinks  that  this  species  is  the  Titrdus  orpheus  of  Linnaeus. 
A  careful  examination,  however,  of  the  descriptions  of  Brown  and 
Edwards,  upon  which  the  species  was  founded,  will,  I  think,  show 
conclusively  that  both  authors  had  in  view  the  small  Mocking  bird 
of  Jamaica,  rather  than  the  large  one. 


Smlth- 

«oniaa 

No. 

dollfic- 
toi's 
No. 

Sex 
and 

ARe. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

24,376 
24,377 
2li,804 
211.8(12 
26,s(t3 

2.1 
2!) 
29 
29 

i 

Juv.? 

Port  Heuderson. 

•'        [.lam. 

a.  Salt  Poad,  Jam. 

Nov.  20, '61. 

Oct.  1862. 
Nov.  1.  '«2. 
Oct.  31,  '62. 

W.  T.  March. 

U 
tt 
tl 

I" 


1'^- 


iJi"' 


-4 


Um 


54  REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS.  [PAKT  I. 

M'  uus  gracilis. 

Mimua  gracilis,  Cabams,  Mus.  Hein.  1850,  83  (Honduras). — Sclatke  & 
Salvik,  Ibis,  1859,  5.— Sclatkk,  P.  Z.  S.  1859,  343.— 1b.  Catal.  1861, 
9,  no.  68.— Cab.  Jour.  18G0,  410  (Costa  Rica;.— Taylok,  Ibis,  1860, 
110  (Comayagua). 

Hub.  Honduras,  Quatemala ;  Costa  Rioa. 


Bmith- 
(•oiiian 

No. 


S0,6j1 


I 
Col  lee-:  Sex 


tor'8 

No. 


43 


and 
Ako. 


Locality. 


Saa  Gerouimo,  Ouat. 


When 
Collected. 


Dec.  18o9. 


Received  from 


0.  Salvln. 


Collected  by 


OALEOSCOFTEB,  Cabams. 
Galeoscoptes,  Cabams,  Mus.  Hein.  1, 1850, 82.  (Type  Muscicapa  carolinensis,  L.) 

Bill  shorter  than  the  head,  rather  broad  at  base.  Rictal  bristles  moderately 
developed,  reaching  to  the  nostrils.  Wings  a  little  shorter  than  the  tail, 
rounded  ;  secondaries  well  developed  ;  4th  and  5th  quills  longest ;  3d  and  6th 
little  shorter ;  1st  and  9th  about  equal,  and  about  the  length  of  secondaries ; 
1st  quill  more  than  half  the  second,  about  half  the  3d.  Tail  graduated ; 
lateral  feather  about  .70  shorter  than  the  middle.  Tarsi  longer  than  middle 
toe  and  claw  by  about  an  additional  half  claw ;  scutellate  anteriorly,  more  or 
less  distinctly  in  different  specimens  ;  scutellse  about  seven. 

The  conspicuous  naked  membranous  border  round  the  eye  of  some  Thrushes, 
with  the  bare  space  behind  it,  not  appreciable. 

I  find  little  difference  in  form  between  the  single  species  of  Galeo- 
scoptes  and  Mimus  polyglottus,  beyond  the  less  degree  of  definition 
of  the  tarsal  plates;  and  but  for  the  difiFerence  in  coloration  (uniform 
plumbeous  instead  of  gray  above  and  white  beneath),  would  hardly 
be  inclined  to  distinguish  the  two  generically. 

Galeoscoptes  carolinensis. 

,  Muscicapa  carolinensis,  Linn.   Syst.  Nat.   I,  1766,  328 Turdus  caro- 

linensis, LiciiT.  Verz.  1823,  38.— D'Okbioxy,  La  Sagra'a  Cuba  Ois. 
1840,  51. — Mimus  carolinensis.  Gray,  Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1859, 
346. —  Galeoscoptes  carolinensis,  Cab.  Mus.  Hein.  I,  1850,  82  (type 
of  genus).  — Ib.  Jour.  Orn.  1855,  470  (Cuba).— Sclater,  Catal. 
Birds,  1861,  6,  no.  39. 
Figures :  Aod.  B.  A.  II,  pi.  140.— Ib.  Orn.  Biog.  II,  pi.  28.— Vieillot, 
Ois.  Am.  Sept.  II,  pi.  Ixvii. — Wilson,  Am.  Orn.  II,  pi.  xiv,  f.  3. 

Hab.  United  States,  north  to  Lake  Winnipeg,  west  to  bead  of  Columbia, 
south  to  Panama  R.  R. ;  Cuba. 

In  some  specimens  there  is  a  tendency  to  obsolete  narrow  trans- 
verse bars  at  the  ends  of  the    uter  tail  feathers.     The  shade  of  colora- 


OALEOSCOPTES — MELANOPTILA. 


55 


Collected  by 


tion  varies  somewhat.  Ilocky  Mountain  specimens  appear  a  little 
larger  tlian  others.  The  emallest  is  29,222,  from  Orizaba;  in  this 
the  wing  measures  3.40,  the  tail  3.80.  A  female,  10,352,  from 
Florida,  is  also  very  small.  There  is  considerable  difference  in  tho 
length  and  thickness  of  the  bill  in  dilferent  specimens.  In  somo 
specimens  the  tarsal  scutella)  are  perfectly  well  defined,  in  others 
indistinct  on  the  sides  of  the  tarsus. 


Smith- 

CoUec- 

Sex 

Wben 
Collot'ted. 

loniun 

tor's 

and 

Locality. 

Received  from 

Collflcted  by 

No. 

No. 

Age. 

1,123 

^ 

CarliHle,  Pa. 

July  l.'i,  '43. 

8.  F    Baird. 

S.  F.  Balrd. 

10,3i2 

,  , 

9 

lodlan  Kpv,  Fla. 

Jail.  12. 

0.  WiirdiMnann. 

11,883 

,  , 

^ 

TorlUKaM,  Fla. 

"... 

Capt.  Woodbury. 

13,137 

6 

rf 

Fort  Oarry,  K«d  Ulv. 

C.  A.  Hubbard. 

18,.'M)6 

32 

" 

July  \'o. 

Douaid  Guuu. 

13,306 

, , 

,  , 

Leavoii worth,  Mo. 

May  16. 

Capt.  J    11.  Simp- 



ft.  285 

, 

rf 

Kt  Lookout.  Mo.  Kiv. 

Juue  t,  '30. 

Lt.  Warreu.   [.sou. 

Dr.  Hayden.     v 

22,04.'> 

120 

Cceiir  il'Alene  iMIh'u. 

Dr.  J.  G.  Cooper. 

2l,9tf0 

481 

(f 

Siayakwuteeu   Ue- 

p.it,  W.  T.                I  June 27, '60. 

A.  CampbeU. 

Dr.  Keunorly. 

21.961 

fiOfl 

cf 

CauipouKootonayR. 

July  28,  '60. 

** 

21,002 

667 

** 

li 

3.),  170 

11 

NaHNau,  N.  P. 

April  22, '64 

L*.  Fltzjjerald. 

2n.631 

Cuba. 

C.  Wri^jht. 

.30,868 

76 

El  Mirador,  Mex. 

Dr.  C.  Sartoriug. 

2:>,222 

300 

Orizaba,  Mex.   [iole. 

Prof.  SuuiicbraMt. 

16,838 

is 

Panama  R.  R.  Frl- 
Guatemala. 

J    M'Lt'auiinn. 
Cab.  Lawreuce. 

(1,12.1.)  9;  11.00;  3.50.     (10,3.02.)  8.25.     (11,683.)  8.00.     (13,137.)  With  egija,  2,208.    (»,280.) 
Eyes  brown. 


MELANOPTILA,  Sclatek. 
Melanoptila,  Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1857,  275.     (Type  M.  glabrirostris.) 

As  there  is  but  %  single  known  species  of  this  genus,  I  give  the 
generic  characters  with  the  specific. 


'  Columbia, 


melanoptila  glabrirostris. 

Melanoptila  glabrirostris,  Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1857,  276  (Omoa,  Hondura.9, 
with  figure  of  head  and  wing). — In.  1859,  337.— Ib.  Catal.  Am. 
Birds,  18(J1,  7,  no.  41.— Sclater  &  Salvin,  Ibis,  I,  1859,  7. 

Hab.  Honduras. 

Bill  shorter  than  the  head ;  quite  similar  in  shape  to  that  of  Mimus  caro- 
liiiensi:!,  but  apparently  without  any  trace  of  rictal  bri.stle8  (the  specimen 
before  me  has  the  tip  broken  so  tliat  I  am  unable  to  speak  as  to  the  notch). 

Tarsi  rather  longer  than  the  middle  toe  and  claw,  scutellate  on  the  'anterior 
half,  though  not  very  distinctly  ;  claws  rather  weak. 

Wings  broad,  much  roumled,  a  little  shorter  than  the  tail ;  secondaries 
elongated,  longer  than  the  2d  quill ;  5th  and  tith  quills  longest,  forming  the 
middle  of  a  gentle  curve  with  the  3d  and  4th  on  one  side;  the  7th  and  8th 
on  the  other;  2d  quill  shorter  than  the  9th,  and  rather  less  than  secondurie.-t ; 


1 

i    * 

If 

!  : 

1  ' 

1 

t 


1. 1  r* 


',■*'■ 


i, 

r 

■ 

i 

'  ■ 

m 


REVIEW  OF  AMERrCAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


lat  quill  rAtlier  more  than  half  the  2d.  Tail  rather  broad,  graduated ;  the 
lateral  feather  .60  shorter  than  the  central ;  the  feathers  rather  soft  and 
broader  than  usual  on  the  outer  webs. 

Color  gloHsy  black ;  winga  and  tail  with  a  greenish  lustre ;  rest  of  bodj 
glossed  with  steel  blue.     Bih  and  legs  black. 

Length,  7.60;  wing,  3.55;  tall,  3.90;  gape,  .87;  tarsus,  1.05 ;  middle  toe 
and  claw,  .92. 


Bmlth- 

■ouiau 
No. 

Collec- 
tor's 

No. 

Sex 
nod 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  rrom 

Collected  by 

30,652 

33 

..     i  Half  Moon  Koy,  Br. 
1                 [HoiiJuraH. 

May  10,  '62. 

O.  Salvia. 

Halviu  k  Godman. 

MELANOTIS,  Bonap. 
Melanotis,  Bonap.  Conspectus,  1, 1850,  276.    (Type  Orpheus  caerulfscens,  Sw.) 

Bill  elongated,  rather  slender,  compressed,  as  long  as  the  head.  Commissure 
nearly  straight  to  the  decurved,  notched  tip.  Rictal  feathers  moderate, 
reaching  to  the  nostrils. 

Wings  decidedly  shorter  than  the  tail ;  4th  and  .'')th  quills  longest ;  6th  and 
7th  a  little  shorter  than  the  3d  ;  2d  shorter  than  the  secondaries  ;  nearly  as 
much  shorter  than  the  4th  as  it  is  longer  than  the  1st ;  Ist  quill  two-thirds 
the  2d,  half  as  long  as  the  longest.  Tail  long,  broad,  and  graduated ;  the 
ft^athers  soft,  with  outer  webs  unusually  broad,  as  in  Mtlanoptila ;  lateral 
feathers  1.25  less  than  the  central. 

Leg.s  rather  weak,  but  the  tarsus  longer  than  middle  toe ;  distinctly  scutel- 
late  on  anterior  half,  with  seven  broad  scutellse.  Claws  strong,  and  well 
curved. 

The  type  of  the  genus  is  the  Orpheus  ceerulescens  of  Swainson. 
The  second  assigned  species,  M.  hypoleitcus,  dififers  somewhat  in 
form.  The  bill  is  shorter  and  less  attenuated  ;  the  wing  apparently- 
shorter  and  more  concave ;  the  legs  and  the  claws  are  stouter, 
and  the  tarsus  is  but  little  longer  than  the  middle  toe  and  claw. 
Both  species  are  slaty  blue,  with  the  side  of  the  head  black.  In 
caerulescens  the  blue  extends  over  the  inferior  surface,  which  in 
hypoleucus  is  white  with  the  exception  of  the  blue  crissum. 

Melanotis  caerulescens. 

Orpheus  caorulescens,  Swainson,  Phil.  Mag.  1827,  369  (Mexico). — Mimus 
cxiulescens,  Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1856,  294. — Melanotis  cxrulescens, 
Bonap.  Consp.  1850,  276.— Sclateu,  P.  Z.  S.  1859,  337  (Cordova, 
370;  Oaxaca).— Ib.  Catal.  1861,  7,  no.  42. 

?  Turdus  eryihrophthalmus,  Light.  Preis- Verzeich.  1830,  no.  83. 

Turdus  melanotis,  Temm.  PI.  Col.  498. 

Hab.  Mexico  generally. 


MELANOTia P0NAC0B1U8. 


b1 


MeaRurement  (2B,374).     Length,  10.75;  wing,  4.80;  tall,  5.40;  bill  from 
gape,  1.35  ;  noHtril,  .70 ;  tarsus,  1.1b  ;  middle  tot)  and  claw,  1.10  j  oiaw  tiluiie,  .30. 


Bmlth- 

Col  lee- 

Sex 

Whfln 

kuiiian 

lor'ii 

nud 

LocHltty. 

ReoAlved  from 

Collected  by 

No. 

No. 

Age. 

2i\.Vi 

.. 

Xulapa. 

■  •  ■ 

Jolin  Krider. 

DOca. 

2!t..W4 

4,282 

,, 

Mexico. 

... 

Berlin  MiiNeum. 

2n.7in 

J  , 

,, 

" 

. . . 

De  SaUKBiiie. 

2S.031 

3A 

, , 

Mlmdor,  Mex. 

Dr.  C.  Sartorlu*. 

'2f.KX>-'> 

99 

ff 

Cullmti,  MeK. 

Jan.  18«J. 

J.  Xantui. 

:m).ix> 

UX 

i 

" 

Feb.  Ihfl3. 

it 

•••••• 

M4.i>i;) 

183 

Mazatlaa. 

June,  1802. 

A.  J.  OrajTRon. 

31,014 

184 

rf 

'* 

ti 

■  I 

•• 

17 

Xalapa. 

... 

Cab.  Lawrence, 

D'Oca. 

(29,3^3.)  Length,  10.    Iris  brown.     (30,13A.)  Length,  lO.fiO.    Irlt  brown. 

nielanotis  hypoleiictis. 

Melanotic  hypoleur.us,  HARTLAun,  R.  Z.  Oct.  1852,  400. — Ib.  Jour.  f. 
Ornith.  1853,  30.— Sclatkh  &  Salvix,  Ibis,  I,  1850,  7  (eggs).— In. 
II,  1860, 29.— ScLATKK,  P.  Z.  S.  1851),  337.— Ib.  Catal.  1861,  7,  uo.  43. 

Ilab.  Guatemala. 

Total  length,  10.00 ;  wing,  4.00  ;  tail,  4.90 ;  difference  of  tail  feathers,  1.25 ; 
exposed  portion  of  1st  primary,  1.50 ;  of  2d,  2.40  ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead, 
1.15,  from  nostril,  .68;  along  gape,  1.32;  tarsus,  1.2();  middle  toe  and  claw, 
1.10;  claw  alone,  .30;  bind  toe  and  claw,  .75  ;  claw  alone,  .37. 


Bmith- 

sotilan 
No. 

Collec- 
tor's 
No. 

Sex 
and 

ARe. 

Locality. 

tVhPn 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

20.39.5 
10,813 

373 

is 

•  • 

Cuban,  Vera  Paz. 
Ouateuiala. 

... 

0.  Salvlu. 
J.  Oonld. 
Cab.  Lawrence. 

DONACOBIUS,  SwAiNSOK.        :    .  ,-    -;^,i 

Donacohins,  Swainson,  Class.  Birds,  II,  1831,  236.    (Type  D.  vociferans, 
Sw.  =  Tardus  atricapillus,  L.) 

Bill  as  long  as  head,  notched.  Bristles  distinct,  reaching  to  nostrils.  Nasal 
groove  broad,  filled  by  a  plane,  tense,  naked,  thin  edged  membrane ;  the 
nostrils  pervious,  occupying  the  anterior  extremity  of  the  groove,  bordered 
behind  only  by  membrane  ;  broadly  oval,  the  axis  rather  oblique.  A  large,  bare 
naked  space  on  each  side  the  neck.  Wings  shorter  than  the  much  graduated 
tail.  First  primary  about  half  the  longest  (fifth)  ;  2d  shorter  than  the 
secondaries.  Tail  feathers  broad  ;  outer  webs  of  lateral  feathers  having  their 
outer  webs  half  as  wide  as  the  inner.  Graduation  excet^sive ;  outer  feather 
about  half  the  middle. 

Tarsi  little  longer  than  middle  toe  and  claw,  with  six  scntellie  anteriorly 
fused  into  a  continuous  nngrooved  plate  on  the  outer  side.  Claws  lengthened, 
moderately  curved.     Inner  toe  cleft  to  base. 


w 


58 


BEVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


ri.  I 


i.^ 


'        1 


.!  .'■■It 


Total  length,  8.00;  wing,  3.30;  tail,  4.20 ;  graduation,  2.00 ;  exposed  por- 
tion of  Int  primary,  1.27,  of  2(1,  1.90,  of  longest  (meaHored  from  exported  baHe 
of  Idt  primary),  2.45  ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  LOfi,  from  noHtril,  .63; 
along  gupe,  1.20;  turHUH,  1.32;  middle  toe  and  olaw,  I.IU;  olaw  aloue,  .37; 
Liud  toe  and  ulaw,  .00;  olaw  aloue,  .43. 

Tho  genua  Donacobius  lias  been  variously  placed  by  authors,  by 
some  among  the  Thruslies,  by  others  among  tho  WrenH.  Tho  notched 
bill,  the  bristled  rictus,  and  above  all  the  deeply  parted  toes,  with 
the  general  coloration,  appear  however  decidedly  opposed  to  tho 
latter  view  of  its  affinities ;  and  I  have  accordingly  instM'ted  it  here. 
It  is  a  very  strongly  marked  genus,  and  the  only  one  of  the  family 
without  any  representatives  iu  ><orthern  or  Middle  America.* 

Having  thus  enumerated  the  species  of  T\irdidse  from  the  region 
embraced  in  the  present  work,  which  1  have  had  the  opportunity  of 
examining  in  the  museum  of  tho  Smithsonian  Institution,  or  else- 
where, I  i)roceed  to  mention  the  remaining  species  which  have  been 
given  by  other  authors.  Tho  names  used  are  generally  those  of  Dr. 
Sclatcr's  Catalogue  of  American  Birds,  where  tho  precise  syuouymy 
will  be  found  : — 

Turdus  pinicola,  Sglater,  Catal.  18G1,  6,  uo.  36.    Xalapa. 
plebeiUS)  Cabanis,  Jour.  1860,  323.     Costa  Rica. 
Iiigrescens,  Cau.  Jour.  18''0,  325.     Costa  Rica. 


'  Most  authors  admit  of  but  one  species  in  the  genus  Donacobius,  placing 
the  Bolivian  D.  allio-vittatim,  of  D'Orbigny,  as  a  synonym  of  D.  atricapillus. 
Specimens  in  the  Smithsonian  collection,  however,  seem  to  indicate  a  decided 
differonce  in  the  much  larger  size  of  the  Bolivian  bird  (length,  9.00 ;  wing, 
3.50 ;  tail,  4.50— instead  of  8.25  ;  3.20 ;  4.00).  There  is  also  a  very  con- 
spicuous and  distinct  white  stripe  from  the  upper  edge  of  the  eye  along  the 
side  of  the  head  to  the  nape.  This  stripe  is  only  faintly  indicated,  generally 
not  at  all  in  the  atricapillus.     The  syuonomy  will  be  as  follows : — 

1.  Donacobius  atricapillus.     Hab.  Eastern  South  America. 

Turdus  atricapillus,  Linn.  8.  N.   I,  295. — Donacobius  atricapillus,  Bos. 

Consp.  277. — Buhmkister,  Th.  Bras.  Aves,  II,  129. 
Turdus  and  Donacobius  brasiliensis,  vociferans,  etc. 
Fig. :  SwAiNUON,  Zool.  111.  n.  s.  pi.  xzvii. 

Specimens  from  Brazil. 

3.  Donacobius  albo-vittatus.    Ilab.  Bolivia. 

Donacobius  albo-vittatus,  D'Ohb.  Mag.  de  Zool.  1837,  19. 
Donacobius  albo-lineatus,  D'Orb,   Voyage,  IX,  Atlas  Zoologique,  1847, 
pi.  xii. — BoN.  Notes  Delattre,  1854,  40. 

Specimens  Nos.  16,832,  16,833.     Bolivia,  W.  EvanM. 


0INCLU8. 


69 


9Iargarops  denHiroHtrlii  (Vikill.),  Sclatrb,  P.  Z.  8. 1^5!^  33C.  Ouada- 
l()U|i<t  uikI  Martiiii({ue. 
moutanUH  (Lakh.).  Scl.  P.  Z.  B.  1859,330.     Guadaloape.. 

Clcblermiiiia  boiiupartii  (Lakb.)i  Sclatku,  P.  Z.  S.  1»59,  SSS. 
Uuu<liiloui)e. 

Ciuclocerthia  riiflcaiida  (Oodld),  Scl&tkii,  Catal.  Ib61,  7,  uo.  45. 
Ouiidaloupn. 
gutturaliH,  Sclatgr,  P.  Z.  S.  1859,  358.     Martinique. 
9IilUU8  dominicils,  Ii^clatek,  P.  Z.  S.  1859,  341.     St.  Dotnin^o. 
guudlaclii  (Cau.),  Sclateh,  P.  Z.  S.  IS.W,  342.     CuUi. 

Ilarporliyncbus  ocellatus,  ISclateb,  Catal.  18U2,  358,  no.  49.  O&x- 
aca.  Mux. 

Thft  following  species  are  mentioned  as  occnrring  in  Tobngo  and 
Trinidad.  All  of  them  arc  in  the  collection  of  the  Institution  from 
South  America: — 

Tardus  pha»opygIIS,  Sclater,  Catal,  1861,3.    Tobago ;  Venezuela,  etc. 
gymnoplithalmus   (Cab.),  Scl.  Catal.   18Gi,  4.     Tobago; 

Venezuela,  etc. 
xantboBcelis,  Jabokvb,  Scl.  Catal.  1861,  5.    Tobago  (Bogota, 
Verreaux). 

IVfimus  melanopterus,  Lawb.  Scl.  Catal.  1861, 9.  Trinidad ;  Venezuela. 


Family  CINCLID^. 


CZNCLUS,  Bechbt. 

Cinclus,  Bechst.  "Gemein.  Naturg.  1802."     (Type  Sturnus  cinclus,  L.) 
Bydrobata,  Vieill.  Analyse,  181(i.— Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  229.' 

There  are  three  well  marked  species  of  this  genus  in  America : 
one  entirely  dusky  (G.  mexicanus) ;  one  dusky,  with  white  head 

'  After  a  careful  consideration  of  the  subject  I  have  come  to  the  conclusion 
that  as  followers  of  the  Linnsean  hmominl  system  of  nomenclature,  we  are  not 
authorized  to  adopt  any  genus  which  is  not  based  by  its  author  upon  some 
particular  object  having  a  specific  name  avowedly  used  in  the  Liunaean  bi- 
uoraial  sense.  For  this  reason  I  begin  my  referen  e  to  tho  genera  of  Liunseus 
with  the  10th  edition  (1758)  of  the  Systema  Naturaj  (the  first  in  which  the 
binomial  system  is  presented)  ;  not  adoptini?  a  name  from  an  earlier  edition 
of  tho  same  author,  where  it  would  conflict  with  the  one  mentioned.  This  is 
substantially  the  rule  of  the  British  Association,  which,  however,  selects  the 


\ 


1 


60 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


and  throat,  from  Bolivia  (C.  leucocephalus,  Tschudi) ;  and  one  dusky, 
with  white  head,  back,  and  under  parts,  from  Ecuador  and  New 
Grenada  (C.  leuconotuH,  Scl.).  Of  these,  specimens  of  leucocephalus 
are  in  the  Smithsonian  collection,  from  Bolivia ;  and  Mr.  Lawrence 
possesses  C.  leuconotus,  from  Ecuador. 


ifli: 


■:!'■■' 


'i^. 

•*:, 


Clnclus  mexicanus. 

Cinclus  pallatii,  Bon.  Zool.  Jonr.  II,  1827,  52  (not  the  Asiatic  species). 
Cinclus  mexicanuSfSvi.  Phil.  Mag.  1827,308. — Sclateh,  Catal.  1861,  10. 

— Hydrobata  mfxicana,  Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  229. — Coopek 

&  SucKLEY,  Rep.  P.  R.  R.  XII,  ii,  1859,  175  (neat). 
Cinclus  americanus,  Rich.  F.  B.  A.  II,  1831,  273. 
Cinclus  unicolor,  Bon.;    C.   morloni,  Towns.;    C.  townsendii,  "Aud." 

Towns. 
Figures:  Bonaparte,  Am.  Orn.   II,  1828,  pi.  xvi,  fig.  1.-  -Aud.  Orn. 

Biog.  pi.  370,  435.— Ib.  Birds  Amor.  II,  pi.  137. 

ITab.  Found  tlirough  the  mountainous  region  of  the  central  part  of  North 
America,  from  Fort  Halkett  south  into  Mexico.  None  received  from  the  coast 
region  of  California. 

A  Mexican  specimen,  from  Xalapa,  representing  the  species  as 
established  by  Swainson,  is  rather  darker  below  than  skins  from  the 
United  States,  and  the  feathers  exhibit  none  of  those  whitish  edgings 
fio  common  (but  not  universal)  in  the  latter.  The  smoky  brown  of 
the  head  and  neck  is  sharply  defined  against  the  plumbeous  of  the 
back,  but  below  shades  oflF  insensibly  in  a  wash  over  the  breast. 
The  bill  is  blcck ;  the  legs  dark  brown. 

In  a  young  bird  from  Chiloweyuck  Depot,  the  chin  and  throat  are 
of  a  dirty  white,  and  the  head  is  plumbeous  without  any  of  the 
smoky  brown  tinge. 


^3: 


Bmith- 

Ci.Uec- 

8..X 

■onmu 

t(»r'« 

.«Dtl 

No 

No. 

A;.. .-. 

31,119 

8()0 

31.120 

8<a 

. . 

11.419 

.. 

11,808 

21.1 

, , 

lfl.lft7 

227 

U,467 

•• 

Loealltj. 


Fort  Halkett,  B.  A 

FrMPf'uRlv.  B.  Col. 
CTiiloweynck. 
Dpf r  freek,  N«>b. 
Fort  Mam.  N.  M. 


When 
Collected. 


Dec.  10,  '62 
Mar.  18A8. 
Jau.'i.'OO. 


Received  from 


J.  Lockliart. 

A.  Campbell. 

C«pt.  RaynoldH. 
Capl.  Bowman. 


Collected  bjr 


Mr.  Brass. 
Dr.  Konnorly. 
Dr.  Ilaydea, 


12th  edition  as  the  starting  point,  instead  of  the  10th,  though  without  any 
apparent  good  reason. 

As  Moehring  is  not  a  Linnman  binomialist,  only  adopting  the  generic  or  uni* 
nomial  idea,  and  not  the  binomial,  I  do  not  consider  liis  names  as  tenaMe, 
iind  consequently  do  not  find  that  his  use  of  the  name  Cinclus,  in  1752,  for 
another  genus,  is  a  pre-occupation,  as  rigidly  understood. 


SAXICOLA. 


61 


,     Family  SAXICOLID^E. 

SAXICOLA,  Becubt. 
jaxicola,  Bechstkin,  "Oemein.  Naturg.  1802."     (Typo  Motacilla  cenanthefL.") 

8axicola  «enanthe. 

Motacilla  aenanthe,   Linn.  Syat.   Nat.  I,  1758,  186. — Saxicola  ananthe, 
Bechst.   "Gsniein.   Naturg.   1802,"  and  of  European  authors. — 
HoLBiiLL,  Orn.  Grain.  (Paulsen  ed.),  1846,  23  (Greenland). — Baird, 
Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  220  (Europe).— Jonks,  Nat.  Bermuda,  1859, 
28  (Bermuda).— CouES,  Pr.  A.  N.  S.  1861,  218  (Labrador).— Rein- 
,  HAKijT,  Ibia,  1861,  5  (Greenland). 
f Saxicola  ananthoides,  Vigoks,  Zool.  Blossom,  1839,  19  (N.  W.  Ame- 
rica).— Cassin,  111.  I,  1854,  208,  pi.  xxxiv  (Nova  Scotia).       .    ;..r. 
Hah.  A  European  bird  abundant  in  Greenland,  found  as  an  autumnal  mi- 
grant in  Labrador,  Canada,  Nova  Scotia,  Bermuda,  etc.    Occurs  also  in  Behriug 
V  Straits.     I  have  not  seen  any  from  the  United  States.  • 

This  species  of  late  years  has  been  frequently  detected  in  the 
eastern  portions  of  North  America,  and  may  be  legitimately  con- 
sidered as  belonging  to  our  Fauna.  The  specimens  collected  all 
appear  to  belong  to  the  Greenland  race  (see  Couea  as  above),  which 
is  considerably  larger  than  that  of  central  Europe,  and  it  is  most 
probable  that  they  have  reached  North  America  by  the  Greenland 
route.  I  have  never  seen  a  full  plumaged  spring  specimen,  all  being 
in  autumnal  livery,  and  it  is  not  at  all  in^probable  that  those  hitherto 
detected  in  America  are  merely  winter  visitors  from  Greenland 
(where  it  is  abundant),  and  to  which  they  return  to  breed.  The 
bird  may,  however,  nest  in  Newfoundland  and  Labrador. 

The  specimen  described  by  Vigors,  from  the  N.  "W.  coast  of 
America,  is  considerably  smaller  even  than  skins  from  central 
Europe,  aid  may  be  distinct,  as  suggested  by  Mr.  Coues. 


Smith- 

HuaiKU 
No. 

CoUeo-  Sex 
tor's  1  and 
No.     1  Age. 

Locality. 

When 
CoUected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

18,074 
!J(),331 

208 
43 

<f 

Orosvitcer  Bay,  Lab. 
.Quebec.             [land, 
d'jdthaab,  Qroen- 

Aug.  24,  '60. 

Elliot  Coues. 
W.  Couper. 
WllllauiH  Coll.  Lye. 

(18,073.)   7.00;  12.60:  4,30. 


pi 

'  ..9 


62 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


i\      V,^ 


I      i: 


SIALIA,  SwAiNSOiT. 
Sialia,  Swainson,  Zool.  Jour.  Ill,  Sept.  1827, 173.   (Type  Motacilla  sialis,  Linn.) 

Sialia  sialis. 

Motacilla  sialis,  Linn.  S.  N.  1758,  187  (based  on  Catesby,  I,  pL  47). — 
Sialia  sialis,  Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  222.— Boardman,  Pr.  Boat. 
I  r :?,  Soc.  1862,  124  (Calais,  Me. ;  very  rare). 

Sialia  wilsonii,  Swainson,  Zool.  Jour.  Ill,  1827,  173. — Cab.  Jour.  1858, 
*^  120. — GuNDLACii,  Cab.  Jour.  1861,  324. — Jones,   Nat.  Bermuda, 

'"''   ■  1859,  28,  66  (resident  in  Bermuda). 

Sylvia  sialis,  Lath.  ;  Ampelis  sialis,  Nutt.  ;  Erythraca  wilsonii,  Svr. 
^v'     Figures  :  Vieillot,  Oia.  Am.  Sept.  II,  pi.  ci,  cii,  ciii. — Wils.  I,  pi.  iii. 
J.';  — Add.  Orn.  Biog.  II,  pi.  cxiii. — Ib.  B.  A.  II,  pi.  134. — Doughty, 

Cab.  I,  pi.  xii. 

Hah.  Eastern  United  States  ;  resident  in  Bermuda ;  Cuba  (rare),  Gundlach. 

As  far  as  the  indications  of  the  large  number  of  specimens  in  tlie 
Smithsonian  Museum  extend,  this  species  is  confined  to  the  eastern 
<aunal  region  of  the  United  States  and  the  Provinces,  not  extending 
up  the  western  tributaries  of  the  Missouri  into  the  region  of  the  sterile 
plains,  nor  northward  beyond  Lake  Winnipeg.  It  is  a  rare  bird  in 
the  West  Indies — Gundlach  recording  it  as  scarce  in  Cuba.  It  is 
resident  in  Bermuda,  whence  the  eggs  have  been  received  by  the 
Institution. 

From  the  fact  of  the  rarity  of  this  species  as  a  winter  migrant  in 
the  West  Indies,  and  its  not  occurring  at  all  on  the  western  plains, 
I  am  inclined  to  believe  that  the  difference  in  shade  of  color  shows 
the  Mexican  and  the  Guatemalan  species  to  be  distinct  from  the 
North  American,  and  entitle  it  to  a  specific  appellation. 


I 

Smith-  CoUec- 

enaian     tor's 

No.    j    No. 


I 


27,01.-5 

8,882 
13,163 

1,28.^ 
3,863 


23 


Sex 
and 
Age. 


Locality. 


When 
'  Collected. 


Received  from 


I 


Collected  X>y 


..    I  Selkirk  Settlement. 
(f    I  Loiip  Fork  of  Platte. 
cf    i  St.  .losoph'R,  Mo. 
. .    I  Fort  Riley,  Kaasag. 
..    I  Carlisle,  Pa. 

Prairie  Mer  Roui;e  L. 


July  3. 


Mar.  9,  '44. 


Donnld  Onnn. 
Lt.  Warren. 
Lt.  Mnllan. 
Dr.  W.  A   Ham- 
S.  F.  Balrd.[mond. 
Jaa.  Falrie. 


Dr.  Hayden. 
J.  Pearsall. 


It;' 

i  ■ 
If?-* 


Sialia  azurea. 

Sialia  azurea,  Swainson,  Phil.  Mag.  I,  1827,  369. 

Sialia  wilsonii,  Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1856,  293  (Cordova).— In.  1858,  299 
(Oaxaca — high  lands). — Ib.  1^59,  362  (Xalapa). — Sclater,  Ibis, 

1859,  8  (Guatemala).— Ib.  Catal.  1861,  11,  no.  65.— Taylor,  Ibis, 

1860,  110  (Honduras).— Owen,  Ibis,  1861,  60  (Guatemala),  nest. 
Hab.  Eastern  Mexico  and  Guatemala. 


SIALIA. 


65 


(28,021.)  Similar  to  S.  sinlis,  but  diflering  in  shade  of  blue,  which  is 
greenish,  not  purplish.  Whole  upper  parts,  with  sides  of  head  and  lower 
jaw,  greenish-blue  ;  beneath  brownish-red,  except  abdomen  to  orissum,  which 
are  white.  Female  with  the  plumage  duller,  the  outer  web  of  second  primary 
abruptly  edged  with  white. 

Total  length,  6.70;  wing,  4.00;  tail,  3.20;  bill  from  nostril,  .35;  along 
gape,  .80  ;  tarsus,  .80  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .84. 

I  was  not  a  little  surprised,  on  comparing  a  series  of  four  Mexican 
and  Guatemalan  Blu«»  Birds  with  about  fifty  from  the  United  States^ 
to  find  certain  uniform  differences  in  coloration  and  form,  warranting 
the  specific  separation  that  Swainson  hints  at  in  the  reference  cited 
above.  The  shade  of  blue  is  appreciably  different :  instead  of  being 
of  the  rich  dark  purplish  pure  blue  of  S.  sialis,  it  is  of  almost 
the  very  shade  of  greenish-blue  scm  in  S.  arctica,  without  the 
]»urplish  lustre  of  the  latter.  The  abrupt  white  margin  of  the  outer 
primary  in  female  (?)  specimens  I  have  not  noticed  in  the  North 
American  bird.  Of  about  the  same  length  of  body  and  wing,  the 
tail  is  decidedly  longer,  measuring  in  the  type  specimen  3.20,  instead 
of  2.75  or  2.80,  the  usual  length  in  S.  sialis. 

Although  Swainson  did  not  describe  this  species  in  such  manner 
as  to  entitle  him  to  it,  I  have  preferred  to  adopt  his  name  rather 
than  present  a  new  one. 

'  ■•■J;;'"'      ■  -X     ii      .  V,;    ii:ii-.'i 


Smith-, CoUec- 
soaian  1  tor's 

No.    j    No. 

Sex 
A|;e. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

28,021 
28,022 
28.02.3 
30,661 

11 
11 
11 

.■ 

Mlrador,  Mex. 

Tactic,  Vera  Paz, 

[(iiiat. 

Nov."  5,  '59. 

Dr.  C.  Sartorias. 

it 
0.  Salvia. 

Sialia  incxicana. 

Sialia  mexicana,  Sw.  P.  B.  Am.  II,  18.31,  202.— Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1856, 

293  (Cordova) ;  18.57,  126  (California)  ;  1859,  362  (Xalapa).— In. 

Catal.  1861,  11,  no.  66.— Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  223.— Cooper 

&  SncKLEY,  P.  R.  R.  XII,  II,  1859,  173. 
Sinlia  occidentalis,  Towns.,  Aud.  ;  .'^ialia  cieruleocolli.i,  Vioors. 
~      Figures:  Add.  B.  A.  II,  pi.  135.— Ib.  Orn.  Biog.  V,  pi.  393.— Vigors, 

Zool.  Beechy  Voy.  1839,  pi.  iii. 

Hah.  Western  United  States,  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Pacific.  Not 
noticed  on  the  Missouri  plains,  Brit  sh  America,  or  Cape  St.  Lucaa.  Found 
at  Xalapa  and  Cordova,  Mex.  (Sclater). 


64 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[PAKT  I. 


I  m 


urn 


Smith- 

Collec- 

Sex 

sonian 

tor's 

aud 

No. 

No. 

Age. 

7,617 

266 

1,930 

,  , 

? 

4,903 

., 

7,833 

,  . 

1S,313 

766 

'(f 

13,282 

rf 

a,0.jl 

, , 

4,020 

•• 

•• 

Looalttjr. 


Fort  Stfillacdom. 
Columbia  Kiv. 
San  Die)(o,  Cul. 
Oila  River. 
HellKalP,  Idaho. 
Sweet  Wator. 
Fi.rtKillm  >ro,  N.  M. 
SaltiUo,  Mex. 


When 

Collected. 


Mar.  18d<. 


Dec  30,  '34. 

1S60. 
Aug.  19,  '68. 

May,  18.")3. 


Received  from 


Dr.  Sucklejr. 
8.  F.  Balrd. 
Lt.  Parke. 
Major  Emory. 
Li.  Mullan. 
Capt.  J.  H.  Sirap- 
Ciipt   Pope.    [son. 
lit.  ('oiicli. 


Collected  by 


J  K.  Town«end, 
Dr.  Heermann. 
A.  Schott. 
J.  PeaiHiili. 
C.  S.  M'Carthy. 


Sialia  arctica. 

Ertjthraca  (Sialia)  arctica,  Swaihs.  F.  B.  A.  II,  1831,  209,  pi.  39.— 
Sialia  arctica,  Ncttall,  Man.  II,  1832,  573. — Baird,  Bird.s  N.  Am. 
1858,  224.— ScLATER,  Catal.  1861,  11,  no.  67. 

Sialia  macroptera,  Baibd,  Stanabury'a  Rept.  1852,  314  (larger  race  with 
longer  wings). 

Bab.  Central  table  lands  of  North  America,  east  to  month  of  Yellowstone. 
One  individual  collected  at  Fort  Franklin,  Great  Bear  Lake.  Not  common  on 
the  Pacific  slope  ;  the  only  specimens  received  coming  from  Simiahmoo,  Fort 
Crook,  and  San  Diego.     Not  recorded  as  found  in  Mexico. 


Bmith- 

Collec- 

Sex 

sonlan 

tor's 

and 

No. 

No. 

Age. 

1.87.5 

^ 

3,700 

.  , 

cf 

21,918 

487 

27.428 

,  , 

,  , 

17,999 

406 

28,131 

207 

cf 

4,423 

•• 

Locality. 


When 

Collected. 


Received  from 


Fort  Union,  Neb. 
Salt  Lake  City. 
KodtenayRiv.  W.T. 
Simiahmoo,  W.  T. 
Fort  Crook,  ChI. 

San  Diego,  Cal. 


July  1,  '4.1. 
Mar.  21, 'SI. 


Mar  10,  '62. 
April,  ISo.'J. 


S    K.  Baird. 
Capt.  Staiisbury. 
A.  Campbell. 

.John  Keilner. 
D.  F.  ParkiiLson. 
Lt.  Trowbridge. 


Collected  by 


J.  J.  Audubon. 
Dr.  Kennerly. 


(3,706.)  Type  of  S.  rmwroptenu. 


Family  SYLVIID.iE. 


1:1    • 


ir' 


Bill  slender,  broad  and  depressed  at  the  base,  distinctly  notched  and  de- 
curved  at  the  tip.  Culmen  sharp-ridged  at  base.  Frontal  feathers  reaching 
to  the  nostrils,  which  are  oval,  with  membrane  above,  and  overhung — not 
concealed — by  a  few  bristles  or  by  a  feather.  Rictal  bristles  extending 
beyond  nostrils.  Tarsi  booted  or  scutellate.  Basal  joint  of  middle  toe 
attached  its  whole  length  externally,  half-way  internally.  Primaries  ten  • 
spurious  primary  about  half  the  2d,  which  is  shorter  than  the  7th.  Lateral 
toes  equal. 

The  birds  of  this  family  are  readily  distinguished  from  the  Paridse, 
liv  the  slender  bill,  notched  and  decurved  at  tip;  much  bristled 
gape,  sharp-ridged  culmeu,  exposed  oval  nostrils,  less  adherent  toes, 


[part  t. 


lected  by 


REOULUS. 


66 


l.  TownHPnd. 
Hftermann. 
jchotl. 
'earwiU. 
i.  M'Carlhy. 


),  pi.  39.— 
rds  N.  Am. 

iT  race  with 

ellowstone. 
common  on 
klimoo,  Fort 


ullected  by 

J.  Audubon. 
Kennerly. 


)d  and  de- 
3  reaching 
hung — not 

extending 
niddle   toe 

aries  ton  • 
Lateral 

Paridae, 
bristled 
i-eat  toes, 


etc.  They  are  much  smaller  tlinn  thn  Tiirdidse  and  SaxicoUdse, 
with  inuth  more  slnidnr,  depressed  bill,  longer  rictal  bristles,  etc. 
The  short  outer  primary,  with  the  primaries  ten  in  number,  distin- 
gui.sh  tiiem  from  the  HyloiecAidse. 

Of  the  two  subfamilies,  Jiegulinse  are  more  nearly  related  to  the 
Saxicolidse,  and  Pulioptilime  to  the  Paridse ;  and  have,  by  many 
authors,  been  respectively  thus  assigned.  I  agree  with  Cabanis, 
however,  in  uniting  them  into  one  family.  They  may  thus  be  dis- 
tinguished : — 

Regulinas.     Wings  longer  than  the  eraarginate  tail.     Tarsi  booted  or  with- 
out scutellar  divisions. 

Folioptilinae.     Wings  about  equal  to  the  graduated  tail.     Tarsi  with  dis- 
tinct tiuutellie. 

REGULUS,  Cut. 

Regtihs,  Cnv.  "Lemons  d'Anat.  Comp.  1799-1800."     (Type  Motacilla 

rccjulus,  Linn.) 
RegaUiides,  Blyth.  1847.     (Typo  "R,  proreijulus,  Pall.,"  Gray.) 
Phyllohasileus,  Cab.  Mus.  Hein.  I,  1850,  33.      (Type  Motacilla  calen- 

data,  Linn.) 

Reguliis  satrapa. 

Retjulux  salrupa,  Light.  Verz.  1823,  no.  410. — Raird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1859, 

227.— ScLATER,  p.  Z.  S.  1857,  212  (Orizaba).— B^deker,  Cab.  Jour. 
'  IV,  33,  pL  1,  fig.  8  (eggs,  from  Labrador). — Pr.  Max.  Cab.  Jour. 

1858,  111.— Cooper  &  Suckley,  P.  R.  R.  R.  XII,  ii,.  1859,  174 

(winters  in  W.  Territory). 
Sylvia  regulus,  Wils.  ;  Regulm  cristotus,  ViEiLi. ;  R.  tricolor,  Nutt.,  Aud. 
Figures:  Aud.  B.  A.  II,  pi.  132.— Ib.  Orn.  Biog.  II,  pL  183.— Vieill. 

Ois.  Am.  Sept.  II,  pi.  cvi. 

Eab.  United  States  aBd  the  Eastern  Provinces.  ■  '• 

This  species  is  found  throughout  the  entire  region  of  the  United 
States  and  the  Provinces,  though  hitherto  not  noticed  in  the  fur 
countries.  On  the  Pacific  slope  it  is  abundant  from  the  Paget 
Sound  country  (where  it  is  found  in  winter),  south  to  Fort  Crook  ; 
but  no  specimens  are  in  the  collection  from  more  southern  points, 
not  even  Fort  Tejon,  nor  any  from  the  middle  table  land  or  Rocky 
Mountain  region  anywhere. 

The  western  specimens  are  much  brighter  and  more  olivaceous 

al)ove,  especially  on  rump  and   tail,  than  the  eastern,  and  may 

possibly  constitute  a  different  race,  or  variety  olivaceus.     Sciater 

records  it  as  found  at  Orizaba,  Mex.     This  may,  however,  prove  to 

he  a  different  species. 

Young  bird?,  as  with  R.  calendula,  are  without  the  colored  crown* 
6       July,  1864. 


68 


REVIEW  OP  AMERICAN  HIRDS. 


[part  I. 


emlth- 

BOuiuU 

No. 


10,237 
82S 
32  224 
11,801 
7,176 
16,151 


Colloc- 

till  '8 

No. 


200 
130 
244 


Sex 
Hud 
Ak6. 


Juv. 


Localltj. 


Sherburn,  Ma88. 
CarliHit),  i'a. 
Liberty  Co.,  Oa. 
Simlahinoo,  W.  T. 
Steilacoora. 
Fort  Crook,  Cal. 


When 
Collected. 


Oct.  22,  '42. 
Nov.'  23. 


Received  from 


O.  8    Babcock. 
8.  F.  Balrd. 
Prof.  Lecotlte. 
A.  Campbell. 
Dr  Huckley. 
Capt.  J.  Fellner. 


Collected  by 


Dr.  Kennerly. 


I   '  ' 


Regulus  cuTieri. 

Reguhis  cuvieri,  Add.  Ora.  Biog.  I,  1832,  288,  pi.  55,  etc. — Bairo,  Birds 
N.  Am.  1859,  228. 
Hab.  "Banks  of  Schuylkill  River,  Penn.     June,  1812."  Aud. 

This  species  continues  to  be  unknown,  except  from  the  description 
of  Mr.  Audubon,  as  quoted  above.- 


II  "' 


■f 


iCijl    . 


Regulus  calendula. 

Motacilla  calendula,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  I,  1766,  337. — Regulus  calendula, 

Light.  Verz.  1823,  no.  408.— Baird,  Birds  N.  Amer.  185S,  226 

ficLATER,  P.  Z.  S.  1857,  202.— Ib.  1858, 300  (mountains  of  Oaxaoa). 
— Ib.  1859,  362  (Xalapa).  — Ib.  Has,  I,  1859,  8  (Guatemala).— 
Cooper  &  Scckley,  P.  R.  R.  XII,  ii,  1859,  174. — Reinhaedt,  Ibis, 
1861,  5  (Greenland). 

Regulus  rubineus,  Vieill.  Ois.  Am.  Sept.  II,  1807,  49,  pi.  civ,  ov. 

•Other  figures ;  Wils.  Am.  Orn.  1, 1808,  pi.  v,  fig.  3.— Dopohty,  Cab.  II, 
pi.  vi.— Aud.  Orn.  Biog.  II,  pi.  195.— Ib.  Birds  Am.  II,  pi.  133. 

Hab.  Greenland  ;  whole  of  North  America,  and  south  to  Guatemala. 

This  species  of  Regulus  appears  to  lack  the  small  feather  which, 
in  satrapa,  overlies  and  conceals  the  nostrils,,  which  was  probably 
the  reason  with  Cabanis  &  Blyth  for  placing  it  in  a  different  genus. 
There  is  no  other  very  apparent  difference  of  form,  however,  although 
this  furnishes  a  good  character  for  distinguishing  between  young 
gpeciraeiis  of  the  two  species. 


Smlth- 

' — 1 

Collec- 

e« 

When 
Collected. 

BOnlan 

No. 

tor's 
No. 

and 

Age. 

Locality. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

18,063 

157 

? 

OroKvater  Bay,  Lab. 

Aug.  6,  '60. 

Elliot  C.)ue8. 

a).62i 

486 

rf 

Fort  GeoTfte,  H.  B. 

July  11, '60. 

C   Drexler. 

19.482 

4.')9 

rf 

Fort  ReHolution. 

May  17. 

R.  Kennicott. 

27.222 

1,339 

ti 

S   R   RoHs. 

1,343 

.. 

'<f 

Carlisle,  Pa. 

April  10,'44. 

S.  F.  Baird. 

»2.2e2 

i 

Liberty  County,  Oa. 

Mar.  IS  18. 

Prof.  LecDQte. 

13,620 

^S 

Simialimoo  Bay. 

April  23,'59. 

A.  Camiiboll. 

Dr.  Kennerly. 

,  , 

^  , 

Port  Tejou,  Cal. 

.  ■  • 

J.  Xaiitiis. 

4,fi64 

,  , 

, , 

Sau  Diei;»,  Cal. 

■ . , 

Lt.  Trowliriilge. 

7.172 

, 

.. 

Espla,  M»x. 

•  • . 

Maior  Emory. 

Dr.  Kennerly. 

13,631 

•• 

•• 

Ouatemula. 

J.  CiiMild. 

POLIOPTILA. 


W 


POLIOPTILA,    SCLATBB. 

Polioptila,  ScLATER,  Pr.  Zool.  Soc.  1856,  11.     (Type  Motacilla  casrulea,  L.) 

Since  the  note  on  this  genus  was  published  by  Mr.  Sclater,  in  1855, 
enupierating  four  species,  their  number  has  greatly  increased,  as  at 
the  present  time  at  least  nine  or  ten  may  be  considered  as  perfectly 
well  established,  possibly  more.  The  species  are  very  closely  allied, 
and  can  only  be  readily  distinguished  by  an  examination  of  the 
males.  In  all  the  upper  parts  are  plumbeous  gray  ;  the  under  white, 
more  or  less  tinged  with  plumbeous.  The  tail  feathers  black,  with 
the  outer  three  or  four  more  or  less  varied  with  white ;  the  quills 
black ;  the  primaries  edged  with  ashy,  the  secondaries  with  white. 
The  males  all  have  black  on  the  head  ;  either  the  whole  hood  is  black, 
or  else  gray,  with  a  narrow  line  of  black  margining  it  above  the  eye, 
or  a  broad  line  through  the  eye. 

The  following  synopsis  may  aid  in  determining  the  males  of  the 
different  species  of  American  Polioptila; — 

Whole  top  of  head  above  black.  ,  ?  ' 

No  white  between  eye  and  bill  or  above  it. 

Outer  tail  feather  black,  except  on  outer  web  and  extreme 

tip  (about  one-sixth  or  seventh).     Hab.  Rio  Grande  '  "      * 

and  Gila melanura. 

Outer  tail  featLdr  white,  except  portion  hidden  by  under 
tail  coverts.  Second  feather  white  for  terminal  third  ; 
outline  of  white  oblique,  or  along  the  fibres  of  the 
feather.     Tarsus,  .75  ;  tail,  2.20.     Hab.  N.  W.  Mexico   nigriceps. 

Outer  tail  feather  black  at  base,  but  with  more  white  than 
last;  outlines  of  white  directly  transverse.  Tarsus, 
.69 ;  tail,  2.45.     Hab.  Brazil Uucogastra. 

Outer  tail  feather  entirely  white  ;  2d  and  3d  white  nearly 

to  base.     Hab.  Guiana  and  New  Grenada  .        .   buffoni. 

Lores  white  ;  eyelids  black.  ' 

Outer  tail  feather  black  at  the  base.     Hab.  Central  Amer.   albiloris. 
Lores  and  short  supra-ocular  stripe  white. 

Inner  web  of  outer  tail  feather  white  almost  to  base  ;  next 
with  basal  third  black:  this  color  extending  little 
further  on  the  inner  than  the  outer  web.  Hab.  Panama  superciliaris. 

Inner  web  of  outer  tail  feather  black  for  ba^al  third  ;  next 
with  basal  half  black :  this  color  extending  much 
more  on  inner  than  outer  web.  Size  considerably 
larger.    Hab.  Carthagena bilineata. 

Sides  of  head  black ;  top  gray. 
Under  parts  plumbeous,  lighter  than  back.     Hab.  Eastern  La 

Plata  States dumicola. 

Under  parts  white,  tinged  with  plumbeous.     Hab.  Bolivia      .   boliviano. 


Ir'!; 


[■ 


'  i,'  ■  ■    '  ' 

['Ml      ■: 
1 

.11       . '.. 


■■  'li 


68 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


Top  of  head  gray;  sides  whitish, 
A  black  frontal  line  extending  backwards  over  tbe  eye.    Lateral 
tail  feather  white,  except  at  the  base.     Tail  slightly- 
graduated.      First  primary  much  leas  than  half  the 

Becoud.     Hub.  North  America 

A  black  crescentio  lirie  beginning  at  top  of  eye  and  bordering 
tlu)  ear  coverts.  Lateral  tail  feather  black  for  basal 
half  on  inner  web.  Tail  much  graduated.  First  pri- 
mary more  than  half  the  second.  JIub.  Cuba  . 
A  black  line  above  the  eye,  not  reaching  the  bill  or  ear  coverts. 
Lateral  tail  feather  black  on  nearly  the  whole  of  inner 
web.  Tail  moderately  graduated.  First  primary  more 
than  half  the  second.     Hub,  Arizona  .         .         . 


cmrulea. 


lemh 


eyii. 


plumbea. 


Polioptila  melanura. 

Calicivora  atricapilla,  Lawrence,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lyo.  V,  Sept.  1851, 124 

(not  of  Swainson). 
Culicivora  mexicana,  CASSfN,  lUust.  1, 1854, 164,  pi.  xxvii  (not  of  Box.). 
Polioptila  melanura,  Lawuence,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lyo.  VI,  Dec.  1856,  l(i8. — 

Baikd,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  382.— Heermasn,  P.  R.  R.  R.  vol.  X 

(Williamson),  1859,  39. 

Hab.  San  Diego  to  Fort  Yuma  and  Cape  St.  Lncas. 

Specimens  of  this  species  from  Cape  St.  Lucas  differ  from  those 
of  San  Diego  described  in  the  P.  R.  R.  Report  (7191),  in  having 
the  whole  of  the  outer  web  of  the  outer  tail  feather  white,  and  in  a 
rather  larger  white  tip.  The  colors  beneath  are  a  little  less  ashy, 
though  not  of  a  pure  white.  The  ash  of  the  back  is  rather  lighter 
and  purer.  The  lores  are  rather  lighter.  The  1st  primary  is  a  little 
larger  and  broader. 

It  is  possible  that  the  restriction  of  the  white  of  the  outer  web 
of  the  exterior  tail  feather  to  the  outer  half  only  is  an  unusual 
circumstance,  as  both  Mr.  Cassin  and  Mr.  Lawrence,  in  their  de- 
scriptions, speak  of  the  entire  outer  web  being  white — the  second 
feather  being  of  the  former  character.  Under  these  circumstances 
there  will  be  little  specific  difference  between  the  tails  of  P.  melanura 
and  plumbea.  The  female  bird  will  then  be  separated  by  the  light 
superciliary  line  and  much  shorter  tarsi  of  P.  plumbea — the  latter 
measuring  .63,  instead  of  ncxrly  .TO  of  an  inch. 


Smith- 
sonian 
No. 

Collec- 
tor's 
No. 

Sex 
Hnd 

Age. 

Locality. 

Wlien 
Collected. 

• 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

7,191 

7,192 
12,986 
16,961 

3*23 
1,346 

San  DlBKo,  Cal. 
Cape  St.  Lucas. 

... 

Lt.  Williamson. 
J.  Xantus, 

Dr.  Heermuau. 

rOLIOPTlLA. 


69 


Polioptila  nlgriceps. 

Polioptila  nigriceps,  Baird,  n.  B. 

^ .  Above  clear  pure  light  bluish  gray  ;  beneath  pnre  white,  including  the 
flanks.  Entire  top  of  the  head  and  sides,  including  lower  eyelids,  luHtroua 
black.  A  slight  ashy  tinge  on  the  sides  of  the  neck.  Only  a  few  leathers 
in  the  eyelids  white.  Outer  tail  feather  white,  except  for  the  basal  con- 
cealed third,  as  is  also  the  outer  web,  except  at  the  base,  and  the  terminal 
fourth  (or  .(i5  of  an  inch)  of  the  next.  Third  feather  with  the  inner  web 
tipped  with  white  for  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch :  perhaps  in  the  unworn 
feather  extending  a  little  on  the  outer  web.  First  primary  broad,  about  half 
as  long  as  the  2d.     No  white  on  secondaries,  or  else  worn  olf  in  this  specimen. 

Length,  about  4..50  inches;  wing,  1.95;  tail,  2.15;  bill  above,  .48;  from 
gspe,  .32;  tarsus,  .75. 

. ..  a 

Hah.  Mazatlan. 

This  interesting  new  species  of  Polioptila  resembles  P.  melanura 
in  general  appearance,  but  will  be  readily  distinguished  by  the  white 
outer  tail  feather  and  much  purer  white  of  the  under  parts.  The 
gray  above  is  lighter  and  clearer ;  the  bill  is  larger  (equal  to  that  of 
cserulea),  and  the  tarsi  are  longer.  The  black  cap  seems  to  extend 
farther  down  the  side  of  the  head,  and  along  the  nape. 

The  species  appears  well  characterized  by  the  length  of  the  tarsi, 
which  exceed  those  of  any  other  species  known  to  me ;  the  bill  is 
not  so  stout  as,  and  decidedly  shorter  than  that  of  P.  albiloris  (32,550), 
and  there  is  no  trace  of  white  in  the  lores,  or  between  eye  and  bill. 
The  tail  is  longer;  the  1st  primary  only  half  the  2d. 

From  leucogastra  it  differs  in  the  smaller  size,  .shorter  bill  and 
longer  tarsi,  narrower  tail  feathers  and  less  amount  of  white  on  the 
tail,  as  well  as  different  geographical  distribution.  P.  huffoni  has 
the  outer  tail  feather  entirely  white,  and  the  2d  and  3d  white  almost 
to  the  base.     The  tail  is  considerably  shorter. 


Smlth- 

coDiaa 

No. 

23,781 


Collec- 
tor's 

No. 

294 


Sex 
and 

Atfe. 


Locality. 


Mazatlan. 


When 
Collected. 


July,  1861 


RecelTed  from 


J.  Xautus. 


Collected  by 


23,781.   Typo. 


Heermaua. 


Polioptila  leucogastra. 

Sylvia  leucof/astra,  Max.  Beit.  Ill,  1830,  710. — roliopttla  leucntjastra, 
ScLATKB,  P.  Z.  S.  18.'')5,  12  (in  part).— In.  Cat.  1861,  12,  no.  74.— 
Culicirora  lei(co;iaxlrn,  BruM.  Th.  Bras.  Vo  el,  1856,  111. 

Cnlicivora  alrictipilla,  Sw.  Zool.  111.  N.  S.  pi.  Ivii  (not  of  Lawrence). 

Culicivora  dumecola,  Bo«.  Cousp.  1850,  316  (not  of  Vieillot). 


TO 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIKDS. 


[pa  IT  I, 


(No.  67,  Mr.  Lawrenoe'n  collection,  fro-n  liahia.)  Above  lead  gray,  darker 
towards  tlie  ruiup  ;  top  of  head  and  sides  to  lower  edge  of  the  eye  glossy 
black.  Beneath  clear  white,  with  a  tin^e  of  pluiubeuns  across  breast  and 
sides.  Qaills  black,  edged  like  the  back,  tlie  alula  and  inner  secondaries 
broadly  with  white.  Tail  feathers  glossy  black,  except  th«)  three  exterior, 
of  which  the  outermost  is  black  on  the  basal  half  of  the  inner  web  (rather 
less  ou  the  outer)  ;  the  next  has  the  black  extended  nearly  half  as  much  more 
(on  the  basal  two-thirds) ;  the  next  ia  black,  with  the  terminal  fourth  white. 
The  shafts  throughout  are  black. 

The  length  of  the  outer  primary  cannot  be  given,  as  the  wings  are  not  quite 
perfect. 

Total  length,  4.60;  wing,  2.00;  tail,  2.35;  bill  from  forehead,  .57,  from 
nostril,  .35  ;  along  gape,  .64;  tarsus,  .71 ;  middle  toe  and  olaw,  .45. 

Polioptila  buffoni.  ,■:.,.■ 

Polioptila  buffoni,  Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1861, 127.— Ib.  Catal.  1861, 12,  no.  73. 

This  black-headed  species  I  have  not*  seen.  It  is  said  by  Dr. 
Sclater  to  differ  in  a  considerably  smaller  size  (length,  4.00 ;  wing, 
1.90;  tail,  1.80;  bill  from  gape,  .60),  a  long(ir  bill,  and  in  having 
the  outer  tail  feather  entirely  white,  the  second  and  third  white 
almost  to  the  base.  In  leucogastra  the  black  is  much  more  extended, 
as  will  be  seen  above. 


1 1  .i|i|: 


■»*» 


Polioptila  alliilorls. 

Polioptila  albiloris,  Salvin,  P.  Z.  S.  1860,  298  (Guatemala). 

"  This  species  has  the  pileus  black,  the  loren  white ;  the  outer  three  tail 
feathers  tipped  with  white,  decreasing  gradually  in  amount  (none  entirely 
white).  There  does  not  appear  to  be  a  superciliary  stripe.  Length,  4.30; 
wing,  1.90;  tail,  2.00."— Sa/vin. 

Bab.  West  Coast  Central  America.  ' 

In  the  collection  before  rae  are  several  skins  from  Central  America 
which  possess,  to  a  certain  extent,  the  characters  of  the  specimen 
given  above — the  one  coming  nearest  to  it  (32,556)  having  the  back 
of  a  light  gray  color,  the  whole  top  and  side  of  the  head  down  to 
the  lower  edge  of  the  eye  black.  There  is  a  short  white  line  from 
nostril  towards,  but  not  reaching  the  eye  ;  the  lores  themselves  are, 
however,  black.  The  outer  tail  feather  is  white,  except  on  the  con- 
cealed base  of  the  inner  web,  which  is  black ;  the  next  has  this  black 
reaching  beyond  the  middle  of  the  feather ;  the  third  has  an  oblique 
white  tip.  The  bill  is  long ;  the  1st  primary  is  little  more  than  half 
the  2d.  Length,  about  4.00;  wing,  1.85;  tail,  2.00;  tarsus,  .67; 
bill  from  nostril,  .35. 

A  second  specimen  (30,555)  is  very  similar,  but  shows  only  the 


*»::- 


POLIOPTILA. 


n 


gliphtest  trace  of  the  white  near  the  bill — an  occasional  feather  only 
Iwiiig  tipped  with  this  color. 

A  feniiile  referred  to  this  species  is  similar  in  general  character, 
but  without  the  black  h(^ad ;  the  bill  rather  larger.  The  whole 
loral  region  to  bill  and  the  eyelids  are  white.' 


Smtth- 

Colleo- 

Sex 

8011  iau 

lor'N     and 

Nn. 

No.      Age. 

32,.-|.Vl 

24S 

cf 

3().  .■).')■'■) 

, , 

i 

.Sii,.->.14 

. . 

34,101 

" 

Locality. 


When 
Collected. 


Qrenadn,  Nicar. 
W.  coant  Ctiiit.  Am. 
Eealejo,  C.  A. 


July  Ifi.  '6,1. 
Kob.  18ti4. 


Received  from 


Arad.  Nat.  Set 
Cupt.  J.  M.  Dow. 


Collected  by 


Polioptila  Buperciliaris. 

Polioptila  xuperciliarit,  Lawrb:(Cb,  Ann.  N.  Y.   Lyo.  18C1,  304,  322, 

(Faiiama).        ' '  .  , ;; 

First  primary  broad,  and  more  than  half  the  second,  which  is  equal  in 
length  to  outer  uecondariea.  Color  above  light  ashy  (paler  than  in  leuco- 
gantrii);  secondaries  margined  wit!*  white.  The  top  of  the  head  and  nape 
are  glossy  black ;  the  sides,  however,  are  white,  excepting  a  short  black  line 
from  the  eye  backwards,  runnini.]  into  the  black  of  the  nape.  In  other  words, 
a  conspicuous  white  line  from  the  bill  over  the  eye  (which  is  situated  aboi^t 
opposite  its  middle)  and  involving  the  whole  loral  region.  The  tail  is  glossy 
black ;  the  outer  tail  feather  is  entirely  white  to  the  base ;  the  next  is  white, 
except  for  the  basal  third  ;  the  next  white  for  rather  less  than  the  terminal 
third ;  the  fourth  feather  has  a  narrow  whit*  tip.  The  shafts  of  the  whita 
portions  of  the  tail  featliers  are  white. 


•  Since  the  preceding  article  was  written  Mr.  Salvin  has  kindly  transmitted 
to  me  for  examination  his  type  specimens  of  P.  albi'nris,  from  Guatemala,  and 
skins  labelled  P.  buffoni,  from  La  Union,  Salvador  The  former  agree  very 
well  with  the  first  described  specimen  of  "  albiloris,^^  except  that  the  bill  ia 
not  so  large  nor  so  much  decurved  at  the  end,  the  lores  are  more  nearly 
^jiite — there  being  only  a  few  blackish  feathers  in  front  of  the  eye  (more 
perhaps  on  one  side  than  on  the  other)  ;  the  white  of  the  tail  feathers  extends  a 
little  farther  towards  the  base.  No.  34,101,  also  received  recently,  agrees  with 
the  type,  except  in  having  the  larger  bill.  I  can  see  very  little  diflTerence 
between  Mr.  Salvin's  specimens  of  "  albiloris"  and  of  "  biiffoni,"  excepting  in 
the  color  of  the  lores,  and  those  described  above,  form  two  stages  of  inter- 
mediate gradation.  I  am,  therefore,  not  disinclined  to  the  impression  that 
they  all  form  one  species.  They  all  diflfer  from  P.  buffoni,  of  Cayenne  and 
Bogota,  as  first  described  by  D^.  Sclater,  in  having  nearly  the  basal  third  of 
the  inner  web  of  outer  tail  feather  black,  not  white  ;  the  basal  half  of  the 
inner  web  of  the  second,  and  the  basal  three-fourths  of  that  of  the  thini 
feather  black,  Instead  of  being  white,  almost  to  the  base. 

The  P.  nigriceps  differs  from  all  these  spec'mens  in  the  longer  tarsi  and  the 
oblique  markings  on  the  tail. 


m 


li 


BKVIEW  or  AMKRICAN  niUDS. 


[part  I. 


Th«  femaln  reHemblwB  the  male,  except  In  having  the  Mack  of  heail  replacwl 
by  ash,  like  tlie  reuiaiaiug  upper  parts.  The  while  ou  the  side  uf  the  head 
is  not  BO  distinotly  detiued  aa  in  the  male,  but  the  short  superciliary  stripe  is 
distinctly  appreciable. 

Total  length,  3.80  ;  wing,  1.76  ;  tail,  1.7B  ;  exposed  portion  of  Ist  primary^ 
.63;  of  2d,  1.15  ;  of  longest  (measured  from  exposed  base  of  1st  primary), 
1.40;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .50,  from  uoatril,  .33;  along  gape,  .55; 
tarsus,  .57. 

Ilab.  Isthmus  of  Panama. 

This  beautiful  species,  perhaps  the  least  of  the  genus,  is  closely 
related  to  P.  bilineata,  from  Carthngeiia.  Sclater,  however,  describes 
this  as  having  the  tips  of  the  outer  lateral  tail  feath«T  white,  on 
which  account  Mr.  Lawrence  makes  it  distinct.  As,  however,  Bona- 
parte, in  his  diagnosis  of  P.  bilineata  (Conspectus  Avium,  I,  IH.'jO, 
16),  gives  the  outer  tail  feathers  as  white,  the  question  remains  to 
be  decided  by  reference  to  the  type  in  the  Berlin  Museum.* 


Smlth- 
touiaD 

No. 

Collec- 
tor's 
No. 

S«X 
and 
Aije. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

84,097 

J51 
61 

li 

9 
d 

UtbiuiiA  PauHnia. 

14 

.;; 

Cab.  Lawreuce. 
Oeo.  N.  Lawrence. 

J.  H'LiBannan. 

61.  Type. 


I 


.i|l 


Polioptila  bilineata t?  .* 

CuHcivorn  bilineata,  Bp.  Consp.  1850,  316  (type  from  Carthagena,  in 
Berlin  Museum)  — Polioptila  bilineata,  Sclateh,  P.  Z.  S.  1855,  12; 
1860,  273.— Ib.  Catal.  1861,  13,  no.  75. 

TTab.  S.  America:  Carthagena;  Ecuador  (Esmeraldas,  Bababoyo,  Sclater), 

A  female  specimen  (No.  9,110)  received  from  Mr.  Yerreaux,  and 
referred  to  in  the  "  Birds  of  North  America,"  381,  as  possibly  the 
bilineata,  has  the  characters  of  the  species  in  the  white  lores  and 


'  Since  writing  the  preceding  I  have  been  favored  by  Dr.  W.  Peters,  Direc- 
tor of  tlie  Berlin  Museum,  with  a  diagram  of  the  outer  two  tail  feathers  of 
the  type  specimen  of  P.  bilineata,  and  of  their  markings.  He  states  that 
"the  two  outer  tail  feathers  are  white  except  at  the  base,  which  is  black,  in 
Buoli  a  manner  that  the  black  extends  much  more  on  the  inner  part  at  the 
vexillum  than  on  the  outer  part."  The  diagram  represents  much  broader 
tail  feathers  than  those  of  superciliarii^,  with  considerably  more  black  at  the 
base ;  this  color  on  the  inner  web  extending  a  quarter  of  an  inch  further  than 
on  the  outer,  in  the  first  feather  covering  more  than  one-third,  in  the  second 
about  one-half  of  the  web.  In  superciliaris  the  amount  of  black  is  consider- 
ably less,  and  extends  little  more  on  the  inner  than  on  the  outer  web. 


Pt»LIOPTILA, 


t8 


the  Biiporciliary  Ktripn;  hut  the  locality  aflwifjftuKl,  of  "Mexico,"  is 
oppoHi'd  to  tlie  i(l*-a  of  itH  being  tho  true  biliueata.  It  m  much 
hirjrcr  than  tho  foiniile  o{  nuperriliarin,  with  tlic  wliite  on  side  of  liend 
iiiiich  ])iin'r,  though  otherwise  giiuilur.  The  outer  tail  feather  is 
entirely  white,  except  at  the  concealed  base  ;  the  next  has  basal 
liiilf  of  inner  web  blaek,  this  color  extending  much  beyond  tlielthiek 
of  outer  web  ;  the  third  is  white  for  the  terminal  fourth  or  fifth.  Tho 
1st  quill  is  more  than  half  the  2d.  It  is  Hpeeifuially  distinct,  with- 
out doubt,  from  iiu])crcilinrit<,  and  if  not  biUiwata  and  nudly  from 
Mexico,  probably  indicates  the  existence  of  a  third  species  with 
black  h(!ad.  Com})ared  with  a  supposed  female  of  /'.  olhiloria,  the 
bill  is  weaker,  size  larger,  more  white  on  tho  head  and  tail,  etc' 

Total  length,  4.50  ;  wing,  1.85  ;  tail,  2.10  ;  exposed  portion  of  1st  primnry, 
.88,  of  2(1, 1.2^,  of  longest  (moasnred  from  exposed  liase  of  Ist  primary),  1.44 ; 
lengtli  of  bill  from  forehead,  .55,  from  nostril,  .33  ;  along  gape,  .GO ;  tarsus,  .70. 


CI 


i' 

A' 


Smith- 

KUIliBD 

N... 
9,110 


Collec- 
tor's 
No. 

:ii,3uo 


Spx 

Age 


v? 


Locality. 


"Mexico.' 


When 
Collectttd. 


Received  from 


Verreaux. 


Collectnd  by 


Polioptila  diimicola. 

Sylvia  dumicola,  Vieill.  Nouv.  Diet.  aI,  170. — In.  Enoycl.  M<5th.  II, 
1823,  433.— Polioptila  dumicola,  Sclatek,  P.  Z.  S,  lh55,  12.  — Cu/i- 
civora  dumicola,  Bdum.  Reise  La  Plata,  II,  1861,  473  (Montevideo 
and  Parana). 

fCulicioora  boliviana,  Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1852,  34,  pi.  47  (Bolivia). 

Uab.  La  Plata  States ;  Bolivia  ? 

I  am  by  no  raeais  satisfied  that  the  boliviana,  of  Sclater,  is  not 
a  diirerent  species  from  dumicola,  at  least  Smithsonian  specimens 
from  the  two  localities  are  readily  distinguishable.  The  La  Plata 
bird  is  nearly  uniform  lead  gray  below,  including  the  lining  of  the 
wing;  on  the  throat  and  breast  not  very  much  lighter  than  on  the 
hack,  becoming  paler  posteriorly,  but  nowhere  white.  In  the  IJolivian 
the  under  parts  may  be  called  dull  white,  with  a  slight  tinge  of 
plumbeous  on  the  throat,  and  a  rather  deeper  shade  of  the  same 
across  the  breast ;  the  cheeks  below  the  black  patch  are  quite  clear 
white,  and  not  dark  plumbeous.  The  light  edgings  on  the  wings 
are  more  conspicuous. 


'  The  tail  feathers  are  almost  too  much  worn  for  comparison  with  the  dia- 
gram  furnished  by  Prof.  Peters,  but  they  do  not  appear  materially  different. 


^^.''- '  - 


74 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I, 


Rihitli- 

Colloc- 

Snx 

HliUlllU 

tur'ii 

uud 

N... 

No. 

Atf. 

l2,.i7H 

8 

rT 

12,;i7'J 

8 

iB,;i;i8? 

m 

6 

10  xw 

Bi 

§ 

IS.  848 

* 

rT 

lti,8-17 

■• 

9 

LncRlity. 


BueuuH  Ajres. 

Paraguay. 

RrHiiI. 

Bolivia. 


When 
Collected. 


June,  IS.'SQ. 
Oct.  is-ig. 


Beovlved  from 


Capt.  T.  J.  Page. 


Walter  Evani*. 


Collected  by 


12,376.  Steamer  Argentina.     12,372.  Do.    16,338?  £]cpl.  of  Parana.    16,33U.  Du. 

Polioptila  plunibea. 

PMoptila  plumbea,  Baikd,  Pr.  A.  N.  So.  VII,  June,  185"^  118.— Ib.  Birds 
N.  Am.  1858,  382,  pi.  xxxiii,  fig.  1. 

Hab.  Arizona. 

The  only  specimeas  received  additional  to  those  mentioned  in 
Birds  N.  A.  are  Nos.  11,541  find  11,542,  collected  at  Fort  Yuma, 
by  Lt.  Ives.     The  species  appears  to  be  confined  to  Arizona. 


Pelioptila  ceerulea. 

Motacilla  cierulea,  Linn.  Syat.  Nat.  I,  17G6,  337  (based  on  Jfotacilla 

parva  caerulea,   Enw.  tab.  302).  —  Culicivora  citrulea,   Cab.   Jour. 

1855,  471  (Cxxhu^.—Polioptila  cierulea,  Sclatbk,  P.  Z.  S.  18i>5,  11. 

— Ib.  Catal.  1861,  12,  no.  70.— Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  380. 
Motacilla  catta,  G.M.  S.  N.  I,  1788,  973. 
t  Culicivora  mexicana,  Bon.  Consp.  1850,316  (not  of  Cassin),  female. — 

Polioptita  mexicana,  Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1859,  363,  373. — Ib.  Catal. 

1861,  12,  no.  71. 
Figures :  Vieill.  OIs.  II,  pi.  88. — Wilson,  Am.  Orn.  II,  pi.  xviii,  fig.  3. 

—Ann.  Orn.  Biog.  I,  pi.  84.— Ib.  B.  A.  I,  pi.  70. 

Hab.  Middle  region  of  U.  So,  from  Atlantic  to  Pacific,  and  south  to  Guate- 
mala.    Cuba,  Gundlach  and  Bryant. 

A  winter  specimen,  from  near  Cape  .St.  Lucas,  of  P.  cserulea,  has 
the  ash  of  the  back  washed  with  a  brownish  tinge.  I  have  not  seen 
this  in  any  other  specimens  to  anyi'uir.^  like  the  same  extent. 

After  a  careful  examination  of  Mexican  specimens,  labelled  F. 
meoncana  by  Mr.  Yerreaux,  nnd  of  others  received  from  Gwateniala, 
I  am  unable  to  distinguish  them  from  P.  cserulea.  One  of  thesi', 
No.  22,418  (.38,658  of  \erreaux),  has  the  black  frontal  line,  and  the 
game  pure  bluish  ash  of  northern  specimens.  The  lores  are  perhaps 
a  little  whiter  than  usual,  not  more  ho  than  iu  specimens  from 
Taniaulipas  and  Illinois. 

All  these  specimens  from  the  south  agree  with  northern  cserulea 
in  the  oiuall,  rather  narrow,  falcate  first  primary,  scarcely  two-tliirds 


CHAMiEADjE. 


15 


the  exposed  portion  of  the  second.  In  all  the  other  species  before 
me  this  primary  is  larger,  broader,  and  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the 
remaining  exposed  portion  of  the  second. 


I 


Smith- iCoUec-  Sex 

soniaul  tnr'8  I  nnd 
No.        No.    I  AKe. 


004 

1,S3,3 

615 

616 

29,4S3 

2,401 

8,071 
in.'2I3 
10.214 

4,682 

8,641 

7,188 

7,in.} 

4,iW.3 
21,. 171 
23,748 
13,742 
.S1,8S8  I  .. 
16,B60  1  «,249 
lY,2nO  I  3,409 

,S.98.)  !       .. 
31,82.)?  1  1,648 

9,2a}  !     .. 
22.418    38,6)8 

9,222  I     . . 


Locality. 


1,164 


IS 


31 

1,790 
209 


6 
<f 

Ir 

d 


d 
d 


Now  York. 
PhilailiMpliia. 

Wusbiugtou,  D.  C 

ti 

t( 

SnvanQHh.  Oa. 
ludiaii  Kry,  Fla. 
Union  'oiiiity,  111. 

4011111    IllilloiH. 

Bald  iHhituI,  Neb. 
East  of  Fort  Rilev. 
Fort  ThoiD,  N.  M. 
Organ  MIh.,  Tex. 
Colo-ado  Riv.,  Cal. 
Yieka,  Cal. 
Maryvill' .  Cal. 
Fort  Tejon,  Cal. 
S.in  DieKo,  Cal. 
Capo  St    Lucas. 

TamanllpaR,  Mex. 
Coliina,  Mex. 
Mexico. 
Coban. 
Quatomala. 


When 
Collected. 


April  6,  '42. 

(i 

Aprin8,'61. 

184.'i. 
Auk.  27, '57. 
April  20. 
May  15. 
April  2.'i,'.'58. 
Juno  16,  '68. 


May  26. 
April  24, '63. 

Decii,'  '61. 
Oct.  10,  '59. 

la-sk 

Aug.  1863. 


Received  from 


S.  F.  Baird. 


E.  Coufg. 

8.  P.  Baird. 

G.  Wuid(>inann. 

R.  Kenuicott. 

Lt.  Warren. 
Lt,  Bryan. 
Dr.  T.  C.  Henry. 
Major  Emory. 

W.  Vnllle. 

F.  Ci  rubor. 
J.  Xuntiis. 
Geol.  Siuv.  Cal. 

J.  XantuM. 

Lt.  Couch. 

J  Gould. 

Verreaux. 
J.  Gould. 


Collected  by 


Wm.  M.  Baird. 


Dr.  Ilaydon. 
W.  .S.  Wood. 


J.  n.  Clark. 
A.  Schott. 


Dr.  J.  0.  Cooper. 


»,223.  " P.  nuxUxma,' 


FAMTtT  CHAM^AD^. 


Bill  compressed,  short,  rather  conical,  not  notched  nor  deonrved.  Culmen 
pharp-ridged.  Nostrils  linear,  with  an  incnmbent  scale.  Rictal  bristles  reach- 
ing bt'yoiil  nostrils  which  are  scantily  overhung  by  bristly  featliers.  Loral 
feathers  bristly  and  directed  forwards.  Tarsi  booted,  or  covered  with  a  con- 
tinuous plate  anteriorly,  with  faint  indications  of  scutellae  on  the  inner  side. 
Basal  joint  of  middle  t  -^  attached  for  about  half  i'.i  length  on  either  side. 
Primaries  ten  ;  6th  quill  longest.     Plumage  very  lax. 

I  have  found  it  impossible  to  assign  the  genus  Chamsrn  to  an' 
recognized  family  of  American  birds,  and  have  accordingly  been 
oljjigcd  to  give  it  independent  rank  in  this  respcict,  although  it  may 
properly  belong  to  some  old  world  group  with  which  I  ai  not  ac- 
quainted. In  its  general  appenranci!  it  approaches  the  Paridse  in 
loose  plumage,  bristly  lores,  want  of  notch  to  bill,  etc.  ;  lint  differs 
ill  the  very  much  bris*  d  k  iCtus,  sharp-ridged  culmen,  linear  no.strils. 
booted  tarsi,  leas  t^i'iouni  of  adhesion  of  the  toes,  etc.    It  approaches 


T6 


nEVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


the  Syloiidie  in  t!ie  sbarp-ridgod  culrnen  and  bristly  gape,  but  is 
otherwise  very  ditfercii;;.  The  excessively  rounded  wing  is  a  peculiar 
feature,  the  sixth  primary  being  the  longest. 

The  family  may,  perhaps,  be  best  placed  between  the  Sylviidee  and 
Pai'idae. 

CHAM.SA,  GAMBEii. 
Chnmxa,  Gambel,  Pr.  A.  N.  So.  Ill,  1847,  154.     (Type  Parua  fasciatm.) 

Bill  much  shorter  than  head,  conical  compressed.  Culmen  much  curved ; 
gonys  less  so.  Nostrils  linear,  covered  and  nearly  hidden  by  an  incumbent 
scale,  as  in  some  Wrens.  Wings  much  rounded,  about  two-thirds  the  tail ; 
the  6th  primary  longest ;  the  3d  equal  to  the  secondaries.  Tail  very  long  and 
much  graduated,  the  lateral  feathers  not  two-thirds  the  central ;  feathers  nar- 
row, with  narrow  outer  weba. 

The  genus,  as  far  as  known,  embraces  but  a  single  species. 

Ctaamaea  fasciata. 

Pams  fasciatus,  Gambel,  Pr.  A.  N.  So.  Aug.  1845,  265  (California). — 
Chamxa  fasciata,  Gambel,  Pr.  A.  N.  So.  Ill,  1847,  154. — Ib.  J.  A. 
N.  So.  2d  series,  1, 1847,  34,  pi.  viii,  fig.  3. — Cabams,  Wiegmann's 
Archiv,  1848,  I,  1U2.— Cassin,  Illust.  I,  1853,  39,  pi.  vii.— Baird, 
Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  370. 

Hub.  Coast  region  of  California. 


(5,924,  %,  California.)  Total  length,  6.20;  wing,  2.30;  tail,  3.50,  gradua- 
tion, 1.20 ;  exposed  portion  oi  1st  primary,  .85.  of  2d,  1.30,  of  longest,  6th 
(measured  from  exposed  base  of  Ist  primary),  1.80;  length  of  bill  from  fore- 
head, .i)2,  from  nostril,  .30 ;  along  gape,  .60  ;  tarsus,  1.05  ;  midule  toe  and  claw, 
.78  ;  claw  alone,  .23 ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .55  ;  claw  alone,  .30. 


Bmith- 

Collec- 

£i)iiian 

tor's 

No. 

No. 

3  33!) 

7.163 

,  , 

fl,924 

,  , 

2->,36!» 

607 

S1,80U 

6fl9 

Spx 
and 
Age. 


Locality. 


California. 
Sacramputo  Valley. 
Sta.  Clara,  Cal. 
Fori,  Tejon,  Cal. 
San  Diego,  Cal. 


When 
Collected. 


Sept.  IS.'??. 
Dec.  5,  '61. 


Received  from 


S   K.  Haiid. 
Lt.  Williamson. 
Dr.  Cooper. 
John  X:intnn. 
Oeol.  Surv.  Gal. 


3,339.  Type  specimen.    (31,890  )  6.60;  7.12;  2.2fi,     "Iris  white." 


Collected  by 


Dr.  Gamliel. 
Dr.  Heeriiiaun. 


Dr.  Cooper. 


LOPHOPHANES, 


TT 


Family  PARID^. 

Bill  generally  short,  conical,  not  notched  nor  decurved  at  tip.  Culmen  broad 
and  rounded,  nut  sliarp-ridged  at  base.  Nostrils  rounded,  basal,  and  con- 
cealed by  dense  bristles  or  bristly  feathers.  Loral  feathers  rough  and  bristly, 
directed  forwards.  Tarsi  distinctly  scutellate ;  basal  joints  of  anterior  toes 
abbreviated,  that  of  middle  toe  united  about  equally  for  three-fourths  its 
length  to  the  lateral :  in  Parinse  forming  a  kind  of  palm  for  grasping ;  outer 
lateral  toe  decidedly  longer  than  the  inner.  Primaries  ten :  the  1st  much 
shorter  than  the  2d.     Tail  feathers  with  soft  tips. 

With  Cabanis  I  include  the  Nuthatches  in  the  same  family  with 
the  Titmice,  and  have  prepared  the  above  diagnosis  to  include  both 
groups.  They  agree  in  having  a  conical  bill,  not  notched  nor  de- 
curved,  with  much  ;ounded  culmen,  and  nearly  straight  commissure, 
and  rounded  nostrils  covered  with  dense  bristles.  These  charactera 
will  readily  distinguish  them,  in  connection  with  the  ten  primaries, 
and  tarsi  with  scutelloe  on  the  anterior  half  only  (as  compared  with 
Alaudidse),  from  any  other  American  Oscines. 

The  two  subfamilies  may  be  thus  distinguished  : — 

Farinae.  Body  compressed.  Bill  shorter  than  the  head.  Wings  rounded, 
equal  to,  or  shorter  than  the  rounded  tail.  Second  quill  as  short  as  the 
loth.  Tarsus  longer  than  the  niiddle  toe  and  claw,  which  are  about 
equal  to  the  hinder ;  soles  of  toes  wi '  ned  into  a  palm.  Plumage  rather 
soft  and  lax. 

Sittinas.  Body  depressed.  Bill  about  equal  to,  or  longer  than  the  head. 
Wings  much  pointed,  much  longer  than  the  nearly  even  tail.  Tarsus 
shorter  than  the  middle  toe  and  claw,  which  are  about  equal  to  the 

hinder.     Plumage  more  compact. 

• 

Among  the  Parinse  are  several  exti-eraes  of  form,  but  the  American 
species  are  sufficiently  allied  to  allow  them  to  be  united  into  one 
subfamily. 

Subfamily  PARINiB. 


LOPHOPHANES,  Kaup 

Lnphnphanes,  Kaup,  Entw.  Gesch.  Europ.  Thierw.  181   .    (Type  Parus  cristattis.) 
Baeolojhun,  Cabanis,  Mus.  Hein.  I,  1850-51,  91.     (Type  Parus  bicolor,  L.) 

Cabanis,  as  quoted  above,  makes  a  new  genus  for  our  Tufted  Tit- 
mouse, on  the  ground  of  a  difl'orouce  in  the  crest,  and  in  having 


1% 


REVIEW  OP  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


stouter  bill  and  foet,  and  longer  legs, 
vary  considerably  in  this  respect,  I 
more  than  specific  diflFerences. 


[part  I. 

As,  however,  our  other  species 
can  hardly  consider  these  as 


'•'112 

liliiBltllli 


Lophophanes  bicolor* 

Farus  bicolor,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  12th  ed.  I,  1766,  340  (based  on  Pants 
cristatus,  Catesby,  I,  pi.  67). — Ph.  Max.  Cab.  Jour,  VI,  1858, 118. — 
Lophophanes  bicolor,  Bon.  List  Birds  Europe,  1842. — Baird,  Birds 
N.  Am.  1858,  384.— Sclatkr,  Catal.  Ife61,  14,  no.  9>1  .—Bxolophus 
bicolor,  Cab.  Mu9.  Hein.  I,  1850,  91  (type  of  genus). 

Lophophanes  missouriensis,  Baibd,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  384  (var.  from 
Missouri  River). 

Figures :  Wilson,  Am.  Orn.  I,  pi.  viii,  fig.  5. — Add.  Om.  Biog.  I,  pi.  30i. 
—Is.  Birds  Am.  II,  pi.  125. 

Hab.  United  States,  from  Missouri  valley  eastward. 


fimith- 

CoUec- 

Sex 

When 
Coilected. 

tonian 

No. 

tor'8 
No. 

and 
Age. 

Locality. 

Received  from 

CoUeoled  by 

823 

rf 

Carligle,  Pa. 

Oct.  20,  '42 

S.  F.  Baird. 

8.  F.  Baird. 

1,292 

,  , 

? 

" 

May  11. '44. 

14 

28,9r)8 

675 

rf 

WashiDgtoD,  D.  C. 

Jan.  16,  '60. 

Dr.  E.  Coues. 

29,9A6 

t4 

Sept.  24,  '60. 

D.  W.  Prentiss. 

32,^81 

, , 

V 

Liberty  Co.,  Ga. 

... 

Prof.  J   Leconte. 

20,321 

, , 

Illinoix. 

.  •  ■ 

R.  Kennicott. 

29,  W,--, 

, , 

SpriDKfield,  HI. 

■  * . 

P.  M.  Springer. 

4,730 

, , 

Fort  LeaveQWortb. 

April  21, '.-54. 

Lt.  D.  N.  Couch. 

6,7.W 

,. 

" 

Jan  20,  'M. 

t( 

,4,731 

•• 

St.  Joseph,  Mo. 

April  22, 'ae. 

Lt.  Warren. 

Dr.  Ilayden. 

(823.)  6.2.5:  10;  3.17.     (1,292.)  S.  66;  9.66 ;  3.08.     (28,9fl8.)  6.30;  10.30;  3.20.     (32,281.)  8.80; 
9.fi0;3  00.    6,702.  Type  of  var.  mt««<n(rien«is.    4,731.  Syes  darli-bruwn. 

Lophophanes  atricristatiis. 

Parus  atTlcrista(us,CASMti,  Pr.  A.  N.  So.  Phil.  V,  lP50,103,pl.  ii  (Texas). 
Lophophanes  atricristatus,  Cassin,  111.  Birds  Texas,  etc.  I,  1853,  13, 
pi.  iii.— Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1868,  385. 

Hab.  Valley  of  Rio  Orande,  south. 


eraith- 

Collec- 

Sex 

sonian 

tor's 

and 

No, 

No. 

Age. 

12,107 

,  , 

rf 

6,756 

3.974 

96 

? 

3,97.i 

97 

9,111 

29,713 

22,416 

29,856 

•• 

Locality. 


San  Autonio,  Tex. 
Fort  Clarice,  Tex. 
New  Leon,  Mex. 

Mexico. 


When 
Collected. 


April  1,3, '51. 


Received  from 


Capt.  Sitgreaves. 
Lt.  J.  G.  Parke. 
Lt.  D.  N.  Coach. 

Verreaux. 


Collected  by 


Dr.  Woodlionse. 
Dr.  Heermann. 


1 

Ml 

'* 

I..ophophane8  inornatiis. 

Parus  inornatiiSf  Gambel,  Pr.  A.  N.  So.  Phil.  Aug.  1845,  265  (Upper 
California). — lu.  J.  A.  N.  Sc.  new  ser.  I,  1847,  35,  pi.  vii. — Lnpho- 


PARU8. 


79 


phaneti  inornatiu,  Cabsin,  111.  1853, 19. — Baibd,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858, 
386.— ScLATEB,  Catal.  )861,  14,  no.  68. 

Bab.  Southern  United  States,  from  Rocky  Mta.  to  Pacific. 


Smith-  Collec- 

Sex 

When 

Collected. 

(toriiau 

tor's 

Hud 

Locftllty. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

No. 

No. 

A({e. 

.5,sia 

rf 

Petalama,  Gal. 

... 

E  Samuels. 

->,923 

Santa  Clara,  Cal. 

•  .  • 

Dr.  J.  G.  Cooper. 

12.904 

104 

,  , 

Napa  Valley,  Cal. 

A.  J.  Grayson. 

■l.B.ll 

18 

,  , 

Saa  Jose,  Cal. 

•  .  . 

'* 

2),3.)4 

1,496 

rf 

Kort  Tejon,  Cal. 

Jan.  1858. 

J.  Xantus. 

13,106 

<f 

Saa  FraiiciHco  Mts. 

Oct.  9. 

Capt.  Sitffreaveg. 

Dr.  Woodhonse. 

11, .043 

81 

rf 

Fort  Defiance,  N.  M. 

. .. 

I.t.  J.  C.  Ives. 

H.B.MiillhauHen. 

0,753 

Fort  Tliorn,  N.  M. 

... 

Dr  T.  C.  Henry. 

Lopliophanes  ^pvollifreberi. 

Lophophanes  wollweberi,  Bon.  C.  R.  XXXI,  Sept.  1850,  478. — Westeh- 
HANN,  Bijdr.  Dierkunde,  III,  1851, 15,  plate. — Baibd,  Birds  N.  Am. 
1858,  386,  pi.  liii,  fig.  1.— Sclateb,  P.  Z.  S.  1858,  299  (Oaxaca, 
high  lands),— Ib.  Catal.  1861,  14,  no.  89. 

Parus  annexus,  Cabsin,  Pr.  A.  N.  He.  V,  Oct.  1850, 103,  pi.  i. 

Lophophanes  (faleatus,  Cabanib,  Mus.  Hein.  1850-51,  90. 

Hah.  Southern  Rocky  Mountains  of  U.  S.,  and  along  table  lands  through 
Mexico,  to  Oaxaca. 

No  additional  mutf.nals  relative  tc  this  species  have  been  received 
since  18^8. 


Smith- 

Collc< 

Sex 

sonian    tor's 

and 

No. 

No. 

Age. 

6,794 

3 

$ 

6,797  1      .. 

6,793  1      50 

9,221 

■• 

•• 

Locality. 


Copper  Mineb,  N,  M. 
Fort  Thorn,  N.  M. 
Pueblo  Creek,  N.  M. 
Mexico. 


When 
Collected. 


Jan.  22,  '54. 


Received  from 


Col.  J.  D.  Graham. 
Dr.  T.  C.  Henry. 
Lt.  A  W.  Whipple. 
J.  Gould. 


Collected  by 


J.  H.  Clark. 
Dr.  Kennerly. 


PARUS,  Linn. 

Parus,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  1735.  (Type  Parus  ma/or.)— Ib.  Fauna  Suecica, 
238.  (Type  P.  major.)— Ib.  Syst.  Nat.  1758,  189.  (Type  Parus 
cristatuH. ) 

Parus  septentrionalis. 

Parus  septenlrionalis,  Harris,  Pr.  A.  N.  So.  II,  1845,  300.— Cassin, 
must.  I,  1853,  17,  80,  pi.  xiv.— Baibd,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  389.— 
ScLATER,  Catal.  1861,  14,  no.  82.  —  Parus  septenlrionalis,  var. 
albescens,  Baibd,  Birds  N.  Am.  1868,  xxxvii. 

f Parus  atricapillus.  Pa.  Max.  Cab.  Jour.  VI,  1858,  119. 

Ilab.  Region  of  Missouri  River  to  Rocky  Mts. 


80 


REVIEW  OP  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


Thus  far  I  have  seen  none  of  the  common  Blaek-cnpped  Titmouse 
(P.  atricapillui^),  from  the  line  of  the  Missouri  River  and  westward 
to  the  Roclfy  Mountains,  thpc  wt-re  not  reforablo  to  the  long  tailed 
species.  Specimens  vary  in  amount  of  wliite  on  the  wings  and  tail, 
but  the  real  characters  are  pretty  constant.  The  specimens  at 
present  in  the  collection,  however,  are  not  in  sufficiently  good  con- 
dition, nor  numerous  enough,  to  exhibit  the  exact  limitations  of  the 
two  species. 

I  have  already  referred  (B.  N.  A.  389)  to  specimens  from  the 
southern  Rocky  Mountains  (Fort  Massachusetts),  in  which  the 
white  markings  are  of  a  plumbeous  tinge.  Some  others,  since  re- 
ceived, exhibit  this  same  character,  and  it  is  not  impossible  that  it 
may  indicate  a  specific  form.  The  specimens,  however,  are  not  in 
sufficiently  good  condition  to  settle  the  question,  but  their  general 
appearance  is  more  that  of  Parus  vieridionalia,  than  the  Xorth 
American  Black-caps. 


Bmith- 

Collec- 

Sex 

When 

Collected. 

Boulaa 
No. 

tor'H 
No. 

aud 
Akb. 

Locality. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

ift.sr)? 

147 

? 

Ft.  Simpson,  H.B.T. 

April  2.S. '60     n.  K.  K..ss. 

20,266 

2.54 

It 

Oct.  19,  'no.     R.  Keniiicott. 

19,fl.'58 

306 

Fort  Liard. 

Jiin.  12,  '60. 

11 

).S,700 

,  , 

Lake  Wiuuipeg. 

June 6,  V>9. 

11 

27,049 

,  , 

Fort  OftTry     ' 

■  • . 

Donald  Giinn. 

6,765 

,  , 

Port  Leavenworth. 

. .  t 

Lt.  (Imidi. 

4,733 

,  , 

Mo.  of  Bi(f  Neuiaba. 

April  2, '66. 

Lt.  WiUien. 

Dr.  Hayden. 

20,338 

,  , 

Fort  Randall. 

Ciipt.  J.P.  M'Cown. 

f),873 

,  , 

Fort  Riley. 

18  i6. 

Juo.  Xaiitus. 

13,175 

89 

Near  Fort  Benton. 

■  ■  . 

Lt.  Mullan. 

J.  PearsaU. 

17,5.il 

261 

Teton  River. 

•  •  . 

11 

II 

11.082 

,  , 

Fort  Bridifer. 

April  10, 'iiS. 

C.  Drexler. 

22.049 

78 

Hell^ate,  Idaho. 

Aug.  28,  '60. 

Dr.  Cooper. 

...... 

8,828 

,  , 

Black  HiUs. 

Sept.  15. 

Lt.  Warren. 

Dr.  Hayden. 

13,779 

13 

Fort  JUassachust  tts. 

.  •  • 

Capt.  A.  W.  Bow- 

13,780 

a  . 

[N.M. 

.  •  ■ 

"        [man. 

11,472 

11.473 

,  , 

11,474 

•• 

«i 

... 

II 

(8,828.}  6.60;  2.76.    (11,472.)  Plumbeous  variety.    (11,473.)  Do.    (11,474.)  Do. 


«a|5 


Parus  atricapillus. 

Parus  atricapillus,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  I,  1766,  341  (based  on  Parus  atrica- 
pillus canadensis,  Bklsson,  III,  5.53,  tab.  xxix,  fig.  1). — Baird,  Birds 
N.  Am.  1858,  390.— Sclater,  Catal.  1861,  13,  no.  SO.—Pacila  atri- 
capilla,  Bon.  Consp.  1850,  230. 

Parus  palustris,  Nutt.  Man.  I,  1832,  79. 

Figured  by  Ai'dcbox,  Wilson',  etc. 

Hub.  Eastern  North  America. 


PAIIUS. 


81 


Smith-  Colloc-   Spx 


suuian ,  tor  n 

No.    I    No. 


aud 


]S,6!)4 
12,891 
8:)0 
20,676? 
2!i,ti68? 

32,344 


9 


LocHlity. 


PortKtnoutli.  N.  H 
Brook  ly  II,  N.  Y. 
CarliHlo,  I'h. 
SpriDKlleld,  III. 
Teiiimcaiuiugiio, 

Can.   ~         [H.  B. 
MoohO  Factory, 


When 
Cullecced. 


Jan.  S. 
Oct.'2i'42. 

1862. 


Received  from 


Collected  by 


Elliot  (Vues. 
J.  AkliiirHt. 
S.  K.  Buird. 
P.  M.  8pi'luger. 

ThoH.  RlchardH. 
J.  Miicki'uzie. 


(MO.)  5.00;  7.78;  2.60. 

Pariis  occidentaliM. 

Parun  occUlenlulis,  Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  391  (W.  Tenitory). — 
ScLATEu,  Catal.  1861,  14,  no.  82. 

Hub.  Northwest  coast  region  of  the  United  States.  . 

No  specimen  of  this  speciea  has  been  received  for  several  years. 

Parus  nieridionalls^ 

Parus  merklionalis,  Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1856,  293  (El  Jacale,  Mex.). — Ib. 
1857,  81 ;  1858,  299.— Ib.  Catal.  1861,  14,  no.  83.— Baikd,  Birds 
N.  Am.  1858,  392. 
Not  figured. 

Hah.  Eastern  Mexico. 

As  already  shown  in  Bifds  N.  Am.,  this  bird  is  very  different 
from  the  United  States  species  in  the  absence  of  any  lighter  edgings 
on  the  greater  wing  coverts  (seen  in  all  the  others),  in  the  almost 
entire  absence  of  whitish  edging  to  the  quills  and  tail,  and  in  the 
ashy,  instead  of  the  rusty,  flanks  and  crissum.  The  size  is  about  that 
of  the  Parus  atricapillus. 


Smith- 
sonian 

No. 

Collec- 
tor's 
No. 

Sex 
and 

A^e. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collectod  by 

10,20,3 
32,470 
32,736 

.S02 
44,730 

•• 

Mexico.      [region.) 
Orizaba.     (Alpine 
Mexico. 

... 

Dr.  P.  L.  Sclater. 
Prol'.  F.  Sumichrast. 
Verreaux. 

Pariis  carolinensis. 

Parus  carolinensis,  AtjD.  Orn.  Biog.  II,  1P34, 474,  pi.  160. — Ib.  Birds  Am. 
i:.  .841,  15i,,  pi.  127.— Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  392.— Sclater, 
Catal.  1861,  13,  no.  81. — Pcecila  carolinensis,  Bon.  Consp.  1850,  23U. 

Bab.  South  Atlantic  and  gulf  region  of  U.  S. 
6       August,  1301. 


1' 
'I 


i     ! 


I 


82 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  RIRDS. 


[part  I. 


Smlth- 

CollPC- 

Spx 

lonlHii 

t«l'8 

1111(1 

No. 

No, 

A|,'0. 

If.,.'il4 

,  , 

BO? 

,  , 

d 

7n(V 

,  , 

11.971 

.  , 

9 

2^,982 

301 

9 

19,088 

(M) 

d 

Locality. 


Ciipn  May  Co.,  N   J. 
WaxhlugtuD,  U.  C. 


Fort  Cobb,  Ark. 


When 
Collected. 


F.'l),  22,  '42. 
April  n,  '42 
May  1,  '39. 

May  '20,  '60. 


Received  from 


.T   K.  Tdwnseud. 
W.  M.  Baird. 

C.  Drexler. 

D  W.  PrentlHH. 

J.  H.  Clark. 


Collected  by 


C.  8.  M'Carthy. 


(007.)  4.2S;  6.S0.    (706.)  4.60;  7.00.    (11,971.)  4.80;  7.32. 

Pariia  niontanus. 

Parns  montanus,  Gambel,  Pr.  A.  N.  So.  April,  184!^,  259  (Santa  F6).— 
In.  Jour.  A.  N.  Sc.  new  ser.  I,  1847,  .^5,  pi.  viii,  fig.  1. — Baird, 
Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  394.— Sclater,  Catal.  18G1,  14,  uo.  84. 

Hab.  Mountain  regions  of  Middle  and  Western  United  States. 

Several  variations  in  coloration  and  other  characters  will  be  foniul 
mentioned  in  tlie  Birds  N.  Am.,  as  quoted  above,  but  nothing  appa- 
rently of  specific  value. 


1 
Smith-  CoUec- 

Sex 

1 

When 

Collected. 

Bouiaa    tor's 

and 

Locality. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

No.    :    No. 

Age. 

4,.390  i    171 
2],9.?9  '    082 
21,937  '    093 

!  Fortl)alle»,  Oretfoa. 

Feb.  18.'.3. 

Dr.  Snckley. 

•• 

■Colville  Depot,  W.T. 

Mar.  JO,  '60. 
Julyl.i, '60. 

A.  Campbell. 

Dr.  Kennerly. 

2'2,041   '       .. 

,. 

Bittei-root  Mta. 

Sept  3,  '60. 

Dr.  J.  0.  Cooper. 

17,.V>6  1    614 

1                1* 

• . . 

Lt.  Miillau. 

J.  Pearsall. 

16,206  ;      60 

9 

Fort  Crook,  Cat. 

■ . . 

Juliu  Felluer. 

21,466  1 

(« 

D.  F.  Parkiuson. 



2.5,710    1,266 

FortTejon,  Cal. 

Dec.  \860. 

.Ttilin  Xantus. 



10,544  1      64 

rf 

<  San  FrauciHCo  Mts. 

Capt.  J.  C.  Ives. 

Mollhausen. 

3,643  1     222 

9 

1  Medecitie,  BowCr'k. 

Aug.  6,  '56. 

Lt  Bryan,    [man. 

W.  8.  Wood. 

11.47.)   i       .. 

1  Fort  MaaiwchuKetts. 

Capt.  A   W.  Bow- 

10,712  I      .. 

.  , 

Ft.  Burgwyn,  N.  M. 

... 

Dr.  W.  W.  Ander- 

[son. 

(22,041.)  Iris  brown. 


P.4 


Parus  liudsoiiicus. 

Parus  hudsonicus,  Forster,  Philos.  Trans.  LXII,  1772,  383,  430.— Acd. 
Orn.  Biog.  II,  1834,  543,  pi.  194.— lu.  Birds  Am.  II,  1841, 155,  pi. 
128 —Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  395. 

Ilab.  Northeastern  portions  of  North  America. 

Specimens  from  the  most  northern  localities  appear  larger  than 
those  from  Maine  and  Nova  Scotia,  with  proportionally  longer  tails 
(3.00  inches,  instead  of  2.40).  I  can,  however,  detect  no  otluT 
difference,  although  I  have  access  to  but  a  few  skins  from  soutliern 
points.  This  difference  is  much  the  same  as  between  P.  atricapillus 
and  septentrionalis ;  to  which  variety  the  original  F.  hudsonicns 


PARUg. 


88 


8.  M'Carthy. 


Collected  by 


l)eloiip.'?,  yet  remains  to  be  determined,  and  to  which,  if  any,  a  new 
name  is  to  be  given. 

Tlio  Parus  sibiricus,  of  Europe,  is  very  similar  in  coloration  and 
characters  to  the  P.  hudi^oincus.  The  principal  diifercnce  is  seen  in 
the  cheeks,  which  in  sihiriciis  are  pure  white,  this  color  extending 
along  the  entire  side  of  the  neck,  widening  behind,  and  extending 
round  towards  the  back.  In  hudsonicus  the  checks  behind  the  eyes 
and  sides  of  neck  are  ash  gray,  the  white  being  confined  to  the  region 
below  or  near  the  eye.  The  smoky  gray  of  the  upper  part  of  head 
and  neck  in  sibiricus  is  in  a  stronger  contrast  with  the  brighter 
rufescent  gray  of  the.  back,  and  is  separated  from  it  by  an  obscure 
concealed  whitish  dorsal  half  collar,  represented  in  hudsonicus  only 
by  a  dull  grayish  shade  in  tho  plumage. 


Smtth- 

souiau 

No. 

Collec- 
tor's 
No. 

Sex 
and 
Age. 

LocalHy. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

18,087 
17,101 
2,926 
27,319 
19,5,59 
27,346 
19,553 
19,566 
22,276 

157 

1,.368 
256 

1,918 
313 

820 

9 

1  Riirolet,  Lab. 

Eaotern  N.  America. 
H.  Youkon. 

FT.  SlfflpB<m. 

It 

yrxiard. 
BiglKland,  G.  8.  L. 
Kt.  Rae,  G.  8.  L. 

July  1.3,  '69. 

Fobrnary. 
Oct.  19,  '59. 
April. 
JaQ.  20. 

May', 'i860. 

E    CouHH. 

J.  R.  Wlllig. 

8.  F.  BHird 

R.  KeDDicott. 
It 

B.  R.  Rons. 
R.  Kennicott. 
J.  Roid. 
L.  Clarke,  Jr. 

J.  J.  Audubon. 

t:>\ 


,f;l 


Parus  nifescens. 

Parus  Tufescens,  Townsend,  J.  A.  N.  So.  Phil.  VII,  ii,  1837, 190.— Aud. 
Orn.  Biog.  IV,  1838,  371,  pi.  353.— Id.  Birds  Am.  1841, 158,  pi.  129. 
— Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858, 394.— Cooper  &  SucKLKy,  P.  R.  R.  Rep. 
XII,  II,  1859,  194  (neatiug).- ScLATER,  Catal.  1861,  14,  no.  86.— 
Pvecila  rufescens,  Bo^AP.  Consp.  1850,  230. 

Hab.  Wqstarn  United  States  near  Pacific  coast. 


Smith- ICollec- 

Sex 

When     . 
Collected.  ' 

BODlan 

tor's 

and 

Locality. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

No. 

No. 

Age. 

17,444 

4.37 

? 

Simiahmoo,  W.  T. 

Dec.  23,  '59. 

A.  Campbell. 

Dr.  Kenuerly. 

11,812 

222 

Chiloweyuck,  W,  T. 

Sept.  27. 

** 

II 

21,955 

,  , 

Koutenay  Camp. 

II 

II 

6,778 

,  , 

Ft.  8teilacoom,W.T. 

Mar.  1856. 

Dr.  Geo.  Sni^kley. 

6,786 

41 

Ft.  VaDcouver. 

Dec.  29,  '63. 

Gov.  I   I.  Slovens. 

Dr.  Cooper. 

2,931 

,  , 

Columbia  River. 

. . . 

8.  F.  Baird. 

J,  K.  Townsend. 

1,924 

,  , 

,  ^ 

II 

II 

6,781 

,  , 

San  Francisco  T 

. . . 

Lt.  Willlam3on. 

Dr.  Hoermann. 

22,415 

40,752 

d 

California. 

... 

V'erreanx. 

84 


REVIEW  OP  AMEUICAN  BIRDS. 


PSALTRIPARUS,   Hon  a  p. 


[part  I. 


Pgaltripnrus,  BoNAP.  C.  R.  XXXI,  1850,  47H.     (Type  P.  melunotiii.) 
jEijilhaliicuH,  Oabanih,  Mus.  Ueiu.  I,  1850,  90.     (Typ«  Purus  erythrocephalus.) 


U  ' 


Psaltriparus  melanotis. 

Purus  rnelunoliii,  Haktladb,  Rev.  Zool.  1844,  21G. — Pacilu  melanotis,  Bp. 
ConHp.  1850,  230.  —  ^Eijithalisrua  milanotia,  Cab.  Mus.  H«in.  I, 
1850-51,  90. — Psallfia  melanotis,  VVk8Tkkma.nn,  Bijdrag.  Dierk. 
18bl.  —  Psaltriparus  melanotis,  Bonap.  C.  R.  XXXVIII,  1854.— 
Sclatek,  p.  Z.  8.  1868,  299.— Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  386,  pi. 
liii,  flg.  3.  ' 

Psaltripartis  personates,  Bonap.  C.  R.  XXXI,  Sept.  1850,  418.—P»uUra 
personata,  Westeumann,  Bijd.  Diurk.  1851,  16,  plate. 

Hah.  Eastern  Merico. 


Htnith- .Colleo-  Sex 

itunlan    tor's     and 

No.        No.      Age. 


Locality. 


29,711 


54 


<f      CayiiUalpam,  Mex. 
Mexico. 


When 

Collected. 


Dec.  1860. 


Received  from 


A.  Salli'. 

Cab.  Lawrence. 


Collected  by 


Psaltrlparus  minimus. 

ParuS  minimus,  Townsknd,  J.  A.  N.  Sc.  VII,  ir,  1837, 190. — Ann.  Orn. 
Biog.  IV,  1838,  382,  pi.  382,  figs.  5,  6.— Ib.  Birds  Am.  II,  1841, 160, 
pi.  130. — Pcecila  minima,  Bon.  Consp.  1850,  230. — Psaltria  minima, 
Cassin,  lUust.  1853, 20.—Psaltriparus  minimus,  Bon.  C.  R.  XXXVIII, 
1854,  62.— Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  397.— Coopbb  &  Suckley, 
P.  R.  R.  Rep.  XII,  II,  1859,  195. 

Hab,  Pacific  coast  of  United  States. 


Sialth- 

Bonian 

No. 

6,780 
12,895 
as),  745 

22,417 


Collec- 

Sex 

tor's 

and 

No. 

Aije. 

338 

rf 

],i91 

f 

40,844 

d 

Locality. 


Ft.  Stellacoom,W*T. 
Sacraneutu  Valley, 
Napa  Valley.     fCal. 
Auburn,  Cal. 
Fort  Tejon,  Cal. 
Califuraia. 


When 
Collected. 


Received  from 


Dec.  10,  '62. 


Dr.  Suckley. 
Lt   Williiimson. 
A.  J.  Orayson. 
Ferd.  G  ruber. 
J.  Xantus. 
Verreaux. 


Collected  by 


Dr.  Heertnann. 


Psaltriparug  plumbeus. 

Psaltria  plumbm,  Baird,  Pr.  A,  N.  S.  VII,  Jnne,  1854,  118  (Little  Colo- 
rado).— Psaltripnrus  plumhcus,  Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  398,  pi. 
xxxiii,  fig.  2.— ScLATER,  Catal.  1861,  398,  no.  77. 

Hah,  Southern  Rocky  Mountain  region  of  United  States. 


MAI.Tnir.\RirS — .VtlRTPAIlUS, 


85 


* 


Hniltli- 

hOlllUU 

No, 

Col  lee-    Sox 
iiir'8  '  and 

•No.    |Ak«). 

Locality. 

When 
Culleoind. 

ReeolTed  from 

Collected  by 

6,77-1 

6,777 

3:t,iM).J 

11,720 

6,770 

94 
6.1 
4U 

•• 

Camp  120,  Arizona. 

"      111, 
'  Little  Colorailo. 
CaiitoniiiHUt  Hur- 

Kwyti. 
Fort  1  Uorn,  N.  M. 

Kfb.  12,',')4. 
Knli.  1,  '.11. 
Nov.  18.03. 

Ll.  Whipple. 

[Hon 
Dr.  W.  W.  An<l«r- 
Ur.  T.  C.  Henry. 

l>r.  Kennerly. 
II 

'■■.■'•<i 


»■:.' 


(6,774  )  Irli  yellow.    (6,777.)  IrU  black.    (33,003.)  Irla  black. 


Heermana. 


AURIPARUS,  Baird. 
Auriparus,  Baird,  u.  g.     (Typ«  ^yilhalusjlaviceps,  Sund.) 

In  the  "  Birds  of  North  America,"  p.  309,  while  defining  the  generic 
characters  of  Paroides,  I  showed  tliat  the  jEijithalus  Jlamvepa,  of 
Suudevall,  diflfered  very  materially  from  the  P.  pendulinus,  the  type 
of  the  genus.  The  discrepancy,  in  fact,  is  too  great  to  permit  tho 
two  species  to  be  associated,  and  I  have  consequently  been  obliged 
to  cstabli.sh  a  new  generic  name.  The  peculiarities  authorizing  this 
course  will  be  found  detailed  in  the  work  cited  above.  They  con- 
sist, as  compared  with  other  American  forms,  in  the  long  pointed 
quills,  and  the  very  small  claws ;  the  tarsi  are  much  shorter  than 
iu  Psallriparus. 

The  single  known  species  of  the  genus  builds  a  covered  nest  of 
stiff,  short  pieces  of  grass,  with  a  hole  in  the  side,  in  bushes.  The 
eggs  are  spotted,  as  in  the  Black-headed  Titmice,  not  white,  as  iu 
Psallriparus  minimus. 

Auriparus  flaviceps. 

^yithalus  Jlavlceps,  SnxnEVALi,  Ofversigt  af  Vet.  Ak.  Forh.  VII,  v, 
1850,  Ud.—i'saUriaJiai-iceps,  Scl.  P.  Z.  S.  XXIV,  March,  1856,  37. 
— Psaltripmus Jiaviceps,  Scl.  Catal.  Am.  Birds,  1861,  13,  no.  79. — 

Parotdesjlai'iceps,  Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858, 400,  pi. ,  fig.  2. — 

*  Auriparus  Jluviceps,  Baird. 

Conirostrum  ornatum,  Lawrbnce,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.  May,  1851, 113,  pi.  t, 
fig.  1  (Texas). 

Hab.  Valleys  of  the  Rio  Grande  and  Colorado :  Cape  Pt.  Lucas. 

This  interesting  species  appears  confined  to  the  basins  of  the  Rio 
Grande  and  Gila,  extending  to  Cape  St.  Lucas,-  where  it  is  very 
abundant.  An  immense  number  of  its  curiously  shaped  nests  were 
collected  by  Mr.  Xaiitus.  Cape  St.  Lucas  specimens  of  this,  as 
of  the  other  species,  are  much  smaller  than  those  from  the  more 
uorthcru  localities  :  thus,  in  No.  12,907,  %,  the  wing  measures  1.90, 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


2.5 
Z2 

2.0 


11= 

U    IIIIII.6 


^^. 


P-y^. 


m 


/} 


"c>l 


^r 


'c*l 


/J. 


J 


^^ 


''■^ 


^ 


^^ 


iV 


:\ 


iV 


\ 


^\^ 


\. 


>^  X.  -^rl\ 


^i^ 


y> 


rv 


^ 


% 


f .  %:^ 


-.0 


V 


■x 


m^f:  ^' 


^—  :r 


I 


m 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BlRDa 


[part  I. 


the  tail  1.80;  while  in  C>,1C^■i  (l?),  from  El  Paso,  the  wing  is  2.15, 
and  tlie  tail  2.25.  The  Cape  St.  Lueas  specimens  are  brighter,  and 
the  top  of  head  just  behind  the  forehead  has  the  feathers  strongly- 
tinged  with  reddish-orange. 


Emitb- 

Collec- 

Sex 

V/hen 
Collected. 

aoDiau 
No. 

tor's 
No 

uud 
Age. 

Locality. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

.. 

Matainoras. 

Lt.  Couch. 

Dr.  Bei-Kiiidieir. 

6,774 

24 

,  , 

El  PaHo,  Mex. 

Dec.  26,  '54. 

Maj.  Emory. 

J.  H.  Clark. 

4,015 

218 

,  , 

SaltUlo,  Mex. 

Lt   Conch. 

11,54.^ 

,  , 

9 

Fort  Yuma,  Cal. 

Lt.  J.  C.  Ives. 

Ml'llhausen. 

11,S46 

.  , 

«i 

tt 

li 

12,967 

11 

rf 

C&pe  St.  Lucas. 

John  Xautas. 

12,968 

72 

d 

11 

It 

^■■onj.- 


I'ii.i.'  .C'.»'. 


,!•■.    -d 


Hi 


M|i' 


Sdbfamilt  SITTIN.E. 


SITTA,  LiNNiEus. 


Sitta,  LiNN.«DS,  Syst.  Nat.  1735  and  1758,  115. 
Reicuembacu,  Handbuch,  No.  IX,  1853, 149. 


(Type  S.  europaea.y — 
(Mouogrnph  of  genus.) 


Sitta  carolinensis. 

Sitta  europasa,  var.  y,  carolinensis,  Gm.  S.  N.  I,  1788,  44f . 

Sitta  carolinensis,  Latu.  Ind.  Orn.  I,  1790,  2f)2;  also  oi'  all  other  Ame- 
rican writers. — Reichenbach,  Handbuch,  Abt.  II,  1853,  153,  tab. 
dxiii,  figs.  3,563-4.— Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  374,  pi.  xxxiii, 
fig.  4.— Max.  Cab.  Jour.  VI,  1858,  106. 

Sitta  melanocephala,  Vieill.  Gal.  I,  1834,  171,  pi.  clxxi. 

Other  figures  :  Wilson,  Am.  Orn.  I,  pi.  ii,  fig.  3. — Aud.  Om.  Biog.  II,  pi. 
152.— Ib.  B.  a.  IV,  pi.  247. 

Hab,  United  States  and  the  Provinces ;  west  to  valley  of  the  Missouri. 


Smith- 

Collec- 

Sex 

When 
Collected. 

Koiiiaa 
No. 

tor's 
No. 

and 

Age. 

Locality. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

26,9.34 

.. 

.. 

Nova  Scotia. 

W.  0.  WJnton. 

1,645 

.  , 

Carlisle,  Pa. 

July  11, '44. 

j.  F.  Baird. 

1,761 

V 

tl 

Jan.  1845. 

" 

28,9.54 

1,004 

Washington,  D.  C. 

Oct.  13,  '60. 

E.  Couea. 

29,9,'52 

602 

V 

11 

Oct.  14,  '61. 

D.  W   Prentiss. 

.Sn,990 

115 

f 

(1 

Oct.  28,  '62. 

C   E  Schmidt. 

29,785 

Peoria,  III. 

Bishop. 

8,.S:!7 

62 

0. 

Independence.  Mo. 

June  6,  '57. 

W.  M.  Magraw. 

Dr.  J.  G.  Cooper. 

6,802 

17 

,  , 

Fort  Leavenwoi  Lh. 

Dec.  24,  '54. 

Lt.  Conch. 

6,871 

28 

cT 

Kant  of  Fort  Kiley. 

June  18,  '66. 

Lt.  Biyan.  [mond. 

W.  8.  Wood. 

6,871 

•• 

Fort  Riley,  Kaus. 

Dr.  W.  A.  Ham- 

(1,645.)   6.08;  10.89;  3-68.     (1,761.)   6.00;  11.25;  3.75. 
fi.80;  10.90;  3.60.     (30,996.)   6.00;  11.00. 


(28,954.)  5.90;  11.10;  3.40.     (29,252.) 


§itta  aciileata. 

Sitta  ariileata,  Cassin,  Pr.  A.  N.  So.  VIII,  Oct.  1856,  254.- 
N.  Am.  1858,  375,  pi.  xxxiii,  fig.  3. 


-Baibd,  Birds 


Smith- 

Ic 

soniau 

1 

No. 

21,918 

2I,!)4f) 

21,9.10 

6.SI1 

16.18.-) 

22,os:t 

3,5(12 

6,  Sim 

4,944 

2"),.'i'28 

2<l.747 

1, 

18,4'23 

\7MS 

f 

11,081 

19,228 

1 

11,731 

12,11)2 

(ii.'sO? 

13,673? 

13,589 

*i1'>^ 


8ITTA. 


8t- 


f  Sitta  carolinensis,  Sclatbb,  P.  Z.  8,  1856,  293  (Cordova)  ;  1858,300 
(Oaxaca)  ;  1859,  363  (Xalapa),  373  (Oaxaca;. 

Hub.  Western  and  Middle  United  States,  south  to  Cordova,  Mex. 

As  remarked  in  Birds  N.  Am.,  the  only  appreciable  difference 
between  this  species  and  the  preceding  is  in  the  much  slendticr  bill. 
The  Mexican  White-bellied  Nuthatches  seem  to  belong  here  rathor 
than  to  the  carolinensis ;  at  least  the  specimens  I  have  seen  do  so. 
It  is  very  difficult  to  express  this  difference  appreciably ;  but  a  coni- 
parisoa  of  large  series  from  the  two  localities  will  readily  illustrate 
the  fact  as  will  the  figures  cited  in  B.  N.  A. 

Mr.  Sclater  calls  attention  to  the  inferiority  of  size  of  his  speci- 
mens from  Oaxaca ;  this  might  be  anticipated  from  their  southern 
locality  as  resident  birds. 


Sinith- 

Collec- 

Sex 

When 
Collected. 

souiiia 

No. 

tor's 

No. 

aad 

Age. 

Locality. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

21,9»8 

590 

ff 

Colville,  W.  T. 

Mar.  1S60. 

A.  Campbell. 

George  Gibhs. 

21,114!) 

601 

MooKie  R.,  W.  T. 

Aug.  1860. 

tt 

Dr.  Keuuerly. 

21,9.W 

6n4 

V 

Kootenay  R.,  W   T. 

ti 

ti.SIl 

2.')8 

Ft.  Slfiliico..in,W.T. 

Dr.  Suckley. 

Ki.lS.-) 

274 

'rf 

Fort  Crook,  Cal. 

Jno.  Feiluer. 

2-.',ns:i 

SO 

11 

. . . 

D.  F    Parkinson. 

ii,jC>2 

280 

,  , 

Petaluma,  Cal. 

. . . 

E.  Samuels. 

6,Sl»6 

, , 

,  , 

Sail  t'rancisco,  Cal, 

R   D.  Cutts. 

4,944 

. , 

San  Jose,  Cal. 

. . . 

A.  J.  f>  ray  son. 

2-),328 

113 

rf 

Fort  Tejoii,  Cal. 

June,  18.J7. 

J.  Xantiis. 

2!l.747 

1,161 

Auburn,  Cal   [Idah. 

Dee.  1,'62. 

Ferd    G  ruber. 

18,423 

12 

, , 

W.  of  Fori  BontoH, 

April,  I860. 

Lt.  Mullan. 

Hlldrcth, 

n.-MS 

618 

V 

Bitterroot  Valley. 

11 

J.  Pearsall. 

1  l.OSl 

rf 

Port  Urid({er,  Utah. 

May  .30. 

C.  Drexler. 

19, 228 

166 

<f 

Sheyenne  River. 

Oct.  29. 

Capt.  Raynolds. 

Dr.  Hayden. 

11,731 

•• 

Caniunmcnt  Bur- 
Rwyii.  N.  M.[Ariz. 

Dr.  Anderson. 

12,1112 

. , 

<f 

S:in  Fraucisco  .Mts., 

Oct.  14.  '52. 

Capt.  Sitgreaves. 

Dr.  Woodhonse. 

6,807 

26 

ICl  niilBH  west  of 
Albu<{uerque. 

Lt.  Whipple. 

Dr.  Kennerly. 

13,673? 

., 

. . 

Xalapa,  Mex. 

• .  ■ 

P.  L  Sclater. 

R.  M.  D'Oca. 

13,u89 

•• 

•• 

Mexico. 

... 

J.  Gould. 

>  i. 


Sitta  canadensis.  • "' 

Sitta  canadensis,  Linn.  Syat.  Nat.  1, 176(5, 177.— Ann.  Orn.  Biog.  II,  1834, 
pi.  108.— Ib.  Birds  Am.  IV,  pi.  248.— Reich.  Handb.  Abt.  II,  1853, 
152,  tab.  dxifi,  figs.  3,561-2.— Baikd,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  3V6.— 
ScLATKR,  Catal.  1861,  15,  no.  91.  ;   /..  ' 

Sitta  varia,  WiLS.  Am.  Orn.  I,  1P08,  40,  pi.  ii.  .    ,• 

Hab.  Whole  United  States  and  British  Provinoes. 


fittiis. 


'I'M}-.    •  ' 


p 


i 

l:y\-r:: 

■  "!     -■  ■    ■ 

if     :  •     :'          ^ 

1'          1 

)■  1.    ■ 

88 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


emith- 

Collec- 

Sex 

■oiilaa 

tor's 

II  ud 

No. 

No. 

AKe. 

20,878 

.. 

818 

ff 

28, 109 

13,190 

(f 

11,608 

6,937 

ii 

17,5 13 

609 

V 

18,424 

1 

11.078 

, , 

rf 

8,840 

, , 

.5,280 

rf 

21.9.51 

, , 

22,0i6 

49 

,  , 

16,1911 

273 

,  , 

6,838 

, , 

.  , 

11,338 

•• 

Locality. 


East  Bethel,  Vt. 
CarllHle,  Pa. 
WaHlilDKtoa,  D.  C. 
Upper  Geortfia. 
Riceboro',  Ga. 
Selkirk  Settlement. 
Bitteri'oot  Valley, 

Kocky  Mt». 
W.  of  Fort  BentOQ. 
Fort.  Bridner. 
Black  Hilk. 
Cetlai'  iHlaud,  Mo. 
Kooteiiay  R.,  W.  T. 
Kocky  MouDtains. 
Fort  Crook,  Cal. 
Siicratneuto  Valley. 
Fort  Yuma,  Cal. 


When 
Collected. 


Received  from 


Oct.  19,  '42. 


Feb.  6,  '60. 
May  19,  '58. 
Sept.  30. 


C.  S   Paine. 
S.  F    Baird. 
C.  urexler. 
A   Gorhardt. 
Prof.  Leconte. 
Donald  Guan. 

Lt.  MuUan. 

(1 

C.  Drexler. 
Lt.  Warren. 


April,  1860.      A.Campbell. 
Aug.  15,  '60.]    Dr.  J.  G.  Cooper. 

Jno.  Feilner. 

Lt.  WilliaiUHOQ. 

Lt.  Ives. 


Collected  by 


J.  Pearsall. 
Hildrelh. 


Dr.  Hayden. 
George  Oibbs. 


Dr.  Heermann. 
Miillliausen. 


tJ 


Sitta  pusilla.  ,.  ■■  . 

Sitta  pusilla,  Lath.  Ind.  Orn.  I,  1790,  263.— Wils.  Am.  Orn.  II,  1810, 
105,  pi.  XV.— AuD.  Orn.  Biog.  II,  1834,  pi.  125.— Ib.  Birds  Am.  IV, 
pi.  249.— Reich.  Handb.  1853, 153,  tab.  dxiv,  figs.  3,567-8.— Baird, 

'        Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  377.— Sclatek,  Catal.  1861,  15.  v 


'Oil'   . 


Ilab.  South  Atlantic — and  Gulf  States. 


Smitli- 

SODiaD 

No. 

Collec- 
tor's 
No. 

Sex 
and 
Age. 

V 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

3,086 
2,399 

•• 

Liberty  Co.,  Ga. 
Savaonah,  Ga. 

1846. 
1845. 

8.  F.  Baird. 

14 

W.  L.  Jones. 
Jos.  Leconte. 

UH 


!\f,- 


Sitta  pygniaea.  • 

Sitta  pygmwa,  ViaoRS,  Zool.  Beechey's  Voy.  1839,  25,  pi.  i7. — Avn.  Orn. 
Biog.  V,  1839,  pi.  415.— Ib.  Birds  Am.  IV.  pi.  250.— REinn.  Handb. 
*■■'■'        1853,  153,  tab.  dxiv,  figs.  3,365-6.— Newberry,  P.  R.  R.  Rep.  VI, 
IV,  185,",  79.— Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  378.— Sclater,  P.  Z.  S. 
1859,  3'J3  (Xalapa).— Ib  Catal.  1861,  15,  no.  93. 

Hab.  Westera  and  Middle  United  States;  south  to  Xalapa. 


Smlth- 

Collec- 

sex 

When 
Collected. 

•onlan 
No. 

tor's 
No. 

and 
Age. 

Locality. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

6,g40 

Wnshingtoii  Terri- 

Oct.  18.53. 

Gov,  I    I.  Stevens. 

Dr.  J.  0.  Cooper. 

21,953 

8S4 

Kooteuay  Rlv.[tory. 

Mar.  20,  '60. 

A.  Campbell. 

Geo.  Gibbs. 

22,047 

82 

,  , 

Bitterroot  Valley. 

. . . 

Dr.  J.  G.  Cooper. 

16,192 

199 

rf 

Port  Crook,  Cal. 

. . . 

Jno.  Feilner. 

21.448 

,  , 

" 

. . . 

D.  F.  Parkinson. 

.8.729 

?  Monterey,  Cal. [Ar. 

W.  Mutton. 

6,803 

43 

, , 

Sau  Fiancisco  MtH., 

Dec.  27,  '63. 

Lt.  Whipple. 

Dr.  Kennerlv. 

11,7.30 

•• 

•• 

Cantonment  Biir- 
[gwyn,  N.  M. 

Dr.  W.  W.  Ander- 
[son. 

I   (HA'! 3 


.»11.1JUH 


CERTUIA. 


88 


'  '/'■[■'jH''.}   '   j      i.nitxl  ft«»Yh--t'-)' 


Family  CERTHIAD.^.* 


CERTHIA,  LiNNJKus. 

Certhia,  Linnaps,  Syst.  Nat.  ed.  10th,  1758,  112.     (Type  C.  familiaris.) 
(See  Reicue:.'u.ich,  Handbuch,  I,  ii,  1853,  256,  for  a  monograph  of  the  genus.) 

Plumage  soft  :iud  loose.  Bill  as  long  as  head,  not  notched,  compresled ; 
all  its  lateral  outlines  decurved.  Nostrils  not  ov  srhung  by  feathers,  linear, 
with  T  r  incumbent  thickened  scale,  as  in  Troglodytes.  No  rictal  bristles,  and 
the  loral  and  frontal  feathers  smooth,  without  bristly  shafts.  TarsUs  scutel- 
late  anteriorly,  shorter  than  middle  toe,  which  again  is  shorter  than  hind  toe. 
All  claws  very  long,  much  curved  and  compressed  ;  outer  lateral  toe  much  the 
longer;  basal  joint  of  middle  toe  entirely  adherent  to  adjacent  ones.  Wings 
rather  pointed,  about  equal  to  the  tail,  the  feathers  of  wh'ch  are  much  pointed 
with  stiffened  shafts.     Primaries  ten ;  1st  less  than  half  the  2d. 

Of  the  Certhiadm  but  one  genus  belongs  to  America — Certhia, 
with  its  two  recognized  species.  The  characters  above  given  include 
both  family  and  generic  characters,  derived  from  this  one  genus. 
This  is  readily  distinguished  by  the  decurved,  compressed  bill  ; 
absence  of  notch  and  bristles  ;  exposed  linear  nostrils  with  incum- 
bent scales  ;  connate  middle  toe,  very  long  claws,  short  tarsi,  pointed 
and  stifiTened  tail  feathers,  etc. 

Certhia  americana. 

Certhia  familiaris,  Vieill.  Ois.  Am.  Sept.  II,  1807,  70  (not  the  European 

bird?) ;  also  of  Wilson  and  Auddbox. 
Certhia  americana,  Bonap.  Comp.  List,  1838. — Reich.  Handb.  I,  1853, 

265,  pi.  dcxv,  figs.  4,102-3.— Baird,  Birds  N.  Am,  1858,  372.— Max. 

Cab.  Jour.  1858,  105.— Cooper  &  Suckley,  P.  R.  R.  Rep.  XII,  ii, 

1859,  192.— ScLATSK,  Catal.  1801,  15,  no.  94. 

With  much  additional  material  to  that  used  in  preparing  the  article 
on  this  species  in  the  Birds  N.  Am.,  I  find  it  still  difficult  to  make 
the  specimens  from  western  America  different  from  eastern.  The 
bill  is  perhaps  longer  on  an  average,  although  single  eastern  speci- 
mens may  be  found  exhiliiting  the  maximum  condition  in  this  respect. 
The  white  of  under  parts  appears  purer,  the  light  line  over  the  eye 

'  See  Reichenbach,  Handbuch  der  Orn.  I,  ii,  1853. 


w 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS, 


[part  1. 


1   ■> 

li                     ( 

m.\  •* 


i;L! 


more  distinct;  the  colors  above  possibly  a  little  da-ker,  with  more 
reddish. 

The  series  at  my  coininand  of  the  European  G.  famUiaris  is 
not  sufficiently  large  nor  perfect  enough  to  permit  any  ver)  satis- 
factory comparisons.  The  bill,  however,  appears  longer  and  liigher 
than  in  eastern  G.  americana.  The  claws  arc  longer,  and  the  tai[ 
shorter,  not  equalling  the  wings,  instead  of  exceeding  them.  The 
first  quill  is  longer,  its  exposed  portion  being  half  that  oi  the  si;cond, 
instead  of  considerably  less.  The  coloration  is  exceedingly  similar; 
the  central  light  streaks  of  the  feathers  above  are,  however,  less 
distinct,  being  not  so  white,  and  more  pervaded  by  the  ferrugiiious. 
The  under  parts  are  more  ashy,  and  the  rusty  of  the  crissam  perhaps 
less  prominent. 

Gerthia  costae  is,  in  reality,  more  nearly  related  than  G.  faviiliarU 
to  our  species  in  color  and  length  of  tail.  This  differs  again  in  still 
larger  bill  and  claws,  and  in  a  purer  white  of  the  under  parts.  The 
three,  however,  are  so  very  close!  related  as  almost  to  be  eutitled 
to  consideration  as  races  of  one  species. 


Smith- 

CoUec- 

Sex 

8UUIHU 

tDr's 

and 

^0. 

No. 

Age. 

827 
1,337 

•• 

28.bl8 

728 

rf 

29,947 

109 

V 

82,283 

rf 

11.987 

.. 

20,920 

17,430 

461 

^ 

7,1.JS 

16,174 

174 

'<i 

22,0S0 

67 

12,.S23 

'<i 

13,743 

144 

i 

11,.S14 

,  , 

7,154 

47 

Locality. 


Carlisle,  Pa. 

WiVshlnKton,  D.  C. 

Liberty  Co.,  Ga. 
Ked  KiverSottlein't. 
Illiuoih         [Siiuiid. 
Siniiahmoo,  Puget 
Ft.  Stoilacooin,  " 
Fort  Croolc,  Cal. 

Fort  Tejoii,  Cal. 

"  tKwyn,  N.  M. 
Cantoiiinpiit  Biir- 
Pueblo  Creek,  N.  M. 


When 
Collected. 


Oct.  22,  '-12. 
April  .l,  '44. 
April  24. '80. 
Dec.  28,  '59. 

AprlVo. 

Jan.  1860. 


Jan.  22,  '54. 


Received  from 


8.  F.  Baird. 

E.  Couec 
I).  W.  Prentiss. 
Jog.  Leciiute. 
D.  Giinn. 
K.  Keuiiicott. 
A.  Campbell. 
Dr   Suckley. 
Jolin  Keilner. 
U.  F.  Parkinson'. 
J.  XaiitUH. 

"  [son. 

Dr.  W.  W.  Auder 
Lt.  Wliipple. 


Collected  by 


Dr.  Kennerly. 


Dr.  Kennerly. 


(S27.)  .'5.40;  7.80;  2.00.     (1, , 337.)  .VOO;  7.60 ;  2.50.     (28,948.)  5..30i  8.00;  2.50.     (29,947.)  5.00; 
7.30;  2.30.     (32,283.)  6.60;  7.80;  2.70. 

i-'-iti  )..U  nil  •*.'  i'ii jO...'.*j      )■•  ■      1   ■   •    -   •■•!-■■  .'•     '      '■>"  ' .'/'  ; 


Certhia  mexicana. 


!■' 


Certhia  mexicana,  "Glookr,  Handbuch,"  Reichenbach,  Handhiich,  I, 
.;■  .  18S3,  26."),  pi.  dlxii,  figs.  3,841-2.— Sclatek,  P.  Z.  S.  1856,  290; 

I  .ri'ii.         1858,  297;  1859,  3()2,  372.— Ib.  Catal.  1861,  15,  no,  95.— Baird, 
f*'np  ■         Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  373  (under  C.  onieriraiia),  pi.  Ixxxiii,  fig.  2. 

Hah.  Mexico;  perhaps  extending  along  the  table  lands  into  the  U.  States, 

This  species  will  be  readily  recognized  on  comparison  with  the 
United  States  s])eries  by  its  much  darker  color  above,  and  especially 
the  deeper  shade  of  brown  on  the  rump,  and  apparently  its  greater 


•  ■$ 


f 


Hi  'A' 


>f.iXit     TROGLODYTID.B. 


i'\.: 


'M 


cxtonslon  up  tlie  hark.     Tlic  throat  ulone  is  white ;  the  rcmaiiiiiif^ 
under  parts,  the  fianlis  espt  cially,  having  an  ashy  brown  tiiijje,  not 

111)1 ;  'I'd  in  tlie  other  speeies.     ,,       ,  .       ,,,..,        ,  .;  ,  „.     ,.  , 


Siiilth- 

flillliltU 

Xo. 

CollBC- 

l.ir'n 
No. 

Hex 
iiiul 
Aye. 

Locality. 

CoUm"d.   :     K<>«elved  from 

Collected  hy 

si:« 

i:!,n»8 

•• 

Mpxico. 

...                      J.  (iould. 

■.  i.i     ..-     y-    -..'• 


vi'ii,r.'-i.;. 


'4i 


Family  TROGLODYTIDyE. 


' " '  '  ',1,  ',!'.''>)  '••',:•}*■ 


<  >^ 


Rictal  bristles  wnntiui; ;  tlie  loral  feathers  with  bristly  points  ;  the  frontal 
feathers  generally  not  reacliing  to  nostrils.  Nostrils  varied,  exposed  or  not 
covered  by  feathers,  juid  generally  overhung  by  a  scale-like  membrane.  Bill 
u.-iually  without  notch.  Wings  much  rounded,  about  equal  to  tail,  which  is 
graduated.  I^'riaiaries  ten,  the  lirst  generally  about  half  the  second.  Basal 
joint  of  middle  toe  usually  united  to  half  the  basal  joint  of  inner,  and  the 
whole  of  that  of  thm  outer,  or  more.  Lateral  toes  about  equal,  or  the  outer  a 
little  the  longer.     Tarsi  scutelUvte. 

The  impossibility  of  defining  any  hirge  group  of  animals,  so  as  to 
separate  it  stringently  and  abruptly  from  all  others,  is  well  under- 
stood among  naturalists ;  and  the  Troglodijlidse  form  no  exception 
to  tlie  rule.  Some  bear  so  close  a  resemblance  to  the  Mocking 
Thrushes  as  to  have  been  combined  with  them ;  while  others  again 
exhibit  a  close  approximation  to  other  subfamilies.* 

'  The  genus  Rhodinoctihia  has,  by  most  of  our  systematic  writers,  been 
placed  among  the  DemlracolajitidiP,  and  tlms  as  not  belonging  to  the  Oscines 
at  all.  Taking  all  this  for  granted,  I  deferred  any  investigation  of  the  species 
until  I  had  finished  the  Oscines.  A  casual  examination  has,  however,  recently 
convinced  me  that  the  genus  is  truly  Oscine,  and  possibly  one  of  the  Tioylo- 
ilitidr.  Dr.  Sclater  coincides  in  this  view,  and  is  inclined  to  place  it  very 
near  lleleodijtts.  As  it  is  now  too  late  to  introduce  it  in  its  proper  place,  I 
il.  fer  furllier  consideration  of  the  subject  to  the  Appendix,  and  merely  give 
the  principal  synonyms  : — 

Rhodinocichla  rosea.  x  r 

FnriKiriiig  riiscus.   Li:?so\,  111.  Zool.  pi.  v. — Ti/todlnocichia  rosea,  Hartl. 
tab.  Jour.  Ib53,  33.— Scl.  Vr.  1855,  141 ;  184G,  140.— lu.  Catal. 


•    i 


ii: 


I 


mm"f- 


t--'^ 

92 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  RIRnS. 


[rART  I. 


Tho  stnu'turo  of  tlio  feet,  howpvcr,  as  far  ns  my  observations 
ext<'n(l,  fiirnislies  a  jyood  clniructor  for  liiniting  tlic  family,  and  espe- 
cially of  (li.stiii{^uisliiiig  it  from  the  Turdidve.  In  the  latter  tho  basal 
foint  of  the  outer  hitural  toe  is  united  to  the  middle  toe ;  sonietinicsJ 
only  a  part  of  it  and  ihe  inner  toe  is  cleft  almost  to  its  very  base,  so 
as  to  be  opposable  to  the  hind  toe,  st^parate  from  the  others.  In 
tht  Trixjlodytidfe,  on  the  contrary,  the  inner  toe  is  united  by  half  its 
basal  joint  to  the  middle  toe  ;  sometimes  by  the  whole  of  this  joint, 
and  the  second  joint  of  the  outer  toe  enters  wholly  or  partially  into 
tliis  union,  instead  of  the  basal  only.  In  addition  to  this  character, 
the  open  exposed  nostrils,  the  usually  lengthened  bill,  the  generally 
equal  lateral  toes,  the  short  rounded  wings,  the  graduated  tail,  etc., 
furnish  points  of  distinction.  In  the  skins  before  me  there  appear 
to  be  considerable  differences  in  the  structure  and  appearance  of 
the  nostrils,  which  may  serve  to  aid  in  defining  the  genera  with  con- 
siderable precision.  The  exact  characters,  of  course,  cannot  be  very 
readily  ascertained  from  dried  specimens,  and  I  ma/  liave  erred  in 
the  interpretation  of  the  appearances  presented ;  although  a  careful 
examination  of  a  large  number  of  repvesentatives  of  the  species  has 
been  made.  All  the  forms  agree  pretty  well  in  the  character  of  the 
wings  and  tail,  which  differ  in  relative  size  and  in  shape  less  than 
in  most  families;  the  feet  are  quite  similar,  and  the  bills  only 
moderately  varied  ;  so  that,  without  an  examination  of  the  nostrils, 
it  would  be  difiicult  to  establish  intelligibly  some  of  the  genera. 

In  general  there  is  a  thin,  vertical,  imperforate  septum  in  tho 
median  plane  of  the  nose,  separating  the  nasal  cavities  of  opposite 
sides.  Some  skins  of  Campylorhynchus  exhibit  an  aperture  in  this 
septum,  but  I  am  unable  to  satisfy  myself  that  this  h.is  not  been 
caused  artificially  by  passing  a  string  through  the  nostrils  to  fasten 
the  two  jaws  together.  Besides  this,  however,  there  is  what  may 
be  called  the  lateral  septum  (a  modification  of  the  turbinated  bones 
of  the  nose)  on  either  side  of  the  median,  which  either  projects  a 
short  distance  into  the  posterior  portion  of  the  nasal  cavity,  with  a 
nearly  vertical  edge  (seen  in  ThrxjoUwi'us),  or  is  continued  along 

18*j1,  147,  no.  891.— Lawkenck,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.  VII,  292.— Cab. 
&  Hein.  M.  H.  II,  18!59,  23. 
Tardus  valpinus,  Hartl.  R.  Zool.  1849,  27(5.— In.  P.  Z.  S.  1850, 276,  plate. 

Originally  described  from  Venezuela  and  Caraccas,  Mr.  Lawrence  lias 
received  it  from  the  line  of  the  Panama  R.  R.,  while  tlie  Smithsonian  Insti- 
tution possesses  specimens  from  Colima  and  MazaUan.  A  note  hy  (^)l.  fJray- 
son,  attached  to  a  Mazatlan  tkin,  states  that  it  is  one  of  the  sweetest  singers 
of  that  vicinity,  fully  equal  in  thid  respect  to  any  specieb  of  Thrush. 


r:t'-I 


TROaLOnYTIT).B. 


1): 


93 


tile  roof  of  the  cavity  to  its  upper  luiterior  extremity,  constantly 
diuiiiii.sliing  in  depth  (as  in  TlivjiuphHun),  or  is  carried  still  lurtlier 
ruiiii.l  to  the  lower  anterior  end,  as  in  S(ili>i>u-les,  where  it  is  arched 
outwards  so  as  to  be  parallel  with  the  extcauuil  scale.  This  septum 
is  not  noticeable  in  the  specimen  of  Ildeodytes  before  me  ;  in  all 
others  where  the  nostrils  are  suiiiciently  open  it  is  cpiite  apprecialdo. 
This  lateral  septum  is  sometimes  vertical  or  parallel  to  the  median 
septum  ;  in  Cinnirerthia,  however,  it  is  slightly  revolute,  snowing  a 
liTc  edge  perpendicular  to  ti^e  median  plane,  which  forms  a  low  wall 
dividing  the  oval  nasal  cavity  into  two  parts,  but  not  conung  to  the 
surface.  In  JJeterorhina  this  wall  is  higher,  reaching  the  level  of 
the  n(»slrils,  but  not  adherent  to  the  edges;  while  in  Microarculus, 
if  tilt!  indications  of  the  poor  specimens  of  M.  bambla  before  me  are 
nut  misinterpreted,  this  septum  is  united  to  the  edges,  forming  a 
bridge  separating  two  cavities. 

In  most  forms  of  Truylodylidse  the  nostrils  occupy  the  lower  side 
of  the  nasal  groove,  and  are  more  or  less  elongated,  and  overhung 
by  a  valvular  convex  or  vaulted  projection  of  the  nasal  membrane, 
which  is  thickened  and  rounded  at  the  edges.  This  variet  in  de- 
velopment, least  in  Campylorhynchus,  more  distinct  in  T/iryolhorus  ; 
while  in  Pheuyopedius,  it  seems  almost  to  close  the  aperture.  In 
Thryophilus,  however,  this  scale-like  projection  appears  to  be 
entirely  wanting,  leaving  the  nasal  cavity  broadly  open,  and  the 
lateral  cavity  nuich  exposed.  In  HehodyUiH,  and  in  some  forms  of 
Cam]>ylorhynchuH,  the  nasal  aperture,  as  in  JJopavobiua,  has  its 
anterior  half  resting  in  the  end  of  the  nasal  groove,  bordered  only 
behind  and  by  thin  membrane  only,  and  with  no  lateral  septum  visi- 
ble. In  Cyphorinus,  the  nostril  is  snmll,  circular,  and  entirely  sur- 
rounded by  membrane.  In  the  others,  it  r(!sts  against  the  lower 
side  of  the  nasal  groove  at  its  anterior  extremity,  with  membrane 
aijove  and  behind  it  only. 

The  bill,  in  most  spoci'js,  is  long,  slender,  subulate,  and  decurved ; 
in  Cinnicerthia,  it  is  more  conical.  It  is  generally  without  notch 
at  the  end,  except  in  Cyphorinus,  Microcer cuius,  Heterorhina,  and 
Thri/ophilus.  The  feathers  of  the  forehead  do  not  corns  as  far  for- 
ward as  the  nostrils,  as  a  general  rule. 

The  lateral  toes  are  about  equal,  the  outer  very  little  the  longer ; 
in  Salpincles  and  C'atherpes,  however,  the  discrepancy  is  very 
I'.uirked.  In  Keleodytes  the  tarsus  is  as  short  as  the  middle  toe,  or 
shorter ;  in  all  others  it  is  longer,  generally  considerably  so.  The 
ItM's  are  very  stout  in  Heleodytes,  Campylorhynchus,  and  Cinnicer- 
thia; in  the  others  they  are  more  slender. 


• 


M 


'-:\ 


h 


li 


^ii 


94 


RKVIKW  OP  AMERICAN  DlllDS, 


[I'AIIT  I. 


Contrary  to  the  opinionH  of  nuist  Ornitlnjl(»Kista,  I  liavj;  i)lu(»(| 
tlie  gonus  JJonavobiuH  among  the  Thrushus,  rutlior  than  the  Wr<!iis: 
the  reasons  for  this  .*re  given  on  page  58. 

With  these  prcliniinar)  general  reniarits,  I  proceed  to  present  ii 
brief  synopsis  of  the  genera  and  siihgenera  of  American  Trorjlody- 
tUtfv,  wiiich,  however  urtifieial,  may  serve  to  aid  in  their  determina- 
tion.   The  fuller  characters  will  be  found  detailed  under  each  genus : — 


A.  Nostrils  broadly  oval,  not  overhung ;  anterior  half  rest- 

ing in  the  end  of  the  nasal  groove  ;  no  lateral  septum 
visible.  Bill  not  notched.  Tarsi  as  short  as  inidde  toe 
and  claw.     Legs  stout  ....... 

B.  Nostrils  quite  broadly  oval,  without  distinct  lateral  sep- 

tum, this  being  concealed  liy  the  narrow  scale  which 
margins  the  nostril  above.  Bill  not  notched.  Lega 
stout ;  claws  strong,  much  curved  ;  tarsus  longer  than 
midille  toe  and  claw.     Tail  about  equal  to  wings  . 

C.  Bill  slender,  not  notched.     Nostrils  elongated,  in  lower 

side  of  nasal  groove,  overhung  by  an  arched  portion  of 
nasal  membrane,  thickened,  with  rounded  edges.  Inner 
lateral  toe  considerably  shorter  than  outer. 

a.  Inner  lateral  toe  equal  to  hind  toe.     Lateral  plates 

along  posterior  half  of  tarsi  divided  into  smaller 
' '     ones  ......... 

b.  Inner  lateral  toe  considerably  shorter  than  hind 

toe.    Pl.ii.es  of  posterior  half  of  tarsus  continuous, 
■■' "■        "- not  divided  into  smaller  ones 

D.  Nostrils  wioadly  oval,  divided  by  a  low  wall  perpendicu- 

lar to  the  median  nasal  septum,  but  not  coming  to 
the  surface ;  bordered  above  by  scarcely  thickened 
membrane,  placed  in  end  of  nasal  groove.  Legs  very 
stout.  Bill  short,  broad  at  base,  without  notch.  Cul- 
men  much  curved.  Tail  much  graduated,  about  equal 
to  the  wings 

E.  Bill  distinctly  notched  at  end  (not  notched  in  any  other 

Troglodytidx), 
a.  Bill  distinctly  notched,  very  high,  and  much  com- 
pressed.    Nostrils  small,  truly  circular,  opening 
in  the  middle  of  the  nasal  membrane.   Tail  much 
shorter  than  (about  two-thirds)  the  wings  . 
'     b.  Bill  distinctly  notched,  quite  high  and  compressed. 
"   "  V      Nostrils  apparently  double,  the  single  aperture 
''•v''     being  divided  by  a  bridge.     Tail  scarcely  more 
'"'"''     than  half  the  winjs  ..... 

c.  Bill  faintly  not'-hed,  scarcely  higher  than  broad  at 
the  base.  Nostrils  broadly  oval,  with  membrane 
above,  but  no  thickened  scale ;  divided  by  a 
eeptum  coming  to  the  surface,  which,  however, 


1-,'.:^ 


Hetendytex, 


Campylorhyn^hus. 


Salpinctes. 
Cat  herpes. 


Cinnicerthia. 


,  ll-.r. 


CyphoritiHS. 


Microcerculun, 

?>:o-.'      ■■It;  .  ., 


iM^'f  i 


HO'lf/l 


HELE0DYTE8.        ',:ia 


■I    •> 


Hill 


r>'i: 


ThryophiluSm     ^ 


does  not  form  a  bridge.     Tail  about  two-tliirdB 

the  wings Ilelerorhina, 

<l.  Nostrils  iiroftdly  open,  and  exposed  ;  not  overhung 
by  a  Bcale,  and  Htiowing  a  lateral  vertical  septum 
extended   forwards  above;   anterior  half  in  thj 
'     end  of  nasal  groove.     Hill  distinctly  notched. 
Tarsi  longer  than,  middle  toe  and  claw.     Tail 
about  e(|ual  to  the  wings    ..... 
Bill  not  notched,  slender,  or  very  deep.     Nostrils  linear, 
on  lower  edge  of  nasal  groove,  and  overhung,  sometimes       ,    ■',:;..,;   ,i 
concealed,  by  an  arched  or  vaulted   thickened   mem-      •  .   , 

brane  with  rounded  edges.     Lateral  toes  about  equal.  ;,    • 

a.  Bill  very  stout  and  deep,  as   long  as  the  head  ; 

height  about  one-third  the  length  above.    Wings 

about  equal  to  the  tail        .         .       • .         .         .  Pheugopedius, 

b.  Bill  slender.     Tail  about  equal  to  the  wings,  or,  if 

shorter,  only  moderately    graduated   (outer  at      :..,      .  ,    ,. 
least  four-fifths  of  central).     Hind  claw  shorter     ,,       ,    , 
than  the  rest  of  the  toe.    A  lateral  nasal  septum,  <•,,,     ■ 

vertical  and  projecting  into  the  posterior  portion  ■  \ 

of  the  nasal  cavity.  (,,.   i,>    . 

1.  Bill  as  long  as  the  head.      Tail  iVaihers  ,    ..   ; 
broad,  about  as  long  as  the  wings. 

Tail  equal  to  the  wings    .... 
Tail  longer  than  the  wings 

2.  Bill  shorter  than  the  head.     Tail  feathers 
narrow.     Colors  plain.  ,  ,  ,        ,    . 

Tail  equal  to  the  wings     .... 
Tail  shorter  than  the  wings 

c.  Bill  slender.     Tail  shorter  than  the  wings,  very 

much  graduated.     Lateral  feathers  about  two- 
thirds  the  central.     Hiud  claw  as  long  as  rest  of      ^   ,-,,,. 
toe. 

1.  Bill  as  long  as  the  head.     Hind  claw  longer 

*  .han  rest  of  toe   ......  Telmntodytea. 

2.  Bill  shorter  than   the  head.      Hind  claw 

eqnal  to  the  rest  of  the  toe  ....  Cistothorus. 


Thryollinrtis. 
Thryomanes. 


TTyletnnthrous. 
Trcjloflytes. 


'"■.*. 

-.'i 


\, 


HELEODTTES,  Cabanis. 
Heleodytes,  Cab.  Mus.  Hein.  I,  l!-50,  80.     (Type  Furnarius  grisetis,  Sw.) 

Bill  longer  than  head,  without  notch  oi  rictal  bristles.  Nostrils  broadly 
oval,  in  the  anterior  extremity  of  nasal  groove,  bordered  behind  by  a  nake  I 
membrane  as  in  Donacohiu.t.  Commissure  curved  gently,  not  angulated ; 
gonys  straight.  Wings  about  length  of  tail.  First  primary  considerably 
more  than  half  the  longest ;  second  longer  than  ■secondaries.  Tail  moderately 
graduated  ;  outer  feather  about  five-sixths  the  middle  ;  outer  web  of  exterior 
feather  about  one-third  the  inner.     Tarsi  scarcely  longer  than  the  middle  toe. 

Colors  plain,  without  dark  spots  or  bars. 


».,     ! 


K-^SS 


'I 
I 


9i 


REVIEW  OP  AMERICAN  RIRPS. 


[part  I. 


Altlioujrii  the  gcnuH  IlehnMlylen  is  not  represented  within  the 
region  covered  by  the  present  review,  1  introduce  a  brief  nioiitidn 
of  it  witli  the  view  of  conipieting  the  liistory  of  tlie  family,  as  well 
lis  of  illustrating  the  jjeculiurities  of  the  speeies  of  Cani/ii/lnrfii/iirhi 
having  very  siniilur  nostrils.  The  relutionnhips  between  the  two 
genera  are  very  close,  and  it  is  almost  a  (jueation  whether  they  can 
bo  separated  trenchantly  from  each  other.  'I'lie  specimen  before  me, 
from  Mr.  Lawrence's  collection,  is  from  Hogota;  and,  as  it  may  be 
different  from  the  species  of  Guiana  and  Venezuela,  I  subjoin  a  brief 
description.'  ,  . 


|t; 


iii 


CAMPYLORHYNCHUS,  Snx. 

Campt/torhynchus,  Spix,  Av.  Bras.  I,  1824,  77. 
Snx  =  Tuidus  vurie(jatus,  Omel.) 


(Type  C.  scolopacetis, 


:l|'f?i'i.'' •: 


Bill  stout,  compressed,  as  long  as,  or  longer  than  the  head,  without  notch 
or  rictal  bJstles ;  culmen  and  commissure  curved ;  gonys  nearly  straiglit. 
Nostrils  in  the  antero-iuferior  part  of  nasal  groove,  in  advance  of  the  frontal 
feathers,  with  an  overhanging  scale  with  thickened  edge,  as  in  Thii/oihnnis ; 
sometimes,  as  in  the  type,  reduced  to  a  slight  ridge  along  the  upper  side  of 
the  nasal  groove.  Lateral  septum  not  projecting  below  or  anteriorly  into  the 
nasal  caviiy,  but  concealed  by  the  nasal  scale.  Tarsus  a  little  longer  than 
middle  toe  and  claw  ;  claws  strong,  much  curved,  and  very  sharp ;  middle 
toe  with  basal  joint  adherent  almost  throughout.  Wings  and  tail  about 
equal,  the  latter  graduated  ;  the  exterior  webs  of  lateral  feathers  broad.  In 
size  the  largest  of  the  family. 

'  Heleodytea  griseus. 

Furnarius  griseus,  Swainbon,  Anim.  in  Menag.  1838,  325  (2|  Centen, 
No.  134),  flg.  ()7,  6  (bill),  Guiana.  —  Cnmpylorhi/nchns  r/rineus,  Cab. 
Schomburgk,  Reise  Guiana,  III,  1848,  674. — Heleodytea  griseun,  Cab. 
Mus.  Hein.  1850,  80.— Sclatbk,  Catal.  1861,  16,  no.  97. 

Whole  upper  parts,  including  wings  and  tail,  plain  brown,  without  bars 
or  other  markings,  as  also  a  line  from  behind  the  eye ;  the  nape  and  inter- 
Bcapulum  blackish-brown,  the  top  of  head  lighter,  the  lower  back  and  rump 
reddish-brown.  Elntire  under  parts,  including  lining  of  wings,  tibia,  and  a 
broad  line  from  bill  over  the  eye,  soiled  white.  All  the  tail  feathers,  except 
the  two  central,  with  a  broad  sutiterminal  bar  of  white,  diminishing  in  width 
from  the  outer  feathers  to  the  inner,  but  at  the  same  distance  from  the  tij)s. 

Total  length,  8  ;  wing,  3.30 ;  tail,  3.45  ;  graduation,  .45  ;  exposed  portion 
of  1st  primary,  1.  ,  of  2d,  2.15,  of  longest,  fourth  (measured  from  exposed 
base  of  Ist  primary),  2.45  ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  1.16,  from  nostril, 
.GG;  along  gape,  1.26  ;  tarsus,  1.10;  middle  toe  and  claw,  1.10  ;  claw  alone, 
.30 ;  hiud  toe  and  claw,  .87  ;  claw  alone,  .38. 


CAM  I'Y  I-OIUI YNCHU8. 


97 


Thoro  aro  Homc  points  of  (liHerciice  in  diBV-ront  proups  of  Camjnj- 
hirh'iitvhMti  in  tlit'  clianiclcr  of  the  noHlrils  and  some  otiiiT  It'iilurcs. 
Ill  tli(!  type,  HH  iTiniirixwl,  tiiu  nasul  wcalo  is  reducLMl  to  a  nu'iv  ridgo 
(111  till)  upper  sido  of  tlie  nasul  groove — the  cavity  being  oval,  lu 
jiicoHm  it  is  alniilar,  with  tho  cavity  more  liiu-ur.  In  innjalojjtrrait, 
nnialus,  bruniieicujnllus,  and  their  allies,  the  scale  is  more  developed, 
us  in  tropical  Wrens.  In  C.  rapidrulux,  rujinurha,  huiiuii)i,vlc.,  the 
nostril  is  more  like  Jtonacolnus  and  IlfleodijlcH,  namely,  at  the  an- 
terior end  of  the  nasal  groove,  bordered  behind  by  membrane,  and 
not  above.  In  these  the  tail  ia  shorter  and  less  graduated  than  in 
the  tvpe.  C.  capitflratuH  is  placed  by  Cabunis  under  Jleleodi/fex,  on 
account  of  its  i)ecnliarities  of  nostril ;  it  differs,  however,  in  .'shorter 
(uil,  siiorter  bill,  weaker  legs,  and  the  middle  toe  shorter  than  thu 
tarsus,  not  longer. 

The  followiii!'  table  exhibits  the  peculiarities  of  the  species  before 
luo  in  reference  to  the  nostrila : — 

A.  Nostrils  rather  linear,  liorizontal,  in  lower  side  of  nasal  groove,  and  over- 

hung broadly  hy  uie-'ibraue  thickened  at  edges  :  C.  hrunHeicdpillus,  uffiuis, 
ixilltscens,  baltetitus,  mfi.yiilopterus,  zoiuitns,  purdus. 

B.  Nostrils  more  oval,  the  overhanging  men^brane  reduced  to  a  ridge  on  tipper 

edge  of  nasal  groove :  C.  vurie</atus,  brevirustria,  zonutoidtSyjocosuit  (nodtriLs 
more  linear),  albibrunneua, 

C.  Nostrils  as  in  Ileleodijtes ;  broadly  oval  or  rounded,  in  anterior  end  of  nasal 

groove,  with  thin  membrane  behind :   C.  capiatrutuK,  rujinucha,  humilis. 

The  transition,  however,  from  one  to  another  form,  is  vf  "y  gradual, 
(inil  it  is  quite  diflBcult  to  say,  in  regard  to  some  species,  whether  they 
belong  more  properly  to  one  secti«m  or  to  another.  Without  more 
specimens  therefore  at  my  command,  I  prefer  to  consider  all  as 
identical  gencrically. 

The  following  fynop'  is  may  aid  in  determining  the  Middle  Ameri- 
can species,  and  their  nearest  S.  American  allies,  by  their  colors : — 


TvV^^r^^ 


A.  Upper  parts  uniformly  brown,  without  bands  or  spots. 

Head  and  neck  with  whole  under  parts  white 

B.  Top  of  head  and  post-ocular  stripe  reddish-brown  ;  back 

streaked  longitudinally  and  linearly  with  white.    All  the 
feathers  beneath  conspicuously  spotted.     Crissum  and 
flanks  with  rounded  or  elongated  spots.     Nostrils  in- 
ferior, linear,  overhung  by  a  scale. 
a.  Spots  much  larger  on  throat  and  jugulum  than 
elsewhere.      Inner    webs   of    2d-.'jth    tail    feathers 
(betweea  middle  and  outer  feathers)  black,  except 

at  tips 

7        August,  1864. 


C.  albibTunneus. 


bruniieicapillus^ 


.*    ■■ 


D 


Wfl 


iii  'i  ■ 
If 


D, 


E. 


98  REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIUDS.  [PAIIT  I 

h.  Spnta  on  tliroat  and  jui;uluin  littln  larger  than  else- 

wliere.      Inner  webs   of   internifiliate   tail   featbura 

))an<le(i  with  white  like  the  outer    ....    nffinis, 

C.  Top  of  head  nearly  uniform  yellowish-gray.    Upper  parts 

ai  l    all    the    tail    feathers    banded    transversely    with 

brownish-black  and  whitish.     Rounded  black  t<pot.-i  on 

'       the  throat  ami  breast. 

a.  Body  beneath  reddish-brown  posteriorly,  with 
sparse  rounded  spots  on  belly  and  crissum ;  gemi- 
nate rounded  spots  on  flanks    .....    zonatia. 

b.  Hody  grayish-white  beneath,  and  conspicuously 
banded  transversely  everywhere  posteriorly. 

Wings  longer  than  the  tail palle.icens. 

Wings  shorter,  or  not  longer  than  the  tail    .         .    halteatux. 
Top  of  head  with  vvall  defined  streaks  of  whitish  and 
brown  ;  otherwise  much  as  in  two  last  species         .         .    mcyalopterun. 
Top  of  liead  and  post-ocular  stripe  blackish.   Tail  feathers, 
except  the  central,  black,  terminated  broadly  by  soiled 
white. 
a.  Nape  rufous. 

Interscapulum  unicolor.  Beneath  entirely  unspot- 
ted (or  unicolor),  as  are  also  the  outer  webs  of  the 
intermediate  tail  feathers  .....  capistrdius. 
Interscapular  feathers  banded  with  black  spots, 
separated  by  whitish  streaks.  Crissum  banded. 
Outer  webs  of  intermediate  tail  feathers  banded 

with  whitish rufinucha, 

Ik  Nape  streaked  black  and  white,  not  rufous.  . 

Beneath   with  conspicuous    rounded    black   spots. 

Crissum  banded.     Tail  tipped  with  soiled  white  .  jocosus. 
Beneath  plain  whitish,  immaculate.     Tail  without 

white  tips     ........    nigriceps. 

Top  of  head  reddish-brown.  Back  with  geminate  black 
spots,  not  with  linear  streaks.  Bill  very  short.  Nostrils 
anterior,  rounded,  in  end  of  nasal  groove. 

a.  Post-ocular  stripe  reddish-brown.  Beneath  un- 
spotted. Crissum  banded.  Exterior  lateral  tail 
feather  alone  spotted  on  both  webs  .         .         .    humilis. 

b.  Post-ocular  stripe  black?  Beneath  with  rounded 
black  spots.     Two  outer  tail  feathers  spotted  on  both 


F. 


webs 


gularis. 


Campy lorhynchiis  albibrunneiis. 

lleleodytes  albobrunneus,  Lawr.  Ibis,  IV,  .Ian.  1862,  10. — Ib.  Ann.  N.  Y. 
Lye.  VII,  18ti2,  no.  322  (Isthmus  of  Panama). 
Not    jured. 
JIab.  Line  of  Panama  Railroad. 

Head  and  neck  all  round  and  under  pnrts,  including  lining  of  wings,  pure 
white;  rest  of  upper  parts,  with  wings  and  tail,  i  lifoim  liver  browu.     The 


CAMPYLORIIYNCIIUS. 


99 


ft-itlKTS  of  crissnm  are  tinged  with  rusty,  and  with  a  central  brownish  streak. 
Hill  iiorn-color,  lighter  along  tlie  coniuiissiire  and  beneath.  Legs  light-brown. 
Total  length,  7.60;  wing,  S.JiO;  tail,  3.00  ;  graduation,  .82;  exposed  jxirtion 
of  1st  primary,  1.32,  of  2d,  2.20,  of  longest,  4th  (measured  from  exposed  base 
of  1st  primary),  2.60;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  1.00,  from  nostril,  1.65  ; 
along  gaps.  l-K';  tarsus,  1.00;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .85;  claw  alone,  .23; 
Lind  toe  and  claw,  .74 ;  claw  alone,  .36. 

This  species  is  quite  closely  allied  to  G.  iinicolor,  of  Lafresnayc, 
which  is  pretty  uniformly  brown  above,  dirty  white  beneath,  with  a 
few  brownish  spots  on  the  crissum. 

There  is  very  little  in  the  species  to  distinguish  it  gcnerically  from 
tlie  type  of  Campylorhynchus. 


Smlth- 
fciiniaa 

No. 

Collec- 
tor's 
No. 

74 

Sex 
und 

1-0-"'^     cou^;.*;.".!. 

Receive  J  from 

Collected  by 

16,8,^2 

d 

Frljole,  P.  K.  K. 
Panama  K.  K. 

... 

J    M'l.i'aiiiiHn. 
Cub.  Lawrence. 

(74.)  Type. 

Campylorhynchus  brunneicapilliis. 

Picolaptes  hrunneicdjiillu^,  Lakresnaye,  Mag.  de  Zool.  1835,  61,  pi.  xlvii. 
—Lawk.  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.  V,  1851,  114.— Cassin,  Birds  Cal.  Tex. 
-  1854,  156,  pi.  XXV.— Heermann,  J.  A.  N.  So.  II,  1853,  263.  — C. 
•  '  brunneicapilltis,  Gray,  Genera,  I,  1847,  159. — Bp.  Consp.  1850,  223. 
— ScL.  P.  A.  N.  S.  156,  ?:64.— Baihd,  Birds  N.,Am.  1858,  355.— 
Heermann,  P.  R.  R.  X,  1859,  Williamson's  Report  Birds,  41  (nest- 
ing).    (E.  of  Tejon  Pass,  etc.) 

ITab.  Adjacent  borders  of  the  United  States  and  Mexico,  from  mouth  of  Rio 
Grande  to  the  valley  of  the  Colorado ;  San  Diego.  Replaced  at  Cape  tit.  Lucas 
by  C.  affinis. 

I  find  it  quite  impossible  to  reconcile  Lafresnayc's  description  of 
C.  brunneicapillus,  much  less  his  figure  with  the  North  American 
bird.  This  is  described  as  having  five  white  spots  on  the  outer  web 
of  the  lateral  tail  feather,  and  three  on  the  inner;  the  next  with 
two  on  the  outer  and  three  on  the  inner  web  (perhaps  throe  outer 
and  two  inner) ;  the  third  and  fourth  with  marginal  points  instead 
of  spots. 

This  particular  pattern  of  coloration  I  have  not  observed  in  any 
specimens  of  our  bird,  and  the  spots  are  larger  than  as  described, 
iiltliough  the  markings  of  the  tail  vary  a  good  deal.  Lafresiiaye, 
however,  describes  he  under  parts  as  pale  rufous  from  the  upper 
l)art  of  the  breast  to  the  tail  (represented  also  in  the  plate),  instead 
of  having  this  rufous  confined  to  the  abdominal  region.     The  speci- 


IIH 

':'.fH 

w 

*  ■'    '  :• 

'■:  ■"''  \ 

■  ■■■:  ■    v 

m 

:/M 

',  ,• 

±t 


100 


REVIEW  OP  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


men  described  is  said  to  have  probably  come  from  California,  though 
possibly  from  Peru. 

I  do  uot  feel  warranted  in  changing  Lafresnaye's  name,  though 
it  will  not  be  at  all  s'lrprising  to  find  that  ho  had  quite  a  different 
species  from  the  North  American  bird  before  him.  It  may  be  that 
Gould's  species  guUatus  belongs  more  particularly  to  the  latter. 


Sniith- 

CoUec- 

Sex 

soniAD 

No. 

toi's 
No. 

aud 

Age. 

7,148 

•• 

3,906 

7,149 

7,150 

31,894 

173 

776 

Locality. 


Ringgold  BarrackH, 

Tex. 
Monterey,  Mex. 
California. 
LoH  Augeles. 
Sail  Diego. 


When 

Collected. 


April,  1853. 
Mar."  i  '62. 


Received  rrom 


Major  Emory. 

Lt.  Conch. 

Lt.  Williamson. 

Prof.  Whitney. 


Collected  by 


J.  H.  Clark. 
Dr.  Meermunn. 
Dr.  Cooper. 


(3,966.)   Eyes  reddlBh-yeUow.   8.00;  10. 7i>;  3.60.     (31,881.)  8.00;  ll.AO;  3.7i).   Irlti  blood-ied. 


i    ' 


I 


r: 


11^ 


Campylorhynctaus  aflUnis. 

Campylorhynchus  affi.nk,  Xantus,  Pr.  A.  N.  So.  1859,  298  (Cape  St. 
Lucas).— Baikd,  Pr.  A.  N.  So.  1859,  303.— Scl.  Catal.  1861,  17, 
no.  108. 
Not  figured. 
Hah.  Only  observed  at  Cape  St.  Lucas,  Lower  California. 

Cap  of  head  reddish  brown  ;  the  concealed  centres  of  feathers  dusky.  Rest 
of  upper  parts  grayish-brown,  all  the  feathers  of  body  and  scapulars  with 
broad  central  or  shaft  streaks  of  whitish  edged  with  black ;  the  streaks 
irregular  in  outline,  on  some  feathers  nearly  linear,  in  others  widening  at 
intervals  along  the  shaft  Outer  webs  of  the  wing  feathers  crossed  by  about 
seven  rows  of  whitish  semicircular  spots,  with  corresponding  series  of  more 
circular  ones  on  the  inner  web.  Tail  feathers  black,  all  of  them  with  a  series 
of  about  eight  quadrate  white  spots  on  each  web,  which  are  alternate  to  each 
other,  not  opposite,  and  extend  from  or  near  the  black  shaft  to  the  edge  ;  the 
extreme  tips  of  the  feathers  black ;  the  two  central  feathers,  however,  more 
like  the  back,  with  irregular  mottling  of  grayish  aud  black.  Upper  tail  coverts 
barred  transversely  with  black. 

Under  parts  white,  faintly  tinged  with  rusty  posteriorly ;  each  feather 
spotted  with  black,  excepting  on  the  immaculate  chin.  These  spots  are  rather 
larger  and  more  quadrate  on  the  jugulum,  where  they  are  sometimes  on  tlie 
sides  of  the  feathers  (on  one  or  both  sides)  ;  posteriorly,  however,  they  are 
elongated  or  tear-shaped,  and  strung  along  the  shaft,  one  or  two  on  each.  On 
the  crissura  they  are  large  and  much  rounded,  three  or  four  on  each  longer 
feather.  Legs  rather  dusky.  Bill  lead  color,  pale  at  the  base  below  ;  "  iris 
reddish-brown."  A  broad  white  stripe  from  bill  over  the  eye  and  nape, 
edged  above  and  below  with  black  ;  line  behind  the  eye  like  the  crown  ;  cheek 
feathers  white,  edged  with  blackish. 

Immature  specimens  exhibit  a  tendency  to  a  whitish  spotting  in  the  ends 
of  the  feathers  of  the  cap.     A  very  young  bird  does  not,  however,  differ  ma- 


ir^ 


CAMPYL0RKYNCHU8. 


101 


terially,  except  in  having  the  spots  less  distinct  bent^ffii ;  the  white  strsalts 
less  c«ii.spiuuous  above;  the  white  of  the  vings  soil-j.' with  rufous.  Speci- 
nieiH  vary  considerably  in  the  proportional  as  well4|P^  absolute  thickness 
and  length  of  the  bill ;  thus,  No.  32,1()7  measures  .bO  from  nostril  to  end 
of  bill,  instead  of  .60,  as  given  below  for  No.  12,9  5. 

12.9u'5.  Total  lengih,  7.50;  wing,  3.30 ;  tail,  3.40,  its  graduation  .45 ;  ex- 
poseu  portion  of  1st  primary,  1.42,  of  2d,  2. If),  of  longest,  or  4tii  (measured 
from  exjiosed  ba.se  of  Ist  primary),  2.45;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .90, 
from  nostril,  .60;  along  gape,  1.07;  tarsus,  1.02;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .90: 
claw  alone,  .25  ;  hind  toe  and  clan,  .76;  olaw  alone,  .35. 

This  species  is  most  nearly  allied  to  C.  brunneicapillus  ;  the  most 
apparent  difference  at  first  sight  being  in  the  greater  concentration 
of  black  on  the  throat  and  jugulum  in  brunneicapillus,  and  the  much 
smaller  size  of  the  remaining  spots  on  the  under  parts,  with  the  de- 
cided light  cinnamon  of  the  posterior  portion  of  the  body.  The  outer 
and  central  tail  feathers  alone  are  marked  as  in  G.  ajffinis,  the  inter- 
mediate ones  being  entirely  black,  with  the  exception  of  a  white 
Bubterrainal  band. 

This  is  one  of  the  most  characteristic  birds  constituting  the 
isolated  Fauna  of  Cape  St.  Lucas.  Like  nearly  all  the  species 
peculiar  to  this  remarkable  locality,  it  is  exceedingly  abundant, 
breeding  in  immense  numbers.  It  has  not  yet  been  detected  else- 
where, though  it  may  possibly  be  found  on  the  lower  Colorado. 


Smlth- 

Collec- 

Sex 

soaisn 

tor's 

and 

No. 

No. 

ak«. 

12,961 

632 

ff 

12,96.) 

190 

rf 

12,!i(.:{ 

«.")6 

V 

1B,9;W 

i,4ia 

Jav. 

32,1  BO 

4,988 

rT 

32,167 

•• 

d 

Locality. 


Cape  St.  Lucas. 


Whea 
CoUecied. 


Received  from 


April  2i% '60. 
18U1. 


J.  Xaiitus. 


Collected  by 


(12,963.)   Iris  reddisli-browu. 

Campylorhynchiis  pallescens. 

Campylorhifnchat  pnllescens,  Lafresnayk,  Rev.  Zool.  1846,  93  (Mexico)  ; 

not  of  SciiATEU  (=C  halteafus). 
Campj/forhi/nchiis  merinlopterns,  Sclatru,  P.  Z.   S.   1858,298  (Oaxaoa) ; 

1859,  363  (Xalapa)  ;  371  (Oaxaca).— In.  Catal.  1861,  17,  no. "105; 

not  of  Pr.  A.  N.  So.  Phila.  1866,  264  (which  is  true  megalopterus). 

Ilab.  Southern  Mexico. 


(No.  13,659.)  Body  varied  with  brown  and  soiled  white;  no  reddish.  Top 
of  head  brownish-ash,  showing  more  or  le-^s  the  pure  brown  centres  of  tlie 
feathers  ;  nape  streaked  with  black  and  white ;  rest  of  upper  parts  banded 
transverstily  with  soiled  white  and  blackish  in  about  thirteen  or  fourteen 


I 


J-S 


'mi 


102 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


nearly  eciual  zones  of  each  color  from  nape  to  end  of  tail  coverts  ;  more  obscure 
posteriorly,  and  the  white  changing  rather  to  ligl  brownish-ash.  Wings 
blackish,  with  about  five  series  of  brownish- white  sjots  exten  ling  over  outer 
webs  ;  quills  edged  iuternally  (not  sp()ttK<l)  with  the  same.  Tail  feathers 
black,  with  about  sevnu  transverse  light  bands,  narrower  than  their  inter- 
spaces ;  whitish  on  the  outer  webs  and  ed.ee  of  th'  innei  ;  sometimes  obscured 
and  irregular  medially  ;  most  distinctly  transverse  on  the  lateral  feathers,  and 
most  objolete  on  the  inner  webs  of  th<,*  central  "  others.  Beneath  whitish ; 
cuin  immaculate  ;  throat  and  jugulum  first  with  te  rounded,  then  cordate, 
light-brown  spots,  which,  on  the  breast,  become  liu.sverse  bands  or  zones 
covering  the  remaining  under  parts  to  end  of  crissum ;  more  obsolete,  with  the 
ground  coloi'  soiled  with  brownish,  on  the  middle  of  the  belly  .  these  bands 
quite  similar  iu  size  and  proportion  to  those  on  the  back,  A  white  band  from 
bill  over  the  eye  to  nape,  with  a  brown  one  behind  the  eye ;  sides  of  head 
finely  streaked  with  brownish. 

(13,659.)  Total  length,  7.00 ;  wing,  3.50  ;  tail,  3.40 ;  graduation,  .60 ;  exposed 
portion  of  1st  primary,  1.30,  of  2d,  2.30,  of  longest,  4th  (measured  from  ex- 
posed base  of  Ist  primary),  2.()5  ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .85,  from 
nostril,  .53;  along  gape,  1.00;  tarsus,  1.00;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .82;  claw 
alone,  .27  ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .80 ;  claw  alone,  37. 

This  species  is  veiy  similar  in  markings  and  coloration  of  the 
upper  parts  to  C.  zonatus ;  the  principal  diftcreuce  being  in  the 
absence  of  the  rufous  tinge  of  the  rump,  a  more  distinctly  banded 
tail,  and  the  inner  edges  of  the  quills  being  continuously  edged  with 
brownish-white,  not  spotted  with  reddish-white.  Beneath  the  differ- 
ence is  very  strongly  marked,  in  the  continuous  transverse  bands  on 
the  body :  the  absence  of  the  reddish  color  of  belly,  flanks,  and 
crissum,  etc. :  the  longer  wings,  and  other  peculiarities  of  proportion. 

To  C.  zonatoides,  of  Bogota,  the  resemblance  above  is  almost  per- 
fect, and  beneath  it  is  quite  close ;  the  spots  of  black  inste.rd  of  r)ale 
brown,  absence  of  zones  on  flanks  and  crissum  (although  the  spots 
are  transversely  elongated),  and  the  rufescence  of  the  posterior  region 
of  body  will,  however,  distinguish  them.  G.  zonatoides  also  lacks 
the  longitudinal  streaking  of  blackish  and  white  on  the  nape  seen  in 
palleacens,  megalopterns,  and  zonatus. 

In  the  museum  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  I  find  specimens  of 
a  Campylorhynchus,  labelled  "  Picolapies  megalopterus,  Lafr., 
Amerique  Mcrid.,"  which  agree  perfectly  with  Lafre.snaye's  descrip- 
tion, and  are  those  referred  to  by  Dr.  Sclater,  in  his  paper  published 
in  Proceedings  Phila.  Academy,  1850,  204.  These  differ  very 
appreciably  from  the  present  species  in  having  the  light  bands  above 
of  a  purer  white  and  more  sharply  defined,  the  feathers  of  the  hood 
dark-brown,  conspicuously  streaked  centrally  with  grayish-white 
(with  a  reddish  tinge  on  the  occiput)  ;  the  nape  similar,  the  central 


CAMPYL0RHYNCHU8. 


103 


lio-ht  stripe,  however,  wider  and  whiter.  The  under  parts  are  very 
KJinilar.  Tlio  bands  on  the  tail  are  not  so  decidedly  transverse,  but  au 
edging  of  Ijrown  along  the  shafts  often  divides  the  light  bar.  In  tlm 
otlier  vspecies  it  is  the  concealed  centres  of  the  liood  feathers  that  are 
bruwn  (showing  only  occasionally),  with  yellowish-gray  edges.  The 
nape  is  much  less  conspicuously  streaked.  C  megalopterun  \n  con- 
siderably larger  also,  measuring  8.50  inches,  the  wing  ,?.V0,  tail  3.90. 
Tins  may  be  a  Mexican  bird,  as  stat(^d  by  Lafresnaye,  but  more 
probably  it  is  South  American. 

1  am  by  no  means  decided  as  to  what  is  the  true  name  of  this 
Mexican  species,  after  setting  aside  that  of  megalopterus.  A 
specimen  in  the  Phila.  Acad.,  from.  Guayaquil,  and  labelled  " pallea- 
cens,^^  by  Mr.  Sclater,  agrees  very  well  with  a  Smithsonian  skiu 
from  Piura,  Peru,  No.  11,748.  This  differs  from  the  Mexican  bird 
in  a  larger  size,  and  in  having  a  longer  tail  and  shorter  wings — tail 
half  an  inch  longer  than  the  wingji  instead  of  being  a  little  shorter 
or  not  longer.  The  top  of  the  head  is  purer  gray,  or  with  less  of  a 
yellowish-red  tinge  ;  the  nuchal  streaks  much  wider  and  more  promi- 
nent. The  most  striking  differences,  however,  are  in  the  proportions 
above  mentioned,  as  well  as  the  very  different  geographical  distri- 
bution. 

The  question  now  remains  as  to  which  of  these  two  species  the 
nanic  pallesccns  should  be  applied.  As,  however,  Lafresnaye,  in 
comparing  pallescens  with  zonalhn,  says  that  it  differs  especially  in 
form  from  the  latter  by  longer  wings ;  and  as  while  the  Mexican 
bird  has  much  longer  wings  than  the  South  American,  which  are 
just  equal  to  those  of  zonatus,  it  seems  proper  to  name  the  Mexican 
bird  pallescens,  especially  as  Lafresnaye  gives  Mexico  as  the  pre- 
sumed locality  of  his  species.  The  South  American  bird  (the  G. 
pallescens  of  Sclater's  Catal.)  may  then  be  called  Campylorhynchus 
baUeatus. 

Gampylorhynchus  nuchahs  is  easily  distinguished  by  smaller 
size ;  broader  stripes  on  the  neck,  extending  on  the  back  ;  the  rounded 
marginal  white  spots,  not  bands,  on  the  tail,  etc. 


\  \ 


■^': j:,-; 


Smitli-  Collec- 

«oiiii(n    tor's 

Ko.        No. 

Sox 

and             LocaUty. 

Ah'e.  1 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

13,Br)9 
i:V(i72 
2li,3«« 

;2,471 

76 
377 

Xalapa,  Mox. 

"     [reitioii.) 
Orizaba.     ;Alpiue 

Dr.  Sclator. 

J.  K  rider. 
Cab.  I.iiwrenco. 
Prof.  Siiiiilchrugt. 

U'ltca. 

If 
1« 

Ill 


^^ 


104 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


CampylorhynchiiH  zonatiis. 

Picolaptea  zonntus,  L/;skon,  Centurie  Zoologiqun,  Jan.  1831  (at  end  of 
description),  210,  pi.  Ixx  (erroneously  "California"). —  Ctimpi/ln- 
rhynchus  zonntus,  Quay,  Genera,  I,  Mar.  1847. — Bonap.  Consp.  IH.'Jd, 
223.— ScLATER,  Pr.  A.  N.  So.  1866,  264.— Ib.  P.  Z.  S.  IH.'ig,  290 ; 
ISfiP,  363.— 1b.  Catal.  1861,  17,  no.  103.— Scl.  &  Salv.  Ibis,  H, 
1860,  29  (Gnatemala). 
Ilab.  Southern  Mexico  and  Qaatemala. 


Bmlth- 

Col  lec- 

Sex 

■oniaa 

tor's 

and 

No. 

No. 

Akb. 

18,, WO 

30.870 

123 

20,;W7 

1,44.-) 

30,053 

93 
80 

Locality. 


Mnxico. 
Mirador,  Mex. 
Clioctuu,  Vera  Pnz 
Alotep<>c|iio,  Ouat. 
Guatemala. 


When 
Collected. 


Jan.  1R63. 
Jiiii.lSHO 
Dec.  18«2. 


Received  from 


P.  I,.  Sclater. 
Dr.  C.  Sartortna. 
O.  Salvin. 

Cab.  Lawrence. 


Collected  by 


F.  Suiniclirast. 
Salvin  &  Oodraan. 


(30,870)   IrU  brown. 

Campylorbynchiis  capistratua. 

Picolaptes  capistratus,  Less.  Rev.  Zool.  1842,  174  (Realejo). —  C.  capii- 
tratus,  Gray,  Genera,  I,  1847.— Scl.  Pr.  A.  N.  Sc.  1856,  264.— Ib. 
Catal.  1861,  17,  no.  Ill  (in  part). 
Eab.  Confine'^  to  Pacific  coast  region  of  Central  America  ? 

(30,654.)  Wholt  top  of  head  and  nape  black.  Sides  of  the  lower  neck  and 
dorsal  surface  of  body  uniform  cinnamon  red  (darkest  anterioily),  with  the 
upper  tail  coverts  only  obsoletely  banded  with  blackish.  On  raising  the 
feathers,  however,  those  on  the  lower  part  of  the  back  are  seen  to  be  streaked 
longitudinally  with  white,  having  the  usual  blackish  suffusion  externally. 
Greater  wing  coverts  and,  to  some  extent,  the  scapulars,  like  the  back,  biU 
with  one  or  two  pairs  of  rather  obsolete  rounded  black  spots,  separated 
ob.scurely  by  a  pale  shade  of  the  ground  color.  Alular  feathers  black,  edged 
with  wliitish.  Quills  black,  with  five  or  six  pale  yellowish-red  spots  on  the 
outer  webs  ;  internally  edged  irregularly  with  whitish.  Innermost  or  expotied 
secondaries  with  transverse  dusky  bars.  Tail  feathers  black,  broadly  termi- 
nated by  white,  which  is  much  soiled  with  brownish  at  the  end  ;  the  lateral 
feathers  with  quadrate  white  spots  on  the  outer  web ;  the  central  feathers 
hlack  with  rather  narrow  transverse  bands  of  pale  brownish. 

Whole  under  parts  uniform  yellowish  white,  without  streaks  or  spots,  soiled 
with  reddish  behind ;  throat  purer  white ;  a  conspicuous  white  line  from 
nostrils  over  eye  to  nape  ;  lores,  and  a  broad  line  behind  the  eye,  blackish  ; 
rest  of  cheeks  white.  Bill  black ;  the  inferior  edge  of  lower  jaw  at  ba.-^e 
whitish.     Legs  dark  plumbeous. 

A  second  specimen,  29,428,  is  very  similar,  excepting  In  having  concealed 
spots  on  the  dorsal  feathers,  similar  to  those  described  on  the  scapulars  and 
wing  coverts  of  the  preceding.  The  under  parts  are  entirely  immaculate. 
This  probably  represents  the  spring  plumage — tlie  former  the  autumnal 

Young  specimens  not  yet  fully  fledged,  in  the  museum  of  the  Philadelphia 


Sin 

th- 

'c. 

8011 

lan 

( 

i\ 

». 

' 

3(1,6.1.' 

20,42S 


'■^-^ 


CAMPYLORIITNCHUS. 


105 


Acaileniy,  from  San  Carlos  and  elsewhere,  exhibit  not  the  allghtest  trace  of 
spots  or  otlier  markings  on  the  under  surface,  and  no  longitudinal  light  st-eaks 
oil  tiie  Imck. 

(■M<,li:A.)  Total  length,  6.00  •  wiug,  2.70  ;  taU,  2.65 ;  graduation  .35;  ex- 
jMHed  portion  of  ^st  primary,  1.10,  of  2d,  l.tiO,  of  longest,  4th  (measured  from 
exposed  base  of  lit  primary),  2.00:  length  of  bill  from  forthead,  .92,  from 
nostril,  .5t) ;  along  gape,  1.06;  tarsas,  ].06;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .80;  claw 
alone,  .27  ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .70  ;  claw  alone,  .30. 


Smltti-  Cnllec- 

eouiaa'  tor'ii 

No.       No. 

Sox 

HDll 

Ago. 

Locality. 

Whfln 
Collected. 

Received  rrom 

Collected  by 

30,8.5) 

20,42S 

84 

■?■ 

SavBiia  G  ran(te,0  uat. 
Punta  Arenas,  C.  K. 

1862. 
May,  1863. 

0.  Salvin. 
Capt.  J.  M.  Dow. 

Salvia  jii  (joiln)aa. 

i'>! 


Gampylorhynchus  ruflnucha. 

C.  rujinucha,  Lafr.  R.   Z.   1845,  339  (Mexico). — Picolaptcs  rufinucha, 
Lkss.  Descr.  1847,  285  (Vera  Cruz). —  C  capistratus,  Sil.  P.  Z.  S. 
1859,  36."  (Xalapa). 
Ilah.  Eastern  and  southern  Mexico  ? 

I  am  unable  to  say  whether  the  following"  references  belong  to  ca- 
jnstratus  or  rujinucha : — 

Picolaptes  capistratvs,  DesMdrs.  Icon.  Om.  pi.  Ixili. —  Campi/lnrht/nchint 
capislratm,  ScL.  P.  Z.  S.  1859,  371  (Oaxaca).— Ib.  Ibis,  I,  1859,  9 
(Honduras  and  Belize). 

Authors  have,  I  think,  been  mistaken  in  referring  the  Picolaptes 
rujinucha,  of  Lafresnaye,  from  eastern  Mexico,  to  the  P.  capistratua, 
of  Lesson,  from,  and  apparently  confined  to  the  west  coast  of  Central 
America.  The  specimens  before  me  are  not  in  very  good  condition, 
but  thoy  indicate,  both  in  coloration  and  proportion,  differences  which 
are  noi  readily  reconciled.  In  both  species  the  whole  top  of  the 
head,  with  the  line  back  and  in  front  of  the  eye,  are  blackish.  In 
rujinutha,  however,  the  exposed  feathers  of  the  back  and  scapulars 
are  streaked  conspicuously  with  soiled  whitish,  with  the  blackish 
external  suffusion,  the  black  sometimes  forming  large  rounded  spots 
on  each  side  the  shaft.  The  spots  on  the  wings  are  whitish,  riitlicr 
than  brownish-yellow.  The  tail  feathers  are  black,  broadly  ended 
with  white,  vSoiled  at  the  end,  but  the  outer  webs  of  all  (exccjit  the 
two  centra!),  exhibit  a  series  of  six  or  seven  quadrate  white  spots, 
instead  of  being  fewer  in  numJier  and  confined  to  the  outer  feather. 
The  under  parts  are  soiled  whitish ;  each  feather,  as  far  as  can  bo 
ascertained,  except  perhaps  the  chin  and  throat,  with  two  or  three 
very  small  spots,  usually  in  pairs.    The  crissum  shows  conspicuously 


'  •   \,         '''IV 


"  •      <n 


-) 


lOfi 


RRVIEVr  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS, 


[part  I. 


thrc(!  (»r  four  black  l)aM(ls  on  each  feather — sonusthing  similar  beiii^' 
seen  on  the  libiaj.  Tliere  is  a  small  narr  >w  blatk  liiio  ahmg  the 
edge  of  the  lowc  jaw.  Noihiiig  like  thcHo  irarkings  arc  viniblr  in 
the  Smithsonian  specimen  of  C.  capidraius.  The  eyes  are  red, 
aceorilirig  to  Fr.  Surtorius. 

The  differences  in  proportion  are  still  more  striking.  The  tail  is 
consideraldy  longer,  exceeding  tlie  wings;  and  the  tarsus  is  much 
shorter,  being  but  little  longer  than  the  middle  toe  and  claw.  The 
bill  is  rather  longer.     The  first  primary  also  longer. 

Of  the  two  s[)eeimens  in  the  collection  one  has  the  feathers  worn, 
and  is  prol)ably  in  summer  dress.  The  other  is  moulting  and  in 
autumnal  livery,  thus  matching  the  two  Central  American  skins  of 
vajii><(rutiii<. 

Total  length,  6. .'50;  win^,  2.60;  tail,  2.80;  exposed  portion  of  Ist  primary, 
1.1.'),  of  12<1,  1.70,  of  longest  (measured  from  exi)Osed  base  of  1st  primary), 
2.00;  length  of  bill  from  foreliead,  .i),'>,  from  nostril,  ..57;  along  gape,  l.Vft; 
tarsus,  .87;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .78;  claw  aloue,  .24;  hind  toe  and  claw, 
.62 ;  claw  aloue,  .30. 


Siiiith- 

soiiian 

No. 

CoUec- 
toi's 
No. 

Sex 
uiid 

LocaUty. 

When 

Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

28.041 
30,869 

124 

•• 

Mirador,  Mex. 

Oct."  1862. 

Dr.  SiwHorius. 

(30,889.)  Eyes  rod. 

Campy lorliynclius  jocosiis. 

C.  jncoKua,  ScL.  P.  Z    S.  1859,  371  (Tehuacan,  Oaxaca).— Ib.  Catal. 

18U1,  17,  uo.  109. 
Not  figured. 

Hab.  State  of  Oaxaca,  Mex. 

(No.  22,381,  type.)  Bill  lengthened.  Upper  part  of  head,  line  from  bill  to 
eye,  and  a  stripe  behind  it  blackish-brown  ;  a  little  lighter  towards  the  occi- 
put. Upper  parts  grayish  brown,  the  feathers  of  the  back  and  scapulars 
white,  with  one  or  two  pairs  of  large  rounded  blackish  spots,  separated  by 
whitish  or  white  shaft  streaks  and  shaft  spots.  On  the  nnpo  the  black  and 
white  in  streaks,  rather  than  spots,  predominate  to  the  exclusion  of  the  ground 
color.  Wings  showing  six  or  seven  bands  of  Itrownish-white  across  outer 
webs ;  inner  webs  edged  with  grayish-white.  Tail  feathers  (except  central) 
black  above,  broadly  tippeil  with  white,  soiled  at  the  end  with  brown  ;  the 
outer  webs  with  four  or  five  quadrate  spots  of  white  ;  the  lateral  feather  with 
a  white  patch  at  end  of  inner  web,  next  to  the  terminal  white.  Markings  of 
central  feathers  much  broken,  without  regular  bands.  Upper  tail  coverts 
banded  transversely.  Beneath  (juite  pure  white,  a  little  brownish  behind, 
and  each  feather,  except  ou  the  chin,  with  a  conspicuous  but  isolated  rounded 


S9 


v-'* 


CAMPYIORHYNCHUS. 


KT 


tipot  of  lilnok,  becoming  a  trannverse  bar  on  the  flanks  and  cris.onm.  Ni> 
(listinct  bumlH  on  tho  thigh.  Sides  of  lieail  wh'to  except  the  post-ociilar 
striix",  anil  another  along  tlie  h>wer  edge  of  the  lower  jaw.  A  vhite  line  from 
bill  over  eye.     Hill  blaek,  rather  paler  at  the  base  below  ;  legs  dark-l>n)wn. 

Total  length,  (i.M) ;  wing,  3.00;  tail,  3.0(1;  .adnation,  .41  .  e-xported  jxntiou 
of  1st  primary,  1.2(),  of  l2d,  1.90,  of  longest,  4lh  (measured  trom  exjiosed  base 
of  1st  primary),  2. UO  ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  1.05,  from  nostril,  .tiO  ; 
along  gape,  l.lli ;  tarsus,  .!i4  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .78  ;  claw  alone,  .21  ;  hind 
toe  and  claw,  .(58  ;  claw  alone,  .31. 

This  species  will  be  readily  distiiijjiiished  fntin  its  bluck-lieaded 
allies  by  lacking  tho  rulbius  and  unstreak'.'d  nape,  and  by  having 
conspicuous  black  spt)ts  beu'jath.  The  bill  is  longer  than  in  the  rest 
of  its  allies,  and  the  shape  of  the  nostril  is  somewhat  diU'ercnt. 


k 

Smlth- 

No. 

Col  lec- 
tor's 
No. 

Sex 
hikI 

Locality. 

•Wlion 
Collected 

Kecetved  from 

Collected  by 

2-2,381 

4U,ni 

? 

S.  W.  Mexico. 

' 

Vei-reuux. 

Boiicurd  ? 

(22,381.)   Type. 


Campy loi'li^'nclius  liiiinilis. 

C.  humilis,  ScL.  Fr.  A.  N.  So.  Phila.  185(5,  263  (Mazntlan). 
Ilali.  Both  coasts  of  Mexico  ?     Ou  west  side  north  to  Maz.vtlan. 

(2!),225.)  Top  of  head  and  nape  light  brownish-red,  the  feathers  anteriorly 
pointed,  and  with  conspicuous  black  centres.  Back  light  grayish-red,  tlw 
feathers  with  rather  irregular  black  spots  in  pairs  on  oppo.site  sides  of  the 
webs,  with  occasional  much  lighter  intervals.  The  n.arking  much  as  in  C. 
rnfinucha,  but  showing  less  of  the  linear  streaks,  except  behind.  Markings 
generally  of  the  wing,  tail,  a:id  under  parts  much  as  ir  this  species.  Under 
parts  soiled  brownish-white,  purer  anteriorly,  with  very  obsolete  indications 
of  transverse  darker  bars,  and  occasional  spots  on  the  flanks.  Crissum  dis- 
tinctly banded  with  blackish,  tibiie  less  so.  A  conspicuous  white  line  from 
bill  over  eye  along  side  of  liead  edged  above  and  below  with  black.  A  nar- 
row dusky  line  from  bill  to  eye,  and  a  reddish-brown  one  behind  it,  streaked 
on  its  edges  with  black  ;  sides  of  neck  streaked  with  black,  and  a  short  black 
line  along  lower  edge  of  the  lower  jaw.  Bill  dark  plumbeous  black,  paler  at 
the  base  below.     Legs  dusky. 

Total  length,  6.40 ;  wing,  2.75  ;  tail,  2.80  ;  graduation,  ,40 ;  exposed  portion 
of  1st  primary,  l.OtJ,  "''2d,  l.()5,  of  longest,  4th  (measureil  from  exposed  base 
of  1st  primary),  1.95  ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .80,  from  nostril,  .fjS  ;  along 
gape,  .9-^;  tarsus,  .94;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .75 ;  claw  alone,  .20 ;  hind  toe 
and  claw,  .66  ;  claw  alone,  .30. 

This  species  is  readily  distinguished  from  C.  capistratus,  rnfinucha, 
and  /oco.sii.s,  by  the  reddish  head  and  post-ocular  stri])e.  Its  banded 
erissum  and  the  spots  ou  the  outer  webs  of  the  interior  tail  feathers 


-.\  1 


'. 

p 

1U8 


RKVIKW  or  AMKlllCAN  HlllKS. 


[part  I, 


sepamU)  it  from  capiHtralnn.  It  Ih  Icsh  Bpolted  benruth  tliun  niji- 
nucha.  Tlie  bill  in  coiiHidembly  shorter  than  in  any  of  those  rfpocit's ; 
the  tarsi  as  short  as  in  rujinncha. 

The  siteciuR'iis  before  nie  agree  .sufTicieiitly  \\'»'ll  with  the  «Ies('ri|)- 
tioii  l)y  Dr.  Sclater  of  C.  huinilis,  ba.sed  on  a  bin!  in  the  imiscum 
of  the  I'hila.  Academy.  Although  No.  2y,225  is  larger  than  the  type, 
a  .skin  received  from  Mr.  Verreaux,  22,382,  agrees  more  nearly  with 
it  in  this  respect.  A  skin  collected  by  i\lr.  Xantus,  near  Colinip,  and 
belonging  to  the  same  region  as  the  Mazatlan  specimen,  is  undis- 
tinguishable  from  the  Orizaba  skin,  npon  which  the  description  abovo 
given  is  ba.sed.  In  this  the  iris  is  said  to  be  reil-brown.  In  the 
brown  head  and  other  characters,  as  well  as  the  short  bill  and  tarsi, 
it  is  related  to  C.  gularin,  of  Sclater,  although  this  appears  to  pre- 
sent other  distinctive  characters. 

NoTK. — Since  writing  the  preceding  description,  I  have  had  the 
opportunity  of  examining  ^Slr.  Sclater's  type  in  the  Phila.  Academy, 
from  Muzatlan.  The  species  appears  to  me  the  same,  the  type  differ- 
ing only  in  being  of  rather  duller  plumage  above,  the  markings  not 
I'lO  well  defined,  and  in  having  the  bars  of  tlie  crissum  less  distinct, 
aid  externally  reduced  somewhat  to  a  central  spot.  There  are  no 
di  itinct  spots  on  the  flanks. 


Smith- 
Bnr.i".u 

^o. 

.91,.S20 
22,-?82 
29,22.) 


tor's 
No. 

Sax 
and 

Axe. 

1,013 

40,710 

2,5 

Locality. 


When 
Collected. 


Co  1 1  ma,  Mex. 

Mexico. 

Orizaba. 


Judo,  18G.3. 


Received  from 


J.  XantuM. 
Verroaiix. 
F.  SuniichraHt. 


Collected  by 


(31,820.)  IrU  red-brown. 

The  following  species  of  Campylorhynchus  I  have  not  had  the 
opportunity  of  examining  : — 

Campylorhynchus  giitfatns,  Lapk.  H.  Z.  1846,  M.—ThrijothoTus 
(/utfdtus,  Gould,  Pr.  Z.  S.  183(j,  89  (Mexico). 

This  species,  which  has  not  been  referred  to  by  recent  writers, 
belongs  to  the  same  section  as  C.  brunneicapillvs,  etc.,  with  rcddi.«Ii- 
brown  head,  and  back  striped  longitudinally  with  white.  The 
throat  and  breast  are  said  to  be  spotted  with  black,  the  abdomen 
and  sides  with  smaller  spots  of  the  same.  Ijength,  6.75  (i)r()bal»ly 
more)  ;  wings  and  tail  three  iuv-hes  each.  The  description  of  tlio 
tail  is  not  very  distinct;  but  in  several  respects  there  is  a  close  re- 
lationship to  C.  brunneioapilluft,  of  liafr.,  and  it  is  not  impos-sihle 
that  it  refers  to  the  same  species.     If  from  Tamaulipts,  like  the 


mh  ■  ■ 


.T    TH/.Tl 


SAUMNOTKS. 


109 


TrnijIiKh/fea  leuco(]axtra  (It'Hcrll)oil  by  Mr.  OoiiM  on  the  sumo  i)ttf?e, 
it  is  rortainly  tlio  hiuiu',  as  the  C.  hrunneicapillus  is  the  churacU'ristic 
species  uf  thut  region  of  Alexieo. 

iuiiipylorliyiicliUH  iiiKiicepH,  Sci.atbk,  P.  Z.  S.  18C0,  4G1.— lu. 
Catal.  18,  no.  112  (uenr  V«ni  Crux,  Mex.)- 

This  spcx'ies  has  a  hhieiv  lieud  and  post-ocular  Htripc  like  capis- 
Iruliiti  ttiiil  rufmuvha,  but  dilTcrs  in  the  black  nape  Wka  jovohuh.  Tlie 
buck  is  reddish,  barred  transversely  with  black.  The  budy  is  un- 
spotted white  l)eneath,  reddish  jxjsteriorly ;  the  tail  feathers  black, 
liarn'tl  on  the  outer  webs,  and  more  obsohjtely  on  the  iniu'r  web  of 
the  lateral,  with  fulvous,  but  without  the  white  tips  Bceu  in  the  allies. 


C'amiiylorhyncliiiH  {(Ularis,  Sclatkr,  P.  Z.  S.  1860,  402  (Mexico). 

This  is  a  very  short-billed  species,  closely  allied  to  C.  humilis  in 
this  respect,  as  well  as  in  the  r"ddisli-brown  head.  The  post-ocular 
stripe,  however,  is  said  to  be  black,  as  well  as  a  rictal  oiw.  The 
tail  is  broadly  tipped  with  white.  The  two  lateral  tail  feathers  have 
large  white  spots  on  both  webs  (not  on  the  outermost  only).  The 
under  part,  except  the  throat,  with  rouud  black  spots ;  iu  this  also 
dilfering  from  humilis. 


i;  -  y. 


8ALPINCTBS,  Cab. 

Salpinctea,  Car.  Wiegiuaun's  Arohiv,  1847,  i,  323.     (Type  Troglodytes 
obsoletus,  Say.]"  > 

This  genus  is  sufficiently  characterized  in  the  "  Birds  N.  Am.,"  as 
well  as  in  the  general  synopsis  of  the  family  in  the  preceding  pages, 
for  my  present  purposes.  It  is,  however,  especially  peculiar  among 
all  its  cognate  genera  by  having  the  usual  two  continuous  plates  along 
the  posterior  half  of  the  inner  and  outer  faces  of  the  tarsus  divided 
transversely  into  seven  or  more  smaller  plates,  with  a  naked  interval 
between  them  and  the  anterior  scutelloe.  At  the  upper  end  of  the 
outer  plate  these  divisions  or  lines  of  junction  are  obsolete,  becoming 
more  distinct  below,  and  near  the  inferior  extremity  the  plates  are 
reduced  to  oval  scales.  The  plate  along  the  inner  face  is  also  divided 
into  two  or  three  plates,  sometimes  more,  usually  less  distinct  than  on 
tiie  outer.  The  posterior  edge  of  the  tarsus,  instead  of  being  sharp, 
is  usually,  though  not  always,  blunted  by  the  bending  round  of  the 
outer  plate.  The  lateral  toes  are  quite  disproportionate  in  size,  the 
inner  with  its  claw  scarcely  reaching  beyond  the  end  of  the  second 


« 


I 


no 


RKVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  UlUnS. 


[I'AUT  I. 


))liiilaiix  of  th(>  middle  Uw.     Tht;  tuil  feathers  are  aH  in  Culherpen, 
\ivoud  and  soft. 

t 

NuliiiiicteH  obHoletiiH. 

li.'ilodyte»  ohfoletut,  Sat,  Long's  Exped.  II,  1P23,  4  (South  Fork  of 
Platte).— Aui..  Orn.  Biog.  IV,  pi.  3i!0.— In.  H.  A.  II,  pi.  lit;.— 
Nkwukhry,  1'.  R.  U.  Rep.  VI,  iv,  Ibbl,  H(».— IIrkkman.n,  I».  R.  R. 
Rep.  X,  ISSi),  41. — Stilf)incU'»  ohsoleliis,  c'ah.  WlHgmaiiii'H  Arcliir, 
1847,  I,  323.— Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1>*68,  357.— Sclatkk,' P.  Z.  ti. 
ISf)!),  371  (Oaxaca). 

fTrogloilytes  lntisj'a»cvitu»,  LiCHT.  Preis-Verzeicli.  1831,  no.  82. 

/Tirifr,  Central  regionn  of  the  United  States,  to  Mexico.  Cape  St.  Lucas.  Not 
recorded  from  Pacific  slope.  >  ,• 

Mexican  specimens  pccm  to  differ  in  having  the  under  tail  covert.s 
more  distinctly  and  broadly  banded ;  the  outer  primary  half  the 
longest,  instead  of  being  eouHidcrably  less  than  half.  My  materials, 
however  (two  skins),  are  not  sufficient  to  decide  whether  these  differ- 
ences are  characteristic,  and  acconii)anied  by  any  others. 

Young  birds,  fully  grown,  dilfer  from  adults  in  the  entire  absence 
of  any  marking  on  the  under  surface,  not  even  on  the  crissum. 

A  specimen  from  Cape  St.  Lucas  is  decidedly  smaller  than  the 
more  northern  ones. 

No  specimens  have  been  received  from  the  Pacific  slope  of  Cali- 
fornia, excepting  from  Fort  Tejon,  which  is  near  the  dividing  line. 
Dr.  Ilecrmann  speaks  of  its  being  common  throughout  California. 


Smlth- 

Collec- 

Sex 

When 
Collected. 

«>iuiaii 
No. 

tor's 
No. 

and 

A(iCe. 

Locality. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

1,8.^7 

rf 

Fort  Union,  Diik. 

.Inly  8, '4.3. 

8.  K.  Haiid. 

J.  J.  Audnbou. 

8,832 

,  , 

Black  IlillH. 

Sept.  10. 

Lt.  Warren. 

Dr.  Hayden. 

11,074 

9 

Fort  Brliiger,  Utah. 

.Inlyl.'.,  '.-iS. 

C.  Drexler, 

22,044 

63 

Hplltfate,  Mah. 

Aug.  22,  '60. 

Lt.  Mullan. 

J.  Pearsall. 

IL.'i.'U 

, , 

i 

Fort  neflanpe,  N.  M. 

•  ■  • 

12,116 

, , 

San  Francinc.i  Jits. 

Oct.  9.  'ftO. 

Capt.  SitKreaves. 

Dr.  Woodhons*. 

2.">,.367 

1,090 

Fort  Tejoii,  Cal. 

Nov.  29,  '.-i?. 

J.  XautUH. 

32.160 

2,882 

V 

Capo  St   Lucas. 

Jan.  1860. 

** 

2.1..3S.3 

40,722 

rf 

Mexico. 

Verreaux. 

2J,387 

40,723 

V 

(4 

(hftiilu 
instead 

C'nthr 


Smith- 

Colic 

koijIhd 

lor' 

No, 

No 

7,116 

66 

.'(.flfl!) 

17.) 

31,S2i 

2,04(1 

ai.87i 

26 

CATHERPES,  Baird. 

Catherpes,  Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  357. 
canus,  SWAINSON.) 


(Type  Tliryothorus  mexi- 


This  genus  shares  with  Salpinrtes  the  great  inequality  of  the 
lateral  toes.     The  sides  of  the  tarsi,  however,  as  in  all  the  Trojio- 


CATIIEllPES— CINNICKRTIIIA. 


Ill 


dijliitsp,  oxcoptiiij?  HnlpincteH,  nrc  covered  with  a  continuous  strip, 
instciui  of  bring  dividi'd  into  Hniull  plutos. 

(ullicriu'H  niexicaiiiiH. 

Tlirifiiihorut  tHtxicnnu*,  8wAix«ns,  Zool.  Ill,  2d  HorieB,  I,  1829,  pi.  xl 

(Kealdel  Moiitw,  Mux.). — Sitlpimte*  mixivanun,  Cah.  Wl«gin.  Arch. 

1H47,  I,  :V23.— ScLATKU,  P.  Z.  8.  1857,  212;  18r)8,  297  (Oaxnt-a).— 

'  Troijlodijlin  mexlciiniis,  Hkbuma;.n,  J.  A.  N.  So.  2<1  aer.  II,  IHIi;},  63. 

*         — Ib.  1'.  R.  U.  Rh|).  X,  1859,41.— Cahsin,  IlUiHt.  Birds  Cal.  1, 1854, 

''  pi.  XXX.  —  Cntfiprpin  ihixiratim,  Uaiki>,  Hirda  N.  Am.  1858,  35(5. 

.      Catftl.  1861,  18,  no.  115. 

fTrni,'..J,'  «  mitrnriun.  Light.  Preia-Verzeich.  1831,  no.  80  (^'(/e  Cab., 

Hj^'Aka  of  liglit-blue  taill). 
TImjothonis  ffiitlatus,  Lakr.  R.  Z.  1839,  99  (Mexico). 
Cerlhin  tilhifroiis,  (iiKAro,  Texas  Birda,  1841,  pi.  viii  (N.  E.  Mexico). 
Ifab.   Central  region  of  North  America,  from  boundary  of  United  StUv  ?8 
sotitliward  into  Muxico.     Oaxaua.     Kxtenda  up  valley  of  Colorado. 

Tlicre  is  a  very  great  difference  in  tlio  length  of  the  bill  In  different 
siu'ciniens  of  this  species.  The  longest  (20,871)  measures  .75  from 
nostril,  and  1.15  from  gape;  while  in  another  the  bill  is  .15  shorter. 

I  have  not  seen  sp(!einiens  of  this  bird  from  any  point  west  of 
Fort  Tejoii,  although  it  is  said  to  occur  in  the  Sacramento  A'alley. 


'  J 


Smlth- 

Collec- 

Snx 

Bonina 

tor's 

ami 

No. 

No. 

Atje. 

7,116 

66 

;t,08fi 

M:> 

rf 

.11,S21 

2,040 

a),  871 

20 

•• 

Locality. 


Koit  Tejon,  Cal. 
New  Mexico. 
New  Leon,  Mex. 
nio  Coahnnynna, 
Mlrador.    [Culima. 


When 
Collected. 


Feb.  4,  '54. 

Sept.  186.'). 
Oct.  1882 


ileceived  from 


J.  XHntuK. 
I.t   Whipple. 
Lt.  Coiicli. 

.1.    XllltUH. 

Dr.  SaitorinH. 


Collected  liy 


Dr.  Keuneriy. 


(3,969)   Eyex  dark-brow u.     (31,821.)   IrU  browa. 


CINNICERTHIA,  Lkssox. 

C'lnnlcerthin,  "Lesson,  1844,"  Okay.     (Type  TJmnornis  unirufus,  Laph.) 
Presbys,  Cabanis,  Mus.  Hein.  1, 1860,80.    (Type  P.  c«n//Wms  =  preceding?) 

Bill  short,  conical,  high  at  base,  not  notched  at  tip.  Culmen  mnch  curvei*. 
Nostrils  in  anterior  extremity  of  nasal  groove ;  broadly  open  and  oval,  but 
with  a  narrow  membrane  above.  Internal  lateral  septum  apparently  revolute, 
so  aa  to  be  perpendicular  to  the  central  septum,  its  exposed  edge  crossing 
the  nasal  aperture  obliquely  forwards.  Legs  very  stout ;  hind  toe  and  claw 
nearly  as  long  as  the  middle,  which  are  much  shorter  than  tarsus.  Wings 
about  equal  to  the  much  graduated  tail.  Plumage  Wren-like  ;  uniform  brown, 
with  (l..'>ti;v  ]:nes  on  wings  and  tail. 

I  introduce  the  diagnosis  of  the  genus  merely  to  complete  the 


its 


REVIKW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[I'AUT  r. 


'^1 


■■i 


history  of  the  family,  a.s  no  species  beloiif?  t»^  lidtlle  or  Nortli 
Amurica.  1  <juote  llie  dalo  of  tlio  f^t'iiiis  from  (J ray,  not  Jiiiowiiij^ 
where  it  is  described,  unless  it  l)e  in  the  Desc.  Alaiiiui.  et  d'Ois.  of 
Lesson,  a  hook  to  wliieh  I  have  not  access. 

Two  well  estal)lislied  Hi)ec'ieH  are  (J.  vniriifa  (Lafr.),  ]>ogota,  and 
G.  unibruniiea,  Lafr.,  Ecuador,  both  of  which  1  have  had  the  oppor- 
tunity of  examining. 

A  younjf  l)ird  of  (-'.  ii»il>ri(nn)'n  dilfors  from  the  adult  in  Iiavinir 
the  anterior  portion  of  l)o(ly  brown,  instead  of  reddish;  the  bassal 
poj'tion  of  gape  and  lower  jaw  yellowish,  not  black. 

CYPHORINUS,  Cah. 

Cyphorlnus,  Cabakim,  Tscnrni,  Fauna  P**riiana,  184.')-4fi,  183.     (Tji)e 
C.  thoracicus,  Tscii.  =  Thri/olhonis  modulator,  D'Okb.) 

Body  short  and  stout.  Tail  roundod,  very  short,  scarcely  more  than  half 
the  wings,  and  falling  short  of  the  outstretched  toes.  First  priujary  aliout 
lialf  the  longest;  secondaries  developed,  nearly  as  long  as  tlie  ]>riu)ai'i('S. 
Bill  distinctly  notched,  but  without  rictal  bristles  ;  about  as  long  us  the  head  ; 
much  compressed,  and  elevated  at  the  base  (greatest  depth  about  ono-tldrd 
length),  where  the  culnien  is  angulated  and  (juile  sharj).  The  nostrils  am 
not  in  the  anterior  emi  of  the  nasal  groove,  but  in  tliti  nnddle  of  tiie  nasal 
membrane  against  its  upper  edge,  and  forming  a  small,  truly  circular  tuliular 
oj)ening,  surrounded  by  a  low  wall,  tlie  ayi«  of  the  oiHMiing  directed  ajiparently 
obrupioly  downwards  (not  horizontally).  Li'^-i  well  developed  ;  tarsi  rather 
longer  than  middlu  toe  and  claw  ;  lateral  toes  eijiial,  hind  toe  shorter  than  tliu 
middle.  Tarsi  <t-scutellate.  the  scutellre  not  very  <listinct;  the  sides  of  Jejrs 
in  one  plate.  Outer  lateral  toe  with  basal  joint,  and  balf  the  next,  adherent 
to  basal  joint  of  middle  toe  ;  inner  lateral  with  half  its  basal  joint  similarly 
adherent ;  or,  to  express  the  relation  otherwise,  the  whole  outer  edge  of  basal 
joint  of  middle  toe,  and  half  the  inner,  adherent  to  the  lateral  toes. 

1  have  not  the  opportunity  of  examining  the  si)ecies  upon  which 
the  genus  was  based  by  Oal)anis,  but  iuiv(>  seku  ted  a  near  ally,  ('. 
lowrencii,  Sol.,  as  probably  having  the  same  peculiarities.  The 
genus  is  a  very  remarkable  one,  and  not  easily  mistaken  for  any 
other,  on  account  of  the  characteristics  of  the  circular  nostrils  sur- 
rounded by  membrant?,  etc. 

The  genus  (Uji)hoi'inu»,  ns  given  by  Dr.  Sclater,  inclndes  two 
eubgenera — Cyplioriiiua  and  Mivroccrculni^.  1  lind,  among  his 
species  of  Microcercvlua,  two  (juite  strongly  nuirked  sections,  of 
which  hamhla  and  prnstheleiwiis  are  respectively  the  types,  and  for 
tliu  latter  I  propo.se  the  name  of  Hctvrorhina.  A  larger  nuiidicr  of 
specimens  will  be  rc(|uired  to  decide  as  to  the  i)eriininence  and  value 
of  the  cliaracter-s  which  appear  to  present  themselves  in  the  skins 


MICR0CERCULU8. 


113 


before  me,  and  to  detormine  wlicther  the  sections  shall  be  considered 
o.s  of  j^cneric  or  nuTcly  Hubgcneric  importance.  For  the  prcsuut  it 
will  be  more  conveuieut  to  consider  thuni  as  geiioru. 


(Tyi.e 


C'yplioriniis  la^vrencii* 

Ct/phorinus  canttms',  Lawr.  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lyo.  VII,  293  (not  of  Caranis). 
Cyphorinus  lawrencii,  ScL.  MSS.  Lawukncb,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.  VIII,  18«3, 
no.  373. 

llab.  Isthmus  of  Panama. 

Aleve  rtiddish-oHve,  tlie  feathers  very  obsoletely,  almost  unappreciaMy, 
Btnaked  and  waved  with  dusky.  Kxpoaed  surface  of  wing  and  tail  barred 
distinctly  with  black.  Featliera  of  forehead  tinged  with  reddish  at  l)as«>. 
Chin,  ears,  throat,  and  upper  part  of  jngnluni  lirownish-n-d ;  rest  of  under 
parts  grayish-olive,  tinged  on  the  sides  and  crissuni  with  rufous.  Lining  of 
wing  like  throat,  hut  paler.  The  angle  of  the  chin  and  tho  side  of  the  lower 
jaw  dusky.  A  female  specimen  is  similar,  but  smaller,  and  lighter  on  the 
middle  of  tlie  belly. 

Total  length,  r).0(>;  wing,  2.50;  tail,  1.55;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .90, 
from  nostril,  .GO;  along  ga|)e,  .  ^;  tarsus,  1.00;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .93; 
hiud  toe  and  claw,  .72;  claw  alone,  .35. 

This  species  was  first  referred  by  Mr.  Lawrence  to  C.  cantons  (r= 
?n».t/r«.s),  but  on  sending  specimens  to  Dr.  Sciaicr,  this  gentleman 
decided  them  to  belong  to  a  new  species  which  he  named  C.  law- 
rencii. C.  musicus  (Cuyc^nne)  difltu's  in  having  the  breast  and  bidly 
yellowish-white;  the  ears  streaked  with  black  and  white  (Hiir- 
ineistcr).  C.  vioJulator  (Peru,  etc.)  is  more  like  it,  but  much  larger, 
uiul  has  the  rufous  of  throat  extending  further  down  the  body,  and 
passing  into  whitish. 


or  any 

•ils  sur- 

ios  two 

)iig    liis 

ons,  of 

and  for 

iil)er  of 

d  valiio 

le  skins 

Bmltli- 
Konliin 

No. 

Collec- 
tor's 
No. 

87 
87 

Sax 
anil 

Ago. 

Locality. 

When 
Conootud. 

Received  from 

Collected  bjr 

•• 

^ 

Paoama  K.  U. 

•• 

Cab.  Lawreuce. 

II 

M'LoHii  k  Uulb. 

(S7.)  Type. 


,  '  ■'  1 '  M.> 


'   '  MICROCERCULUS,  Solatkr. 

Mkrocerciilus,  Sclateu,  Catal.  Am.  Birda,  1 8(51, 19.  (Type  Tiiriius  hamhla,  Bonn.) 

Otiueral  appearance  of  Cyphorinus,  the  tail  still  shorter,  in  type  less  than 
half  the  wings,  the  feathers  soft;  the  end  of  outstretched  tibia  reaching  the 
tip  of  tail.  Bill  compressed  ;  the  lieight  about  one-fourth  the  length  ;  culmen 
nearly  straight,  not  angulated  or  gibbous  at  base  ;  tip  notched,  quite  abruptly 
deeurved  Nostrils  apparently  double^  or  with  two  openiuga  ou  «ach  side. 
8        August,  1804. 


R  ;     .  t 


lU 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  B1RD8. 


[part  I. 


!      -U 


I  have  not  had  the  opportunity  of  examining  the  M.  banibla — 
type  of  the  genus — and  have  ta^ "  the  philoinela,  a  near  ally,  as 
the  standard  of  reference,      T  %s  the  general  appearance  of 

CyphormuH,  but  with  still  shortei  .tud  more  rudimentary  tail ;  a  bill 
less  compressed,  and  elevated  at  base,  and  more  decurved  at  tip  ;  the 
wings  more  rounded.  The  most  remarkable  peculiarity  is  seen  in 
the  nostrils,  which,  instead  of  being  single,  as  is  usual  among  birds, 
are  double,  or  with  two  openings.  The  specimens  of  j)hilomela  do 
not  show  the  characters  very  satisfactorily,  but  one  opening  is  appa- 
rently crescent-shaped,  against  the  lower  side  of  the  nasal  groove 
near  the  anterior  extremity ;  the  chord  of  the  arc  nearly  parallel 
with  the  commissure.  The  upper  border  of  the  aperture  is  thus 
formed  by  a  semi-lunar  valvular  scale,  which  may  fit  down  close, 
leaving  only  a  free  rounded  aperture  behind.  Above  the  posterior 
end  of  this  opening  is  another  one,  shorter,  more  circular,  and 
against  the  upper  edge  of  the  nasal  groove.  The  septum  or  bridge 
between  the  two  is  narrow :  sometimes  reduced  to  a  subjacent  ridge, 
in  which  case  the  nasal  aperture  appears  single  externally. 

It  is  possible  that  I  have  misinterpreted  the  indications  of  the 
specimens  before  me,  and  that  the  characters  of  the  nostrils  is  suffi- 
ciently like  that  in  Cyphorinus  not  to  authorize  generic  separation. 

The  species  assigned  by  Sclater  to  Microcerculus,  excepting  C. 
alhigularu,  which  is  a  Pheugopedius,  form  two  sections :  one  with 
bambla  as  type,  with  tail  soft  and  less  than  half  the  wings ;  the  bill 
higher ;  the  culmen  more  elevated  and  nearly  straight  above.  The 
second  with  leucodictus  as  type  :  the  tail  firm,  and  two-thirds  the 
wing  ;  the  bill  still  lower  than  in  the  last,  and  more  Wren-like  ;  the 
nostrils  not  so  much  doubly  perforate,  as  with  one  large  oval  aper- 
ture in  the  anterior  extremity  of  nasal  groove  divided  by  a  nearly 
horizontal  septum,  which  shows  in  the  aperture  without  being 
'United  to  it,  constituting  a  free  septum  rather  than  a  bridge ;  some- 
times reaching  up  to  the  level  of  the  aperture,  and  sometimes  low 
and  inconspicuous.  The  tarsal  scales  are  sometimes  distinct  on  the 
outer  side,  sometimes  completely  fused  into  one  with  the  lateral 
plates  (leucophrys).  To  this  second  section,  perhaps  generic  form, 
I  propose  to  give  the  name  of  Heterorhina. 

Microcerculus  philoniela. 

Ciiphorinus  philomela,  Salvin,  P.  Z.  S.  1861,  202  (Guatemala). — Pn. 
Catal.  1861,  358  {Microcerculus).— LfLvrR.  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lyo.  VII, 
1862;  Birds  Panama,  III,  no.  311. —  C)j]>horinus  bambla,  Lawr.  Aun. 
N.  Y.  Lye.  VII,  1861,  320,  no.  185  (iria  browu). 

Hah.  Guatemala  to  Isthmus  Panama. 


h'h*^. 


HETERORHINA. 


115 


A  specimen,  apparently  of  tliis  species,  in  Mr.  Lawrence's  collec- 
tion, from  Panama,  differs  from  a  type  specimen  and  Mr.  Sulvin's 
description  in  being  entirely  without  the  fuliginous  shade  of  the 
under  parts ;  these  are  grayish  along  the  median  region,  obso- 
letely  varied  with  dusky ;  the  sides  much  like  the  back,  the  same 
color  tinging  all  the  under  parts  of  body.  The  blackish  margins 
of  the  dorsal  feathers  are  scarcely  or  not  at  all  appreciable ;  the 
spots  on  the  coverts  are  very  obsoletcly  indicated.  It  is  probably 
a  more  adult  bird  than  as  described  by  Mr.  Salvin. 

M.  philomela  is  said  by  Mr.  Salvin  to  differ  from  M.  hanihla  in 
having  the  wing  coverts  spotted,  instead  of  being  banded  with  white. 
M.  albigularis,  of  Sclater,  is  said  to  differ  from  both  in  the  white 
throat,  and  from  philomela  in  the  white  bands  of  the  wing. 

Total  length,  4.00 ;  wing,  2.05 ;  tail,  1.15  ;  graduation,  .33 ;  exposed  portion 
of  1st  primary,  .80,  of  2d,  1.30,  of  longest,  4th  (measured  from  exposed  base 
of  1st  primary),  1.60;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .76,  from  nostril,  .48, 
along  gape,  .82 ;  tarsus,  .80 ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .74 ;  hiud  toe  and  claw, 
.65 ;  claw  alone,  .30. 


Stnlth- 
Koniaii 

No. 

Collec- 
tor's 
No. 

Sex 
and 
Age. 

Locality. 

Whra 

Collected. 

Reocived  from 

Collected  by 

30,660 

101 
68 

Vera  Paz,  Ouat. 
9     '   Panama. 

O.  SalTin 
Cab.  Lawrence. 

Salvin  &6odniaii. 
H'Lean.  &  Oalb. 

1,'  .>* 


'f:v 


'A'     . 
#1    ■ 


HETERORHINA,  Baird. 
Ileterorhina,  Baikd.     (Type  Scytalopna  proHhelencus,  Sclater.) 

In  the  introductory  synopsis,  and  in  the  preceding  remarks  rela- 
tive to  Microcerculus,  I  have  sufficiently  indicated  the  characters 
of  this  genus.  The  following  ., .  opsis  may  serve  to  distinguish  the 
allied  species : — 

A.  Back   brownish-red ;   head  darker ;   sides  of  head  black, 
spotted  with  white. 
a.  Throat  pure  white,  continuous  with  pure  white  on 
the  breast  and  belly ;  wing  coverts  spotted  with 
white. 

1.  Top  of  head  reddish-brown,  or  like  the  back. 

Breast  and  belly  soiled  white;  tarsus  .84    .    prostheleuca. 
Breast  and  belly  pure  white ;  tarsus  .90     .    leucoiticta. 

2.  Top  of  head  black.  (Specimen  from  the  Napo.) 
6.  Feathers  of  throat  white,  edged  with  black ;  breast 

plumbeous ;  coverts  unspotted. 

1.  Topof  head  reddish  orolive  brownish;  tarsus. 90  griseicolUs. 

2.  Top  of  bead  black  ;  tarsus  1.00      .        .        .    Uucophrys. 


116 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


li^ 


:* 


4      i' 


.  Ifl 


B.  Back  and  top  of  head  nearly  uniform  grayish-brown  ;  sides 

of  head  whitish,  varied  with  light-brown.    Size  very  small    pusilla. 

Heterorhina  prostlieleuca. 

Scytalopus  prostheleucus,  Sclater,  P,  Z,  S.  1856, 290  (Cordova). —  Cypho- 
rinus  pmatheleucus,  Sclatek,  P.  Z.  S.  1858,  64,  96  ;  1,859,  363,  372 
(Oaxaca).— Ib.  Catal.  1861,  20,  no.  125.— Salvin,  Ibis,  II,  18G0, 
272  (Guatemala). 

(28,042.)  Above  brown,  passing  into  deeper  rufoua  to  the  upper  coverts, 
and  into  reddish  olivaceous  on  top  of  head.  Chin  and  throat  pure  white, 
passing  into  a  duller  white  behind  ;  the  sides  of  breast  plumbeous  ;  sides  of 
belly,  with  the  crissum,  rufous  brown  like  the  rump.  A  distinct  white  line 
from  bill  over  eye  to  nape,  bordered  above  by  an  obscure  black  band.  All 
the  feathers  of  side  of  head  and  neck  are  black,  with  a  rounded  white  spot 
near  the  end ;  thera  is  quite  a  distinct  black  line  from  base  of  lower  jaw 
margining  chin  and  throat ;  the  lores  are  black.  The  tail  feathers  and  ex- 
terior webs  of  secondary  quills  are  rufous,  with  narrow  black  bars  (these  bars 
narrower  than  the  interspaces).  The  primaries  black,  with  brownish-gray 
spots  along  their  outer  edges  (outermost  edged  continuously  \«ith  gray).  The 
greater  and  middle  wing  coverts  are  blackish,  many  of  them  with  a  small 
white  spot  near  their  tips.     The  bill  is  black  ;  legs  brown. 

Total  length,  4.40 ;  wing,  2.20 ;  tail,  1.60  ;  exposed  portion  of  1st  primary, 
.85,  of  2d,  1.35,  of  longest  (measured  from  exposed  base  of  1st  primary),  1.7U ; 
length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .65,  from  nostril,  .44,  along  gape,  .80  ;  tarsus,  .84; 
middle  toe  and  claw,  .70 ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .61 ;  claw  alone,  .27. 

In  No.  28,042,  one  of  the  tail  feathers  is  entirely  white,  and  there 
is  a  white  feather  on  the  seapulars ;  this,  however,  is  evidently 
abnormal. 

Other  specimens,  from  Mexico  and  Guatemala,  are  similar,  but 
vary  somewhat  in  the  degree  of  purity  of  white  beneath,  and  in  the 
shade  of  rufous  above.  One  (91,  Lawrence  collection)  has  the  black 
band  margining  the  top  of  head  wider,  so  as  to  leave  only  a  small 
central  interspace  of  brown.  This  specimen,  too,  has  the  bill  longer 
than  in  others. 


Bniith- 

Bonlao 

No. 

20,339 
22,389 
28,042 


Collec- 

Sex 

tor's 

and 

No. 

Age. 

1,431 

, , 

,  , 

rf 

27 

91 

1 

•■ 

Localitjr. 


Cbnctam,  Vera  Paz. 
Mexico. 
Mirador,  Mex. 
Guatemala. 


Whoa 
Collected. 


Jan.  1860. 


Received  from 


Collected  by 


0.  Salvia. 
V^erreaux. 
Br.  C.  Sartorins. 
Cab.  Lawrence. 


HETERORniNA. 


117 


Heterorhlna  leiicogticta. 

t'yphorinus  leucostict  is,  Cab.  Wiegm.  Archiv,  1847,  i,  206  (Guiana  and 
Mexico). — ScLATEB,  P.  Z.  S.  1858,  63,  96. — Lawbence,  Ann.  N.  Y. 
Lyo.  VII,  1861,  320  (Panama). 
Hab.  Isthmus  of  Panama,  to  Guiana  and  Ecuador. 

A  specimen  from  Panama,  in  Mr.  Lawrence's  collection,  labelled 
C.  leucostictus,  has  the  breast  and  belly  pure  white  like  the  throat, 
and  the  white  spots  on  side  of  head  larger.  The  size  is  considerably 
less  than  in  prostheleucua,  while  the  tarsi  are  longt;r.  The  shoulders 
are  less  spotted  with  white. 

Another  specimen  from  the  Napo  (32,G93),  labelled  G.  leucostictus, 
differs  from  the  last  in  having  a  longer,  slenderer  bill.  The  whole 
top  of  head  is  black ;  the  black  bars  on  the  inner  or  superior  secon- 
daries are  quite  obsolete,  those  on  the  outer  webs  of  the  exterior 
ones  being  changed  to  dentations.  The  spotting  of  the  shoulders  is 
restricted  to  the  alular  feathers  and  edge  of  the  shoulders. 

Cabanis,  in  his  description  of  G.  leucostictus,  gives  Guiana  and 
Mexico  as  localities,  thuti  refeiTing  also  to  G.  prostheleucus.  The 
small  size  of  the  specimen  described,  and  the  whiteness  of  all  the 
under  parts,  would  appear  to  show  that  the  description  was  based 
on  the  Guiana  specimen. 

(No.  90,  from  Panama.)  Total  length,  3.50  ;  wing,  2.00  ;  tail,  1.30 ;  exposed 
portion  of  1st  primary,  .75,  of  2d,  1.25  ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .67,  from 
nostril,  .43,  along  gape,  .76  ;  tarsus,  90;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .73  ;  hind  toe 
and  claw,  .62. 

(No.  32,693,  from  the  Napo.)  Total  length,  4.00;  wing,  2.10;  tail,  1.30; 
length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .73,  from  nostril,  .45,  along  gape,  .83 ;  tarsus, 
.91;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .76. 


■  ■■■■■■,%'. 


'i.m 


■¥.■    'i- 


Smith- 
sonian 
Ho. 

Collec- 
tor's 
No. 

Sex 
and 

Ago. 

Lo«alil7. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from           Collected  by 

32.893 

3»,92.'i 
90 

Rio  Napo,  Ecuador. 
Fauaiua  K.  H. 

... 

Verreaiix.                           

Cab.  Lawrence.        M'Lean.  k  Galb. 

Heterorhlna  grlseicollls. 

Merulaxis  griseicoUig,  Lapresrate,  Rev.  Zool.  1840,  103  (Bogota). — 
Cyphorinus  griseicoUis,  Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1860,  64  (Ecuador). 

Ilah.  Ecuador ;  Bogota ;  Guatemala  to  Mexico  ? 

(30,658.)  Above  reddish-brown,  with  the  top  of  head  and  nape  grayish- 
olive.  Chin  and  upper  part  of  throat  white,  passing  insensibly  into  plumbeous 
gray  on  the  remaining  under  parts,  excepting  sides  of  belly  and  crissum,  which 
are  reddish-browu  like  rump.    A  distinct  white  line  from  bill  over  eye  to  nape, 


» 


il. 


«il!j 


118 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


with  a  sufTusion  of  black  above  it  on  each  side  of  the  vertex.  Cheek  feathers 
white,  narrowly  edged  all  round  with  black  ;  lores  and  stripe  behind  eye  black. 
A  black  line  on  each  side  the  uhin  and  upper  part  of  the  tiiroat,  all  the  feathers 
of  which  are  faintly  and  inconspicuously  edged  with  black.  Exposed  surfaces 
of  secondaries  like  back,  with  obscure  transverse  lines  of  black,  still  more 
indistinctly  seen  on  the  greater  coverts.  Tail  feathers  similarly  marked. 
No  white  spots  on  the  coverts,  and  but  faiut  indications  on  the  alular  feathers. 

The  grayish  feathers  of  the  belly  have  generally  a  lighter  tip,  or  obscure 
terminal  light  spot ;  sometimes  with  a  faiut  appearance  of  broad  bars  of 
whitish  and  gray. 

Total  length,  4.00;  wing,  2.25  ;  tail,  1.30;  exposed  portion  of  Ist  primary, 
.87,  of  2d,  1.33  ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .65,  from  nostril,  .40,  along  gape, 
.75  ;  tarsus,  .90 ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .7ti ;  hind  toe  and  daw,  .(i4. 

A  specimen  in  Mr.  Lawrence's  collection,  from  Guatemala,  differs 
in  a  much  deeper  and  more  purplish  rufous  on  the  back. 

Specimens  from  Mexico  are  similar,  but  difter  in  having  the  top 
of  the  head  and  nape  reddish-brown,  similar  to  the  back,  only  a  shade 
lighter,  instead  of  olive-gray.  Should  this  be  constant,  as  a  geo- 
graphical difference,  the  Mexican  form  will  be  entitled  to  a  distinctive 
name.  None  of  the  specimens  agree  very  well  with  the  description 
by  Lafresnaye  of  his  Merulaxis  griseicoUis,  and  may  all  be  really 
distinct,  especially  in  view  of  the  widely  different  localities. 

This  species,  with  a  close  resemblance  to  prostheleucus  and  leu- 
costicius,  may  be  readily  recognized  by  the  plumbeous  ashy  under 
parts,  the  narrow,  scarcely  appreciable  black  edgings  of  the  throat 
feathers,  the  absence  of  white  spots  on  the  wing  coverts,  etc.  The 
bill  is  smaller  and  more  slender. 


Smitb- 

«ouian 

No. 

Collec- 
tor's 
No. 

Sex 
and 
Age. 

d 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

26,369 
22,389 

80,658 

37,661 

55 

i:« 
92 

Xalapa,  Mex. 

[Gnat. 

Volcaa  de  Fuego, 
Guatemala. 

Nov.'l861. 

J.  Krlder. 
Verreaux. 
Cab.  Lawrence 
0.  Salvia. 
Cab.  Lawrence. 

D'Oca. 

D'Ocft.  * 

Salvin&Oodm. 

(22,389.)   "  O.  prostheleuoua." 

Ileterorhina  leucoplirys. 

Troglodytes  leucophrys,  Tschudi,  Conspectus  Fauna  Peruana. — Cypho- 
rinus  leuco])hry.i,  Cab.  Wiegm.  Arch.  1847,  i,  206. — Sclatkb,  Catal. 
1861,  19,  no.  123. 

Troglodytes  guttalus,  Hartl.  Verz,  Mus.  Brem.  1844,  26. 

Hab.  Peru  to  Costa  Rica  ? 

(30,486.)    Above  dark  rufous  brown,  brightest  towards  the  rump;  top  of 
hgad  dusky  blackish,  the  feathers  obscurely  suffused  at  the  ends  with  olivace- 


HETEUORHINA. 


119 


0U9.  A  white  line  from  bill  over  the  eye  along  nape  ;  lores,  and  a  stripe  back 
of  the  eye,  black ;  all  other  feathers  of  the  cheeks,  chin,  and  throat,  white, 
narrowly  bordered  with  black.  Jugulum  dark  a«hy,  iui(idle  of  breast  paler; 
wliole  sides  of  body  from  and  including  axillars,  the  po^^terior  j)art  of  belly, 
anal  region,  and  crissum,  dark  rufous  cinnamon.  Exposed  surface  of  secon- 
daries and  tail  feathers  rufous,  with  transverse  dark  lines;  primaries  similar, 
externally  dentated  with  black  and  rufous.  Bars  on  tail  much  broken  up. 
No  spots  on  the  coverts  ;  the  alular  feathers  and  bend  of  wing  streaked  with 
yellowish-brown. 

Total  length  of  skin,  4.80;  wing,  2.35;  tail,  1.55  ;  exposed  portion  of  1st 
primary,  .91,  of  2d,  1.30;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .72,  from  nostril,  .45, 
along  gr-pe,  .81 ;  tarsus,  .98  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .82  ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .67  ; 
claw  alone,  .32. 

This  species  is  readily  distinguished  from  H.  leucostida  and 
profitheleuca,  by  its  ashy  jugulum,  want  of  spots  on  the  coverts, 
and  streaked  throat.  From  them  and  grheicollis  it  differs  in  larger 
size,  much  greater  extent  of  rufous  ou  the  sides  and  anal  region, 
darker  head,  etc.  The  feathers  of  chin  and  throat  are  edged  much 
more  conspicuously  with  black  than  in  H.  griseicollis.  The  outer 
face  of  the  tarsus  forms  one  continuous  plate  without  division  or 
groove  of  any  kind. 

I  refer  this  species  to  the  G.  leucopJirys  of  Tschudi,  although  the 
locality  of  the  specimen  is  much  farther  north  than  heretofore  given, 
and  the  bird  has  not  been  recorded  from  I'anama.  As  I  have  not 
seen  a  South  American  specimen,  it  is  possible  that  a  careful  com- 
parison may  reveal  a  specific  difference. 


Smith- 
eoniau 

No. 

30,486 


CoUec- 
tor's 
No. 


80 


Sex 
and 
Age. 


Locality. 


Vfheu 
Collected. 


Received  from 


Sua  Jose,  CoHta  Rica. 


Dr.  V.  Frautzius. 


Collected  by 


r^^: 


Ileteroi'Iiiiia  pusilla. 

Cyphorinus  pusillua,  Sclatke,  P.  Z.  S.  1859,  372  (Oaxaca). — Ib.  Catal. 
1861,  20,  no.  126. 

Hub.  Western  Mexico  (Oaxaca). 

Of  this  diminutive  species,  which  differs  considerably  in  appear- 
ance from  its  allies,  the  only  specimen  before  me  is  somewhat  de- 
fective, especially  about  the  bill,  so  that  I  am  unable  to  say  how 
closely  it  agrees,  if  at  all,  with  the  other  Heterorhinse  in  their  peculi- 
arities. The  upper  parts  are  of  a  grayish-brown,  rather  brighter 
behind  ;  the  wings  and  tail  obsolctely  marked  with  transverse  dark 
lines.     A  line  from  bill  over  eye,  and  under  parts  dull  white ;  the 


•     ^1 


190 


EEVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


flanks,  anal  region,  and  crissum  somewhat  like  the  back,  hut  pahir ; 
the  sides  of  the  breast  tinged  with  plumbeous.  Length,  3.50; 
wing,  2.05 ;  tail,  1.35. 


Bmlth- 
soulau 

No. 


22,386 


Collec- 
tor's 
No. 


40,727 


Sex 
and 
Age. 


Iiocalitf. 


Mexico  (Oaxaca?) 


When 
Collected. 


Received  froio 


Verreaux. 


Collected  by 


(22,386.)  Type. 

; 

THRYOTHORUS,  Vieill. 

Thryothorus,  Vieillot,  Analyse,  1816,  45.  (Type  Troglodytes  arundi- 
naceu8,  "  Troglodyte  des  Roseaux,"  Vieill.  Ois.  Am.  Sept.  II,  1807, 
55  =:  Sylvia  ludovicinna,  Lath.) 

Bill  compressed,  rather  slender  ;  height  ahoiit  one-fourth  the  length  above. 
Culmen  and  commissure  gently  curved  throughout ;  goiiys  straiglit ;  tip  very 
obsoletely  notched.  Nostrils  in  the  lower  edge  of  imterior  extremity  of  the 
nasal  groove,  narrowly  elliptical,  overhung  by  a  stiflF  scale-like  roof  of  the 
thickened  membrane  of  the  upper  part  of  the  nasal  groove,  ''le  crescentie 
edge  rounded.  The  septum  of  nostrils  imperforate  ;  the  poste.-  r  part  of  the 
nasal  cavity  with  a  short  septum  projecting  into  it  parallel  with  the  central, 
not  perpendicular  as  in  Mi crocer cuius.  Wings  and  tail  about  equal,  the  latter 
moderately  rounded  ;  the  first  primary  more  than  half  the  second,  about  half 
the  longest.  Tarsi  rather  short,  scarcely  exceeding  middle  toe.  Anterior 
scutellse  distinct,  rest  of  each  side  of  tarsi  in  a  continuous  plate.  Lateral 
toes  equal. 

The  type  of  the  genus,  as  established  by  Vieillot,  is  his  Troglo- 
dytes arundinaceus,  by  G.  R.  Gray  and  others  referred  to  the  Cisto- 
thorus  palustris,  but  while  the  account  of  the  nidification  and  general 
habit  applies  best  to  the  latter,  the  description  and  figure  unquestion- 
ably relate  to  T.  ludovicianus.  (See  also  Baird,  Birds  K.  Am. 
1858,  359.) 

As  remarked  elsewhere,  the  Wrens  formerly  included  in  the  genus 
Th.ryothorus  are  found  to  embrace  several  distinct  groups  character- 
ized by  the  form  of  the  nostrils,  and  to  some  extent  by  the  shape  of  the 
bill  and  the  degree  to  which  this  is  notched  at  the  tip.  As  restricted, 
the  species  of  Thryothorus,  characterized  by  the  linear  nostrils 
moderately  overhunpf  by  a  thickened  scale,  all  belong  to  North 
America,  and  constitute  two  sections :  one  with  T.  ludovicianus  as 
type;  the  other  (Thryomanes,  Sclater)  with  slenderer,  longer  bill, 
and  the  tail  longer  than  the  wings,  its  feathers  broader,  best  repre- 
sented by  hewickii.  The  other  divisions — Pheugopedius  and  lliryo- 
philus — are  peculiar  to  Middle  and  South  Anerica. 


TORYOTIIORUS. 


121 


The  characters  of  these  two  divisions  will  bo  found  detailed  in 
tho  introductory  remarks,  and  under  their  respective  heads.  Tro<il<h- 
(hjtcx,  with  its  two  sections,  is  very  closely  related  to  T/iryothoruH, 
as  restricted,  so  much  so  that  it  is  very  difficult  to  draw  the  line. 
The  supposed  differences  referred  to  by  many  authors  resulted  from 
the  comparison  of  Troglodyten  with  Thryophilue,  rather  than  with 
true  ThryothoriiH. 

In  the  following  synopsis  I  present  an  artificial  key  to  the  species 
of  Thryothorus,  Pheugopedius,  and  Thryophilus,  l^und  in  North 
aiul  Middle  America,  with  their  nearest  South  American  allies,  and 
based  entirely  on  color  and  markings.  T.  2)leuro)ilictus  I  know  only 
by  description,  and  may  not  have  worked  it  in  properly.  A  more 
natural  arrangement,  based  upon  the  peculiarities  of  structure,  fol- 
lows the  first 

Synopsis  of  Species. 

A.  Head  above  and  back  of  inuvh  the  same  color. 

a.  Crissuiu  barred  transversely ;    rest  of  under  parts 

spotted  or  banded  conspicuously  with  black  (ex- 
cept in/e/«a:). 

1.  Outside   of    wings   banded ;    head    like  the 

back. 
a.  Throat  white;  rest  of  under  parts  black, 

finely  banded  with  white 
0.  Under  parts   pure  white ;    sides  from 

neck  to  crissuin  banded  with  black 

2.  Outside  of  wings  plain ;    head  more   rufous 

than  the  back.      Sides  of  head  and  neck 
white,  conspicuously  streaked  with  black ; 
wings  longer  than  tail,  except  in/e//a:. 
a.  Beneath  white,  spotted  with  black  from 

chin  to  belly.     Flanks  rusty 
B,  Chin  and  upper  throat  black,  spotted 
with  white  ;   rest  of  under  parts  plain 
rufous  ......' 

y.  Beneath  whitish,  unspotted ;  on  sides 
Jirown,  Upper  tail  covert  barred.  Tail 
longer  than  the  wings  .... 

b.  Crissum  barred  transversely ;   rest  of  under  parts 

plain. 
1.  Upper  tail   coverts   and  exposed  surface  of 
wings  barred. 
a.  Tail    feathers    reddish-brown,    barred 
with  black.    Greater  wing  coverts  spot- 
ted with  whitish. 

1.  Beneath  rusty  white     .         .        , 

2.  Beneath  rusty  brown    .        .        . 


fasciato-ventris, 
plcurostictus. 


maculipectus,      ' 


rutilus. 


felix. 


fi ' '  ^".  ■ 


ludoviciaius. 
berlandiert. 


122 


REVIEW  OP  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


H  > 

I 


i>iv 


F 

mi 

0.  Tail  fuath«re,  exoept  central,  black ; 
the  expoHfd  Hurfaoe  and  tips  only  varied 
trith  white. 

1.  Bill  and  le^a  very  stout,  the  former  . 
longer  than  the  head.    Wings  longer 

than  tail.    A  concealed  nuidiul  half 

collar  of  white  Htreakd. 

Color  much  as  in  7'.  bewickil,  but 
whiter  beneath.  Outride  of 
wings  very  obsoletely  banded     petenicua, 

2.  Bill  and  legs  more  slender ;  some- 
times  the  bill  sliorter  than  head. 
Tail  longer  than  the  wings,  ^'ocou- 
cealed  nuchal  half  collar. 

Above  dark   rufous  brown ;  be- 
neath plun)l)eouswhitn;  flanks 
tinged  with  brown.    Hump  and 
exposed  secondaries  distinctly 
banded.      Quills   and   middle 
tail  feathers  brownish-black    .      bewickii. 
Above  ashy-brown  ;  beneath,  in- 
cluding   flanks,    clear    white ; 
rump  ashy,  and,  like  seconda- 
ries,  very   obsoletely    barred. 
Quills  and  middle  tail  feathers 
grayish-brown         .         .         .      leucogaster. 
Colors  intermediate  between  the 
two   last.       Bill    longer,    from 
nostril,  .50,  from  gape  .81,  in- 
stead of  .39  and  .70 
2.  Exposed  surface  of  wings  barred ;  upper  tail 
coverts  not  barred.     Beneath  white.     Tail 
feathers  reddish-brown,  banded  with  black, 
except  in  pe.tf ulcus. 

a.  Above  quite  uniform  reddish-chestnut. 

1.  Sides  ashy    ..... 

2.  Sides  brownish      .... 
B.  Grayish-brown  above,  ramp  rnfescent. 

1.  Sides  brownish     ....      ainaloa, 
c.  Crissum  plain,  without  bands. 

1.  Outside  of  wings  obsoletely  banded.    Beneath 

white  ;  flanks  and  crissum  fulvous. 

«.   Bill  shorter  than  tarsus        .         .         .      modestus, 

2.  Outside  of  wings  and  wing  coverts  distinctly 

banded.     Beneath  white ;  dauks  and  anal 
region  very  pale  fulvous. 

a.  Bill  longer  than  tarsus        .         .         .      albipectus. 

3.  Similar  to  last  above ;  throat  white ;  rest  of 

under  parts  fulvous. 


spiiurus. 

■     the 

H      Th 

I      Th 

polinpleura. 

■     Trc 

rtifalbua. 

■ 

THRY0TH0RU8, 


123 


m.  Wingii  ooiieideral)ly  longer  than  tail ; 

bill  ttliui'tur  than  tarttuti         .         . 

g.  Wings    litttu    longer    than    tail;    bill 

longt)!'  than  tuiHUs         .... 

B.  Iluad  black,  with  whitu  uhtittk-paloh  ;  r«)8t  of  uppur  part 

deep  uhextuut. 

((.  Thriiiit  white,  pa».ting  into  obudtnut  behind.    Sides 

ob.suletely  bunded  with  biuik     .... 

b.  Beneath  white,  tinned  with  rntouM  on  abdomen. 

Throat  plain ;  loxt  of  under  parta  barred  trans- 
verHely  witii  black      ...... 

c.  Beneath  white,  tinj^ed  with  chestnut  on  flanka  and 

anal  region.     Whole  under  partH  from  bill  to  tail 
banded  trausveraely  with  black 


gnlbrnilhi. 

luiiijirDstris.^ 

caataueua. 

ui(fricaj)illu$. 
nchottii. 


The  following  is  the  more  natural  nrrnngomont  of  the  sitocies  just 
mciitioiK'd,  us  based  upon  their  peculiarities  of  form  : — 

ThryophilUB"    mfalhus,  p')liojileur(i,  sintdoa,  vnxlestun,  nihipectus,  galhruithi, 

slnoliiliis,  InnijiroHtria,  castanens,  niijricdpHlus,  srholtii, 
PheugtpediUB:   fasciato-ventris,  pleutosUctuaf    maculipectua,   rutilua, /elix, 

curai/d,  melaAoa. 
ThryothoruB :  ludoiicianua.  berlandieri,  petenicua. 
ThryonaaneB :  bewichii,  npilunta,  leucoyuster. 

Tlif'st'  lire  followed  by  the  species  of  TroglodyteB,  Anorthura,  ClBto- 
thorus,  and  Telmatodytes,  synopses  of  which   will    be   given 
further  on. 

The  following  species  of  the  group  of  Troglodytidae  I  have  not  had 
the  opportunity  of  examining: — 

ThryothoruB   pleurostictuB,   Sclatbr,  Ibis,  1860,  80  <'Guateraala). — In. 
Catal.  18dl,  21,  no.  13G.  See  page  121  ("  (iulf  of  Nicoya,"  Salvin  in  letter). 

ThryothoruB  murinuB,  Hautlaub,  Rev.  and  Mag.  Zool.  18.52,  4  (Rio  Frio, 
liolween  I'uebia  and  City  of  Mexico).   (How  ut^nr  petenicua  and  <il  hi  nucha  f) 

TroglodyteB  albinucha,  Cabot,  Pr.  Boat.  N.  H.  Soc.  II,  1847,  258  (Yuca- 
tan).    I'ostiibly  T.  petenicus,  and  if  so,  prior  to  it. 

a.    TlIRYOTHORUS. 

Thryotliorus  ludovicianus. 

Sylvia  ludoi  ciana,  Lath.  Ind.  Orn.  II,  1790,  548.  —  Tro(;lo<lytes  ludo' 
vicianua,  LicuT.  Verz.  1823,  35  ;  also  of  Bonaparte  and  Audubon. — 
Prince  Max.  Cab.  Jour.  VI,  1858,  110. —  Thryothorus  linlovicianus, 
BoN.  List,  183<<,  etc.— Cab.  Mus.  Heln.  I,  1850,  78.— Baikd,  Birds 
N.  Am.  1858,  361.— Sclater,  Catal.  1861,  20. 


'  See  note  on  lonyirustris  and  its  allies,  under  T.  gulbraithi,  p.  132. 


fl 


124 


RKVIKW  OF  AMrUICAN  111111)8. 


[PAUT  I. 


Tro<j1odijtri>  nrunilinncfUit,  ViKin,.  Ols.  Am.  8«pt.  II,  1807,  r>8,  pi.  cviH, 
(('urtainly  tliirt  HpHvi^H  :  tliu  liuliitH  tlidtiu  of  ('.  i>nliisiriH.) 

('fflhiii  cnrolininiKi,  Wii.mi.N,  Aui    Orn.  11,  1810,  <!1,  pi.  xii,  fig.  5. 

Thryothorui  littomliM,  ViKiLt.  Noiiv.  Diet.  XXXIV,  1819,  5«. 

TlirjinihtiTHs  luuininnx,  Lkhhon,  K«v.  Zo<»I.  1^40,  2(>2. 

Adilitioiuil  tigurua:  Avu.  Orn.  liiog.  I,  18.'il,pl.  77. — In.  BirdH.  Am.  II, 
1841,  pi.  117. 

Hub,  Eastern  Province  United  States,  from  New  York  southward  to  the  Gulf. 


I 


■m 


Smith-  Cdlluc- 

Bex 

When 
Collectod. 

■onlaii     tci'M 
No.    ,    Nil. 

and 
AKe. 

Locality. 

Received  from 

Collected  hr 

7,113 

I>hiladnlphla. 

... 

John  (lAhHln. 

1,7«.) 

,  , 

Miiiyluiid. 

•  *  • 

8.  F.  Balrd. 

1.007 

rT 

WaslilDKtoD,  D.  C. 

Jnnel2, '43 

" 

Wm.  M.  lialril. 

2S.o;u 

(f 

•' 

Auk.  0.  '''»* 

Dr.  E.  Cont'H. 

S2,2.S.'> 

(f 

Maco  1,  Ob. 

I'lof.  J    I.ecoute. 

7,1  a) 

Kiickiioii,  III. 

.Tan.  2.  '.VJ. 

Dr.  Klrtland. 

10,20-J 

cf 

Hoiith  lllindlR. 

Miy  ». 

It    KiMinlcutt. 

7,118 

Ft.  Lcavpnwoi  th. 

.hill  '-•«,  W). 

lit.  Conch. 

12,113 

? 

Kod  l-'ork  or  Ark. 

I  H.'iO. 

Capt.  HitKreavei. 

Dr.  Woodhoune. 

12,111 

d 

Clierukoe  Nation. 

Ant;  ^1  '*<*■ 

*. 

1. 

wt 


Thryotliorus  berlandieri. 

Tkryitthorm  lierhindieri,  CorcH  MSS.  Baibd,  Birds  N.  Am,  1858,  3()2,  pi. 
Ixxxiii,  fig.  1  (New  Leon). 

JIab.  Valley  of  Rio  Oraude. 

!No  additional  specimens  of  this  species  have  been  noticed  sinre 
the  publication  of  the  "Birds  of  North  America."  The  ditferences 
th(!re  indicated  appear  sufficient  to  distinguish  the  spedes  from  the 
allied  T.  ludovicianus.     The  characters  of  the  two  are  as  follows:— 

Common  CiiARArTKRS. — Above  reddl.^h-brown ;  rump,  eyposed  surface  of 
wing.s  and  tail  rather  faintly  barred  with  black.     Cri.ssuin  strongly  barred 
with  the  same.     White  supra-ocular  stripe  bordered  above  by  black.     Sides 
of  neck  much  spotted  with  the  same.     Wing  coverts  spotted  with  whitish. 
Beneath  whitish,  with  an  occasional  wash  of  reddish. 

Bides  plain.     Bill  from  nostril,  .45       .         .         .         .     ludovicianus. 
Beneath  rufous  ;  lighter  on  throat  and  on  median  line. 
Sides  obsoletely  barred  with  dusky.     Bill  from  nos- 
tril. 56 berlandieri. 


5i«  ■ 


K 


Smitb- 

Collec- 

Sex 

Houian 

tor's 

and 

No. 

No 

A^e. 

7,122 

142 

V 

7.12.1 

143 

ff 

7,121 

12.) 

Locality. 


New  Leon,  Melc. 
San  DieKO,  Hex. 


When 
Collected. 

April,  18.M. 
Mar.  1853. 


Received  from 


Lt.  Couch. 


Collected  hy 


(7,122.)  EysH  brown. 


TIIRYOTHOllLH, 


125 


n.  M    llitlH. 


WoodhouM, 


(lovicianus. 


TlirjotliortiH  petenicus. 

Thryothorui  petetiicus,  Salviit,  Pr.  Z.  S.  May,  1863,  187  (Peten). 

(Mr.  Salvin's  type,  No.  112.)  Bill  longer  than  the  head;  tail  and  wings 
about  tKiual,  Color  above  reddiwh-lirown  ;  more  rufouH  on  the  rump.  Upper 
tail  coverts  grayinh-brown,  rather  obriuurely  banded  with  hluck.  ( inter  eilges 
of  priiiiarieH  marked  with  ksruyitih  and  black,  of  HecondarieH  and  wlioltt  exjxjsed 
surface  of  wing  with  very  obsolete,  almost  inappreuiable  du.tky  bars.  Under 
part.t  whitish,  nearly  pure  on  throat  and  middle  of  belly,  tinged  with  fulvous 
(and  with  the  feathers  "e.y  slightly  tipped  with  dusky)  across  the  breast ; 
the  sides  more  like  the  back,  but  pa'.er.  Crissura  with  broad  white  and  black 
bars ;  Hanks  obscurely  barred  with  dusky.  A  broad  line  of  white,  edged 
with  black,  from  bill  over  eye  to  nape  :  tho^ie  of  opposite  Bides  connected  by 
a  cQUuealed  series  of  blaok-edged  v.iite  streaks  on  the  nuchal  feathers,  which 
form  a  half  collar  with  more  distinctly  marked  feathers  on  the  side  of  neck 
behind  the  ear  coverts,  whii  h  are  lik^  the  back.  Lower  part  of  cheek  feathers 
wliite,  edged  with  dusky.  Tail  feathers  black  ;  the  outer  webs  and  tips 
flpotted  or  blotched  with  dirty  white  ;  the  middle  feathers  ashy-brown,  with 
spotted  broken  bars  of  black,  about  one-third  their  interspaces.  Rump  with 
concealed  spots  of  white.     Bill  longor  than  the  head. 

(Type.)  Total  length,  5.30;  wing,  2.25;  tail,  2.25;  graduation,  .2(i ;  ex- 
posed portion  of  Ist  primary,  .'lO,  of  2d,  1.40,  of  longest  (measured  from 
exposed  base  of  lat  primary),  1.70;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .85,  from 
nostril,  .55,  along  gape,  .92;  tarsus,  .Sii ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .80;  claw 
aloue,  .23  ;  hiud  toe  and  claw,  .65  ;  claw  alone,  .27. 

This  species  is  very  similar  in  coli)ration  and  general  appenraiico 
to  the  typical  styles  of  T.  hewuhii,  from  the  eastern  United  States. 
The  bill,  however,  is  much  larger  and  longer,  the  legs  nuicli  stouter, 
and  the  wings  and  tail  about  equal,  instead  of  the  latter  being  longer. 
In  these  points  it  agrees  more  nearly  with  T.  ludomviaiiuH,  as  well 
as  in  the  character  of  the  nostrils.  The  white  spots  of  the  nape  are, 
however,  wanting  in  hewickii,  in  which  also  the  wing  is  more  dis- 
tinctly barred  ;  the  bands  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  tail  twice  as 
numerous ;  the  white  markings  quite  similar ;  the  crissal  bars  nar- 
rower and  less  prominent. 

This  species  appears  closely  related  to  Thryothorvs  alhinucha,  of 
Cabot,  and  murinus,  of  Hartlaub,  though  differing  in  some  respects 
from  their  descriptions.  It  is  quite  possible  that  the  two  latter  may 
prove  to  be  the  same  species,  even  if  different  from  petenicus.  All 
8eem  to  agree  with  T.  hewickii  in  the  black  tail  feathers,  varied  a 
little  with  white. 

For  the  opportunity  of  examining  th''%  species  I  am  indebted  to 
Mr.  Ralvin,  who  kindly  transmitted  his  unique  type  for  the  purpose. 
(No.  112,  Sakleek  River,  near  Peten,  Guatemala,  April,  18G2.) 


#:, 


IIP'' 


^ 


126 


REVIEW  OP  AMERICAN  BlllDS. 


[part  I. 


Niu  - 


K 


i    I 


IP 

'•  - 

|: 

b.    TlIRYOMANES.* 

There  are  three  strongly  inarkod  geographical  varieties,  if  not 
epeeies  of  "  Bewick's  Wren,"  separable  by  quite  constant  characters. 
Of  these  the  Mexican  {leuco(inder)  and  the  typical  form  from  eastoru 
North  America  {bewickii)  differ  most  in  coloration,  while  the  western 
(spilurus)  is  intermediate  in  this  respect,  but  with  a  longer  bill  than 
in  the  other  two.  The  peculiarities  of  the  three  forms  may  bo  ex- 
pressed by  the  following  diagnosis  : — 

Var.  be'97ickil. — Above  dark  rnfous-brown ;  rump  and  middle  tail  feathers 
sometimes  a  little  paler,  and  very  slightly  tinged  with  gray,  and  together 
with  the  exj)Osed  surface  of  secondaries  distinctly  barred  with  dusky. 

Beneath  soiled  p' ibeous  whitish;   flanks  brown.     Crissum  banded; 

ground  color  of  quills  and  tail  feathers  brownish-black. 

Var.  leucogaater. — Above  ashy-brown  ;  rump  and  middle  tail  feathers 
brownish-ash — the  former  nearly  pu'»  ash;  without  appreciable  bars; 
bars  on  secondaries  obsolete.  Beneath,  including  inside  of  wing,  jnire 
white,  with  little  or  no  brownish  on  the  sides.  Crissum  banded  ;  ground 
color  of  the  quills  and  tail  feathers  grayish-brown. 

Var.  spilurus. — Similar  to  bcwickli  in  color,  the  bill  considerably  longer. 
Length  from  nostril,  .50,  gape,  .81,  instead  of  .39  and  .70. 

Young  birds  from  all  the  localities  differ  from  adults  merely  in 
liaving  the  feathers  of  the  throat  and  breast  very  narrowly  and  in- 
conspicuously edged  with  blackish. 

Thryothoriis  bei^ickii,  vai.  beiirickil. 

Troglodytes  hewirkii,  Am.  Orn.  Biog.  I,  1831,  96,  pi.  xviii. — In.  B.  A. 
11,  lf41,  120,  pi.  \\b.—  Thryothorus  hewirkii,  Bonaf.  List,  1838.- 
Baikd,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  3G3. —  Telmatmhjtes  bewickii,  Cab.  Mus. 
Hein.  I,  1850,  78. 

Hab.  Eastern  province  of  United  States. 


ernitli- 

sunlan 

No 

Collec- 
tor's 
No. 

Sex 
.iiid 
Age. 

2-1,262 
U,722 
J2,282 

•  • 

Locality. 


CarllHle,  Pa. 
Liberty  Co.,  Qa. 
Macon,  Oa. 


When 
Collected. 


April  .SO, '46. 
Oct.  1848. 


Received  from 


S.  F.  Bfttrd. 
Prof.  Lecoute. 


Collected  by 


Thryotlioriis  liewickii,  var.  Kpilxirun. 

Troglodytes  spilurus,  Viooiis,  Zool.  Boechey's  Voyage,  1839,  18,  pi.  iv, 
fig.  1  (California). 

'   Thryomnnes,  Sclater,  Catal.   Am.   Birds,  1»61,  22.     (Type  Troglodytes 
bewickit,  var.  spilurus.) 


TUUYOPIIILUS. 


127 


Troglodi/tps  hewlrkti,  Nkwbkbrt,  P.  R.  R.  Rept.  VI,  iv,  1857, 80.— Coopbu 
&  SccKLEV,  ib.  XII,  II,  18(iO,  ]i)0. — Thryuthorua  bewickii,  Sclateb, 
,     Catal.  1861,  22,  no.  141  (in  part). 
ffdb.  Paciflo  slope  of  United  States. 


Smlth- 

Collec- 

Buumu 
N,>. 

tor's 
No. 

(»,.M7 
7.)'-'« 

7,1. 1.1 
a,.')18 

14 

7,127? 

•  • 

Sex 

nud 

Locality. 

Age. 

. 

Siintiilitnoo,  W.  T. 

Ft   Stellaoom, 

,  , 

San  KrRnciHCo,  Cal. 

9 

IVluliirna,  Cal. 

Kort  Ti'joii,  Cal. 

■• 

LuH  N(i),'nl(>N,  Mrx. 

When 
Collected. 


Oct  10,  '.W. 
Feb.  IMG. 

Mar.  8,  'S6. 

Jan.  1835. 


Received  Trom 


A.  Campbi-ll. 
Pr.  0.  Suoklejr. 


E.  Samuels. 
,1.  XaiiluH. 
Major  Kinory. 


Collected  by 


Dr.  Kouiierly. 


Dr.  Kennerly. 


lerably  longer. 


Thryothorii»  bevirickii,  var.  leiicogaHter. 

Troi/lodi/tea  leucogantra,  Oodld,  P.  Z.  S.  1836,  89  (Tamaulipas). — Bov. 

Notes  Delattre,  1854,  4.3, 
?Thry(>thnrus  bewickii,  Sclatku,  P.  Z.  S.  1859,  372  (Oaxaoa). 
Ilah.  Southern  borders  of  United  States,  into  Mexico. 


Snilth- 

Collec- 

Sex 

When 
Collected. 

soaiau 
No. 

tor's 
No. 

and 

Age. 

Liicallty. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

12,11.'5? 

,-r 

San  Antonio,  Tex. 

Aprlli:),V)l. 

Capt  Sltffreaveg. 

Dr.  Woodhon»e. 

7,l.iO 

RiuKUold  narracks, 

Jan.  15,  '53. 

Major  Emory, 

J.  U.  Clurk. 

3,971 

41 

V 

Sla.  UoHiilio,     [T<ix. 
TamanlipaR,  Mox. 

Mar.  185.1. 

Lt.  Conch. 

3,970 

1.18 

,  , 

New  Loou,  Ciuya- 

April,  18.'i;i. 

44 

9,119 

29.908 

. , 

Mexlcu.           [puco. 

. .  * 

Vorreaux. 

22,388 

29,907 

(f 

44 

... 

44 

•  •••■• 

(3,971.)   Eyes  dark-brown.     (3,970.)   Do. 


le   Tro(jlo(hji(s 


THRYOPHILUS,  Baibd. 

Thri/ophilus,  Bairi>.     (Type  Thryothorus  rufalhas.) 

Bill  of  Thryoihoriis,  but  more  notched.  Nostrils  iraperforpte,  broadly  oval, 
situiited  in  the  anterior  extremity  of  the  niisal  groove,  bounded  behind  by 
bare  membrane,  but  elsewhere  by  the  bony  outline  of  the  nasal  groove  (at 
least  apparently  so  in  the  dried  skin).  The  ovt-rhanging  membranous  scale 
of  Thryothorus  appears  thus  to  be  entirely  wanting,  or  reduced  to  a  very  rudi- 
mentary condition.  The  vertical  septum  spoken  of  in  Thryothorus  as  project- 
ing into  the  iwaterior  extremity  of  the  nasil  aperture  here  appears  to  be  con- 
tinued forward  along  the  upper  edge  of  the  interior  cavity  of  tlie  nostrils  to 
the  anterior  extremity.     Other  characters  much  ab  in  Thryothorus. 

Ill  the  introductory  roniarks  on  the  Troglodytidae  I  have  already 
iiUiidod  to  a  genus  of  American  Wren.s,  the  spccieH  of  which  luive 
hitherto  been  inchidcd  in  the  genus  Thryothorus.  They  ditt'er,  how- 
ever, in  having  a  much  more  di.stinctly  notched  bill,  and  in  the 
peculiarly  open  nostrils,  which  seem  to  lack  the  overhanging  scale 


• 


I      I 


i 


.    Ji 


128 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


or  membrane  of  Thryothorus  and  Pheugopedius,  lea  ,ing  the  nasal 
aperture  to  occupy  the  anterior  extremity  of  the  nasal  groove,  with 
the  internal  lateral  septum  exposed,  but  vertical,  and  e-  tending  for- 
M'ard  to  the  anterior  extremity  of  the  nostril,  not  ending  abruptly 
behind.     This  is  a  peculiarity  very  easily  appreciated  in  most  cases. 

The  generic  name  of  ITiryothorua  belongs  to  T.  ludovicianus  as 
type.  Prince  Maximilian  has  used  Hylemathrous  for  a  South  Ame- 
rican Wren  (his  platensia) ;  which,  however,  Cabanis  assures  us  is 
strictly  congeneric  with  Troglodytes  aedon  (Journal  fiir  Orn.  18G0). 
Finding,  therefore,  no  name  ready  at  hand  for  this  group,  I  am  com- 
pelled to  make  a  ueu  one. 

The  geuas  differs  from  Campylorhynchus  in  having  a  notched  bill, 
and  a  more  open  nostril,  lacking  the  supra-nasal  ridge  or  sometimes 
scale  seen  in  nearly  all  excepting  G.  capistratus,  and  its  allies ;  and 
from  this  it  differs  in  having  the  lateral  septum  exposed,  not  con- 
cealed by  the  nasal  membrane  behind  ;  the  legs  also  are  much  more 
feeble.  Heleodytes  has  much  stouter  legs,  an  unnotched  bill,  the 
tarsus  not  longer  than  the  middle  toe  and  claw. 

A  synopsis  of  the  principal  species  will  be  found  under  Tliryothorug. 

Thryophilus  rufallius,  var.  rufalbus. 

Thryothorus  rufalbus,  Lapresnaye,  R.  Zool.  1845,  337,  Mexico?  (more 
probably  S.  America). — LAWRENrE,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.  1863  (Pana- 
ma).— Cabanis,  Jour.  Orn.  1860,408  (Costa  Rica). — Sclateh,  P.  Z. 
S.  1856,  140  (David,  Chiriqui;. 
i Troglodytes  cumanensis,  Light.  Cab.  Jonr.  1860,  408  (Carthageaa). 

Hah.  Isthmus  Panama  ;  New  Grenada ;  Costa  Rica  7 


.« 


Thryophilus  rufalbus,  var.  poliopleura. 

Thryophilus  poliopleura,  Baird. 

Thryothorus  rufalbus,  Sclateb  &  Salvin,  Ibis,  1869,  8  (Guatemala)  ;  not 
of  Lapresnaye. 

Hah.  Guatemala. 

I  find,  on  comparison  of  a  series  of  Wrens  labelled  T.  rufalbus 
from  different  localities,  some  important  differences  which  appear, 
taken  in  connection  with  the  geographical  distribution,  to  be  almost 
of  specific  value.  Cabanis  has  already  suggested  a  difference  of 
species,  although  not  exactly  on  the  same  grounds  that  present  them- 
selves in  the  specimens  before  me. 

As  Cabanis  remarks,  the  typical  species  of  Lafresnaye  is  probably 
to  be  found  from  northern  New  Grenada — the  locality  given  of 
"  Mexico"  being  most  likely  erroneous.  The  Bogotan  specimens 
differ  in  smaller  size,  less  extent  of  white  beneath,  and  greater 


THRYOPHILU8, 


:tTv:ifi 


m 


amount  of  rusty  brown  on  the  sides  ;  the  sides  of  the  head  and  neck 
more  streaked  with  black.  These  differences  are,  perhaps,  not  in- 
compatible with  an  identity  of  species,  but  the  Guatemalan  bird 
diflfers  from  both  in  some  decided  characteristics. 

A  fine  adult  Guatemalan  specimen,  received  from  Mr.  Salvin,  has 
the  under  parts  ashy-white,  the  flanks  almost  pure  ashy.  The  under, 
tail  coverts  are  white,  banded  sharply  with  black.  In  all  the  more 
southern  specimens  before  me,  the  under  parts  are  more  yellowish- 
white,  the  flanks  conspicuously  pale  rufous ;  the  white  interspaces 
of  the  black  crissal  bars  more  suffused  with  rusty.  Tiie  legs  of  the 
Guatemalan  bird  appear  lO  be  shorter,  and  the  bill  lower  and  smaller. 

The  following  diagnosis  may  serve  to  illustrate  these  differences. 
In  all  the  specimens  the  upper  parts  are  bright  reddish,  or  cinnamon 
brown,  less  vivid  towards  <he  head;  the  wings  and  exposed  surface 
of  the  tail  with  black  bands,  much  narrower  than  their  interspaces. 
The  upper  tail  coverts  without  bands.  Beneath  white,  without  any 
bands,  except  on  the  crissum,  which  is  broadly  marked  with  black. 
A  white  line  from  bill  over  eye,  and  a  brown  one  behind  narrowly 
margined  with  black ;  the  sides  of  the  head  with  the  white  feathers 
edged  with  black ;  a  black  line  from  lower  edge  of  lower  jaw  bor- 
dering the  chin  : — 

Var.  rufalbuB. — Beneath  clear  white ;  the  sides  washed  with  reddiah-brown ; 
blauk  bands  on  tail  abont  half  tlie  width  their  intervals. 

Var.  poliopleura. — Beneath  ashy-white ;  sides  ashy  without  rusty  wash ; 
black  bands  on  tail  about  one-third  their  inteivals. 

As  already  suggested,  the  Bogotan  bird  differs  from  both  the  pre- 
ceding, though  most  closely  allied  to  the  former. 

(93,  nfalbus,  Panama.)  Total  length,  6.80  ;  wing,  2.80  ;  tail,  2.45  ;  length 
of  bill  from  forehead,  .86,  from  nostril,  .53,  along  gape,  .97;  tarsus,  1.02; 
midille  toe  and  claw,  .88. 

(30,656,  poliopleura.)  Total  length,  5.90;  wing,  2.70;  tail,. 2.50;  length  of 
bill  from  forehead,  .80,  from  nostril,  .48,  along  gape,  .91 ;  tarsus,  .93  ;  middle 
toe  and  claw,  .80. 


if  V 

lie    :,'] 

If     '>'-Vifl 


t:M 


^  ••, 


Smith- 

Collec- 

Sfx 

«>iniau 

tor's 

aud 

No.    1  No. 

AKe. 

Locality. 


When 
Collected. 


Received  from 


Collected  bjr 


piiHnplfuro. 

Sft.fl'i'i  I    ins    1  Juv.  I  Refalenlen,    Gnat.    I  Sept.  1862. 
■W. 6.56  I    104    I  Ad.  I  SavaiiaGrande, "     |       1S02. 

rn/iilhu». 


0.  Salvia. 


Salvia  &  Oodm. 


..     1       93 

..      !       93 

;««»4   38.3BO 

nmi  .,iA»H 

1 

Panama  R.  R. 

Cote  ferme. 
BoKola. 

•  •  • 

Cab.  Lawrence. 

Verreaux. 
It 

McLean.  &  Oalb. 

9       September,  1864. 


130 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


f - 


f  • 


■•* 


Thryophilus  sinaloa. 

Thri/ophilus  sinaloa,  Baird,  n.  s. 
Hab.  N.  Western  Mexico. 

(Type  23,786,  d".)  Bill  shorter  than  the  head.  Gonys  straight.  No  scale 
over  the  nostril.  Tarsus  longer  than  the  middle  toe.  Tail  well  developed  ;  tlie 
feathers  hroad,  nearly  even,  the  lateral  only  graduated  ;  the  tip  extending  a 
little  heyond  the  outstretched  feet.     Wings  but  little  longer  than  the  tail. 

Above  dark  olive-brown,  with  slight  reddish  tinge  ;  the  rump  rufous  or  dark 
cinnamon ;  the  tail  feathers  with  a  shade  of  the  same,  still  slighter  on  the 
outer  webs  of  the  secondaries.  Tail  feathers  with  six  or  eight  pretty  well- 
defined  narrow,  transverse  black  bands  (each  about  half  the  width  or  le«s  of 
tlio  interspaces)  ;  these  most  regular  on  the  outer  feathers,  and  apt  to  be 
broken  near  the  tips  of  some.  The  outer  primaries  edged  with  grayish  ;  the 
outer  webs  of  the  other  quills  with  a  series  of  dusky  spots.  The  under  parts, 
lores,  and  a  stripe  over  the  eye  are  white.  Tlie  feathers  of  the  sides  of  the  neck 
are  white,  edged  with  black,  as  are  the  posterior  feathers  of  the  superciliary 
stripe  running  into  this  neck  patch.  The  ear  coverts  are  grayish-white,  ob- 
scurely and  faintly  edged  with  dusky.  The  flanks  are  plain  brown,  rather 
lighter  than  the  back.  The  under  tail  coverts  are  white,  with  three  or  four 
well  defined  black  bands,  not  quite  no  wide  as  their  interspaces,  and  suffutied 
along  their  edges  with  reddish-brown.  Bill  light  horn  color;  the  lower 
mandible,  except  the  tip,  whitish.     Legs  lighter  than  the  bill. 

(23,786,  male.)  Total  Usngth,  5.00;  wing,  2.45  ;  tail,  2.15  ;  graduation,  .22; 
exposed  portion  of  Ist  primary,  .90,  of  2d,  1.30,  of  longest,  4th  (measured 
from  exposed  base  of  1st  primary),  1.80;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .72, 
from  nostril,  .40,  along  gape,  .84;  tarsus,  .83;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .70;  claw 
alone,  .20 ;  hind  toe  and  olaw,  .60 ;  claw  alone,  26. 

This  species  is  most  closely  related  to  T.  rv/albus,  in  the  white 
under  parts  and  banded  crissum.  It  is,  however,  much  smaller ;  the 
upper  parts  are  grayish,  invstead  of  cinnamon  red ;  the  sides  of  the 
neck  much  more  conspicuously  streaked  with  block.  The  lores  are 
whitish  ;  the  greater  coverts  spotted  with  whitish.  T.  ludovicianus 
has  different  nostrils  ;  upper  parts  purplish  red  ;  beneath  tinged  with 
yellowish.  T.  petenicu»,  besides  many  other  dift'^rences,  has  the 
tail  black,  the  outer  feathers  varied  only  with  white.  The  banded 
and  white  crissum,  more  striped  neck,  deeper  bars  on  the  wings,  etc., 
distinguish  it  from  modesius. 


Smlth- 

CoUec- 

Sex 

KoaUa 

tor'8 

aud 

No. 

No. 

AKe. 

23,780 

287 

d 

2S786 

280 

rf 

.84,016 

.  , 

rf 

29,381 

120 

<f 

31,822 

1,6.57 

6 

Locality. 


Mazaciaa. 
it 

n 

Collma. 


Whpn 
Collected. 


July,  1S«1. 

.lune,  1862. 
Feb.  1863. 


Received  from 


J.  XaiituH. 

Col.  A.  .1.  Grayson 
J.  Xuatuit. 


Collected  by 


t23,786.)  Type.    (34,016.)  In»  brow u.     {29,3fil.)  IrU  browu.     (31,822.)  Iris  reddish  browD. 


THRY0PHILU8. 


131 


H 


Thryophilus  modestiis. 

Thryothorus  modestus,  Cab.  Jour.  1860,  409  (San  Jose,  Costa  Rica). — 
Lawkenck,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lyo.  1863,  no.  375. 
Hab.  Guatemala  to  Panama. 

(No.  33,266.)  Above  reddiah-brown  ;  grayer  on  the  top  of  head  ;  brighter 
behind.  Exposed  surface  of  winga  obsoletely  barrt^d  with  dusky,  scarcely 
appreciable  except  on  the  inner  (superior)  secondaries.  Upper  surface  of  tail 
reddish-brown,  with  narrow  bars  of  black,  about  one-third  the  width  of  the 
interspaces,  the  upper  tail  coverts  plain.  Beneath,  iucluding  bend  and  inside 
of  wings,  with  sides  of  head,  white ;  the  sides  of  body,  anal  region,  and 
crissum  fulvous,  without  any  bars.  A  white  line  over  the  eye,  and  a  black- 
ish one  through  it.  A  few  of  the  ear  coverts  scarcely  appreciab'v  edged  with 
dusky. 

Total  length  of  dried  skin,  5.10;  wing,  2.30;  tail,  2.30;  graduation,  .75  ; 
exposed  portion  of  1st  primary,  .85,  of  2d,  1.30 ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead, 
.72,  from  nostril,  .47,  along  gape,  .77  ;  tarsus,  .91 ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .74  ; 
hind  toe  and  claw,  .60;  claw  alone,  .25. 

Mr.  Lawrence's  specimens,  from  Isthmus  of  Panama,  are  similar, 
but  smaller  and  paler,  with  shorter  bill. 


Smlih- 

eoQian 

No. 

Collec- 
tor's 
No. 

Sex 
and 

A^e. 

liOcality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

30.6.I7 
33,266 

120 
SI 
98 

Daeflag,  Guat 
San  Jose.  C.  R. 
Panama  R.  R. 

1S62. 

0.  Salvin. 

Dr.  V.  Fiantzins. 

Cab.  Lawrence. 

Salvia  &  Godm. 
M'Lean.  i  Galb. 

Collected  by 


IriB  reddish- brown- 


Thryophilus  galhraithi. 

Thryothorus  galhraithi,  Lawrbnce,  Ann.  N.  Y-  Lye.  VII,  1861,  320,  no. 

192  (Panama  R.  R.). 
Thryothorus ,  Cassin,  Pr.  A.  N.  So.  1860,  193. 

Hah.  Isthmus  of  Panama  and  Carthagena. 

(No.  100,  %  .)  Above  reddish-olivaceous,  nearly  uniform,  except  towards  and 
on  the  tail  coverts,  which  are  more  rufous.  Entire  exposed  surface  of  the  wings, 
including  coverts,  conspicuously  barred  with  black,  this  color  rather  narrower 
than  the  interspaces  ;  lesser  coverts  more  obsoletely.  Chin  and  throat  above 
white;  rest  of  under  parts,  including  lining  of  wing,  at  first  pale  fulvous, 
becoming  much  deeper  on  the  flanks,  anal  region,  and  crissum.  No  indica- 
tions of  any  bars  beneath.  Sides  of  head,  including  a  line  from  bill  over  the 
eye,  white ;  a  brownish  line  behind  the  eye,  scarcely  continued  through  the 
whitish  lores.  Ear  coverts  white,  obscurely  edged  with  dusky.  Tail  reddish- 
hrown,  lighter  than  the  back,  with  rather  broad  transverse  bars  of  black  about 
half  the  width  of  interspaces.  In  the  male  the  upper  tail  coverts  are  obsoletely 
barred,  like  the  tail ;  the  female  shows  no  traces  of  it. 

Specimens  from  the  Atrato  region  are  similar,  but  less  intense  in  coloration, 
paler  beneath,  and  in  this  respect  approaching  alhipectus. 

(No.  100,  %,  Mr.  Lawrence's  type.)    Total  length,  6.10;  wing,  2.45;  tail, 


^^™ 


132 


BEVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  lUnDS. 


[part  I. 


f- 


m'-'^'v\ 


I  ,1 


R  -t 


^1 


2.10  ;  graduation,  .40  ;  length  of  hill  from  forehead,  .72,  from  noHtril,  .60,  along 
gape,  .85  ;  taruutt,  .92 ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .82  ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .C8  ;  claw 
alone,  .30. 

This  HpecioH  will  be  niadily  distinj^uiHliod  from  T.  mofJeduH,  l)y 
tiio  very  distinct  bars  on  the  wings;  the  broud«!r  l»urs  on  the  tuil; 
tiie  deeper  fulvous  color  beneath,  extending  over  the  belly  and 
breast ;  and  the  fulvous,  instead  of  white,  edge  and  lining  of  the 
wing.  The  tail  is  shorter;  the  toes  longer.  It  is  somewhat  similar 
to  a  species  from  I'araguuy  ;  but  is  larger,  more  rtifous  above, 
redd('r,  and  more  regularly  barred  on  tlu;  tail,  etc.  In  exteniiii 
appearance  it  is  vt^ry  much  like  the  Thryo}jhilu»  lonyiroalriH,  hut 
the  bill  of  the  latter  is  much  longer.* 


Kmith- 

Collec- 

8«x 

When 

tfillllBU 

tor'B 

and 

liOcaHty. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

No. 

No. 

Age. 

21,744 

,3,«) 

.. 

Turbo,  N.  UreuHila. 

U.  Mlcliler. 

A.  Schott. 

121. tmn 

:m4 

r/ 

" 

2l,tlS7 

.'i4« 

(1 

ai.dita 

:j()9 

y 

li 

21,UU.'i 

,  , 

9 

rartbaKnoH. 

, , 

100 

i 

I'aiiaiuH  K.  K. 

Cab.  Lawrence, 

M'Lean.  U  Uiilh. 

•• 

100 

.1 

li 

(100,  d.)  Type.     (100,  ?.)   Do, 


'  I  And,  in  the  collections  of  Mr.  Lawrence  and  of  the  Philadelphia  Acadciny, 
three  quite  well  marked  KpecieH  of  long-billed  Wrens  (with  the  bill  loiifter 
than  the  tarsus).  Tliey  all  agree  in  the  entire  absence  of  bands  or  spotH  on 
the  under  parts,  and  in  having  the  top  of  head  more  dusky  than  the  back, 
rump,  and  tail  coverts.     They  may  be  characterized  as  follows  : — 

T,  ■trlolatUB  (Max.). — Dark  reddish-brown  above,  but  little  lighter  be- 
neath, except  that  the  throat  and  cheeks  are  white;  the  Jugulnm  and 
middle  line  of  the  abdomen  yellowish-brown.  Cheek  feathers  edged  witli 
black.  Tail  with  broad  black  bands  wider  than  their  reddish  intervalH; 
those  on  wings  about  as  wide  as  their  intervals.  Bill  from  foreheiirl, 
1.12,  from  nostril,  .78  ;  tarsus,  about  .95.  Ilab,  Rio  Janeiro.  Cab.  A.  N.  Sc. 

T.  longlrostris  (Vieill,).— Generally  similar  to  preceding,  but  mnch  paler. 
Lining  of  wings  fulvous.  Dark  bands  on  wings  and  tail  much  narrower 
than  their  interspaces.  Cheek  feathers  edged  with  black.  Bill  from 
forehead,  1.05,  from  nostril,  .76;  tarsua,  .90.  Ilab.  Bahia.  Cab.  0.  N. 
Lawrence. 

T.  albipeotUB  (Cab.) — Above  still  paler  than  preceding.  Top  of  head  appre- 
ciably more  dusky  ;  bands  on  wings  and  tail  about  equal  to  their  inter- 
spaces. Beneath,  including  lining  of  wings,  white,  slightly  soiled  with 
brownish-yellow  on  the  sides  and  behind.  Cheeks  pure,  continuoaH 
white.  Bill  from  forehead,  .91),  from  nostril,  .fi5  ;  tarsus,  .98  IIiil>.  i 
Cab.  A.  N.  So,  (This  sixjoinion  dilFors  somewhat  from  Cabanis's  descrip- 
tion, especially  in  the  pure  white  cheeks,  and  may  really  be  diOerent.) 


TIIUYOPKILUS. 


l.]3 


,e»n,  &  Uulb, 


ThryopliiluH  caHlan<>iiH. 

'J'hryothorun  cattiinem,  Lawu.  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.  VII,  1861,  321,  no.  198 
(I'iiuaina  K.  K.). 

]l(th.  Line  of  lanaiua  R.  R. 

(No.  99,  % .)  Above  dark  nhentnut-brown  ;  tlie  wings  and  tail  black,  tb«ir 
«xt)()H«<l  HiirfaoHH,  exoHpt  ptirhapM  nii<l(ile  and  IwHSHr  covnrtH,  bandod  with 
cliustiiut;  llifl  two  HetH  of  bandit  aliout  ecpial  on  the  wingn  ;  on  tlie  tail  tlie 
blacic  oiieH  nearly  >lout)ltf  the  othnrH.  The  second  and  third  lateral  tail 
fttiitliHrH  not  banded  internally,  except  at  tip.  No  l<andH  whatever  on  back 
anil  rump.  T"])  and  Hide«  of  head  black  ;  a  line  from  bill  over  eye,  cyelidH, 
and  a  band  from  Bi<le  of  lower  jaw  curving  round  over  the  ears,  white — the 
latt«r  bounded  inferiorly  by  a  black  lino  from  lower  jawu  bordering  the  ear 
bHiiInd,  and  running  into  the  black  of  the  nape.  Chin  and  ui>per  throat 
white,  pa.-4Hing  inHenuibly  into  reddish-fulvous  on  tlie  Jugulum,  and  posteriorly 
into  deep  chestnut.  The  breast,  sides,  and  crissum  are  barred  transversely 
with  black,  less  distinct  along  the  middle  line.      Inside  of  wings  cliestnut. 

Tlie  white  rescent  on  the  side  of  bead  is  separated  from  the  white  lower 
eyelid  by  a  black  space. 

Female  similar,  but  srialler,  with  Hhorter  bill. 

Male:  Total  length,  «.(!() ;  wing,  2.75;  tail,  2.40;  graduation  of  tail,  .70; 
iBnKth  of  bill  from  forehead,  .90,  from  nostril,  .(JO;  along  gii]m,  1.00;  tarsus, 
l.(i;{;  middle  toe  and'claw,  .90;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .74;  claw  alone,  .35. 

Female:  Bill  from  forehead,  .80;  nostril,  .49  ;  gajw,  .91. 


**         >■., 


Kmllli-  Collec- 


win  111  II 

(4ir'a 

Sm. 

K... 

■M,iW 

9ii 

Oit 

8«x 
ami 


? 


LueKlltjr. 


fuiiuniii  U.  H. 


<»»,  J)  Type.    (99,  9.)  Da 


When 

Collectttd. 


Received  from 


(l<io.  ti.  i.iiwriMiot. 
Cab.  Lawreace, 


Collected  by 


.1.  M'linuMiiitii. 
M'Luaii.&Oalb. 


Thryophilus  schottii. 

Tlirynpbilui  srhotlii,  Rairu,  n.  8. 

Thri/othorut  uifjricdpilluji,  Cauhim,  Pr.  A.  N.  Sc.  1860,  193  (Truando). 

Not  of  SCLATKB. 

Hah.  Isthmus  of  Darien. 

Markings  above  and  on  the  head  precisely  similar  to  those  of  T.  caHtnnevs. 
Undur  parts,  from  cliin  to  anal  region,  wliite,  tlie  flanks  and  crissum  tinpted 
with  chestnut;  the  wliole  extent  from  chin  to  tail,  including  inner  wing 
covert,  barred  transversely  and  distinctly  with  black,  the  black  bars  a  little 
tlifl  narrower. 

No.  17,901.  Total  length,  5.60;  wing,  2.70;  tail,  2.25;  graduation  of  tail, 
.85;  exposed  portion  of  1st  primary,  .95,  of  2d,  1.50,  of  longest  (measured 
from  exposed  base  of  Ist  primary),  2.00  ;  length  of  bill  from  nostril,  .50  ;  along 
gape,  .90 ;  tarsus,  .96  ;  middle  toe  aud  claw,  .85  ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .70. 


134 


REVIEW  OF  AMEKICAN  BIllDS. 


[part  I. 


M 


' 


M 


:!!  ,'1 


^ 


As  stated,  this  species  is  very  similar  above  to  castaneus ;  tli« 
black  bars  on  the  tail  are  rather  more  continuous.  The  under  purls, 
however,  are  white,  except  flanks  and  crissuin — not  chestnut ;  the 
bars  riuch  more  decided,  and  extending  forward  over  the  jugulum, 
throat,  and  chin,  instead  of  being  unmarked.  The  resemblance  to 
T.  niyricapillus,  Sclater,  from  Ecuador,  is  still  closer ;  this,  how- 
ever, has  the  throat  pure  white,  instead  of  being  barred  with  black. 


Sriilth- 

K.iiiiau 

No. 

CoMee-  Sex 
tor'H     aud 
No.      Ab^. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Recuived  from 

Collectetl  1>y 

17!)0I 
21,688 

172 

218 

•• 

TrniiniloKiver,  N.  G 
Tiuando  KrIIh,     " 

Lt.  N.  M'chler. 

11 

A.  Kcholt. 

FHBnQOPEDinS,  Cabams. 
Pheuffopedius,  Cab.  Mua.  3ein.  1860,  79.     (Type  P.  genibarhis  ss  melanos.) 

General  characters  of  Thryo'horus.  The  bill,  in  typical  species, 
much  thicker  and  stouter,  as  in  Cyphorinus  ;  height  about  one-tliird 
length  above  ;  culraen  nearly  straight  to  the  rather  abrupt  extremity. 
Owing  to  the  greater  breadth  of  the  nasal  membrane,  the  overhang- 
ing roof  of  the  nostrils  becomes  more  valvular ;  and,  in  the  drieJ 
specimen  at  least,  is  very  apt  to  close  the  nostril,  or  to  leave  a  very 
narrow  crescentic  slit,  thus  distinguishing  the  genua  very  readily 
from  Thryophilus.  The  tail  appears  more  graduated,  and  exhibits 
a  tendency  towards  being  slightly  decurved  or  arched  above  and  not 
plane. 

I  have  taken  the  characters  above  given  partly  from  P.  melanos, 
the  type,  and  partly  from  P.  fasciato-ventris.  The  transition,  how- 
ever, from  Thryothorus  to  Pheugopedius  is  quite  gradual,  through 
such  species  as  rutilus  and  macxilipectus.  2\  felix  is  more  like 
a  Thryothorus  in  the  bill,  and  nearest  Pheugopedius  in  the  tail.  A 
synopsis  of  the  principal  species  will  be  found  under  Thryothorus. 

Pheugopedius  fasciato-Tentris. 

f  Thryothorus  fasciato-ventris,  Lafres.  Rev.  Zool.  1845,337  (Bogota).— 
Cyphorinus  fasciato-ventris,  Lawrence,  Aun.  N.  Y.  Lyo.  VII,  1861, 
320,  no.  186  (Panama). 

Cyphorinus  alhigularis,  Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1855,  76,  pi.  88  (Panama). 

Hah.  Bogota  to  Isthmua  of  Panama. 

(89,  % .)  Above  rather  bright  reddish-brown  (eapecfally  on  the  lower 
back)  ;  the  exposed  surface  of  winga,  including  greater  coverts,  and  upp«r 


PHEUaOPEDIUS. 


135 


tail  coverts,  barred  obscnrely  with  black.  Lores  and  ears  sooty.  Chin,  throat, 
anil  juKulutu  white — tiilM  color  fxteiiding  round  behind  the  ears.  A  scarcely 
aiipreciable  white  line  over  and  but  little  hehind  tlie  eye.  Rest  of  under 
imrtH,  iiioliidinir  orisBuin,  sooty  black,  barred  transversely  and  narn)wly  with 
wiiite ;  t)ie  flanks  strongly  washed  with  rufous.  The  upper  part  of  the  breast 
almost  uniform  blackish — this  color  extending  forward  so  as  tr  iiargin  the 
wliitH  of  the  neok,  bnt,  not  crossing  the  white  of  'he  cheeks.  The  tail  ia 
blackish,  the  exposed  surfaces  narrowly  barred  with  reddish-brown  (about 
one-third  their  interspaces').  Inside  of  wing  spotted  with  blackish,  fiill  above 
blackish  ;  the  tip,  touiia,  and  under  side  horn  color.     Legs  blackish. 

The  bill  in  this  species  is  considerably  stouter,  perhaps  higher,  than  in 
the  type,  P.  coraya,  but  is  otherwise  much  the  same. 

Females  similar,  but  smuller,  with  the  white  of  neck  scarcely  bordered  with 
black ;  the  white  bands  beneath  less  distinct. 

(8!),  %.)  Total  length,  6.00;  wing,  2.65;  tall,  2.60;  its  graduation,  .80; 
length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .90,  from  nostril,  .54;  along  gape,  1.00;  greatest 
height,  .27  ;  width  at  angle  of  mouth,  .40  ;  tarsus,  1.00  ;  middle  toe  and  claw, 
.92;  claw  alone,  .28  ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .72;  claw  alone,  .35. 

Female:  Length,  5.80;  bill  from  nostril,  .47;  gape,  .91. 

A  Rivoli  specimen  in  the  coli«;ction  of  the  Phila.  Academy,  from 
South  America,  agrees  well  with  those  from  Panama. 


Smith- 

Collec- 

Sex 

kUDian 

tor's 

and 

No. 

No. 

Age. 

89 
89 

i 

34,dfl3 

•• 

Localit7. 


Pauama  K.  K. 

(I 

Santa  Martha,  N.  O. 


When 
Collected. 


Recetved  from 


Cab.  Lawrence. 
Oeo.  N.  Lawrence. 


Collected  bjr 


M'Lean.  &  Oalb. 


^,*','! 


m 


'.'i'i^m 


Plieugopediiis  rutilus. 

Thnjothorus  rutilus,  Vieill.  Nouv.  DLt.  XXXIV,  1817,  66.— In.  Nouv. 
Diet.  II,  627.— Bdkm.  Syst.  Ueb.  II,  1856,  134  (Brazil).— Sclateb, 
Catal.  1861,  21,  no.  134.— Lawkbnck,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lyo.  VH,  1861, 
320,  no.  189. 

Thryothorus  rutilans,  Sw.  Birds  Braz.  pi.  xv. 

Hub.  N.  Brazil  and  Venezuela,  to  Isthmus  of  Panama. 


Smith- 

Huniao 

No. 

Collec- 
tor's 
No. 

97 

Sex 
Hnd 

A(fb. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  hj 

d 

Panama  K.  K. 

•  •  ■ 

Cab,  Lawrence. 

M'Lean.  St  Oalb. 

Pheiigopedius  maculipectuH. 

Thryothorus  macnlipertns,  Lakr.  Rev.  Zool.  1845,  338  (Mexico). — Scla- 
TKK,  P.  Z.  S.  1856,  290  (Cordova).— Ib.  1859,  363  (Jalapa),  372 
(Oaxaca). — In    Catal.  1861,  21,  no.  133. — Sclatkb  &  Salvin,  Ibis, 
II,  1860,  30  (Vera  Paz,  Guat.). 
Hab.  South  Mexico  to  Guatemala. 


136 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  HIRDS. 


[part  I. 


^ 


i     ■       J 

4 
li 


g\      m 


Siiilth- 

Collec- 

Sex 

KOntllD 

tor'* 

aad 

No. 

No. 

Akb 

22,.S8» 

10,721 

.. 

10,*Jl)'i 

2(),31W 

l,4H7 

liooallty. 


Mexico. 
UuHteinBlB. 
Cajabou,  VoraPai. 
Uuateumla. 


When 
Collected. 


Jan.  1860. 


Recelred  from 


Vorreaux. 
J.  Uould, 
O.  HalvlD. 
Cab.  LawrenM. 


CollMted  bjr 


Pheuffopedius  fellx. 

Thryothorus  J'elix,  Sclater,  P.  Z.  8.  1659,  371  (Oaxaoa). — Is.  Catal. 
18G1,  21,  no.  136. 

Hah.  West  coast  of  Mexico  (Oaxaca  to  I  ^zatlan). 

(No.  15,  Coll.  Salv.)  Bill  about  the  length  of  head;  tail  longer  than  the 
wingH,  much  graduated,  the  lateral  feathers  about  two-thirds  the  central. 
Color  of  the  upper  parts  light-brown,  with  a  very  slight  tinge  of  rufous,  which 
becomes  very  decided  on  top  of  head.  Upper  tail  coverts  obscurely  barred ; 
wings,  however,  perfectly  plain  throughout.  Chin  and  throat  white,  gradually 
becoming  soiled  with  fuIvou.s  on  the  median  line  of  body  ;  the  aides  and  lIuiikH 
of  a  uhade  of  brownish,  paler  than  the  back.  Kdge  of  wing  white,  iu!<i(lH 
tinged  with  fulvous.  Crissum  ashy-white,  barred  about  equally  with  black. 
All  the  feathers  of  sides  of  head  and  neck  (including  side  of  lower  jaw) 
white,  edged  with  black,  either  on  both  sides  or  on  one  only  ;  the  black  some- 
times involving  the  whole  web  on  one  side.  A  superciliary  while  stripe  from 
the  bill  is  obscured  by  the  black  and  white  markings.  Upper  surface  of  tail 
feathers  light- brown,  like  the  back,  with  transverse  bars  of  black,  one-half  to 
one-third  their  interspaces,  generally  interrupted  along  the  median  line,  some- 
times broken  up  into  spots,  especially  at  the  ends,  the  intervals  between  the 
bars  in  places  sometimes  paler  than  the  groundcolor.  Legs  and  bill  daik 
plumbeous. 

Total  length,  5.70  ;  wing,  2.30 ;  tail,  2.70  ;  exposed  portion  of  1st  primary, 
.90,  of  2d,  1.38,  of  longest,  5th  (measured  from  exposed  base  of  1st  primary), 
1.75  ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .68,  from  nostril,  .45,  along  gape,  .83 ; 
tarsus,  .82 ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .68 ;  claw  alone,  .18 ;  hind  toe  and  claw, 
.59  ;  claw  aloue,  .25. 

This  species  is  closely  related,  in  coloration,  to  P.  rutilus  and 
maculipectus ;  especially  in  the  color  of  the  back,  becoming  more 
rufous  on  the  head  and  not  on  the  rump  ;  the  peculiar  and  very 
distinct  black  and  white  markings  of  the  entire  side  of  the  head,  the 
l)erfectly  plain  wings,  the  banded  crissum,  the  much  graduated  tail, 
and  wings  (the  5th  or  6th  quills  longest),  etc.  It  will,  however,  be 
very  easily  distinguished  from  rutilus,  b)  the  absence  of  black  spots 
on  the  chin  and  throat,  and  of  the  red  of  the  jugulum ;  and  from 
■maculipectus,  by  the  lack  of  black  spots  on  the  breast ;  from  both 
by  the  presence  of  bars  on  the  upper  tail  coverts.  The  bill  has  less 
of  the  characters  of  Pheugopedius — being  lower,  and  nearer  typical 


TR()OL0DYTE8. 


187 


Ttinjothnrug ;  in  fact,  connectlnf?  Wui  two;  the  tail  i«  oonsidcruhly 
loiifTfrtlian  in  tlic  twuspcciuH  inentiuiied,  iiioru  U8  in  'T.  ludociiiaiiuH. 
Fur  tiiu  oppurtunity  of  tirHt  examining  this  species,  I  am  in- 
(icl)ted  to  Mr.  Onbert  Salvin  (No.  15,  Salvia's  collection,  from 
Ouxiioa,  type  specimen  received  from  Salle).  Since  the  above  de- 
.scriplion  based  on  this  specimen  was  written,  the  Institution  has  hud 
u  skin  from  Mazatlau,  agreeing  in  all  essential  respects. 


Smlth- 

Honliin 

No. 

Cullee- 

(iir's 
No. 

Sex 
mill 
Auf. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

KeoeWed  front 

Collected  by 

.14,01.) 

S 

cf 

MHZutlan,  Mex. 

Jiiue,  1802. 

A.  J.  OrayHOD. 

A.  J.  Urayxoa. 

(34,U1J.)   Iriii  brown. 


:^: 


i''-, 
t 


.''•v.. 


TROOLOD7TI3S,  Vieillot. 
Troglodytes,  Vibilwt,  Ois.  Am.  S«pt.  II,  1807,  52.    (Type  Troglodytes  ardon.) 

By  most  European  authors  the  European  Wren  is  considered  as 
the  type  of  the  genus  Troglodi/tes — Gray  giving  1807  as  the  date 
of  its  creation  by  Vieillot.  In  the  Ois.  Am.  Sept.,  however,  the 
true  type  is  the  eedon  there  first  named — the  European  species  not 
being  mentioned  at  all. 

The  characters  of  the  genus  are  difiicult  to  define,  as  they  differ 
but  little  from  Thrt/othorus,  and  some  species  connect  the  two  very 
closely.  The  nostrils  are  as  in  ThryolhoruH,  having  an  incumbent 
thickened  scale  overhanging  the  rather  linear  nostrils.  The  bill  is 
shorter,  or  not  longer  than  the  head  ;  straight,  slender,  and  without 
notch.  The  tail  is  considerably  graduated,  generally  shorter  or  not 
longer  than  the  wings,  which  are  much  rounded. 

The  bill  is  straighter,  shorter,  and  more  slender  than  in  TfiryO' 
IhoruH ;  the  size  of  the  species  much  smaller;  the  colors  plainer, 
more  uniform,  and  almost  entirely  without  the  distinct  light  super- 
ciliary line  so  general  in  I'hryothorus  and  Thryophilus. 

The  Winter  Wren,  T.  hyemalis,  agrees  with  the  European  species 
in  proportionably  much  smaller  and  narrower  tail,  only  about  two- 
thirds  the  wing.  T.  brunneicollis  agrees  with  it,  to  some  extent,  in 
this  respect.     In  the  others  the  wing  and  tail  are  nearly  equal. 

The  following  synopsis  may  serve  to  illustrate  some  of  the  peculi- 
arities of  the  species  : — 


m^^ 


138 


REVIEW  or  AMEUIOAN  BiaD8. 


[PAKT  I. 


1 

! 

*n 

ll 


i      J 


B. 


Tail  Hiul  wingn  about  f(|ual. 

a.  tiuiieatli  grajrittii-whitv.     CrinRuni  and  flankii  dts- 

tiuutly  barred.    Wing  uovvrU  Kpottfd  with  whit- 
iah.     Dark  bant  uf  tail  abuut  halt'  the  width  of 
their  interMpacert. 

First  primary  nearly  half  the  longest.     Color 

above  dark-brown,  rufous  towards  tail        . 

Wing  similar.     Above  paler  brown 

First  primary  half  the  second.     Above  paler 

browa         ....... 

Somewhat  similar  iaadon,  bat  darker.  Sides 
of  head  dark,  without  obscure  superciliary 

BiruAK  ••••••• 

b.  Beneath  all  over  yellowish-brown.   Crissum  band- 

ed ;  Hanks  indistinctly  so  or  not  at  all.  Wing 
coverts  not  spotted.  Dark  bars  of  tail  more 
numerous,  about  equal  to  their  light  inter- 
spaces.    Inside  of  wings  plain.' 

F'irst  primary  little  more  than  half  the  second. 
Beneath  darker  fulvous.  Bars  of  tlauks  in- 
appreciable  

First  primary  more  than  half  the  longest. 
Beneath  pale  fulvous.  Flauks  quite  dis- 
tinctly barred 

c.  Throat   and    breast  dark   yellowish-brown,  con- 

trasting with  the  whitish  belly  and  strongly 
barred  flanks.  Inside  of  wings  banded.  Bars 
on  tail  one-fourth  their  interspaces.  Wing 
coverts  spotted,  and  scapular::,  banded  with 
whitish     ........ 

Tail  very  short ;  only  about  two-thirds  the  wing. 
a.  Pale  reddish-brown ;  dusky  bars  of  upper  parts 

with  whitish  spots  or  interspnoes 
6.   Dark  rufous  above  and  below  ;  upper  parts  with 
few  or  almost  no  whitish  spots  .        .        . 


anion, 

trdon,  var.  attfcm, 

parkvianni. 


amencanus. 


intermedius. 


inquietus. 


brunneicottia. 


hyemalit, 

hyemnlis,  var. 

pacijicus. 


\  ' 


rtlf' 


It-i 


; 

m 

.  '\  ■  . 

• 

a.  Troglodytes. 

Troglodytes  aedon. 

Tro(jlodyte$  apdo»,  ViBiLL.  OiB.  Am.  Sept.  II,  1807,  62,  pi.  evil.— In. 
Nouv.  Diet.  XXXIV,  1819,  506.— Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  366.- 
ScLATER,  Catal.  1861,  22,  no.  145. — Hylemathrous  eedon,  Cab.  Jour. 
1860,  407. 

'  The  South  American  species  resemble  those  mentioned  in  this  division; 
but  beneath  are  either  banded  slightly  on  the  crissum  only,  or  not  at  all  even 
there. 


Tar.  attecui. 


TROGLODYTES. 


lao 


Sylvia  domtHtica,  Wilhow,  Am.  Orn.  I,  1808,  129,  pi.  tU. 
Tn>ifli>dyle$/ult!H»,  Nutt.  Man.  I,  1832,  422. 

Other  JlgureH  :   Aud.  Orn.  Biog.  I,  lb31,  pi.  83.— In.  B.  A.  II,  1K41,  pi.  120. 
y/(i&.  KuHteru  provinut*  of  Uiiitud  tStatei*,  from  AUuutiu  to  the  MiMHouri  Uivur. 

Autiiiiiiial  and  winter  Rpccimcns  have  sonititimes  a  sliglit  fulvous 
liiijrt'  (»ii  tlio  breuHt. 

As  u.sual,  HouthiTii  spccimcim  of  this  species  arc  the  .smaller,  as 
iliustralod  by  the  following  moasurcments. 

(28,944,  I ,  Waahington.)  Total  length,  4.30  ;  wing,  2.02  ;  tail,  2.05  ;  ex- 
posed portion  of  lat  primary,  .74,  of  2d,  1.30,  of  3d,  1.50,  of  louge.-d  (ineusured 
from  exposed  baao  of  l»t  primary),  1.51  ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .61', 
fruiii  iiOHtril,  .^7,  along  gape,  .70 ;  tarttuu,  .6U  ;  middle  toe  aud  ulaw,  .04 ;  hind 
toe  and  claw,  .50  ;  claw  alone,  .25. 

(8,(541,  %,  Florida.)  Fresh  Hpecimen  before  being  skinned:  Total  length, 
4.50;  expauHo  of  winga,  5.75  ;  wing  from  carpal  joint,  1.75.  Prepared  speci- 
men: Total  length,  4.20  ;  wing,  l.SO;  tail,  1.7(1 ;  exposed  portion  of  Ist  pri- 
mary, .70,  of  2d,  1.22,  of  3d,  1.35,  of  longest  (uieaBurod  from  exposed  base  of 
Irit  primary),  1.38,  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .01,  from  nostril,  .3!*,  along 
gape,  .70;  tarsus,  .65;  middle  toe  aud  claw,  .01;  hind  toe  aud  claw,  .50; 
claw  alone,  .24. 


Smith- IcoHeo- 

Sex 

When 

Cullncted. 

■onma 
No. 

tor'H 
No. 

nud 
Ajfe. 

Locality. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

1,0S4 

ff 

C'HrliHlo,  I'h. 

JiineU,  •4;» 

8.  F.  Bulrd. 

12.110 

, , 

rf 

Wusbingtun,  U.C. 

May  1,  ',')9. 

A.  J    FalU. 

28,«-ll 

113 

<i 

June  12,  'oS. 

Elliot  Cones. 

28,404 

, , 

K 

t  •  • 

C   Drexler. 

32,28« 

V 

Miicon,  On. 

•  ■  • 

Prof   Leconte. 

6,,'il2 

, , 

Indian  Key,  Fla. 

0.  Wuidemt^in. 

8,612 

, , 

.  . 

Cupe  Florida. 

Oct  ."JO,  '.'i?. 

It 

8,641 

, , 

rf 

u 

Oct.  2.1,  '.')7. 

ti 

l.).IS4 

.-r 

•VobraHka  city,  Neb. 

.  * . 

Lt.  MuIUd. 

J.  Pearsall. 

l:i,18u 

•• 

'i 

Sioux  City, 

... 

t» 

'■>"ll#- 


k;  •  V,' 

I       '■  ■  ' 
1.         *    ■ 


Troglodytes  aedon,  var.  aztecus. 
Troijlodytes  xdoti,  var.  aztecus,  Baikd. 
Hub.  Eastern  Mexico,  from  Rio  Grande  southward. 

In  a  scries  of  Mexican  "Wrens  before  me,  in  addition  to  well 
marked  specimens  of  T.  hypsedon  and  brunneicollis,  I  find  a  number 
wiiieli  I  cannot  distinguish  satisfactorily  from  T.  aedon.  They  have 
the  same  proportions  with  aedon,  as  compared  with  parkmanni — 
approaching  the  latter  in  a  paler  shade  of  upper  plumage,  in  which 
respect  there  is  a  slight  difference  from  aedon.  In  most  specimens 
there  is  a  brownish  tinge  on  the  breast  (very  different,  however,  from 
hypsedon)  not  common  in  the  skins  usually  seen  of  aedon,  but  agree- 
ing very  well  with  autumnal  skins  (u.^  728,  Carlisle,  and  winter  skins 


ii .  • 


VTf 


140 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[PAUT  I. 


from  Florida).  No.  26,368,  however,  probably  killed  in  spring,  Ims 
the  brea.st  gray,  and,  as  in  sotue  spccinujns  of  ssdon,  the  featliers 
faintly  spotted  with  brownish. 

From  the  paler  shade  ol"  the  upper  parts,  and  possibly  a  rather 
snaaller  size,  I  am  inclined  to  consider  these  Mexican  specimens  as 
residents,  and  not  migrants  from  the  north. 

A  specimen  (7,139)  collected  south  of  the  Rio  Grande,  by  Lt. 
Couch,  agrees  better  with  the  Mexican  variety,  than  with  T.  parL- 
manni,  to  which  1  had  referred  it. 


-Ml'-^ .  y 


1 


Uj^^' 


Siuith- 

CoUec- 

Sex 

8U!iian 

tOl'H 

aud 

No. 

No. 

Age. 

7,139 

^4 

cf 

29.206 

106 

30>72 

., 

2e,3(J8 

lio 

Locality. 


Cbarco  EKCondidd 

TaniHulipas. 
OHzaba,  Mex. 
Mirador,  Mex. 
Xalapa,  Mex. 


Wlien 
Col  levied. 


Dec.  1862. 


Received  from 


Lt.  D.  N.  Couch. 
F.  Suniicliraxt. 
i)r.  Snrtorius. 
.1.  Krider.     / 
Cab.  Lawrimce. 


Collected  by 


D'Oca. 


(r.iao.)   Eyoiidai'k-brown.     (30,872.)   IriH  brown 

Troglodytes  parkmanni. 

Troglodi/tes  parkmanni,  Aud.  Orn.  Biog.  V,  1839,  310. — In.  Synopsis, 
18.39,  76.— Ib.  Birds  Auier.  II,  1841,  133,  pi.  122.— Baird,  Birds 
N.  Am.  Ib58,  367.— Cooper  &  Suckley,  P.  R.  R.  Rep.  XII,  u,  18G0, 
191  (nest).— ScLATER,  Catal.  1861,  23,  no.  146. 

Troglodytes  sytvestris,  Gambel,  Pr.  A.  N.  Sc.  Ill,  1846,  113  (Californi.i, 
quotes  erroneously  Aud.  T,  atnericanus). 

nab.  Western  and  Middle  provinoes  of  United  States, 

Although  the  diflFerences  between  the  eastern  and  western  House 
Wrens,  as  stated  in  the  "Birds  N.  Am.,"  are  not  very  appreciable; 
yet  a  comparison  of  an  extensive  series  shows  that  they  can  hardly 
be  considered  as  identical.  The  general  color  above  is  paler  and 
grayer,  and  there  is  little  or  none  of  the  rufous  of  the  lower  back 
and  rump.  The  bars  on  the  upper  surface  are  rather  more  distinct. 
The  under  parts  are  more  alike,  as  while  sedon  sometimes  has  flanks 
and  crissum  strongly  tinged  with  rufous,  other  specimens  are  as  pule 
as  in  T.  parkmanni. 

Perhaps  the  most  appreciable  differences  between  the  two  species 
are  to  be  found  in  the  size  and  proportions  of  wing  and  tail.  Tlu' 
wing  in  parkmanni  is  quite  decidedly  longer  than  in  mhn,  measur- 
ing, in  males,  2.12  to  2.15,  instead  of  2.00  to  2.05.  This  is  due  not 
HO  much  to  a  larger  size  as  to  a  greater  development  of  the  primaric.'^. 
TUe  first  quill  is  equal  to  or  barely  more  than  half  the  second  in 


TROGLODYTES. 


141 


Collected  liy 


mrkmanni ;  pnd  the  diflFercnce  between  the  longest  primary  and  the 
tenth  amoiiUiS  to  .32  of  an  inch,  instead  of  about  .20  in  adoti,  whrre 
the  first  quill  is  nearly  half  the  length  of  the  third,  much  luore  than 
half  the  length  of  the  second. 

The  original  description  of  T.  parkmanni  mentions  a  more  reddish 
tiiiire  than  I  detect  in  any  specimens  before  me,  perhaps  because  the 
type  was  younger,  or  i\  autumnal  dress.  The  dimensions  agree 
very  well. 

(7,136,  % ,  Steilacoom.)  Total  length,  4.50  ;  wing,  2.12  ;  tail,  2.12  ;  gradna- 
tioii,  .32  ;  exposed  portion  of  1st  primary,  .67,  of  2d,  1.34,  of  3d,  1..53,  of  longest 
(measured  from  exposed  base  of  Ist  primary),  1.65 ;  length  of  hill  from  fore- 
head, .1)5,  from  nostril,  40,  along  gape,  .7<) ;  tarsus,  .67;  middle  toe  and  claw, 
62;  hind  loe  and  claw,  .53;  claw  alone,  .24. 


5  (California, 


gmitli-  Collec- 

Sox 

When 
Collected 

touiao    tor's 

and 

Locality. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

N.I. 
l!i,96n 

No. 

A^,'e. 

317 

9 

ChUoweyuck  Depot, 

W   T. 

June  17 

A.  Campbnll. 

Dr.  Kennerly. 

7,'^«       368 

fT 

Ft.  Steilacoom, W.T. 

May  3,  '66. 

Dr.  Sufltley. 

1«,72 

366 

Ft.  Crook.  Cal. 

Lt.  Feilnor. 

25,:l.')l 

2;J7 

FortTejon,  Cal. 

June  30, '59. 

John  Xautus. 

i:i,67S 

Colorado  Rlv.,  Ar. 

Lt.  IveH. 

MiillKauHen. 

32,170 

3,448 

,-f 

San  JoKe,  C.  St.  Lu- 

Dec.  3,  '59. 

John  Xiintnit. 

1,S,7S1 

8 

Ft  Mass.,  Col.  [can. 

. . . 

Capt.  Bowman. 

17,109 

Cant.  Biirnwyn. 

. . . 

Dr.  AnderNon. 

11,07.5 

, , 

-r 

Fort  Briduer.  Utah. 

.Tune  10, '58. 

C.  Drexler. 

4,7.1!) 

, , 

Council  Bluffs. 

April  29. 

Li.  Warren. 

Dr.  Haydon. 

«,27S 

•• 

Blackfoot  Country, 

July,  1835. 

.t 

(32,170)  I  ri8  dark-brow  a. 

Troglodytes  americaniis. 

Troglodytes  americanuH,  Aun.  Orn.  Biog.  II,  1S34,  452;  V,  1839,  469,  pL 
179.— Ib.  B.  a.  II,  1841,  123,  pi.  119.— Baihd,  B.  N.  A.  1858,  3G8. 

Hub.  Northeastern  United  States. 

I  am  unable  to  throw  any  more  light  upon  the  relationship  of  the 
Wood  Wren  to  the  Common  Wren,  than  that  presented  in  "  Birds 
N.  Am."  It  is  somewhat  similar  to  7\  parkmanni  in  size  and  pro- 
portions, but  instead  of  being  paler  than  aedon  is  much  darker. 


Smith-  CoUec- 

siBian    tor's 

No.        No. 

Sex 
and 

AKe. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

1,008 
7,'iV5 

•• 

United  States. 

II 

. . . 

S.  K.  Baird. 
u 

J.  J.  AuduboD. 

It 

J.  Cassln. 

r*: 


142 


REVIEW  OP  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


fvi 


ja 

1                                ] 

■ 

\  .         ■    ' 

iw 


m' 


Troglodytes  intermedins. 

Troglodytes  {Htjietnathrous)  intermedius,  Cab.  Jour.  1860,  407  (San  Jose, 

Costa  Rica). 
Troglodytes  hypasdon,  Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1861, 128  (southern  Mexico  and 

Guatemala).— In.  Catal.  18G1,  23,  no.  147. 
Troglodytes  tedon,  Sclater,  P.  2.  S.  1859,  363  (Xalapa).—  Sclater  & 

Salvin,  Ibis,  I,  1859,  9  (Ouatemala). 
Bab.  Costa  Rica,  Guatemala,  and  southern  Mexico  (Oaxaca,  ScL). 

(No.  33,265.)  First  primary  very  nearly  half  the  third.  Tarsus  and  middle 
toe  about  'lual.  Above  reddish-brown,  with  a  tinge  of  olivaceous ;  very 
obsoletely  banded  with  dusky ;  a  little  brighter  on  the  rump.  Wing  and  tail 
very  dark-brown,  banded  with  the  color  of  the  back,  the  black  bands  rather 
the  narrower ;  dusky  bands  rather  more  conspicuous  on  upper  tail  coverts. 
An  obscure  line  over  eye  and  the  under  parts  brownish-fulvous,  paler  on 
throat  and  middle  of  belly,  darker  on  sides  ;  entirely  free  from  bars,  except  the 
faintest  possible  indic.xtion  on  the  side  of  the  anal  region.  Crissum  similar, 
with  distinct  black  bars  ;  the  light  interspaces  whitish  in  spots.  Bill  dusky, 
yellowish  at  base  below. 

Total  length  of  the  dried  "pecimen,  4.50;  wing,  2.00;  tail,  1.72;  gradua- 
tion, .35  ;  exposed  portion  of  let  primary,  .74,  of  2d,  1.26,  of  3d,  1.48,  of 
longest  (measured  from  exposed  base  of  1st  primary),  1.50 ;  length  of  bill 
from  forehead,  .62,  from  nostril,  .40,  along  gape,  .71 ;  tarsus,  .73;  middle  toe 
and  claw,  .69;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .55 ;  claw  alone,  .25. 

A  type  specimen  of  hypiedon,  labelled  by  Dr.  Sclater,  and  received  from  M. 
Sall6,  agrees  in  general  appearance  with  the  Costa  Rican  bird,  but  the  bill  is 
stouter  and  plumbeous  below.  The  color  generally  is  lighter  ;  the  quills  paler, 
and  their  inner  edges  instead  of  being  ashy,  are  grayish-white.  The  wiugs 
arc  shorter. 

This  species  may  be  easily  distinguished  from  T.  sedon,  and  all  other 
more  northern  allies,  by  the  decided  fulvous  tinge  of  the  under  parts, 
and  the  almost  entire  absence  of  bars  on  the  flanks  or  under  parts, 
excepting  crissum.  The  upper  parts  are  more  faintly  barred.  The 
quills  and  tail  feathers  are  much  darker,  without  the  whitish  spotting 
on  outer  edge  of  former ;  the  dark  bars  on  tail  more  numerous,  and 
nearly  as  wide  as. their  interspaces,  instead  of  half  the  width,  etc. 
From  most  of  the  smaller  South  American  Wrens,  which  closely 
resemble  this  species  in  color,  it  differs  in  the  more  decidedly  barred 
crissum,  more  numerous  dark  bars  on  tail,  etc. 


Smlth- 
Hiintaa 

1 
Colloc-  Sex 
tor's     and 
No.    !A«e. 

1 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from            Collected  hj 

27.948 
29,710 

1 

Sau  Jo.ie,  0.  K. 
Mexico  ? 
Tntontepec,  Oaxnca. 

Jan'  1858. 

J.  Carnlol. 
P.  L  Sclater? 
A.  Sallu. 

(29,710.)  Type  of  hypadon,  labelled  by  Dr.  Sclater. 


TROGLODYTES. 


143 


Troglodytes  inuuietus. 

Troijlodiftes  inquietus,  Lawkence,  MSS. 
Troylodytes   hypxdon,    Lawubnce,    Ann.    N.    Y. 
(Panama  R.  R.). 

Hah.  Isthmus  of  Panama. 


Lye.   VII,   18G1,  320 


(109,  9 .)  First  primary  much  developed  ;  more  than  half  the  longest.  Colour 
above  brown,  with  a  grayish  tinge  towards  the  head,  and  slightly  rufous  on 
the  rump.  Exposed  surface  of  wings  and  tail  barred  with  black  (more  obso- 
letely  on  wing  coverts),  the  dark  bars  rather  the  narrower.  The  back  faintly 
barred.  Beneath  pale  fulvous  whitish,  lighter  on  throat  and  middle  of  belly  ; 
tinged  with  brown  on  sides,  the  posterior  parts  of  which  are  faintly  barred. 
Crissum  barred  conspicuously  with  black,  the  interspaces  yellowish-brown  to 
whitish.     Quite  a  distinct  superciliary  line.     No  spots  on  wing  coverts. 

Of  the  two  specimens,  the  "£  la  considerably  lighter,  almost  white  beneath. 

(109,  9 ,  Panama  R.  R.)  Total  length,  4.50 ;  wing,  2.05  ;  tail,  1.85  ;  gradua- 
tion, .45  ;  exposed  portion  of  1st  primary,  .85,  of  2d,  1.31,  of  longest  (measured 
from  exposed  base  of  Ist  primary),  1.55  ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .67, 
from  nostril,  .43,  along  gape,  .76  ;  tarsus,  .76  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .72 ;  hind 
toe  and  claw,  .59  ;  claw  alone,  .26. 

This  species  was  at  first  considered  by  Mr.  Ijawrence  to  be  the 
same  with  hypeedon  (intermedius)  ;  but  a  careful  comparison  with 
type  specimens  has  shown  their  distinctness.  It  is  considerably 
larger,  with  longer  bill  and  legs.  The  first  primary  is  much  larger. 
The  colors  beneath  are  paler ;  the  lower  part  of  sides  distinctly 
barred.     The  upper  parts  are  considerably  grayer. 

None  of  the  other  small  American  allied  Wrens  before  mo  (except 
T.  brunneicollis)  have  a  first  primary  decidedly  more  than  half  the 
length  of  longest,  and  their  tails  are  longer.  The  coloring  above  re- 
sembles almost  exactly  that  of  T.  parkmanni  and  the  Mexican  var. 
of  T.  sedon,  although  the  dark  bars  are  more  numerous.  The  under 
parts  arc  more  fulvous;  the  bars  on  sides  anteriorly  less  distinct; 
the  bars  on  the  crissum  more  regular,  and  better  defined.  There 
are  no  light  spots  on  the  wing  coverts  as  in  the  North  American 
species. 

This  species  comes  nearest  sedon  and  its  allies  ;  while  intermedius 
is  more  like  the  South  American  species,  with  their  comparative 
absence  of  bars. 


:  «■«';'.   >-■!  • 


Smith-  CoUeo- 

sonian    tor's 

No.    ;    No. 

Sex 
and 

A|;e. 

Locality. 

When 

Collected. 

Recelred  from 

Collected  bjr 

109 

i 

Pauama  K    R. 

... 

Cab.  Lawrence. 

M'Lean.  &  Oalb. 

(1 

y09,)  Type. 


*i  .    • 


.<"  .: 


if 


]■'      ,■ 


m 


:        A 


Ui 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


Troglodytes  brunneicollis. 

Troglodytes  brunneicollig,  Sclater,  P.  Z.  IS.  1858,  297  (Parada ;  Oaxaca). 


Hab. 


—la.  Catal.  1861,  23,  no.  150. 
Southern  Mexico. 


Bill  short,  compressed,  and  straight.  First  primary  more  than  half  longest. 
Upper  parts  reddish-brown,  brigliter  on  the  ruiup.  The  back,  rump,  and 
wings  barred  rather  distinctly  with  dusky.  The  dark  bars  exhibit  a  ten- 
dency to  be  succeeded  by  another  bar  lighter  than  the  ground  color,  on  the 
ticapulars  almost  white.  Greater  wing  coverts  with  a  spot  of  whitish  in  the 
end.  Beneath,  from  chin  to  breast,  brownish-buflF;  middle  of  belly  dull  white, 
with  scant  spots  of  brown.  Lower  part  of  sides  and  crissum  tinged  with 
dark-brown,  banded  with  suffused  whitish  and  dusky — the  dark  hars,  as  on 
the  scapulars,  being  succeeded  by  a  whitish  bar  lighter  than  the  ground  color. 
Inside  of  wings  similarly  banded.  Tail  feathers  reddish-brown,  with  zig-zag 
narrow  bars  of  black ;  innermost  (superior)  secondary  quills  with  contour  lines 
of  dusky,  instead  of  transverse  bars. 

(29,709,  %.)  Total  length,  4.40;  wing,  1.90;  tail,  1.85;  graduation,  .45; 
exposed  portion  of  Ist  primary,  .83,  of  2d,  1.26,  of  longest  (measured  from 
exposed  base  of  Ist  primary),  1.45  ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .60,  from 
nostril,  .35,  along  gape,  .69  ;  tarsus,  .70  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .71 ;  hind  toe 
and  claw,  .59  ;  claw  alone,  .27. 

This  species  somewhat  resembles  T.  hyemalis,  from  which,  how- 
ever, its  larger  size,  much  longer  tail,  and  browner  breast  distinguish 
it.  In  none  of  its  allies  do  we  find  the  bands  on  the  under  side  of 
the  wings,  the  whitish  bars  on  the  scapulars,  and  the  general  ten- 
dency to  have  the  dark  bars  succeeded  by  a  whitish  one.  The  legs 
are  unusually  stout,  the  middle  toe  lengthened,  and  the  Ist  primary 
longer  than  in  any  others,  except  inquietus. 


Smlth- 

Hoalan 

No. 

Collec- 
tor's 

No. 

Sex 
and 
Age. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

ReceWed  from 

Remarks. 

29,709 
29,208 

7 
131 

d 

La  Parada,  Mex. 
Orizaba,  Mex. 

Jan.  1861. 

A.  Sall«. 

F.  Sumichrast, 

Type. 

m' 


■i  '■ 


b.  Anorthura.* 

Troglodytes  hyemalis. 

Si/lvia  troglodytes,  Wilson,  Am.  Orn.  1, 1808, 139,  pi.  viii,  f.  6.— Troglo- 
dytes hyemalis,  Vieillot,  Nouv.  Diet.  XXXIV,  1819, 514. — Add.  Orn. 
Biog.  IV,  1838,  430,  pi.  360.— In.  B.  A.  II,  1841,  128,  pi.  121.— 
Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  369.  — Sclatbr,  P.  Z.  S.  185(1,  290 
(Cordova,  Mex.).— In.  Catal.,  1861,  23,  no.  152. 

'  Anorthura,  Rennib,  1831.     (Type  Motacilla  troglodytes,  Lirr.) 


hii 


:m. 


v«i.'i;>  TROGLODYTES. 


riYSW* 


145 


Troglodytes  europseus,  Bon.  Obs.  Wils.  1825,  no.  127. — Ndttall,  Man. 
I,  1832, 427. 

Ilab.  Eastern  United  States,  from  Mississippi  River.     Cordova  ?  Sclater. 

(No.  31,045,  % ,  Washington.)  Fresh  specimen  before  being  skinned  :  Total 
lengtli,  4.10 ;  expanse  of  wings,  (j.OO ;  wing  from  carpal  joint,  1.90.  Prepared 
as  dry  skin  :  Total  length,  3.00  ;  wing,  1.86  ;  tail,  1.31 ;  graduation,  .20  ;  ex- 
posed portion  of  Ist  primary,  .06,  of  2d,  1.20,  of  longest  (measured  from  ex- 
posed base  of  1st  primary),  1.42 ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .55,  from  nostril, 
.35,  along  gape,  .65  ;  tarsus,  .72 ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .65  ;  claw  alone,  .18  ; 
hiud  toe  and  claw,  .66  ;  claw  alone,  .26. 


Sraith- 

Collec- 

Sex 

boaiaa  i  tor's 

and 

No. 

No. 

Age. 

127 

.. 

1,379 

V 

29,04.^. 

025 

cf 

3l,04;i 

d 

10,206 

10,207 

Locality. 


CarliHle,  Pa. 

Washingtou. 

Cook  Co.,  111. 
Miss.  Bottom,  III. 


When 
Collected, 

Oct.  13,  '40. 
April  22, '44. 
Nov.  14,61. 
Dec.  28,  '00. 


Received  from 


8  F.  Baird. 

It 

D.  W.  Prentiss. 
Clias.  K.  Schmidt. 
R.  Kennicott. 


Collected  by 


■»??.■ 


r^^v 


'MM 


!::«i:1 


■■."!;»*'■ , 
■     ,«j..''i'J:l 


Troglodytes  hyemalis,  var.  pacificus. 

Troglodytes  hyemalis,  Coop.  &  Sock.  P.  R.  Rep.  XII,  1860,  191  (W.  T.). 
Ilab.  Pacific  coast  U.  S. 

I  find,  on  comparing  series  of  eastern  birds  with  those  from  the 
Pacific  slope,  that  the  latter  are  considerably  darker  in  color  above, 
with  little,  or  almost  none  of  the  whitish  spotting  among  the  dusky 
bars  so  characteristic  of  eastern  specimens.  The  under  parts  are 
more  rufous,  the  tarsi  appear  shorter,  and  the  claws  decidedly  larger. 
The  two  forms  seem  quite  as  distinct  as  T.  aedon  and  parkmanni ; 
and  there  is  usually  no  difficulty  in  at  once  deciding  from  which  of 
the  two  regions  any  specimen  has  been  derived.  The  diflFerences  are 
certainly  greater  than  those  existing  between  the  eastern  T.  hye- 
inalis  and  the  European  Wren,  which,  as  far  as  I  can  judge  from  the 
single  specimen  before  me,  consist  mainly  in  the  rather  paler  colors 
of  the  under  parts  in  the  latter  species,  which  also  are  perhaps  not 
so  much  spotted  and  barred  beneath.  The  superciliary  stripe,  too, 
is  lighter  and  more  distinct. 

(No.  17,434,  %,  Puget  Sound.)  Total  length,  3.60;  wing,  1.84;  tail,  1.31; 
graduation,  .28 ;  exposed  portion  of  1st  primary,  .62,  of  2d,  1.20,  of  longest 
(measured  from  exposed  base  of  1st  primary),  1.40 ;  length  of  bill  from  fore- 
head, .56,  from  nostril,  .35  ;  tarsus,  .68  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .65  ;  claw  alone, 
.22;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .64  ;  claw  alone,  .27. 
10     September,  1864. 


a^-'. 


\  u: 


•4 


146 


REVIEW  OP  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I, 


Smith- 

Collec- 

Sex 

sonian 

tor's 

and 

No. 

No. 

Age. 

7,143 

267 

17.4.S4 

438 

d 

4,(101 

10,637 

l,li7 

d 

Locality. 


Ft.  Steilacoom.W.T. 
Slmlahmoo,  W.  T. 
Columbia  River. 
Fort  Tejou,  Cal. 


When 
Collected. 


Mar.  1K.'>4. 
Dec.  22,  ':>a. 
Jan.  27,  'S6. 


Kecelved  from 


Dr.  Snckley. 
A.  Campbell. 


J.  Xautus. 


Collected  hy 


Dr.  Kennei'ljr, 


CZSTOTHORUS,  Cabams. 
Cistothorus,  Cab.   Mas.   Hein.  1850,  77.      (Type   Troglodytes  stellarh, 
LicHT.,   Naom.) — Telmatodytes,   Cabanis,   Mus.   Heiu.    1850,  78. 
(Type  Certhia  palustris,  Wilson.) 

a.  Cistothorus. 

Cistothorus  stellaris. 

Troglodytes  stellaris,  "  Light."  Natjmann,  Vogel  Deutschlands,  III,  1823, 
724  (Carolina). — Cistothorus  stellaris,  Cab.  Mua.  Hein.  77. — Baird, 
Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  365.— Sclater,  Catal.  22  no.  142  (in  part). 

Troglodytes  brevirostris,  Nntr.  Man.  I,  1832,  436. — Aud.  Orn.  Biog.  II, 
1834,  427,  pi.  175.— Ib.  B.  A.  II,  1841,  138,  pi.  124. 
Hab.  Eastern  province  of  United  States. 

(No.  3,073,  Georgia.)  Total  length,  4.40 ;  wing,  1.75  ;  tail,  1.75,  its  gradua- 
tion, .70  ;  exposed  portion  of  Ist  primary,  .65,  of  2d,  1.06,  of  longest  (measured 
from  exposed  base  of  Ist  primary),  1  25  ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .4S, 
from  nostril,  .29 ;  tarsus,  .65 ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .61 ;  hind  toe  and  clan, 
.55  ;  claw  alone,  .26. 


Smith- 
sonian 
No. 

Collec- 
tor's 
No. 

Sex 
and 
Age. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

2.510 
3  073 

8,829 

••. 

Carlisle,  Pa. 
Wberty  Co.,  Ga. 
Loup  Fork  of  Platte. 

Sept.  20,  ■4.'5. 

1846. 
Ang.  30. 

S.  F.  Baird. 

It 

Lt.  Warren. 

Jos.  Leconte. 
Dr.  Hayden. 

" 

'.  ...     *■ 

':'^ 

ll"'- 

iivS  ■ 

1  &,- 

If!'     " 

h- 

i'-.. 

;]'•:  ■ 

Cistothorus  elegans. 

Cistothorus  elegans,  Sclater  &  Salvin,  Ibis,  1859,  8  (Guatemala). 
Hab.  Mexico  and  Guatemala. 

I  have  not  a  very  good  series  of  specimens  before  me,  althougli 
they  seem  to  indicate  that  the  C.  elegans  of  Sclater  &  Salvin  is  really 
distinct  from  the  northern  bird,  and  that  these  authors  have  bera 
hasty  in  re-combining  them.  If  not  different  species  they  at  least 
are  well-marked  varieties.  The  bill  of  elegans  is  considerably 
stouter  and  larger  than  that  of  stellaris,  and  the  tarsi  decidedly 
longer — the  birds  themselves  being  of  much  the  same  size.  On  tlie 
back  the  white  streaks  do  not  reach  so  far  back  (nearly  to  the  rump 


[part  I, 


CI8TOTHORU8. 


147 


Collected  bjr 


l)r.  Kenaei'ljr. 


oghdytea  stellaris, 
Hein.   1850,  78, 


ichlands,  III,  1823, 
Hein.  77.— Baird, 
1.  142  (in  part). 
UD.  Orn.  Biog.  II, 
24. 

1,  1.75,  its  gradiia- 
longest  (measured 
rom  forehead,  .4S, 
liind  toe  and  claw, 


Collected  by 


JoH.  LecoDte. 
Dr.  Hayden. 


[Guatemala). 

re  me,  althougli 
Salvin  is  really 
[hors  have  been 
lies  they  at  least 
lis  considerably 
tarsi  decidedly 
le  size.  On  the 
Irly  to  the  rump 


in  steUaris),  and  the  rump  and  tail  coverts  are  plain,  or  with  very 
ob-solete  markings. 

The  characters  derived  from  my  present  materials  are  as  follows, 
and  will  probably  be  substantiated  by  additional  specimens : — 

C.  itellaris. — White  dorsal  streaks  extending  to  the  rump,  which  is  con- 
spicuously banded  with  brown,  and  somewhat  spotted  with  whitish. 
Beneath,  including  lining  of  wings,  light  ciunamon-brown ;  throat  and 
belly  paler,  almost  white ;  sides  and  crissum  very  obsoletely  barred 
with  darker,  and  faintly  spotted  with  whitish.  Feathers  of  jugulum  like 
sides,  but  with  the  color  obscured  by  the  paler  edges.     Tarsus,  .05  long. 

C.  elegana. — Streaks  on  back  confined  to  interscapular  region ;  rump  and 
upper  tail  coverts  almost  plain  reddish-brown.  Beneath  mucli  paler  than 
in  s(ellaris,  without  any  appreciable  indication  of  bars  or  spots  on  sides 
and  crissum,  or  of  the  fulvous  of  the  jugular  feathers.  Inside  of  wings 
snowy  white.     Tarsus,  .72  long. 

(No.  29,207,  Mexico.)  Total  length,  4.20  ;  wing,  1.72 ;  tail,  1.70  ;  graduation, 
,60;  exposed  portion  of  Ist  primary,  .65,  of  2d,  1.09,  of  longest  (measured  from 
exposed  base  of  1st  primary),  1.35 ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .55,  from 
nostril,  .31;  tarsus,  .72;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .62;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .54; 
claw  alone,  .27.  , 


v..    '■ 

JSo." 

Col  lee-  Sex 
tor'H     and 
No.    I  A({e. 

Lotality. 

cZeTei.         Kecelvedfrom 

1 

Collected  by 

30,6«9 
29,207 

HO 
46 

•• 

Duenas,  Guat. 
Orizaba,  Mex. 

Aug.  21,  '59.       O.  Salvia. 

F.  Sumichrast. 

Salvia  &  Oodman. 

(30,689.)  Type. 


b.  Telmatodytes. 


Cistothorus  palustris. 

Certhia  palustris,  Wilson,  Am.  Orn.  II,  1810,  58,  pi.  xii,  fig.  4  (Penna). 
—  Troglodytes  palustris,  Bon.  Obs.  Wils.  1824,  no.  66. — Aud.  Orn. 
Biog.  I,  1831,  500,  pi.  100.— Ib.  Birds  Am.  II,  1841,  135,  pi.  123.— 
Rbinhardt,  Ibis,  1861,  5  (Godthaab,  Greenland). — ThryiAhorus  pa- 
lustris, NuTT.  Man.  I,  1832,  Ai^.—Cistothorus  {Telmatodytes)  palus- 
tris, Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  364.— Sclater,  Catal.  1861,  22. 

Thryothorus  arnndinaceus,  Vieillot,  Nouv.  Diet.  XXXIV,  1819,  58  (not 
Trog,  •nrundtiiaceus,  Vieillot). — Thryothorus  arundinaceus,  Bon. 
Consp.  1850,  220. — Telmatodytes  arundinaceus,  Cab.  Mus.  Hein. 
1850,  78. 

Hab,  Eastern  United  States,  from  the  Missouri  River;  Greenland  (Rein- 
hardt) ;  Mexico,  and  Guatemala  ? 

(No.  1,456,  % .)  Total  length,  6.00;  wing,  2.05 ;  tail,  1.95  ;  graduation,  .62; 
exposed  portion  of  Ist  primary,  .78,  of  2d,  1.22,  of  longest  (measured  from 
exposed  base  of  Ist  primary),  1.50;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .67,  from 


?   ■ 


$■'  ' 

..-^S,. 

F' 

■V^ 

% 

■'-/■■'■'J 

^'' 

t 

',  .■^'' 

'I-.- 

i: 

■•.  '..■''"V'' 

■I 
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■^■^  * 


:  ■■■> 


148 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  1 


lio:>tril,  .46,  along  gape,  .83  ;  tarena,  .84 ;  middle  toe  and  olaw,  .76  ;  olaw  aloue, 
.22 ;  bind  toe  and  olaw,  .63  ;  olaw  alone,  .32. 


Bmlth- 

Collec- 

8«z 

(oaiHQ 

tor'« 

aad 

No. 

No. 

Age, 

1,4»6 

.. 

i 

^S.W 

.  , 

28,036 

891 

ff 

12,111 

, , 

fT 

11,886 

, . 

4,744? 

•• 

•• 

Loeality. 


CarliHie,  I'a. 

WashlDKton,  D.  C. 

WhitfloUl  Co.,  Ga. 
Mouth  of  Big  Sluux. 


When 
Collecled. 


May  4,  '44, 
May  20,  '44. 
May  21, '60. 
May  19,  '89. 

May  4,'  '86, 


Received  from 


S.  F.  Baird. 

Dr.  E.  Cones. 
C.  Drexler. 
A.  Oerliardt. 
Lt.  Warren. 


Collected  \>y 


Dr.  Hayden. 


in 


Clstothoriis  palustria,  var.  paludicola. 

Cistothorm  palustris,  var.  paludicola,  Baird. — Troglodiftes  paltistris, 
Nkwb.  p.  R.  Rep.  VI,  iv,  1867,80  (Pacific  region).— Cistothorm  pa- 
lustris, Cooper  &  Scckley,  P.  R.  Rep.  X,  ii,  1869, 190  (W.  T.), 

Hab.  Faciflo  coaat  United  States. 

In  comparing  a  series  of  Marsh  "Wrens  of  eastern  North  Aniprica 
with  western,  I  find  that  they  differ  appreciably  in  certain  chanicter- 
istics,  which  may  perhaps  be  expressed  by  the  following  diagnoses  :— 

Var.  paluBtrls. — Bill  lengthened,  equal  to  tarsus.  Tail  coverts  above  and 
below  eitber  perfectly  plain,  or  with  very  obsolete  bands,  reduced  to 
obscure  spots  beneath.  Bands  on  tail  broken ;  scarcely  appreciable  on 
the  middle  feathers. 

Var.  paludioola. — Bill  shorter  than  tarsus.  Tail  coverts  distinctly  banded 
all  across.  Bands  on  tail  quite  distinct ;  appreciable  on  the  central 
feathers. 

How  far  these  differences  in  size  of  bill,  etc.,  will  bo  found  persist- 
ent through  larger  series  of  specimens,  I  am  unable  to  say. 

I  am  unable  at  present  to  say  to  which  variety  the  Mexican  bird 
(Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1856,  290),  and  the  Guatemalan  (Sclater  &  Salvin, 
Ibis,  1859,  8)  belong. 

(No.  7,141,  Washington  Territory.)  Total  length,  4.70;  wing,  1.96;  tail, 
2.00;  graduation,  .45;  exposed  portion  of  1st  primary,  .63,  of  2d,  1.25;  of 
longest  (measured  from  exposed  base  of  Ist  primary),  1.50;  length  of  bill 
from  forehead,  .60,  from  nostril,  .38,  along  gape,  .70;  tarsus,  .78;  middle  toe 
and  claw,  .61 ;  claw  alone,  .20  ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .50;  claw  alone,  .26. 


Smith- 
sonian 

No. 

Collec- 
tor's 
No. 

Sex 
and 
Age. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

7,141 
16,173 

7,140 
25,350 

HO 
81 

Shoalwater  Bay 
9       Fort  Crook,  Cal 
J       Sacramento  Viil.    • . 

Fort  Tej on,  Cal. 

Oct.  31,  '64. 
Oct.  'ii  '37. 

Gov.  Stevens. 
Lt.  Feiioer. 
Lt.  Williamson. 
Jiio.  Xantus. 

Dr.  Cooper. 
Dr,  Heermann. 


CISTOTIIOIIUS. 


149 


E4,J.'-tH 


From  a  careful  examination  of  the  data  furnished  by  the  tables 
and  indications  of  localities  in  the  preceding  pages,  it  will  be  seen 
that  a  few  species,  as  Tardus  viustelinus,  fuscescens,  swainmni, 
aliciiv,  and  mifjratorius,  Galeoncuples  carolinenHia,  Mimus  2>oly(jlot- 
/«.x?  of  tlie  Turdidse,  with  Sialia  xialis,  of  the  Haxicolidae,  and  Poli- 
iiplila  cuenilea  of  the  Si/lviidse  oc^ur  in  the  West  Indies  as  winter 
visitors.  The  remaining  species  of  these  families  (except  some 
iicciiliiir  to  tho  islands),  with  the  whole  of  the  Ginclidm,  Paridae, 
Cerlliiad/p,  and  lYoghdi/lidse,  are  entirely  wanting.  Even  the 
species  just  named  appear  to  be  confined  to  Cuba — none  of  them 
occurring,  as  far  as  known,  in  Jamaica  or  the  other  islands,  and 
l)rol)iil)ly  visiting  Cuba  only  as  stragglers  from  Florida,  or  en  route 
to  Mexico  and  Guatemala  via  Yucatan. 

Of  the  Turdidse  there  are  several  genera  peculiar  to  one  or  other 
of  the  West  India  Islands.  Of  North  Anterican  genera,  ^liniua  has 
peculiar  species  in  the  liahamas,  Cuba,  Jamaica,  and  St.  Domingo, 
and  Volioptila  in  Cuba. 

It  will  be  seen  hereafter  that  these  generalizations  of  distribution 

are  widely  diiferent  from  what  prevails  among  the  Sylmcolidep,  a 

mucii  larger  proportion  of  the  species  being  spread  in  winter  over 

many  of  the  West  Indies,  with  several  resident  species  peculiar  lo 

\  one  or  more  of  the  group. 

Thryothoraa  albinncha. — Since  the  preceding  sheets  on  the 
Tr()(jl<j(hjtklm  were  printed,  I  have  had  the  opportunity  of  exam- 
ining the  type  specimen  of  Dr.  Cabot's  Troglodytes  aUnnucha^ 
I'r.  IJost.  N.  H.  Soc.  II,  1847,  258,  from  Yalahao,  Yucatan,  April, 
1842.  I  find  it  agrees  almost  exactly  in  size  and  proportions  with 
Thryothorus  pete nicus  of  Mr.  Salvin,  being  only  a  very  little  smaller. 
The  coloration  and  markings  are  precisely  similar,  the  only  difterence 
being  in  the  tail.  The  middle  (exposed)  feathers  in  petenwus  are  ashy 
brown,  with  spotted  or  broken  bars  of  black,  most  distinct  and  con- 
tinuous across  the  middle.  The  other  feathers  are  black  ;  the  exterior 
webs  of  the  outer  two  find  the  ends  of  outer  three  marked  with  quad- 
rate spots  of  whitish,  sometimes  tinged  with  plumbeous.  In  albinucha 
the  upper  surface  of  the  tail  has  a  slightly  more  reddish  tinge,  and 
the  bars  are  more  broken  and  irregular.  The  quadrate  whitish  or 
[grayish  blotches  on  the  inner  webs  of  lateral  tail  feathers  extend 
nearly  to  the  middle  of  the  feather,  instead  of  being  confined  to  the 
lips.  I  do  not  observe  any  trace  of  the  dusky  tips  to  the  feathers  of 
breast,  nor  of  the  obscure  dusky  bars  on  the  flanks  seen  in  petenicus. 
Tiiese  (litferences  are,  however,  not  incompatible  with  the  identity 
lU*      October,  1861. 


^m' 


%   *s 


■ .  *  ■  ■  ■ "   !,■■■ 


;'  f^r?^ 


.  **"*•" 


I\  >• 


iW^ 


t-ljli'-'*' 


1- 

r't^l^^lH 

■    V" 

m 

'  ^« 

■  ^^m 

150 


uEviEvr  or  American  nmna 


[part  I. 


of  the  two  species,  being  fully  rcpreseiitetl  iu  specimens  of  T.  bewitkii, 
uiid  I  tliiiik  it  will -be  necessary  to  nmke  petemcua  a  Hynouym  of  a/6i.  | 
nucha,  and  to  call  the   species  'nirtjotlwrus  alhimivha.     The  ap. 
proxiiuation,  too,  of  the  localities,  is  an  additional  argument  in  I'uvur  | 
of  this  conclusion. 

Total  length,  5.10  ;  wing,  2.20  ;  tail,  2.15  ;  exposed  portion  of  let  primarj, 
.00,  of  2d,  1.40,  of  longest  (nieaHured  from  exposed  base  of  Ist  primary),  l.ii'j, 
length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .82,  from  noHtril,  .r)4 ;  along  gape,  .90;  tarsus, 
.84 ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .74 ;  claw  aiuue,  .20 ;  Uiud  toe  and  olaw,  .til ;  ckf 
alone,  .2ii. 


Family  MOTACILLID^. 

Bill  slender,  conical,  nearly  as  high  as  wide  at  the  base,  with  slight  notch 
at  th«7  tip ;  the  culmen  slightly  concave  above  the  anterior  t  xtremity  of  the 
nostrils ;  short  bristles  at  gape,  which,  however,  do  not  extend  forward  \i> 
nostrils.  Loral  feathers  soft  and  dense,  but  with  bristly  points ;  nasal  groove 
filled  with  naked  membrane,  with  the  elongated  nostrils  in  low^r  edge  ;  the 
frontal  feathers  coming  up  to  the  aperture,  but  not  directe<l  forward  nor  over- 
hanging it.  Wings  lengthened  and  sharp-pointed  ;  the  primaries  nine  (with- 
out spurious  first),  of  which  the  first  three  to  five,  considerably  longer  tkn 
the  succe,  fedingorm  the  tip ;  the  exterior  secondaries  generally  much  euiargi- 
nated  at  the  ends  ;  the  inner  secondaries  (so-called  tertials)  nearly  equal  to 
the  longest  primaries.  The  tail  rather  narrow,  emarginate.  Tarsi  length- 
ened, scutellate  anteriorly  only,  the  hind  claw  nsnaliy  very  long,  acnte,  and 
but  slightly  curved  (except  in  MotaciUa).  Inner  toe  cleft  almost  to  the  very 
base,  outer  adherent  for  basal  joint  only. 

The  combination  of  naked  nostrils,  notched  bill,  and  nine  priiuaries, 
with  the  tarsi  scutellate  anteriorly  only,  will  at  once  distinguish  the 
Anthinfe  of  this  family  from  the  Alaudidse,  which  they  so  closely 
resemble  in  coloration,  habits,  and  lengthened  hind  claw.  The  j 
lengthened,  slightly  curved  hind  claw,  much  pointed  wings,  cniargi- 
nated  secondaries — the  inner  ones  nearly  as  long  as  the  primaries- 
distinguish  the  family  from  the  Sylvicolidas,  with  which  also  it  has 
near  relationships. 

The  following  synopsis  will  serve  to  define  the  American  genera 
or  subgenera  of  Motacillidfe,  although  it  will  not  apply  to  the  family 
as  represented  in  all  its  old-world  members : — 


[I'ART  I, 


MOTACILLIDill. 


151 


Z'.  bewivkii. 
lyiu  of  o/4i. 
.  The  ap. 
iut  iu  luvor  I 


let  priniarj, 

uiary),  l.Gll; 

.90;  tnrsuj, 


I  slight  notch 
rtioiity  of  the 
d  forward  to 
uaaal  groove 
nr  e'lg« ;  tlie 
*rd  nor  over- 

niiitt  (witk- 

loug««r  X\m 
inch  eiuftrgi- 
arly  equal  to 

arsi  length- 
apn(e,  and 

to  the  very 


priiutines, 
iiiguish  tlie 
so  closely 
aw.  The 
js,  cniargi- 
riniaries— 
also  it  has 

lan  jrenera 
the  I'aoiily 


Motaollla. 
Tail  longer  than  the  wings ;  hind  claw  comparatively  short, 
and  couHiderably  curved.  Feathers  of  back  without  lighter 
edges  ;  no  spots  nor  streaks  on  breast.  Tail  doubly  'jrked,  or 
the  central  feathers  nearly  equal  to  the  lateral,  and  longer 
than  intermediate  ones.  Tip  of  wing  formed  by  outer  three 
piiraaries ;  the  distance  between  the  3d  and4tU  about  one- 
third  that  between  the  4th  and  ^tli.  Tarsi  lengthened ; 
claw  Muiall ;  hind  toe  and  claw  shorter  than  the  middle,  its 
claw  short,  considerably  curved,  less  than  the  toe  alone ; 
lateral  toes  nearly  equal MotacUla, 

An  thus. 
Tiiil  decidedly  shorter  than  the  wings  ;  less  than  half  the  whole 
length  of  bird  ;  simply  emarginate  and  rounded.     Hind  claw 
lengthened ;  only  slightly  curved.     Feathers  of  back  with 
paler  edges  ;  breast  streaked  with  dusky. 

a.    WitKjK  much  pointed,  and  lengthened. 

Point  of  wing  formed  by  four  outer  primaries,  of  which  the 
4tli  sometimes  a  little  shorter  than  3d.  nin<l  toe  and  claw 
as  long  as  middle,  shorter  than  tarsus,  tiie  claw  alone 
usually  a  little  longer  than  the  toe  itself,  and  slightly 
curved  ;  inner  toe  and  claw  longer  than  the  outer ;  out- 
stretched toes  falling  short  of  the  tip  of  tail ;  hind  toe  and 
claw  shorter  than  tarsus Anthus, 

Point  of  wings  formed  by  four  outer  primaries,  the  1st 

longest,  or  as  long  as  others.    Legs  stout,  the  outstretched 

toes  reaching  almost  to  tip  of  tail.     Hind  toe  and  claw 

longer  than  tarsus,  the  claw  very  long,  but  equal  to  the 

I  toe  proper        .         .         . Neocorys. 

h.    Wings  short,  rounded. 

Point  of  wings  formed  by  four  outer  primaries  of  nearly 
equal  length     .........  Notiocorys, 

Point  of  wings  formed  by  five  outer  primaries,  the  1st  shorter 
than  3d    •         . Pediocorys. 

MOTACILLA,  Lmsr. 

Motacilla,  Linn.  S.  N.  173.5.     (Type  Motacilla  alhn.) 

The  first  mentioned  species  under  Motacilla,  in  the  10th  edition 
of  the  Systema  Naturae  of  Linnseus,  is  luscinia,  or  tlie  European 
Nifrhtingale,  If  this  work  be  talien  as  the  starting  point  of  the 
LiiHuean  binomial  nomenclature,  it  will  be  necessary  to  find  some 
Other  name  for  the  genus,  perhaps  Fallenura,  Pallas  (fide  Gray). 


J, «.' 


rv^ 


***'.*-       ^' 


■:*'■ 


rf!«v'f  H 


m 


Mi 


^ 

4 

152 


RKVIKW  or  AMEIIICAN  UIRD8. 


[part  r. 


Motacilla  alba. 

Motacilla  alba,  LiNN.  Byst.  Nat.  12th  ed.  1700,  331.— Krth.  &  Di.am. 
Wirb.  Europ.  1840,  xlix,  and  174.— Dboland,  Orn.  Europ.  1, 1849, 
433.  —  Rkinhakdt,  Isis,  1801,  6  ((}re«nlatid).  —  Nkwton,  Baring. 
GouUl'rt  Iceland,  1803,  App.  ("ratbur  pluutiful"). 

Figure  :  Gould,  Birda  Europe,  143. 

IJah,  Continental  Europe,  rarer  in  England  ;  Iceland;  Greenland  (only  two 
speoimeuB  Been)  ;  Siberia  ;  Syria  ;  Nubia. 

(9410,  %f  Nlirnberg.)  Forehead  as  far  back  as  above  the  eyes,  with  Hides 
ftf  head  and  neck,  white ;  the  remaining  }M)rtion  of  head  and  neck  above  niid 
below  to  the  Jugulum,  black  ;  the  rest  of  under  parts  white.  Upper  )>arts  tishy 
gray,  including  rump;  the  upper  tail  coverts  tinged  with  black.  Wini^s  with 
two  conspicuous  bands  and  tlie  outer  edges  of  the  secondaries  white.  Tail 
feathers  black;  the  outer  two  white,  edged  with  black  internally.  Bill  aud 
legs  black. 

Length,  7.30;  wing,  3.45;  tail,  3.90;  bill  from  nostril,  .37;  tarsus,  .86; 
hind  toe  and  claw,  .50. 

Motacilla  yarrelli,  a  closely  allied  species,  by  some  considered  a 
variety  only,  diflFers  in  having  the  rump  black,  the  ashy  of  the  back 
glossed  with  blackish,  and  with  the  black  edging  of  the  lateral  tail 
feathers  broader. 

I  have  given  a  description  of  this  species  on  account  of  its  occur- 
rence in  Greenland,  and  thus  ^  member  of  the  Fauna  of  North 
America.     The  specimen  described  is  from  Niirnberg,  Germany. 


ANTHUS,  Bechst. 

Anthuii,  Bkchst.     Gemein.  Naturg.  Deutschl.  1802   (Agassiz). 
Alauda  spinoletta). — Bairo,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  232. 


(Type 


I  do  not  find  the  generic  characters  employed  by  European  authors 
to  subdivide  Anthus  very  satisfactory  or  constant.  They  consist 
mainly  in  the  varying  size  of  the  bill,  the  relative  proportion  of  the 
innermost  secondaries  to  the  longer  primaries,  and  that  of  the  liiiid 
claw  to  the  toe  proper.  In  examining  series  of  the  North  American 
species  I  find  considerable  variations  in  this  respect  among  ditferent 
individuals  :  in  Neocorys,  for  instance,  one  specimen  has  the  longest 
secondary  equal  to  the  6th  primary  ;  in  another  nearly  equal  to  the 
4th.  Similar  differences  occur  in  Anlhus  ludovicianua,  where  also 
the  hind  claw  is  sometimes  shorter  than  the  toe  itself,  sometimes 
longer. 

The  most  permanent  and  appreciable  characters  seem  to  be  those 
based  on  the  length  of  the  outer  primaries  :  thus  in  one  group,  to 
which  we  may  restrict  the  name  Anthus,  this  tip  is  formed  by  the 


ANTIIU8. 


153 


outer  four  quills,  the  fifth  heiiig  abruptly  shorter.  To  this  Ik  long 
A.  luiloricidnux,  and  tlio  Kuropcan  Hpinoli'Ua,  uhxcuriix,  prulrnxis, 
iiiid  (rrvinus.  In  a  si'cond  section,  of  which  there  appear  to  be  no 
Aiiifricun  repreHentalivcs,  the  tip  is  formed  by  the  outer  three 
rciitluM's  only,  and  to  it  belong  arhoreuH,  campextrix,  and  rirhardi. 
KuL'li  of  tiieso  has  been  made  the  type  of  a  genus  :  Pijxixtus,  A(jro- 
doma,  and  Cori/dalta,  rcKpectively,  of  which  the  latter  has  priority 
of  (lute.  A.  arboreua  has  the  hind  claw  rather  shorter  and  inoiu 
curved  than  the  rest. 

All  the  American  species  of  Titlark  that  I  have  been  able  to  see, 
oxc('iiting  Anthiis  ludovicianuH,  appear  to  belong  to  (piite  a  diflerent 
type  from  the  European.  First  among  them  is  the  northern  Aeo- 
airiftt,  much  like  typical  Anthus  in  the  long  pointed  wings,  and  the 
outer  four  primaries  abruptly  longer  than  the  5th,  but  dilTcriiig  in 
considerably  shorter  tail,  and  longer  legs,  which  actually  reach  the 
tip  of  tail  instead  of  falling  considerably  short  of  it.  Most  of  the 
South  American  species  again,  while  most  nearly  related  lo  Neovorifs 
iu  these  respects,  differ  from  both  Neocorys  and  Anlhun  in  the  less 
pointed  wings.  Here  again  there  are  two  sections,  one  with  the  tij) 
of  the  wing  formed  by  four  primaries  (Noliocori/H)  ;  the  other  {Pvdio- 
corys),  in  which  five  primaries  enter  into  this  tip,  the  whole  wing, 
the  inner  secondaries  especially,  apparently  unusually  broad  ;  of 
this  last  a  specimen  from  Quito  (30,912),  doubtfully  referred  to 
A.  hogotensis  of  Sclater,  may  be  considered  the  type,  and  to  it 
belongs  another  species  from  Uraguay,  which  I  have  not  attempted 
to  identify,  as  I  cannot  make  it  agree  with  any  described  species. 

Properly,  however,  to  define  the  characters  of  the  American  Tit- 
larks will  require  a  more  complete  series  of  the  species  than  I  have 
at  present  access  to,  and  for  the  present  I  merely  indicate  the  sections 
above  named.  If,  however,  Neocurys  be  retained  as  a  genus,  in  dis- 
tinction from  true  Anthus,  1  cannot  well  avoid  considering  the  South 
American  forms  as  again  different,  and  to  leave  the  whole  question 
on  a  basis  for  further  investigation,  I  propose  to  make  use  of  all 
thetie  names  in  a  subgeneric  sense  only. 


•.:;.v- 

^  '  ^ :.;>:, 

■/■•.^^ 

■.,■'  1,J'- 

'  f 


a.  Anthus,  Bechst. 

Authu:^  ludovicianus. 

Alauda  ludoviciana,  Om.  S.  N.  1, 1788,  793. — Anthug  ludoidcianus,  Light. 
Verz.  1823,  37 ;  also  of  Audi'bon  &  Bonaparte. — Baihi),  Birds  N. 
Am.  1858, 232.— CouEB,  Pr.  A.  N.  S.  1861, 220  (Labrador).— Sci.atkb, 
P.  Z.  S.  185G,  29G  (.Cordova).— 1b.  Catal.  1861,  24,  no.  153.— Sou 


WTTT' 


154 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


ft  .  : 


J.. 


f^Bf 


&  Salt.  Ibis,  1859,  9  (Guatemala).— Jonk8,  Nat.  in  Bermuda,  1859, 

29,  autumn. — Blakihtun,  Ibia,  1862^  4  (SaskatL-hewau). 
Alauila  rubra,  Gm.  ;  Alauda  rufit,  Wil».  ;  Antltus  spinolettu,  Bon.,  Am, ; 

Alauila  jienusi/luanivu,  Bkibb.  ;  f  Alauda penmi/lvanica,  Bonn.  Kncycl. 

Meth.  I,  1790,  319. 
fMvincilla  huhonka,  Lath.  Ind.  Orn.  II,  1790,  503. — Vieillot,  Encycl. 

MetU.  11,  1823,  447. 
Anthus  pennsylvanita,  Zanpeb  ;  Anthus  aqnnticus,  Acd.  ;  Anthus  pipiens, 

AuD.  ;  Anthus  ruheiis,  Merrem.  ;  Aiilhus  reinhardtii,  lliiuiuLL,  Fauua 

QroBnland,  (ed.  Paulsen),  1846,  25  (Greenland). 
Figures :  Aud.   B.  A.  Ill,  pi.  140.— Ib.  Oru.  Biog.  I,  pi.  80 — Wilson, 

V,  pi.  89. 

Hah.  Whole  of  North  America;  Greenland ;  Bermuda :  south  to  Orizaba, 
Guatemala,  and  even  Peru?  Heligoland,  Europe.  {(Jiilke).  Not  noted  in 
West  Indies. 

Ill  spring  the  colors  are  purer  than  in  autumn ;  the  upper  parts 
more  grayish-brown,  especially  on  the  head  and  nape,  lacking  almost 
entirely  the  autumnal  olivaceous.  The  reddish  tinge  of  the  under 
parts  seems  peculiar  to  the  spring  dress.  The  bill  and  legs  also 
appear  blacker  than  in  autumn,  and  the  dark  streaks  on  the  breast 
more  confined.  The  shade  of  color  of  the  under  parts  in  autuninal 
specimens  varies  considerably  from  whitish  to  fulvous,  as  does  also 
the  size  of  the  spots.     Cape  St.  Lucas  specimens  are  smaller. 

An  Atilhus  labelled  A.  rupestris  {obscurun),  from  Greenland,  is 
not  appreciably  dift'erent  from  true  ludomcianus;  the  legs  being 
paler  merely  than  in  some  specimens,  and  agreeing  exactly  in  this 
respect  with  others.  The  markings  of  the  tail  are  precisely  the 
same.  As  the  obacurus  is  not  recognized  by  Reinhardt  as  a  Green- 
land bird,  and  the  ludomcianus  {reinhardtii  of  HolboU)  is  said  to 
be  common,  I  presume  there  is  an  error  in  the  label. 

This  species  has  a  very  wide  range,  extending  over  the  whole  of 
North  America,  and  probably  far  into  South  America,  as  there  arc 
specimens  in  the  museum  of  the  Phila.  Academy  from  Peru,  whicii, 
in  their  somewhat  defective  condition,  I  am  unable  to  distinguish 
from  typical  ludovicianus.  A  single  instance  is  recorded  of  its 
occur  'ence  in  Europe  ;  namely,  in  the  island  of  Heligoland,  in  the 
North  Sea,  where  Herr  Giitke  has  found  so  many  stragglers  from 
America  and  Asia,  many  of  them  unknown  in  other  parts  of  Europe. 

Specimens  are  in  the  collection  from  various  localities  througlioiit 
the  United  States,  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  const,  as  also 
from  Moose  Factory,  Rupert  House,  Grosvater  Bay,  Lal)ra(ior,  Fort 
Good  Hope,  Fort  Simpson,  Fort  Rae  (not  received  from  the  Yukon 
or  Fort  Anderson).     Others  are  as  follows: — 


i'.''.'i^ 


ANTHU8. 


155 


siLLOT,  Encycl. 


Sniilli- 

miuimi 

No. 

Collec- 
Ci>l''() 

No. 

Hex 

iiDd             LocHllty. 

Aife.  i 

When 
CuUecied. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

lS..W2y 

32,17ii 

3iJ,4»J 

IS'. 

Nov.'-ii,  '59. 

Oc)pouhH);pu  MuH. 
J.  Xlllltlln. 

Prut',  ijuuiicbrast. 

cf 

(!u|>it  iSt.  Lucas. 
Orixaba,  Mox. 

J.  XaiitiiH. 
Prul.  tSuiuicbraHt. 

(18,S92?)   LtibeWed  A.  ruptstria. 


Aiitliiis  pratensis. 

Alauda  prntensis,  LrNN.  Syst.  Nat.  1766,  287. — Anthw  pratftisis,  Bechst. 
Deutsoh.  Vugel,  III,  1807,  732.— Keys.  &  Blas  Wirb.  Kuropa-s 
1840,  172.— Zander,  Cab.  Jour.  I,  extra  ed.  het't,  IS."):?,  60.— Paul- 
sen, tid.  Hiii.KuLL,  F'aun.  Uibiilands,  1846,  24. — Reinuakot,  Ibis, 
1861,  6. — Newton,  Gould's  Iculaud,  1863. 

Figures  :  Gould's  Birda  Europe,  pi.  136. 

H'lb.  Europe  generally ;  accidental  iu  Greenland ;  couimon  in  Lapland 
(Newton), 

This  species  in  general  form  resembles  the  A.  Ivdovicianus,  the 
fifth  primary  in  both  being  abruptly  and  considerably  shorter  than 
tli;' outer  four ;  the  bill  and  legs  quite  similar.  The  average  size 
tippt'urs  nmcii  the  same.  The  upper  parts  are,  however  (especially 
the  head  and  back),  more  distinctly  streaked  with  dusky ;  the  edge 
and  inside  of  wing  greenish-yellow,  not  white,  and  the  upper  plumage 
and  outer  edges  of  the  quills  decidedly  olive-green.  The  shafts  of 
the  middle  tail  feathers  above  are  whitish,  not  dark-brown  ;  the  under 
parts  greenish-white,  conspicuously  streaked  with  dark-brown.  The 
bill  is  dusky,  the  base  and  edges  paler ;  the  legs  dusky  flesh  color, 
not  dark-brown. 

I  introduce  this  species  here  as  having  been  found  in  Greenland, 
although  lleinhardt  mentions  only  one  instan  :e  of  its  occurrence. 
The  specimens  examined  are  from  Denmark. 


Neocorjfn,  Sclatkr,  P.  Z.  S.  1H57,  5 
Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  233. 


b.  Neocorys,  Sclater. 

(Type  Alauda  tpragnei,  AcD.)— 


Antliiis  spraffuei. 

Atiitula  spraguet,  Aud.  B.  A.  VII,  1843,  33.^,  pi.  486. — Agrodomn  xprngnei, 
Baird,  Stansbury's  Uep.  1S52,  329. — Neocorys  spraguti,  Sclatkr, 
P.  Z.  S.  1857,  5.— Bauid,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  234.— Blak^stos, 
Ibis,  1862,  4  (Sa'katobewan). 

Hdb,  Plains  of  Yellowstone  and  Upper  Missouri  to  Saskatchewan. 


Wfy- 


IM 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


•4 

t 

i 


■* 


The  description  of  this  species,  as  given  in  the  Birds  of  North 
America,  was  taken  from  a  type  specimen  received  from  Mr.  Audu- 
bon. A  second  skin,  collected  by  Capt.  Blakiston  on  the  Forks  of 
the  Saskatchewan,  differs  in  having  the  tertials  nearly  as  long  as 
the  primaries  (about  one-tenth  of  an  inch  shorter).  The  hind  claw, 
too,  is  considerably  longer,  measuring  .53  of  an  inch,  instead  of  .46. 
In  other  respects  the  specimens  appear  similar.  A  similar  discre- 
pancy in  length  of  hind  claw  is  seen  in  Anthm  ludovicianus,  where 
it  is  sometimes  considerably  longer  than  the  toe  alone. 


Bqiitli- 

aootnu 

Ho. 

Collec-    8«x  1 
tor'R     and  !          LocaUty. 

No.     ;  Ane. ; 

When 
Collected. 

Received  rrom            Collected  by 

i,68l 
18,766 

Fort  Union,  Dae. 

1843. 

S.  F.  Baird 
Capt.  Blakiston. 

J.  J.  Audubon. 

(l|88i.)  Type  specimen. 


c.  NoTiocoRYs,  Baird. 
Notiocorys,  Baijid.    (See  page  151  of  present  work.) 

Anttaus  rufu8. 

fAlauda  ru/a,  Qst.  Syst.  Nat.  I,  1788,  798  (based  on  petite  Alouette  de 

Buenos  Ayres,  Bdff.  pi.  enl.  738,  1). 
?Anthus  rufus,  Bukm.  Syst.  Uebersicht,  III,  1856,  118  (Brazil). 
Anthiis  rufus,  Lawuence,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.  1861,  322  (Panama  R.  R.). 

Hab.  li^thmus  Panama  (and  eastern  South  America  ?). 

(277,  Lawr.  coll.,  %  .)  Outer  four  primaries  very  nearly  equal  and  longest, 
the  5th  mediate  between  4th  and  6th.  Inner  secondaries  nearly  equal  to 
primaries.  Hind  toe  and  claw  nearly  equal  to  the  tarsus  ;  the  claw  rather 
longer  than  its  digit,  sharp,  moderately  curved ;  outstretched  toes  reaching 
the  end  of  tail. 

Above  dusky  brown,  the  feathers  edged  laterally  with  pale  fulvous  ;  most 
so  on  the  hind  neck,  least  on  the  middle  of  the  back.  Beneath  soiled  white, 
with  a  faint  tinge  of  yellowish  ;  perhaps  very  faintly  fulvous  on  crissum  and 
on  breast.  A  pale  line  over  the  eye ;  ear  coverts  and  sides  of  neck  as  de- 
acrilMid  on  the  hind  ne<tk  ;  rest  of  cheeks  slightly  specked  with  dusky. 
Jligulum  and  sides  of  breast,  and  edge  of  wing  on  the  inside,  with  shaft 
streaks  of  dusky,  which  at  the  ends  widen  into  arrow-shaped  spots.  Wing 
feathers  edged  as  described,  the  Ist  primary  more  gray,  the  secondaries  more 
olivaceous.  Outer  tail  feathers  white,  with  a  streak  of  dusky  along  the  edge 
of  inner  web  for  basal  half,  the  next  similar,  with  the  dusky  streak  extending 
nearly  to  the  end  of  the  inner  wel(,  and  nearly  as  wide  as  the  white  portion. 
(Third  feather  wanting  in  the  specimen.)  Bill  dusky  above,  pale  below,  be- 
coming darker  to  the  tip ;  legs  liesh  coior. 


J.  Audubua. 


ANTIIU8. 


157 


Total  length,  4.35  ;  wing,  2.26;  tail,  1  94;  difference  between  1st  and  6th 
quilUi  --^^ ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .51,  from  nostril,  .35,  along  gape, 
.til;  tar-sud,  .77;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .66;  claw  alone,  .20;  hind  toe  aud 
claw,  .70;  claw  alone,  .40 

This  species  is  much  like  Neocorys  spraguei  in  appearance,  though 
much  smaller  (an  inch  and  m.  half  shorter),  and  with  a  greenish-yellow 
gloss  on  the  under  parts,  wanting  in  the  former.  The  coloration  is 
otherwise  very  similar.  The  wings  are  shorter  and  not  so  much 
poi'iU'd,  the  5th  quill  being  half  way  between  the  4th  and  6th,  instead 
of  being  two-lifths  of  the  total  distance  from  the  Oth,  and  three-fifths 
from  the  4th.  The  hind  toe  and  claw  are  perhaps  not  quite  as  long, 
but  still  about  equal  to  the  tarsus.  "\\''J>atever,  therefore,  be  the 
validity  of  the  genus  Neocorys,  the  N.  rpraguei  appears  to  be  the 
nearest  relative  of  the  present  species,  agreeing  with  it  in  shorter 
tail  and  longer  legs  compared  with  Anlhua,  but  differing  from  both 
ill  tiie  shorter,  more  rounded  wings. 

I  am  by  no  means  certain  of  the  correctness  of  identification  of 
the  specimen.  No  South  American  birds  are,  perhaps,  in  a  greater 
state  of  confusion  than  the  Titlarks ;  and  in  the  absence  of  accurate 
indications  of  the  proportions  of  the  quills,  etc.,  so  necessary  in  de- 
fining species  which  vary  so  little  in  color,  it  is  exceedingly  difficult 
to  come  to  an  accurate  conclusion  on  the  subject.  It  is  not  at  all 
improbable  that  the  present  species  may  prove  to  be  undescribed,  as 
it  is  its  diminutive  size,  rather  than  anything  else,  that  has  caused 
its  reference  to  the  Alauda  rufa  of  Gmelin. 


Smith- 
►ouinn 

Collec- 
tor's 
No. 

Sex 
II  nd 
Ave. 

3 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

'  '•* 

86 

Panama  R.  R.                    ...         i  Cab.  LiuitMice. 

M'Lean.  &  Oaib. 

d.  Pediocorys,  Baird. 

Pediocorys,  Baird.    (See  page  151  of  the  present  work.) 

Although  there  are  no  members  of  the  present  section  known  with 
ct^rtainty  to  belong  to  North  or  Middle  America,  I  describe  the  two 
South  American  species  before  me  as  a  contribution  to  the  history 
of  the  genus. 

AnthiiA  bogotensls. 

Anthnx  linfjotenKis,  Scr.ATER,  P.  Z.  9.  ISS.*),  109,  pi.  101  ;  1858,  550  (Bo- 
gota and  Ecuadrr). 


PfT^rnT^^^ 


153 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


^Kii  .:        i' 


[part  t. 


Anthus  rnfescens,  D'Oru.  &  Lapr.  Mag.  Zool.  1836. — D'Orb.  Voyag«, 
226  (Bolivia).     Not  nifracens  of  Temminck. 

(30,912,  Quito.)  Plumage  very  dense  and  full  on  the  under  parts ;  wings 
broad,  their  point  formed  by  the  outer  five  primaries,  of  which  the  4th  is 
longest ;  then  3d,  and  5th  equal  2d,  little  shorter ;  the  first  .14  shorter  than 
tlie  5th,  and  .20  longer  than  Gth,  about  equal  to  the  longest  secondary.  Tail 
moderately  forked,  rather  shorter  than  the  wings.  Iliud  claw  quite  consider- 
ably curved,  and  short,  about  equal  to  its  digit. 

Feathers  of  upper  parts  light  brownish-yellow,  streaked  centrally  and  con- 
ppicuously  with  dark-brown  ;  scarcely  appreciable  on  the  wing  coverts,  which 
are  more  rufous.  Ocular  regions  with  under  parts  pale  buflf,  lighter  posteriorly 
and  on  chin  and  lores ;  darker  on  the  inside  of  the  w  ings.  Sides  of  neck  streaked 
with  dark-brown,  and  a  series  of  scarcely  appreciable  dusky  spots  in  the  tips 
of  the  feathers  across  jugulum,  very  few  in  number  (scarcely  more  than  one 
row).  Quills  broadly  edged  internally  with  dull  cinnamon.  Outer  tail  feathers 
rufous,  or  brownish-white  at  tip  and  for  al)out  exterior  half,  including  the 
region  both  sides  the  shaft ;  second  feather  with  slight  streaks  of  the  same 
along  the  end  of  the  shaft ;  other  feathers  dark-brown,  edged  like  the  back. 
Bill  brown,  whitish  at  base  below.     Legs  flesh  color. 

A  second  specimen  (35,035)  agrees  mnch  better  with  Dr.  Sclater's  descrip- 
tion, in  being  paler  on  the  belly  and  crissum ;  darker  above  ;  the  liind  claw 
longer  (.55).  The  wing  formula  differs  in  being  2,  3,  1,  4,  5,  and  the  6th  quill 
is  exactly  midway  from  the  5th  and  7th  (.17  of  an  inch). 

Total  length,  5.75;  wing,  3.35;  tail,  2.90;  length  of  bill  from  forehead, 
.62,  from  nostril,  .37  ;  along  gape,  .80 ;  tarsus,  .90;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .83; 
bind  toe  and  claw,  .75  ;  claw  alone,  .40. 


Bmith- 

Buniau 

No. 

80,912 
3d,03A 


Col  lee- '  Sex 
lor'H    !  and 
No.     I  Akb. 

Locality. 

CoUeoted     !     K«ce'>'e''  f^°"^           Collected  by 

Quito,  Ecuador. 
Eciitulor. 

1    C.  R.  Biiclialew.                 

{J.  Akhui'Ht.                          

i                                     1 

*^   r,     /  \* 


Anthus 


(21,035,  %  ,  Uruguay.)  Wings  not  much  longer  than  the  tail ;  the  rounded 
point  formed  by  five  outer  primaries  ;  wing  formula  3.4=^2,  1,  5,  the  latter 
which  is  one-fourth  the  distance  from  4th  to  6th.  Inner  secondaries  rather 
shorter  thau  the  5th  quill.  Feet  much  as  in  Neocorys  ;  the  hind  claw  nearly 
straight,  rather  longer  than  its  digit. 

All  feathers  of  upper  parts  blackish-brown,  conspicuously  margined  on  each 
side  (but  not  at  tips)  with  brownish-yellow,  which  becomes  grayish  towards 
the  ends  (except  perhaps  on  the  lower  back)  ;  these  margins  proportionally 
widest  on  the  hind  neck.  Under  parts  soiled  white,  with  ,i  pale  brownish  or 
bnff  (not  yellow)  tinge  ;  palest  on  throat,  crissum,  and  middle  of  belly,  deepest 
on  itiside  of  wing  and  inner  margin  of  quills  ;  the  feathers  of  jugulum,  upper 
breast,  and  sides  of  body  with  conspicuous  shaft  streaks  of  blackish-brown ; 
feathers  on  the  sides  tinged  throughout  with  pale  l|)owuish.     Loral,  ocular, 


'.<i 


ANTnUS. 


159 


and  superciliary  region  grayish-white  ;  rest  of  cheeks  speckled  with  brownish. 
TliH  blaclvish  ground  color  of  upper  surface  of  wings  almost  concealed  by  the 
broad  edgings  of  yellowish-browu,  varying  in  shade  of  color,  and  becoming 
much  paler  on  the  outer  primaries,  inner  secondaries,  and  greater  wing  coverts- 
Tail  feathers  dark-brown  ;  the  outer  brownish  or  soiled  white  on  the  outer  web, 
and  on  the  inner  web  along  the  shaft  from  neai  the  base,  widening  to  the  end 
so  as  to  embrace  the  tip  ;  next  feather  with  outer  web  and  a  short  terminal 
streak  only  white,  the  remaining  feathers  narrjwly  edged  externally  with  the 
same.     Bill  dusky,  except  at  base  below  ;  lego  flesh  color. 

Total  length,  5.70;  wing,  2.95  ;  tail,  2.G5 ;  iifference  between  3d  and  5th 
quills,  .10;  between  3d  and  Gth,  .36  ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .5(5,  from 
nostril,  .35;  along  gape,  .65;  tarsus,  .90;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .75;  claw 
alone,  .22  ;  Iiind  toe  and  claw,  .96  ;  claw  alone,  .52. 

A  specimen  (26,302)  which  was  sold  to  Dr.  Leidy,  as  from  western 
North  America,  is  scarcely  distinguishable  in  any  respect,  except  the 
))arer  white  of  tail  and  rather  paler  colors ;  and  I  am  inclined  to 
tliink  that  it  really  came,  like  the  preceding  bird,  from  Uruguay,  as 
it  is  of  precisely  the  same  "  make  up"  of  skin,  and  was  obtained 
from  the  father  of  the  collector  (Chr.  Wood),  who  accompanied 
Capt.  Page.  It  is,  however,  proper  to  state  that  a  brother  of  this 
same  collector  (W.  S.  Wood)  obtained  many  specimens  of  birds 
from  the  plains  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains ;  and  if  the  bird  in 
question  really  came  thence,  it  will  be  necessary  to  introduce  the 
species  into  the  Fauna  of  North  America. 

This  species  is  quite  similar  in  external  appearance  to  Neocorya 
spraguei,  and  of  about  the  same  size.  The  wings  are,  however, 
considerably  shorter  and  more  rounded  ;  the  point  of  the  wing 
formed  by  five,  not  four  quills.  The  legs  are  much  the  same.  There 
is  a  much  greater  preponderance  of  reddish-brown  on  the  upper 
parts,  and  of  buff  below ;  the  axillars  are  brownish,  not  grayish- 
white,  and  there  is  much  less  white  (and  of  less  purit}-)  on  the  tail. 


Smlth- 

einiaa 

No. 

1 
CoUec-'  Sex 
tor's    1  and 
No.     '  Age. 

Iiocality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

21, 0,'?) 
28,362 

100 

cf 

UruKiiay. 
Uruguay  f 

Aug.  1860. 

Capt.  T.  .1.  Page. 
Dr.  Leidy. 

Chr.  Wood, 
r        ? 

»,v 

■    ,wf 

^M 

■ 

:        ■■ 

HH 

160 


EEVIEW  or  AMERICAN  BIttDa 


[part  I, 


Family  SYLVICOLID^.* 

The  Sijlmcolidsp.  are  essentially  characterizod  among  the  Oscineg 
with  nine  primaries,"  by  their  small  size,  the  usually  slender  and 
conical  insectivorous  bill,  shorter  than  the  iicad,  without  angle  in 
the  gape  near  the  base  ;  the  toes  deeply  cleft  fio  as  to  leave  the  inner 
one  free  almost  to  its  very  base  (except  in  Mniotiltese),  etc.  The 
shallow  notch  at  the  end  of  the  tongue,  instead  of  a  deeply  fissured  tip, 
distinguishes  the  family  from  the  Cserehidae,  to  some  of  which  tlmre 
is  otherwise  so  great  a  resemblance.     The  absence  of  abrupt  hook 

'  A  diagnostic  table  of  families  will  be  given  as  an  appendix  to  tbe  work. 

»  Altbough  we  speak  of  the  absence  of  the  outer  or  first  primary,  and  tlie 
presence  of  nine  only  as  characterizing  most  of  the  O^cinrs,  the  exprt-ssion  u 
not  strictly  correct,  as  in  all  cases  where  I  have  made  a  careful  search,  I  have 
never  failed  to  find  the  first  primary  in  a  rudimentary  condition.  Indeed 
the  gradation  from  the  very  short,  though  evident  spurious  primary  of  soiuh 
of  the  Vireos,  to  the  stage  in  others  of  the  genus  where  tliis  primary  appears 
entirely  wanting,  is  merely  the  difference  between  its  being  placed  so  as  to  rest 
on  the  inner  side  of  the  basal  portion  of  the  shaft  of  tlie  outer  large  feather 
or  moved  round  so  as  to  lie  on  its  outer  side.  It  occupies  the  terminal 
joint  of  the  wing,  just  as  when  well  developed,  and  is  only  overlooked  be- 
cause confounded  with  the  coverts  of  the  primaries.  Its  presence  can  easily 
be  demonstrated  by  comparing  the  wing  of  a  Thrush,  with  distinct  first  pri- 
mary, and  that  of  a  Sparrow,  Swallow,  or  other  bird,  in  which  this  primary  is 
wanting  (very  veil  seen  in  Quiscalus).  In  the  Thrush,  for  instance,  there  will 
be  seen  the  usual  coverts  on  the  outside  of  the  primaries,  each  one  with  its 
sheath  inserted  into  that  of  the  corresponding  primary,  and  resting  a  little  on 
the  external  side  of  the  barrel  of  the  quill.  The  first  quill  lacks  a  covert; 
all  the  rest,  nine  in  number,  have  one  each.  The  first  covert  is  usually  much 
shorter  than  the  rest,  and  stands  singly  when  there  is  a  distinct,  though 
abbreviated  first  primary,  as  in  Tardus.  In  a  Sparrow,  however,  or  Quisralus, 
there  appears  to  be  a  second  short  covert,  immediately  beneath  the  one  jnA 
referred  to,  but  which,  on  examination,  is  seen  to  occupy  the  true  place  of  the 
deficient  first  primary.  Whenever,  therefore,  there  are  apparently  only  nine 
primaries,  it  is  probable  that  two  of  these  short  stiff  feathers  will  be  toumt, 
and  with  ten  distinct  primaries  only  one  will  be  found.  When  there  is  any 
peculiar  coloration  of  the  primaries,  not  seen  in  the  other  feathers  of  the 
wing,  this  second  of  the  short  feathers  will  have  it,  and  not  the  out.-ide  one, 
as  will  be  referred  to  more  particularly  hereafter,  especially  under  Vireo 
Jiiinifrom, 


8¥LVIC0LIDiB. 


161 


nnd  notch  in  both  mandibles  separates  it  from  such  of  the  Vireonidse 
us  have  nine  primaries.  To  the  Tanaijridae,  through  the  slender- 
billeii  forms  as  Ghlorospimjus,  Neviosia,  Chlorovhrysa,  etc.,  the 
relationship  is  very  close ;  so  much  so  that,  by  many,  both  families 
are  included  in  one.  What  the  real  diflerences  are,  1  may  hereafter 
be  able  to  point  out  more  satisfactorily  than  I  can  at  present. 

The  American  Motacillidee  are  distinguished  by  the  emargination 
of  the  outer,  and  the  great  elongation  of  the  inner  secondaries,  as  well 
as  by  other  features  referred  to  under  that  family.  Anthus,  in  par- 
ticular, differs  in  the  lengthened  and  slightly  curved  hind  claw. 

There  is,  perhaps,  no  family  to  which  the  relationship  is  closer 
than  to  the  Cserebidse.  Of  equally  small  size,  and,  to  some  extent,  of 
a  somewhat  similar  style  of  coloration,  it  is  not  to  be  wondered  at 
(hat  many  species  in  each  family  have  been  indifferently  assigned  to 
cither.  The  genus  Ilelminlhophaga,  for  instance,  can  scarcely  be 
so  cU'lined  as  to  distinguish  it  from  Conirostrum,  excepting  by  the 
ciianicters  of  the  tongue,  so  rarely  preserved  in  a  skin.  What  the 
external  features  of  distinction  are,  I  hope  to  show  hereafter.  I  am 
by  no  means  sure  that  some  species  even  now  retained  among  the 
Hijlvicolidae  would  not  be  more  appropriately  placed  in  Cserebidse, 
as  Helminlhophaga  bachmani,  Parula  guUuralis,  etc. 

The  tongue  in  the  SylcicoUdae  is  horny  for  the  greater  portion  of 
its  extent ;  more  or  less  deeply  bifid  at  the  tip  for  about  one-fourth 
or  one-fifth  the  length,  the  branches  fringed  or  lacerated  along  their 
external  margin.  It  is  short  and  rather  broad  at  the  base,  and  not  as 
extensible,  as  in  the  Cserebidse.  The  essential  difference  in  structure 
from  that  of  the  Cserebidse  seems  to  be  that,  in  some  of  the  latter, 
as  Glos.-iiptila  and  Certhiula,  there  is  a  second  vertical  plane  erected 
along  the  inner  edge  of  the  bifurcation  or  division  of  the  tip  of  the 
tongue,  and  more  or  less  perpendicular  to  it,  which  is  itself  lacerated 
or  fringed,  so  as  to  increase  materially  the  size  of  the  terminal  brush. 
In  Chlorophanes  and  Dacnis  this  vertical  plane  is  folded  outward 
upon  the  horizontal  lamina,  and  perhaps  partially  or  entirely  ad- 
hcn-nt,  and  thickening  considerably  the  inner  portion  of  the  fork. 
The  primary  bifurcation  of  the  tongue,  however,  in  all  the  Cserebidse, 
is  also  much  deeper  (about  one-third  the  whole  length),  and  the 
lateral  fringe  extends  much  further  along  the  base.  There  are  other 
differences  in  the  tongu'^s  of  the  Cserebidse,  of  generic  import,  which 
will  hereafter  be  dwelt  on  more  at  length. 

To  the  general  character  of  the  tongue  in  the  Sylvicolidse,  however, 
that  of  "Dendroica  tigrind'''  forms  a  striking  exception  in  its  approxi- 
mation tu  the  Cferebine  character,  especially  that  of  Certhiola.    The 

11      November.  1864. 


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1G2 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


tongue,  in  this  instance,  is  miich  longer,  and  narrower  than  usual; 
bifid  for  more  than  one-third  its  length,  and  fringed  at  the  end,  luueh 
as  in  Certhiola.  It  differs  from  other  Sylvk-olidae,  also,  in  having 
the  sides  of  the  tongue,  from  the  middle,  folded  over  and  down  on 
the  upper  surface,  though  not  adherent,  nor  does  the  lap  extend  (|iiiie 
to  the  tip.  This  characteristic  of  the  fold,  and  the  absence  of  a  vor- 
tical fimbriated  lamina  adherent  to  the  inner  edge  of  the  horizontal 
bifurcation  of  the  tongue,  appears  essentially  peculiar  to  this  bird. 

This  diifcrence  of  the  tongue  in  "Dendroica  tigrina"  is  so  funda- 
ment-ally great,  as  compared  with  all  other  Sylvicolidee,  that  were 
the  other  characteristics  of  seasonal  changes  of  plumage,  geographi- 
cal distribution  and  migration,  pattern  of  coloration,  etc.  more 
similar,  it  would  almost  warrant  our  removing  it  to  another  family, 
if  not  making  it  the  typo  of  a  new  one.  As  it  is,  it  becomes  neces- 
eary  to  establish  a  new  genus  (Perissoglossa)  for  it,  left  now  among 
the  Sylvicolidfe,  but  perhaps  hereafter  to  be  transferred  elsewhere. 

The  following  diagrams  of  tongues  of  some  of  the  Cserebidsi, 
Sylvicolidae,  and  Vireonidae  have  been  drawn,  at  my  request,  on 
wood  under  the  microscope  by  Dr.  W.  Stirapson ;  to  whom,  also,  I 
am  indebted  for  the  accompanying  remarks'  relative  to  their  charnc- 

'  "  The  tongues  are  all  flsanred,  or  bifid  at  the  extremity,  hy  a  slit  of  variabln 
depth;  one-thirl  thelengtli  of  the  tongue  in  Glossiptila,  Certhiola,  and  Periim- 
glossa,  but  only  one-sixth  its  length  in  Vireo;  in  the  others  averaging  about 
one-fourth  its  length.  By  this  slit  two  forks  are  formed,  which  are  depressed, 
corneous,  laminiform,  and  incised  along  the  extremity  and  outer  edge  by 
more  or  less  numerous  fissures  which  form  a  fringe  of  flattened  setse  con- 
tiguous at  base,  but  becoming  narrowed  and  thus  separately  projecting  in  the 
Bame  plane  at  their  extremities.  The  lateral  setae  are  transverse  or  even 
curved  backward  in  Glossiptila,  but  point  obliquely  forward  in  all  the  other 
species. 

"The  inner  edge  of  the  fork  is  always  much  thicker  than  the  external 
laminar  expansion,  and  generally  ends  in  a  sharp  spine,  far  stronger  than  the 
•  proximate  setae.  But  in  Glossiptila  and  Certhiola  this  inner  edge  is  itself 
expanded  upward  into  a  narrow  lamina,  which  is  either  in  a  plane  perpen- 
dicular to  the  lateral  expansion  or  folded  over  toward  it,  and  this  second 
lamina  is  also  divided  into  oblique  or  longitudinal  setae  toward  its  extremity. 
At  the  extremity  of  the  fork  the  two  laminae  are  continent,  continuous,  and 
regularly  fimbriated  around  the  curve. 

"  In  Certhiola  and  Perissoglossa  the  sides  of  the  tongue  at  the  base  of  the 
forks  are  folded  over  and  inward,  but  in  Certhiola  the  folds  are  soldered  down 
to  the  base  and  inner  edge  of  the  forks  ;  while  in  Perisscglossa  they  are  not 
Boldered,  but  open  outward  again  anteriorly  before  the  edges  become  fimbri- 
ated, so  that  the  extremity  of  this  tonj;ue  {Perissoijlossa)  is  broad,  and  the 
setae  nearly  longitudinal. 


f^.^..' 


6YLVIC0LIDJB. 


168 


teristics  as  they  appeared  to  him  from  a  purely  microscopical  poiut 
of  view. 


1.  GlnnHptiln  riiJleoUis.     Jamaica. 

2.  Verthuilti  bnhamensis.    NasHau. 

3.  (JIUorophanes  airicapUla.    Trinidad. 

4.  Dacnis  cnynna.  " 

5.  PerUfoglosna  tigrina.    Nassau. 


6.  Dendrnim  Mrintn.     -Vassau. 

7.  Hclminilutphaga  r  lain.    Arctic  America 

8.  TerttrUitis  fornsii.     Cuba. 

9.  Vireo  barbatula.    Nassau. 


The  following  figures  represent  one  branch  of  the  bifurcated  tip 
of  each  tongue  more  highly  magnified.  The  references  are  the  same 
as  in  the  preceding  figures. 


Nos,  2,  3,  4,  and  6  were  drawn  from  alcoholic  specimens ;  1,  fi,  7,  8,  and  9  from  tongues 
removed  from  the  dried  skin,  and  therefore  perhaps  not  perfectly  accurate. 


"  The  base  of  the  tongue  is  bifid  and  armed  with  teeth  pointing  bacltward 
to  prevent  the  escape  of  food.  The  largest  teetli  are  at  the  extremities  of  the 
two  points.  In  Certhtola,  Perissoglossa,  Dendroicn,  and  Teretristis  tlie  teeth 
are  all  sharp,  with  the  intermediate  teeth  nearly  as  large  as  the  terminal 
ones,  and  there  are  two  or  three  teeth  on  the  outer  sides  of  the  points.  In 
GInssiptifa  there  is  only  one  tooth  on  these  outer  edges.  Vireo  differs  from 
all  the  rest  in  having  a  broad  and  shallow  excavation  between  the^  two  points, 
which  are  short,  stout,  and  blunt ;  and  the  edge  of  this  excavation  is  armed 
with  very  minute,  equal  teeth,  while  there  are  no  true  teeth  on  the  outer 
edges  of  the  points." — Stimpson. 


.-*.**  :t. 


'4-. 


w 


w^ 


104 


REVIKW  OF  AMKBICAN  1JIUU8. 


[I'AIIT  I. 


MElii^- 


4 


In  further  illustration  of  the  charaottT  of  the  tongue  in  tho  Hi/lvi. 
volidw,  1  here  prenent  the  result  of  an  exaniiuution  of  aleohojic 
8pec'inic>n8  of  other  families,  some  of  these,  uufortuuately,  iu  puor 
coudiliou. 

TTJiiDiDif!:  Turdus  migratorius  and  awawHoni  have  the  tongue 
rather  acute,  and  fle.sliy,  with  horny  edges  and  tip,  whieh  is  almost 
entire  or  very  slightly  bilid,  and  its  sides  very  little,  if  at  all,  laeerated. 

Saxicolid^  :  Sialia  aialis.  Tongue  similar  to  last,  perhaps  still 
less  laeerated. 

SvLViiD^i:  EeguluH  mtrapa.  Tongue  rather  broad ;  vory  Rlightly 
lacerated  around  the  ends  of  the  horny  part,  but  apparently  not  bilitl. 

These  three  families  seem  to  agree  pretty  well  in  having  the  tongue 
either  entire  at  the  end,  or  very  slightly  bilid  or  notched,  with  the 
edges  nearly  entire.  The  appeara'nee  of  laceration  may,  to  a  con- 
siderable extent,  be  due  to  the  softening. of  the  membranes  of  the 
horny  portion  of  the  tongue,  which  allows  the  apparently  fibrous 
basis  to  be  liberated  around  the  edges. 

In  the  Motacillidae  and  Sylvicolidae  the  tongue  differs  in  being 
more  horny,  more  deeply  bifid  at  tip,  and  the  outer  edges  and  tip 
of  the  two  portions  lacerated  or  coarsely  divided  into  a  fringe,  usu- 
ally in  the  ends,  to  a  less  degree  on  the  sides,  and  in  a  direction 
nearly  parallel  with  the  axis  of  the  tongue,  or  radiating  from  tlio 
bottom  of  the  notch.  The  horny  part  of  the  tongue  is  quite  con- 
siderable, and  the  notch  involves  generally  about  one-third  or  one- 
fourth  of  it  (less  of  the  entire  tongue).  In  making  this  generaliza- 
tion I  have  examined  the  following  species : — 

MoTACiLLiDiE :  Anthus  ludovijianus. 

SvLVicoLiDiE :  Mniotilta  varia ;  Parula  americana ;  Profo- 
notaria  citrea ;  Geothli/pis  (rich as ;  Ideria  virens ;  Teretrislis 
/ornsii ;  SeiuruH  aurucapillus  and  noveboracensis ;  Dendroica 
X'lrens,  canadensis,  coronata,  blackburnia,  castanea,  penn sylvan ica, 
striata,  aestiva,  maculosa,  "  tigrina,^^ palmaruni,  discolor;  Helminlho- 
phaga  celata  and  ruficapilla;  Myiodioctes  mitratus,  pusillus,  cana- 
densis ;  Setophaga  ruticilla — twenty-six  species  in  all.  I  have  not 
had  the  opportunity  of  examining  any  species  of  Helmilhe.rus  or 
Oporornis ;  nor  of  Dendroica  superciliosa,  which  I  much  regret.' 

'  I  am  indebted  to  Prof.  Agassiz  for  the  opportunity  of  examining  Htlmin- 
thophaga  rujicapilla. 


.1  TUA<] 


SYLVTCOLiniB.    vynv:»j« 


ir>5 


Icteria  and  Teretristis  do  not  difler  from  the  rest,  although  it  )iub 
been  suggested  to  place  the  latter  genus  in  Cwrabidie. 

The  rAiuUiiii  (ParuH  scptentrionalin,  Auriparua  Jlavicepn,  Psal- 
(rwarus  minimus,  Sitla  canadensis)  have  the  tongue  thicker  and 
ujoro  lie.sliy  than  in  Hylmcolidse  ;  only  moderately  horny  at  ends  and 
tips,  and  only  slightly  bifid  and  lacerated,  much  less  than  in  Sylvico- 
lida,  and  about  as  iu  Turdidse,  but  less  horny. 

The  HmuNDiNiDiE  {H.  horreorum  and  bicolor)  have  the  tongue 
short,  broad,  triangular,  quite  fleshy,  with  a  shallow  notch  at  end,  the 
sides  scarcely  or  not  at  all  lacerated. 

Tlie  ViRKoNiDiE  (F.  crassirostris  and  harhatula)  have  the  tongue 
more  like  the  Paridse  than  the  Sylvivolidse. 

The  characteristics  of  C^bebidvE,  as  far  as  I  have  been  able  to 
examine  their  tongues,  I  have  already  referred  to  in  detail.  The 
other  families  of  Oscines  will  hereafter  be  referred  to. 

Ill  the  Tyrannid^  the  tongues  of  Muscivora  mexicana,  Pitangiis 
derbianus,  and  Todirosirum  are  horny  for  most  of  their  length, 
nearly  linear,  or  gently  tapering  to  a  blunt,  almost  truncated  tip, 
whicii  is  not  bifid,  but  has  several  short  incisions  iu  the  end. 

Ill  the  ToDiBiB  the  tongue  of  Todus  viridis  is  broad  and  linear 
to  the  blunt  tip  (shaped  like  the  bill),  and  throughout  horny,  thin- 
edged  and  entire. 

In  GALBULiDiE  a  Galbula  from  South  America  has  the  tongue 
equally  horny,  but  long,  narrow,  tapering  gently  to  a  point,  an(f 
without  any  incision  whatever.  ,.-  !•.  <;..,;^)'. ;  ^^  .) 

Iu  the  "  Birds  of  North  America"  I  have  dwelt  at  much  length 
upon  the  characters  by  which  the  North  American  genera  of  Sylvico- 
lidse  are  distinguished,  and  refer  to  that  work  for  particulars,  repro- 
ducing here  only  some  of  the  diagnostic  tables,  with  a  few  modifica- 
tions. These  can  doubtless  be  much  improved  ;  but  I  have  not  time 
at  present  to  attempt  to  work  them  over  again,  and  must  content 
myself  here  with  dwelling  in  detail  only  on  the  forms  of  Middle  and 
South  America.  It  will  be  noticed  hereafter  that  while  the  Sylvico- 
linse  proper  belong  essentially  to  .North  America,  it  is  in  Middle  and 
South  America  that  the  Hetophaginae  have  the  greatest  development. 

The  following  synopsis  is  an  attempt  at  defining  the  higher  sub- 
divisions of  the  Sylvicolidae.  In  the  large  number  of  species,  their 
close  relationships,  and  the  very  gradual  transition  from  one  form  to 
another,  I  have  found  it  very  diflScult  to  make  any  arrangement  by 


f,:^*v;- 


1--:r4 


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s.^^^ 


ffTTf 


^ 


^■!   , 


100 


IIKVIKW  or  AMKKU'AN  lilltDS. 


[I'AIIT  I. 


which  one  unucqiiainted  with  the  Biibject  can  readily  detcrmiuc  the 
gruup  to  which  a  species  or  gcuus  luuy  buioug. 


f^i 


1' ', 


fi 


Bill  conical ;  its  hriitle»  very  short,  or  wanting, 

Sylvlcolinee.  Bill  conical,  or  about  as  high  as  wide,  or  even 
higher,  oppcmite  the  nosilrila.  Qape  with  short  bristles,  not 
reaching  beyond  the  nostrils  or  none.  Tip  of  bill  not  hooked  ; 
with  or  without  a  faint  notch  ;  coiumissure  nearly  straight.  . 
Wings  long  and  pointed ;  considerably  longer  than  the 
narrow,  nearly  even  tail.  Legs  short  and  weak ;  tarsi  uot 
as  long  as  the  head  (except  in  MniotiUa). 

Bas{^l  Joint  of  inner  toe  adherent  for  its  basal  half;  basal 
Joint  of  outer  toe,  and  part  of  the  next,  adherent  (in  all 
other  SyU'icdlidii'  the  inner  toe  cleft  nearly  to  the  base, 
and  second  joint  of  outer  toe  free).  Hind  toe  lengthened, 
nearly  equal  to  the  middle  ;  the  digit  considerably  longer 
than  the  claw.  Creeping  Warblers.  Oenera  :  MniotiUa, 
Parula Mniotiltta 

Hind  toe  but  little,  if  any,  longer  than  the  lateral ;  Uie 
digit  about  equal  to  the  claw. 

Bill  entirely  without  notch,  except  Protonotariua ; 
no  rictal  bristles.  Swamp  WarhUrg.  Genera  : /Vo- 
tonotariuSf  IJelminthophagn,  Ilelmitherua         .         .  Vermivoreie. 

Bill  notched.  Rictus  with  distinct  bristles,  reaching 
nearly  to  the  nontrils.  IVoud  Warblers.  Qenera : 
Perissoglossa,  Dendroica       .....  SylvicolM;. 

Oeothlyplnsa.    Bill  much  as  in  Sylvicolince ;  with  distinct  notch  ; 
slendor,  or  stout,  the  cu'.men  gently  curved ;  the  commis- 
sure nearly  straight.     Legs  much  developed  ;   tarsi  longer 
than  the  skull.     Bristles  of  rictus  short,  but  appreciable. 
Ground  Warblers. 
Wings  pointed  ;  longer  than  the  nearly  even  tail.    Qenera : 

Seiurua,  Oporornis  .......  Seuirece. 

Wing9  much  rounded  ;  shorter  than  the  graduated  tail. 

Genus  :    Geothlypis Geothlypece. 

Icterianas.     Bill  without  notch,  or  riotal  bristles.     CulmeQ  and 
commissure  mucli  curved.     Wings  much  rounded  ;  shorter 
than  the  tail. 

Bill  very  high.     Tail  graduated.     Outer  toe  deeply  cleft. 

Genera  :   Icteria,  Granatellua  ......  Icteritae, 

Bill  slender.  Tail  nearly  even.  Outer  toe  adherent  for 
basal  half.     Genus  :   Teretristia Teretriatws, 


^ 


MNIOTILTA. 


U1 


mil  drpregnal ;  rictus  with  long  hriatlet. 

SAtophaginas.  Hill  muuli  (leprt^riitud  ;  uoiiHiiluralily  broader  tliau 
liigli  ;  tint  tip  mure  or  lent)  liooktxl,  witli  diHtiiict  notch. 
HrJHtlui)  lt)i^tht)iit)<l,  rtrauhiiig  half  wa/  or  luoru  froui  tho 
iiONtriU  to  tip  of  bill. 

The  Hyiiopsirt  of  the  sections  and  generic  characters  of  the  Sdo- 
jihtujiiiw  will  be  found  riirliici"  on  under  the  head  of  tliat  subfamily. 

As  already  reniaikcd,  the  species  of  Hylvt  lidee,  as  Iiere  re- 
stricted, are  all  «)f  very  small  size,  scarcely  exceeding  six  inches  ia 
length,  usually  less  ;  Ivteria  alone  is  larger. 


Sdbpamily  SYLVICOLlNifi. 

MNIOTILTA,  ViKiLL. 

Aliiiotiltn,  ViEiLLOT,  Analyse,  1810,  45.      (T/pe  Figuier  varU^  Buff. 
{Molncilla  varia,  Linn.)). 


IMuiotilta  varia. 

MutacUln  varia,  Linn.  S.  N.  1, 1766,  333. —  Certhia  varia,  Vieillot;  An- 
DUBON. — Miiidlitta  varia,  Vieili,ot,  Gal.  Ois.  I,  1834,  276,  pi.  169. 
— AuD.,  GossE.— Baiud,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  235.— Sclatkb,  P.  Z.  S. 

1858,  298  (Oaxaca,  Xalapa)  ;  1859,  363  (Xalapa) ;  1855,  143  (Bo- 
gota) ;  1856,  291  (Cordova)  ;  1864, 172  (City  of  Mex.).— Ib.  Catal. 
1861,  25,  no.  162  —Scl.  &  Salv.  Ibis,  1859, 10  (Guatemala).— New- 
ton, Ibis,  1859, 143  (Santa  Cruz ;  winter).— Cab.  Jour.  Ill,  475  (Cuba ; 
winter). — Bkyant,  Fr.  Bost.  Soo.  1S59  (Bahamas;  April  20). — 
GossB,  Birds  Jam.  134  (Jamaica;  winter). — Josks,  Nat.  Bermuda, 

1859,  29  (October).— Cab.  Jour.  1860,  328  (Costa  Rica).— Law- 
rence, Ann.  N.  Y.  Lyo.  1861,  322  (Panama  R.  R. ;  winter).— 
GuNDL.  Cab.  Jouru.  1'  61,  326  (Cuba;  very  common). 

Certhia  maculata,  WiLs. — Mniotilla  bvrvalis,  Nutt. 

Mniotilta  varia,  var.  loiigiroslris,  Baikd,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  xxxi,  no. 

167.- 1b.  Catal.  in  8vo.  lt>59,  no.  167*. 
Figures:  AuD.  Orn.  Biog.  V,  pi.  90;  Birds  Am.  II,  pi.  114. — Wilson, 

Am.  Orn.  Ill,  pi.  xix. 

Ilnh.  Eastern  province  of  North  America,  and  north  to  Fort  Simpson. 
Until  coasts  of  Mexico  (as  far  north  as  Mazatlan,  on  west  side),  and  south- 
ward to  Bogota.     Whole  West  Indies  and  Bermuda. 

Localities  (pioted.  Bahamas  ;  Bermuda  ;  Cuba  ;  Jamaica  ;  Santa  Cruz  ;  W. 
Indies ;  Cordova,  Xalapa,  Oaxaca,  Mex. ;  Guatemala  ;  Panama  R.  R. ;  Bogota. 


-- vUf^^ 


.<-  . 


i;'r!f'  i  > 


^W^ 


168 


REVIEW  OP  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I 


I  have  nothing  especial  to  add  to  the  account  of  this  species  con- 
tained in  the  "  Birds  of  North  America,"  except  to  say  that  tlie 
dilferences  there  referred  to  in  the  length  of  the  bill  are  seen  in  tlio 
more  recent  specimens,  and  belong  more  particularly  to  soutlicru 
skins.  Dr.  Brewer  considers  the  eggs  of  the  southern  birl  so  ditl'er- 
ont  as  to  warrant  their  specific  separation.  I  find  it,  ho\/ever,  vory 
difficult  to  express  the  differences  other  than  as  consisting  in  longir 
bill  and  less  degree  of  black  beneath. 

This  species  is  remarkable  as  occurring  at  Mazatlan  and  Coliniu, 
and  not  in  California  or  the  Rocky  Mountains. 


Smith- 

CoUec- 

Sex 

Whep 

Collecteu. 

sonlfin 
No. 

tiir's 

No. 

and 

ARe, 

Locality. 

Received  froir 

Collected  by 

32,622 

997 

liiirl_SiiiipsiM|^ 

May  2S,  '61. 

\i.  K.  iCoKs. 

1S,68.'5 

,  , 

cf 

PurtHinoutli,  N.  II. 

•  •  • 

Dr.  E.  Ooueg. 

^,680 

,  , 

Mo.  of  Vormiliuu. 

May  .5. 

Lt.  Warien. 

Dr.  Haydeu. 

68 

,  , 

rf 

CarllBle,  Pa. 

May,  1839. 

8    F    Buird. 

10,10.5 

,  , 

S.xitli  llllaoiR. 

April. 

R.  Konnicott. 

32,2i7 

,  , 

rr 

Liberiy  Comity,  Ga. 

•  •  • 

Prof.  Leconte. 

8,(573 

,  , 

Cape  Florida. 

Sept.  26,  '67. 

G    Wn  denmun. 

22,  u; 

,  ^ 

V 

SpaiiUhtowa,  Jam. 

•  •  • 

W.  T.  Miirch. 



24.3.56 

26 

<f 

tt 

Nov.  4,  '61. 

'■ 

23,.308 

•• 

d 

Trelawnpy,  Jam. 
Santa  Cnu 

Jan.  1.3,  '59. 
Mar.  21,  '57. 

Dr.  Sclater. 
Alfred  Newton. 

"W.  0:;l>urn. 

2.1.316 

rf 

Monte  Veide,  Cuba. 

Jan.  17,  '61. 

CliaH.  WriKht. 

.S4.0lfl 

126 

Mazatlan. 

•  •  * 

A.  J.  GrayHou. 

29.3.57 

122 

^ 

CoUma.  Mex. 

Feb.  1863. 

Joiin  XantU8. 

80.666 

179 

Rftaleuleu.  Guat. 

Sept.  1862. 

0.  Salvlu. 

Salvia  &  Godman. 

.SO.  667 

177 

Diieaae,  Gnat. 

ti 

34.102 

,  , 

rf 

I'unta  Arenas,  C.  U. 

Jan.  is64. 

Capt.  Dow. 

33,2(38 

61 

San  JoK.3,  C.  K. 

■  *  • 

Dr.  V.  Frautzlas. 

S4,646 

•• 

d 

AuK08tura,  C.  R. 

Mar.  9,  '64. 

J.  Carniol. 

PARULA.  Bon. 

Chloris,  BoiB,  Isis,  1826,  972  (not  of  MasuniNO,  1752).     (Type  Pur\u 

americnnus,  L.) 
Sylvicola,  Swainson,  Zool.  Jour.  Ill,  Jnly,  1827,  160  (not  of  Humphrey, 

Mu8.  Calonnianuni,  1797,  60).     (Same  type.) 
Parula,  Bon.,  Qeog.  Comp.  Cat.  io3C.     (Same  type.) 
Compsoihl ypis,  Cai.  Mus.  Hein.  1850-51,  20.     (Same  type.)     (Parula 

rejeotod  as  contrary  to  the  Linnsean  canons  of  nomenclature.) 

If  Moehring's  genera  are  rejected  as  made  prior  to  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Linaajan  binomial  nomenclature,  and  by  a  non-binomial 
author,  there  is,  perhaps,  no  reason  why  Boie's  name  Chloris  siioiild 
not  be  adopted  for  this  group.  I,  however,  leave  the  matter  in 
abeyance  for  the  present. 


PARVLA. 


1C9 


Tlio  following  synopsis  may  aid  in  dcitcrmining  the  species  of 
rarula: — 

A.  Color  above  plumbeous  blue,  with  a  triangular  interscapular 

patch  of  olive;    beneath    yeJow    anteriorly.      Lateral    tail 

feathers  with  a  square  patch  of  white  on  inner  webs. 
Yellow   reacliing   only   to   breast.     Feathers  of  jugnlum 
clouded    with    dark    orownish.      Eyelids    only   white. 
White  patches  on  three  lateral  tail  feathers.    Two  white 
bands  on  wings americana. 

Yellow  extending  over  the  belly.  Jugulum  only  slightly 
varied  with  ochraceous.  No  white  on  side  of  head, 
white  patches  on  two  lateral  tail  feathers.  Two  white 
bands  on  wings.     Forehead  and  lores  black   .         .         .  pilyayumi. 

Similar  to  last,  but  without  white  on  the  wings.     Jugulum 

not  ochraceous        ........  irwrnata, 

B.  Above  ashy.     No  white  on  wings  and  tail,  except  on  inner 

margins  of  lateral   tail   feathers.     Beneath  yellow   or  red 
anteriorly. 

From  chin  to  breast  yellow,  with  a  well  defined  brown 
creHcent  on  throat.  Whole  back  olivaceous.  A  stripe 
over  eye,  and  eyelids  white    ......  superr.iliosa. 

From  chin  to  jugulum  plain  orange-red.  A  crescentic 
saddle  of  black  on  the  back.  No  white  on  oide  of  head. 
Lores  black gutturahs. 


'  -.•'  'y  '  ■'  V  ^ 


*  '  -,<:".■  ■•    • 


>  ■  ^»^ 


Pariila  americana. 

Parus  americanus,  Linn.  S.  N.  10th  ed.  I,  17.')f,  IflO. — Motacilla  am. 
Qmelin. — Sylvia  am.  Lath.,  Am.  —  Sylvicola  am.  Rich.,  Ann. — 
Jones,  Nat.  in  Bermuda,  1839, 59. — Pariila  am.  Bon.  List  Birds  N.  A. 
Ib38.— GoBSE,  Birds  Jam.  1847,  l')4  (Jamaica).— Baird,  Birds  N. 

Am.  18.58,  238.— ScLATER,  P.  Z.  S.  1857,  202  (Xalapa) Ib.  Ibis, 

lb59,  10  (Guatemala).— Ib.  Calal.  1861,  26,  163.— Newton,  Ibjs, 
1859,  143  (Santa  Cruz;  winter).— Cassin,  Pr.  A.  N.  S.  1860,  376 
(St.  Thomas). — Gdndlach,  Cub.  Jour.  1861,  326  (Cuba;  very  com- 
mon X- —  Com/m  lypis  am.  Cab.  Kus.  Ileiu.  i650,  20. — Ib.  Jour.  Ill, 
1855,  476  (Cuba). 

Ficedula  ludoficiana,  Brisson.  — Motacilla  lud.  Gm. — Motacilla  eqiies, 
BoDD. — Sylvia  torquata,  ViEiix. — Thryothorus  torq.  Stephens. — • 
Sylina  pusilla,  Wils. — Sylvicola  pus.  Swains. 

Figures :  Aun.  Orn.  Biog.  I,  pi.  xv. — I>t.  B.  A.  II,  p!.  91. — Vieill.  Ois. 
Am.  II,  pi.  99. — WiM.  Am.  Orn.  iV,  pi.  xxviii. — Buffon,  ^,1.  enl. 
731,  fig.  1 ;  709,  fig.  1. 

Uiih.  Eastern  province  of  Un?*-»d  States,  north  to  the  Lakes,  west  to  the 
Miisouri  Valley;  in  winter  .  Ui  to  (Uiatemala  (not  seen  on  the  west  coast 
of  Mexico).    West  Indies    Bahamas  ;  Cuba;  Jamaica;  St.  Croix  ;  St.  Thomas. 


B^^^TT 


ITO 


KEVTEW  OF  AMERICAN  KjnrS. 


[rAKT 


Stnitli- 

Collec- 

Snx 

Whpn 
CollecieJ. 

HOIIIIIII 

No 

tiir's 
Nu. 

aud 

Locality. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

22,301 

'i 

LHttlifax,  N.  8. 

May'.'!,'  '4.i. 
May  1,  '41. 

W.  G.  Winton. 
S  F.  Balrd. 

2,219 

3;i8 

tJarlUle. 
11 

8.6-17 

Cape  Florida. 

Si'iit.  27,  o7. 

0.  Wurdcmann. 

4,IJ71 

, , 

Mil.  of  I'lHtie  River. 

April  27,'56. 

Lt    Warren. 

Dr.  Huydeu. 

2i),(il'9 

V 

Kermina,  Cuba. 

Feb.  IH. 

C.  Wright. 

24,311 

3J 

d 

Spaniflitown,  Jam. 
Santa  Cniz. 

Nov.  6.  '61. 
Mar.  24,  'CiT. 

W   T.  March. 
A.  &  E.  NewCon. 

30,669 

132 

•• 

Cubau,  Vera  Paz. 

Nov.  18,  '59. 

U.  Salviu. 

Salvia  iiGudman. 

Pariila  pitiayumi. 

Sylvia  pitiayumi,  Vieillot,  Nouv.   Diet.  II,  1816,  276. —  Compsolhli/pU 

pit.  Cab.  Mus.  Hein.  21. — Parula  pit.  Sclater,  Cat.  26,  uo.  165 
Sylvia  venusta,  Temm.  PI.  Col.  293,  fJg.  1.— D'Orb.  Voy.  IV,  1844;  Ois. 
j  218.— Sylvicola  ven.  Burm.  Uebers.  Ill,  116. 

Sylvia  plumhen,  Hwains.  Zool.  111.  II,  1821- J,  pi.  139. 
Parula  hrasiliana,  Bon.  Coiisp.  1850,  310.— Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1859,  137; 
1860,  273. —  Cvmpsothlypis  bras.  Sclater,  P.  Z.  8. 1655, 143  (Bogota). 

Hah.  South  America,  generally  to  Paraguay  ;  Ecuador ;  Bogota  ;  Trinidad. 

(20,972.)  Above  plunibeouH-blue,  with  a  patch  of  olive-green  in  middle  of 
back,  as  in  P.  americaua.  Beneath  rich  yellow  ;  slightly  ouhraceous  on  llie 
jugulun  ;  tiie  inside  of  wings,  anal  region,  and  cris.suni  snowy  white.  Frontal 
band  a.id  loral  region  black  ;  ears  duHky.  Two  pati-hes  of  white  or  the  wing. 
A  square  patch  of  white  on  inner  wen  of  outer  tail  feather  near  the  end ;  a 
smaller  one  on  the  next  feather.  ^>.uialed  scarcely  different,  though  duller 
and  smaller. 

Length,  4.25  ;  wing,  2.15  ;  tail,  2.00. 

This  species  differs  from  P.  americana,  to  which  it  is  nearly  allied, 
by  the  greater  extension  backwards  of  a  deeper  yellow,  and  absence 
of  the  decided  brown  mark  of  jugulum  ;  the  black  frontal  and  loral 
patch  ;  less  amount  of  white  ou  wing,  and  the  spots  on  tail  not  ex- 
tending to  the  third  feather. 

A  specimen  from  Trinidad,  belonging  to  Mr.  Newton,  has  the 
breast  and  jugulum  more  ochrafceous  than  any  other  before  me. 


mf 


Rml'h- 

Collec- 

Sex 

tODIiiU 

tor's 

aud 

No. 

No. 
.'>6 

A(?e. 

20,!)72 

o 

16,33J 

99 

5 

1,S19 

,   , 

32,  fins 

40,4*) 

<f 

24.0ii7 

,  , 

30,612 

••• 

•• 

Locality. 


Parana  River. 
Brazil. 


Bogota, 
Trinidad. 


When 
Collected. 


Mar..  1860. 
Aug.  18.'>9. 


Received  from 


Capt.  Page. 

S.  F    Balrd. 
Verreaiix. 
L   do  Cieofroy. 
M.  (jalody. 


Collected  by 


C.  Wood. 


PARULA. 


m 


Parula  inornata. 

Parula  inornata,  Baird. 

Parula  brasiUana,  Sclater  &  Salv.  Ibis,  18G0,  397  (Coban,  Guatemala). 
Not  of  LicuT. 
Ilah.  Guatemala  and  Costa  Rica. 

I3y  tlio  kindness  of  Mr.  Salvia  I  have  been  enabled  to  examine  a 
specimen  of  tlie  supposed  P.  pitiayuvii,  from  Guatemala  (no.  18T 
(1,488)  Salvin's  coll.,  Choctun,  Vera  Paz,  Jan.  1860),  and  find  that 
it  differs  sufficiently  from  the  South  American  bird  to  entitle  it  to  a 
sppcific  name.  Mr.  Salvin's  specimen  is  probably  a  female  ;  but 
compared  with  females  of  the  old  species  it  is  decidedly  smaller,  the 
tail  especially,  and  with  its  feathers  narrower.  The  tarsi  are  shorter. 
Tiie  under  parts  are  paler  yellow,  with  very  little  or  no  ochraceous 
on  the  breast.  The  edge  of  the  wing  is  blue,  not  white,  and  the 
wing  lacks  the  two  sharply  defined  white  bands  across  the  coverts — 
their  presence  being  oniy  indicated  by  a  scarcely  appreciable  lighten- 
ing of  the  blue  in  the  region  of  the  bands. 

Total  length,  4.20;  wing,  1.95;  tail,  1.75;  width  of  outer  feather,  .20; 
lengtii  of  bill  from  forehead,  .45,  from  nostril,  .29  ;  tarsus,  .62  ;  middle  toe 
and  ulaw,  .48  ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .37. 

The  comparison  of  this  specimen  has  been  made  with  an  extensive 
series  of  P.  pitiayumi,  from  Bogota,  Trinidad,  Brazil,  and  Paraguay. 

Note. — Since  writing  the  preceding  article,  specimens  received 
from  Mr.  Carmiol  fully  substantiate  the  distinctness  of  the  Central 
American  Bird.  One  of  these  shows  a  '.tie  whitish  on  the  edges  of 
the  greater  coverts,  but  none  on  the  median. 


Smith- 

SOlliHU 

No 

Conec- 
toi's 

No. 

Sex 
and 
Age. 

LocaUty. 

Wliea 
CoUecled. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

M,649 

1S7 
1.488  \ 

i 

ChoctuD,  Vera  I'az. 

AnKUHtnra,  C.JL. 

Dota,  C.  K. 
It        II 

Jan.  1860. 

Mar.  8,  '04. 

Aug.  27,  '64. 
11 

Cab.  0.  Salvia. 

J.  Cara\lul. 
II 

II 

Parula  superciliosa. 

Conirostrum  superciliosum,  Hartlaub,  R.  Z.  1844,  215  (Guatemala).— 
Parula  auperciliosa,  Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1858,  299. — lu.  Catal.  18(jl, 
26,  no.  164.— Sclater  &  Salvix,  Ibis,  I,  1859,  10. 

Parula  mexicnna,  Box,  Consp.  1850,  310.  —  Compsothlypis  m^xicana, 
Cabanis,  Mus.  Hein.  1850,  21. 

Ilih.  Mexico  (La  Paradj,  Oaxaca,  Orizaba)  ;  Onalemala. 

Upper  parts  ashy  ;  iutersoapiMum  and  whole  back,  except  upper  tail  coverts, 
olive-green;  this  color  tinging  the  lesser  wing  coverts.     Beneath,  from  chia 


■  '>■•'• 


^^^^TT 


;• 


Its 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[i'a;;t  I, 


to  breast,  yellow ;  posterior  to  this  whitish,  the  sidea  tinged  with  ashy.    ,{ 
brown  or  chestnut  crescent  across  the  tliroat.     Line  from  l)ill  over  the  eye 
along  side  of  liead,  with  eyelids,  white.     No  white  markings  on  wing  and  tail, 
Length,  4.50;  wing,  2.45  ;  tail,  2.20 ;  tarsus,  .(i7. 

I  liave  seen  no  skins  marked  female,  but  what  I  consider  to  lie 
such  dilTer  only  in  a  smaller  patch  of  brown  on  the  tliroat. 


Smith-  C  >l1ec-  Sex 


8  llllllU 

No. 


32,03(1 


tiir'8 
No. 


lO.Sdi 
l,l.-)9 


and 


Locality. 


Mexico. 
Orizaba.    (Alplue 


When 
Collected. 


Received  from 


Collected  by 


J.  Gould. 

V«'i  reaiix. 

Prof.  Sumichraat. 


i;  * 

I  .    ' 

I. 

■'•■■,- 


fW 


Pariila  gutturalis. 

Comp^othli/pis  gutturalis,  Cab.  Jour.  Om.  1860,  329  (Costa  Rica). 

(30,499.)  Above  ashy  plumljeous ;  the  whole  interscapulum  crossed  by  a 
black  crescent,  the  convexity  posterior  and  extending  a  short  distance  down 
the  back.  Beneath,  from  chin  to  breast,  bright  orange-red  ;  rest  of  uiidtjr 
parts,  including  lining  of  wings,  white  ;  the  sides  and  concealed  centres  of  the 
crissum  light  plumbeous.  Lores  and  cheeks  below  line  of  the  eye  blackish. 
Quills  blackish;  tail  feathers  not  so  dark,  edged  externally  with  the  pluiiihi»- 
ous  of  the  upper  parts.  The  inner  webs  of  lateral  tail  feathers  narrowly 
edged  with  white.  No  other  white  markings  whatever  ou  the  wings  and  tail, 
and  none  appreciable  on  the  side  of  head.  Bill  black,  yellow  at  the  base 
beneath  ;  legs  plumbeous  brown. 

Total  length,  4.80  ;  wing,  2.55  ;  tail,  2.20  ;  length  along  culmen,  .50  ;  from 
nostril,  .33 ;  taraus,  .72 ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  ,66  ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .40; 
claw  alone,  .22. 

This — one  of  the  most  beautiful  of  the  American  Warblers— is 
so  peculiar  in  coloration  as  not  to  require  any  comparison.  It  re- 
sembies  Dendroica  blackhurnia  in  the  coloration  of  the  tliroat,  but 
is  otherwise  very  different.  The  specimen  upon  which  tiie  siiecics 
was  based  by  Dr.  Cabanis,  was  probably  a  female,  or  else  in  autumnal 
dress. 

It  is  not  at  all  impossible  that  anatomical  examination  may  show 
this  species  to  be  more  nearly  related  to  the  Gserehidae  than  to  the 
HylmcoUdae. 


1            ! 
Smith-  CoUec-   Sex 
noniau     tor'g     and 
No.    '    No.      Awe. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collocted  by 

:r\4!)4         14 
8J,2TO  1      ..         J 

CoKla  Kifii.   [r.  R, 
Raiicho  Redoudo, 

Sept."  17, '64 

Dr.  Kraiilzlus.       i         J.  Ciumuil 
J.  Carmiol.             1                 " 

PttOTONOTAUIA./^SIYSH 


173 


PROTONOTARIA,  Baird. 

Protonotaria,  Baikd,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  239.    (Type  Motacilla  citrea,  Bodd.) 

Protonotaria  citrea. 

Motacilla  citrea,  Bodd.  Tabl.  1783  (PI.  enh  704,  fig.  2).— Protonotaria 
citrea,  Baikd,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  239.— Sclatek,  Catal.  18G1,  2(j, 
no.  166. — Gundl.  Cub.  Jour.  1861,  324  (Cuba;  very  rare). — Ilel- 
mintlinphagd  citrea,  Cab.  Jour.  1861,  85  (Costa  Rioa). 

Motacilla  prolonotariun,  Gm. — Sylvia  prot.  Latu. — Vieill.  Ois.  Am.  Sept. 
II,  pi.  Ixxxiii. — Wilson,  Am.  Orn.  Ill,  pi.  xxiv,  fig.  2, — Aud.  Orn. 
I  Biog.  II,  pi.  iii. —  Vervii i-ora  prot .  Bon. —  Helinnia  prot.  Aud. — Heh 

mitherus  prot.  BoN. —  Compsothlypis  prot.  Cab.  Jour. 

Motacilla  auricollis,  Gmbl.  I,  1788,  984. — Sylvia  aur.  Lath.,  etc.  (based 
on  Le  Grand  Figuier  du  Canada,  Bbisson,  Ois.  Ill,  1760,  508,  pi. 
xxvi,  fig.  1).     Female. — Sylvicola  aur.  Nctt.  Man.  I,  1840,  431. 

n<ih.  Eastern  province  of  U.  S.  (soutliern  region)  ;  Cuba,  Costa  Rica,  and 
Pauama  R.  R.  Not  recorded  from  Mexico  or  Guatemala.  .Accidental  in  New 
Brunswick  (G.  A.  Doardman  in  letter). 


Sniitli- 

tooliin 

No. 

Collec- 
tor's 
No. 

Sex 
and 
Age. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  tcora 

f  CoUecteo  by 

10,112 
7,.')16 
1«,6R1 
12,146 
3i,102 

•• 

d 

S.  llliuoi". 
Independence,  Mo. 
Neosho  Falls,  Kans. 
Cherokee  Nation. 
I'linta  Arenas,  C.  R. 
Panama. 

« 

May  9. 
1857. 

Jnno  2.'>. 
Jan.  1864. 
1863. 

R.  Kenuicott. 
W.  M.  Mrtgrnw. 
B    F.  Ooss 
Dr.  Woodiiouse. 
Capt.  J.  M.  Dow. 
Cab.  Lawrence. 

Dr.  J.  G  Cooper. 

(34,1U2.)   Iris  dark  chestnut. 


HELMINTHOPHAGA,  Cabanis. 
Helmintlwphaga,  Cab.  Mus.  Uein.  1, 1850-1,20.  (Type  Sylvia  ruficnpilla,  Wils.) 

The  discovery,  since  the  article  on  Helminthophaga  in  "  Birds  N. 
Am."  was  written,  of  two  new  species,  allied  to  ruficapilla,  in  having 
a  concealed  brown  patch  in  the  crown,  renders  a  new  diagnosis  de- 
fiirable  of  section  B. 

B.  Tail  without  any  conspicuous  white  patch,  and  wings  without 
light  bands. 
Concealed  patch  in  crown  orange-brown.     Color  uniformly 
olive  green  above  and  yellowish  beneath        .         .         .  cetata. 

Concealed  patch  in  crown  chestnut-brown. 

Olive-green  above  ;  the  head  and  neck  ashy.  Beneath, 
including  lining  of  wings,  bright  yellow.  Wing  and 
tail  feathers  edged  with  olive  .....  rvjicapillc. 

Cinereous  above ;  the  rump  and  crissum  yellowish. 
Beneath,  with  lining  of  wings,  dirty  white,  tinged 


Wt 


lU 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[PAHT  I. 


,"  1^ 


y  ■ 

:.:■ 


m' 


with  yellow  on  throat  and  breast.     Wing  and  tail 
feathera  edged  with  ashy vtrghi(f. 

Cinereous  above ;  whitish  beneath.    Upper  tail  coverts 
chestnut-brown,  as  in  the  vertex.     A  dull  patch  ot 
white  on  outer  tail  feather        .         t         •         .         •  lucia. 
No  concealed  patch  in  the  crown. 

Olive  above  ;  the  head  and  neck  ashy.  Beneath,  with 
lining  of  wing,  white.  A  dull  patch  of  white  on 
outer  tail  feather peregrlna. 

From  an  examination  of  the  recorded  localities  of  Helmivthophagu 
it  will  be  seen  that,  of  the  eight  known  species,  one  (celata)  belongs 
to  the  western  and  middle  provinces — straggling  into  the  eastern, 
especially  along  its  borders;  two  (virginiae  and  lucise)  are  confined 
to  the  sonthern  region  of  the  middle  province  ;  while  the  other  five 
belong  exclusively  to  the  eastern  province,  most  of  them  rather 
southern  in  their  range.  Of  these  five,  pinus  and  rxificapilla  have 
no  West  Indian  localities  given  ;  the  others,  chrysojitera,  hachmmi, 
and  pere.grina  are  very  rare  there,  and  found  only  in  Cuba.  Their 
distribution  in  Mexico  and  Central  America  is  varied ;  but  they 
hardly  belong  at  all  to  western  Mexico.  The  most  notable  featuro 
in  the  distribution  of  both  Helminth ophaga  and  Ilelmitherus,  is 
their  not  occurring  in  the  West  Indies  at  all  except  in  Cuba,  which 
may  be  merely  a  stepping  stone  in  the  migration  between  Florida 
and  Central  America,  by  way  of  Yucatan. 

Helminthophaga  i»inu8. 

Certhia  pinus,  Linn.  Syat.  Nat.  1, 1766, 187. — Sylvia  pinus,  Lath.,  Vikiii, 
(not  of  Wilson). — Helminihophaga  pinus,  Baird,  Birds  N.  Am,  1858, 
254. — ScLATER  &  Salvin,  Ibis,  I,  1859,  11  (Guatemala). — Sclater, 
Catal.  1861,  28,  no.  176. 

Sylvia  solitarin,  Wilson,  Am.  Om.  II,  pi.  xv. — Acd.  Orn.  Biog.  I,  pi. 
XX. — Sylvicola  sol.  Rich. —  Vermivora  sol.  Sw. — Helinaia  sol.  Add, 
B.  A.  II,  pi.  cxi. — Ilelmitherus  sol.  Bon. — Sclateb,  P.  Z.  S.  1856, 
291  (Cordova). — Helminihophaga  sol.  Cad. 

Hah.  Eastern  province  of  U.  S.  (rather  southern)  :  Eastern  Mexico;  Guate- 
mala. Recorded  localities :  Cordova,  Mex. ;  Coban,  Guat.  Not  noted  from 
West  Indies. 


Smtth- 

Collec- 

Sex 

Hiiuiau 

tor's 

and 

No. 

No. 

Age. 

2.22!) 

rf 

6,983 

61 

f 

12.103 

.  , 

30,670 

3,817 

32,708 

32,620 

d 

Iiocality. 


Carlisle,  Pa. 
St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Creek  Nation. 
Cohan,  Vera  Paz. 
Mexico. 


When 
Collected. 


Received  from 


May  6,  '45. 
May  12,  '37. 

1862, 


S.  F.  Baird 
Lt.  Hryaii. 
Capt.  Sitifreaves. 
O.  Saivin. 
Vor  remix. 


Collected  by 


S.  F.  Baird. 
W.  S.  Wood. 
Dr.  Woodlioiise 


nELMINTIIOPIIAOA. 


in 


Helminthophaga  chrysoplera. 

Motacilla  chrysoptera,  Linn.  S.  Nat.  I,  176G,  333. — Sylvia  chr.  Latb.— 
WiLS.  Am.  Orn.  II,  pi.  xv,  fig.  5. — Bon. — Sylvicola  chr.  Bon. — 
Uelinaia  chr.  AoD.  B.  A.  II,  pi.  cvii. — Ilelmitherux  chr.  Bon. — 
ScLATEK  P.  Z.  S,  1855,143  (Bogota). — Helmintho}>hu(/a  chrysoptera, 
Gab.  Mus.  H«)in  ;  Journ.  f.  Orn.  1860,  328  (Costa  Rica). — Baird, 
Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  255.— Sclatkii  &  Salvin,  Ibia,  II,  18(J0,  397 
(ChoDtum,  Guatemala). — Scl.  Catal.  1861,28,  no.  177. — Lawkenoe, 
Ann.  N.  Y.  Lyo.  VII,  1861,  293  (Panama).— Gdndl.  Cab.  Journ. 
1861,  326  (Cuba,  rare). 
.Motacilla  JlaviJ'rons,  Gmelin. — Sylvia  Jlavifrons,  Lath. 

Hal.   Kastern  province  of  U   S.  :   Cuba  (rare)     Guatemala ;  Costa  Rica ; 
Panama ;  Bogota.     Recorded  in  West  Indies — Cuba  only  ;  not  from  Mexico. 


graitli-  Collec- 

giiiiian    tor's 

No.        No. 

Sbx 
and 
Ak«. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

2,;)65 

A 
10,1.')6 
6,9S2 

in.2.-.i 

.'!0.fi72 
30,671 
32,702 

4.^030 

d 
cf 

CarliHle,'Pa. 
Racine.  Wis 
Union  Connty,  111. 
St   Luuig,  Mo. 
Lil)ert)  County,  Oa. 
Cuban,  Ouat. 
Choctum,  Guat. 
Bogota. 

July  8, 184.5. 

May'ii. 
May  13,  '57. 

1862. 
Jan.  1S60. 

S.  F    Baird. 

Dr   K   P.  Hoy. 

R.  Koniilcott. 

Lt.  Bryan. 

Prof.  Jos.  Lecoate, 

0.  Salvin. 
*t 

Verreaux. 

S.  V.  Baird. 

R   Keiinicott. 
W.  S.  Wood. 

Salvin  "ioodm. 

(A.)  Nesteggi. 


Helniiiithophaga  baclimani. 

Sylvia  hachmani.  Add.  Orn.  Biog.  ll,  1834,  483,  pi.  183. — Sylvicola  b. 
Rich. —  Vermivora  b.  Bon. — Hclinaia  b.  Aud.  Syn.  Birds  Am.  II, 
1841,  93,  pi.  cviii.— Lembeye,  Av.  Cuba,  1850,  36,  pi.  vi,  fi^.  1. — 
Helmilherus  b.  Bon. — Hdminthophaya  h.  Cab.  Jour.  Ill,  1855,  475 
(Cuba,  in  winter). — Baikd.  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  255. — Gondlach, 
Cab.  Jour.  1861,  326  (Cuba,  rare). 

Hab.  Coast  of  S.  Carolina  and  Georgia  ;  Cuba  in  winter. 


Smith-  Collec-'  Sex 

Bonian    tor's  \  and 

No.    [    No.    :  Age. 

Lortllty. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

2,903        ••     \    S        Charleston,  S.  C. 

... 

S.  F.  Baird. 

J.  J.  Audubon, 

Helmintliophaga  nificapilla. 

Sylvia  rujicapilla,  WiLS.  Am.  Orn.  Ill,  1^11, 120,  pi.  xxvii,  fig.  3. — Am. 

.yrn.  Biog.  I,  1832,  45o,  pi.  89. — Helminthophatja  rujicupillu,  Baird, 

Birds  N.  Am.  185«,  256.— Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1859,  373  (Xalapa).— 

Ib.  Catal.  1861,  29,  no.  178. 
Sylvia  rubricapilla,  WiLS.  Am.  Orn.  VI,  1812, 15,  General  Index. — Nutt., 

Bon. — Sylvicola  rub.  Rich. —  Vermivora  rub.  Bon. — Reinharkt,  Vid. 


■>•  ■■♦' 


i 


176 


REVIEW  OF  AMEaiCAN  DIRDS. 


[I'AKT  I. 


Med.  for  1853, 1854, 82  (Greenland). —Brkwbu,  ?t.  Boat.  Soc.  N.  H, 
VI,  1856,  4  (nent  and  v%\i,i).—lltlinuia  rub.  AvD.  B.  A.  II,  j,l. 
113.— Ilelmitherus  ruh.  Bon.— Sol.  P.  Z.  S.  1856,291  (Cor.lova); 
1859,  3tJ3  (Xalapa).— //c/»«»«M(7>Aa(7a  rub.  Cau.— acLATKU,  P.  Z.  8, 
1858,298  (Uaxaoa;  Feb.  and  Aug.). — Mniotilta  rub.  Rbinuauut, 
Ibis,  1861,  6  (Greenland). 

Sylvia  leucognslra,  Shaw,  Gen.  Zool.  X,  ii,  1817,  622. 

^'Sylvia  nunhvUlei"  Vieillot. — Gkay. — Sylvia  mexicana,  Holboll. 

Ilah.  Uaatern  province  of  N.  America,  north  to  line  of  BritiHh  Arajriea; 
Greenland ;  south  tu  Mexico ;  not  in  We»t  ludiea.  Recorded  frotu  Xitlupa, 
(Jordova,  Orizaba,  and  Oaxaca,  Mex. 


m 


Smith-  CoUec-  Sex 

When 
Collected. 

Hoiiian ,   tor'M     and 
No.     1     No.      A|{e. 

Localitjr. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

'2«,i)30 

■Xjuva  Si'Qtia. 

W.  G.  Wiuton. 

W.  0.  Wiiuon. 

•2,  ISO 

,  , 

^ 

CarllKle,  Pa. 

April  28,'4fl. 

S   F   Balrd. 

S.  F.  Baird. 

2,2:17 

y 

«4 

May  6. 1S4.'S. 

" 

" 

21).  261 

22 

^ 

~  jaJULQtlhfi  Woods. 

May  30,  '60. 

R.  Kenntcott. 

R.  Kennicott. 

■2».-im 

37 

, , 

't.  Stockton,  Tex. 

May  6,  1860. 

P.  Duffy. 

P.  Duffy. 

32.707 

29,P3.'i 

9 

Mexico. 

. . . 

Verreaux. 

S2.70,J 

29,934 

(f 

*• 

. . . 

4* 

20,203 

Orizaba,  Mex. 

... 

Prof.  Samicbrast. 

A'H 


Helminthophaga  celata. 

Sylvia  celata,  Say,  Long's  Exp.  R.  Mts.  I,  1823,  169.— Borf.  Am.  Orn.  I, 
pi.  V,  fig.  2. — Add.  Orn.  Biog.  II,  pi.  178. — Sylricola  cd.  Rich,— 
Vermirora  eel.  Jard. — Iletiniiia  eel.  Avi>.  B.  A.  II,  pi.  112. — llelmi- 
thertts  eel.  Bon.— Sclatku,  P.  Z.  S.  1857,  212  (Orizaba).— ^e/wiii- 
thophagn  eel.  Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  257. — Sclatfr,  P.  Z.  S. 
1858,  298  (Oaxaca;  December);  1859,  373;  1862,  19  (La  Panula). 

—Cooper  &  Sucklev,  P.  R.  R.  XII,  ii,  1859, 178 Lord,  Pr.  R.  Art. 

Inst.  Woolwich,  IV,  1864,  115  (N.  W.  Boundary). 

Hah,  Middle  and  western  provinces  of  N.  America :  Youkon  and  McKenzie 
River  dist.  Very  rare  in  the  eastern  Province  of  U.  S. ;  Cape  St.  Lucas ; 
western  Mexico  in  winter. 

On  comparing  extensive  series  of  specimens  from  the  Pacific  coast 
(including  Cape  St.  Lucas),  and  those  from  the  interior  of  Xortli 
America,  including  Arizona,  Utah,  Rocky  Mountains,  Tainiuilii»a.s 
and  the  Hudson  Bay  territories,  I  find  that  the  former  are  of  a  nmcli 
brighter  and  clearer  yellowish  beneath  and  olivaceous  above  tliaii 
the  latter.  In  all  these  there  is  much  gray  mixod  with  the  yelli)\v- 
ish  tints,  clouding  and  obscuring  them — sometimes  very  oonsidonilily. 
The  concealed  orange-brown  patch  of  tiie  crown  is  also  more  ro- 
.«tricted  in  extent.  These  differences  correspond  with  those  of  ma- 
turity of  plumage,  Ijut  even  winter  and  young  specimens  from  the 
Pacific  coast  are  more  brightly  colored  than  the  others  in  spring. 


Simlth- 

Col 

«iinlAD 

to 

No. 

N 

HELMr  THOPIIAQA. 


177 


Specimens  from  the  Youkon  seem  to  show  traces  of  hybriility  with 
perenrina,  one  skin  cspeeially  (2?, 326)  in  which  tlie  checks  mid 
foreiiead  are  as  pure  gray  as  in  perecjrina,  while  all  the  other  char- 
iicters  are  those  of  ce lata.  This  same  apparent  tendency  to  iiybrid- 
isni  ill  Youkon  specimens  is  seen  in  other  species,  as  between  Junvo 
hyemalia  and  oregonu»,  etc.,  and  may  be  explained  by  the  fact  of  tliis 
region  being  in  the  boundary  line  of  the  breeding  grounds  of  these 
closely  allied  representative  species. 

A  specimen  of  celata,  from  Georgia,  shows  no  trace  of  orange  in 
the  crown,  and  is  much  darker  in  color,  and  with  larger  bill  than  in 
western  ones. 

Mr.  Audubon  speaks  of  the  K  celata  as  being  common  and  gener- 
ally distributed  through  the  Eastern  States,  and  breedinii;-  abundantly 
in  Maine,  New  Brunswick,  etc.  I  have  myself  never  seen  or  heard 
jf  any  specimens  from  east  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,  excepting  a 
few  taken  in  Georgia  and  Florida,  and  near  Philadelphia,  and  these 
may  belong  to  a  different  species.  The  Institution  possesses  one 
specimen  from  Dane  Co.,  Wisconsin. 

Specimens  are  in  the  collection  from  many  localities  in  the  Pacific 
region  of  the  United  States  up  to  the  northern  boundary,  and  east 
to  the  Rocky  Mts. 


1 
Smith-  Collec- 

Sex 

When 
Collected. 

aiinlaa    tor's 

No.    I   No. 

and 
Age. 

Locality, 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

27,221 

1,211 

Ft.  Youkon. 

June  10, '61. 

R.  Keunicott. 

R.  Kunnicott. 

27  32-^ 

1.300 

0 

'—— —il 

June  1.5, '61. 

t( 

hM 

m 

6 

Ft.  Pesotnnon. 

May  22,  'CO. 

K 

27,228 

1,301 

9 

Dane  Couuty,  WIh. 
GeorKia.      [Lucas. 

. .. 

B.  R.  RosR. 

B.  R.  Ross. 

7,92.) 

,  , 

Y 

... 

Th.  Kuralien. 

12,8.-)2 

. , 

J.  Arklinrst. 

20,442 

3,408 

San  .lose,  Cape  St. 

Nov.  23,  '89. 

J.  Xantus. 

J.  Xantus, 

32,706  40,774 

V 

Mexico. 

... 

Verreaux. 



(27,32,'i.)   WitheKgs.     (12,852.)  This  and  the  last  the  only  specimeus  in  the  collection  from 
(ast  of  the  MUbourl  River. 

Helminthophaga  Tirginise. 

HAminthophaga  virginiae,  Baibd,  Birds  N.  Am.  under  explanation  of 
plates,  1860,  xi,  pi.  79,  fig.  1  (Fort  Burgwyn,  N.  M.), 

Hnb,  Southern  Rocky  Mts.  (middle  province  U.  S.). 

Similar  to  H.  ruficapilla.  Top  and  sides  of  head,  back,  and  wings  light 
ashy  plumbeous,  with  an  almost  imperceptible  wash  of  olivaceous  green; 
quills  and  tail  feathers  brown,  edged  with  pure  ashy  plumbeous,  the  latter 
indistinctly  and  narrowly  margined  with  whitish  internally  and  at  the  end. 
Ramp,  with  upper  and  lower  tail  covert  bright  yellow,  in  vivid  contrast  with 
the  rest  of  the  body.  Crown  with  a  concealed  patch  of  orange-brown.  Rest 
of  under  parts  brownish-white,  with  indications  of  yellow  from  chin  to  breast, 
12   April.  18&6, 


■•N--:.v~ 


.• 


MS 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIUDS. 


[part  I. 


perhapfl  entirely  yellow  there  when  mature.     Inside  of  wings  and  axillari 
whitish.     A  white  ring  round  the  eye.     Hill  and  legs  dusky. 

Length,  .'). 00  ;  extent,  7.2.') ;  wing,  2.{)0  when  fresh.  Dried  skin:  length, 
4.90;  wing,  2.5U;  tail,  2.20;  tarsus,  .(j7. 

Of  this  interesting  species,  discovered  by  Dr.  Anderson,  and 
named  after  Mrs.  Anderson,  but  a  single  specimen  was  known  to 
collectors,  until  Dr.  Couea  obtained  it  at  Fort  Whipple,  near  I'm. 
cott,  in  Arizona  (Aug.  15,  1864). 


Bmlth- 
houlau 

No. 

10,719 
3«,977 


Collec-  Sex 
Km'h      II  nd 

No.     I  Ago. 


fi»2 


Locality. 


Vt.  Biirgwyn,  N.  M. 
ft.  Whipple,  ArU. 


When 
Collected. 


Received  from 


iDr.  W.  W.   Aiider- 

Aug.  19, '64.  Ur.  E.  Cuues,   [xon. 

[0  8.  A. 


Collected  by 


Dr,  W.  W.  AnJoi. 
Dr.  Cones,     [mid. 


(10,71».)  The  type  of  apeoiet. 


mi 


i  . 


R  t 


'i    l 

■  i     ^ 


Ilelminthophaga  luciae. 

Hdminthophaga  lucice,  Cooper,  Pr.   Cal.  Acad.  July,  1861,  120  (Fort 
Moha\re). 

Hub.  Fort  Mohave,  Colorado  River  (middle  province  U.  S.). 

General  form  and  size  that  of  H.  rujicapilla.  Above  light  cinereous :  be- 
neath white,  having  a  soiled,  very  pale  buflF,  almost  wliite  tinge  on  the  throat, 
breast,  and  flanks.  A  patch  on  the  vertex,  as  in  //.  mjirapiUa,  and  the  upper 
tail  coverts  dark  chestnut-brown.  Lores  to  nostrils,  and  region  round  the  eve, 
like  the  throat,  in  rather  decided  contrast  to  the  ash  of  the  crown.  Qiiillj 
and  tail  feathers  brown,  narrowly  edged  externally  with  gray.  An  obsolete 
terminal  white  patch  on  the  inner  web  of  the  outer  feather ;  this  web  in  most 
of  the  other  tail  feathers  likewise  narrowly  edged  with  white.  Axillara  aud 
inner  face  of  wings  white.     Iris  brown.     Tarsi  blue. 

Length,  in  life,  4.40  ;  extent,  6.90 ;  wing,  2.40.  Of  skin,  3.90 ;  wing,  2?^3; 
tail,  1.86;  tarsus,  .64;  middle  toe  and  claw,  ,50;  bill  above,  .35  ;  gape,  .5(1, 

Of  this  species  several  specimens  were  collected  at  Fort  Mohave, 
on  the  Colorado  River,  by  Dr.  Cooper.  The  species  is  dedicated  to 
Miss  Lucy  H.  Baird. 


Bmith- 

soQiaa 

No. 

Collec- 
tor's 
No. 

S^x 
and 
Age. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

31,892 

•• 

Ft.  Mohave,  Gal. 

Dr.  J.  G.  CoopiT. 

(31,892.)  A  type  of  the  species. 


Helininthophaga  peregrina. 


Sylvia  peregrina,  WiLS.  Am.  Orn,  IV,  1811,  83,  pi.  xxv,  fig.  2.—Mr>. 
Orn.  Biog.  II,  pi.  154. — Sijhicola  per.  Rich. —  Vermivora  per.  Bos  - 
Helinaia  per.   Add.    B.  A.  II,  pi.   110.— Helrnilherus  per,  Bo.v.- 


HELMITHKRUS. 


170 


ffffmiiithophfign  per.  Cab  M»ifl.  Heln.  —  In.  Jour.  Om.  1801.  85 
(Costa  Rica).— Baihd,  Hirds  N.  Am.  IS.OH,  258.— Srr,ATBR  &  Sai,vin, 
IbiH,  18(10,  ,31  (Ouateniala).— Sclatkk,  P.  Z.  8.  IS.IP,  373  (Oaxaon)  ; 
Catal.  18H1,  29,  no.  18i».— Lawkknck,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.  ISCil,  322 
(Panama). — Qpnulach,  Cab.  Jour.  18tfl,  326  (Cuba,  very  rar«). 

Si/lria  tetiiirsMei,  Virillot,  Knoycl.  Meth.  II,  1823,  462. 

f Sylvia  mismiriensis,  Max.  Cab.  Jour.  VI,  1858,  117. 

flah.  Eastern  province  of  N.  America :  North  to  Fort  Simpson,  H.  B.  T. ; 
Httxioo;  Oaxaca  t  Uuatenala ;  Ck)8ta  Rica ;  Panama  R.  R.    Very  rare  in  Cuba. 

Autumnal  specimens  and  young  birds  are  sometimes  so  strongly 
tinged  with  greonish-yellow  as  to  be  scarcely  distinguisliable  from 
H.  celala.  The  wing  is,  however,  always  longer,  and  the  ob.scure 
whitish  patch  on  the  inner  edge  of  the  exterior  tail  feather,  near  its 
tip,  is  ahno.st  always  appreciable.  In  celata  this  edge  is  very  nar- 
rowly and  uniformly  margined  with  whitish. 

A  young  bird  of  the  year,  from  Fort  Simpson  (27,228),  hna  two 
distinct  greenish-white  band.s  on  the  wings,  and  the  forehead  and 
cheeks  greenish-yellow.  A  corresponding  age  of  H.  celata  has  the 
wing  bands  more  reddish -brown,  the  wings  shorter,  and  no  white 
patch  on  the  outer  tail  feather. 

It  is  possible  that  Mr.  Sclater  is  mistaken  in  quoting  this  species 
from  Oaxaca,  the  only  Mexican  locality  mentioned  by  authors. 


Smith 

Collec- 

Sex 

When 

Collected. 

«uniaL 

tor's 

and 

Locality. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

Ho. 

No. 

ARC. 

2ft,  623 

•• 

d 

MooRe  Factory,  H.  B. 

June  2,  '60. 
July  11, '60. 

C.  Drexler. 

C.  Drexler. 

20,624 

tt.  George,  H.  B. 

" 

30,63i» 

,  , 

..    [Maine. 

1S63. 

W.  F.  Hall. 

W.  F.  Hall. 

22,627 

1,010 

..    ^t.  iiimpnQD.    ... 

Hay  9, 1861. 

B.  R   Ro»8. 

19,49.'i 

728 

cT    .Ft,  Resolution. 
$      Ft,  line. 

June  17, '60 

K.  Kennlcott. 

R.  Kennlcott. 

31,421 

249 

.  •  . 

L.  Clarke. 

1,879 

^ , 

cf    lUpperMlRsourl,  Dae. 

184.3. 

S.  F.  Baird. 

J.  G.  Hflll. 

79» 

,, 

(f     CarllBle,  Pa. 
9              *' 

Oct.  10,  '42. 

S.  F.  Baird. 

412 

.. 

May  21,  '41. 

•1 

" 

10,1.07 

cf     Crtlro,  111. 

April. 

R.  Kennlcott. 

R.  Kennlcott. 

30,67!! 

219 

,  , 

Coban,  Gnat.   [Rica. 

Nov.  18.')». 

O.  Salvin, 

3.S.269 

5 

rf 

Dota  Mt8.,  Co8ta 

Jan.  24,  '64. 

J.  Carniol. 

33,270 

San  Jose. 

Winter. 

(4 

HELMITUERUS,  Raf. 

Ilelmitherus,  Rap    Jour,  de  Phys.  vol.  88,  1819,  417.     (Type  Motacilla 

vermivora,  Lath.) 
Vermivora,  Swainson,  Zool.  Jonr.  IV,  1827,  170. 
Htlinaiit,  AoD.  Syn.  1839,  66.     (Type  Sylvia  swaiHsoni,  Acd.) 

fielmitheriig  veriniroriis. 

Motacilla  vermivora,  Qhel.  Syst.  Nat.  I,  1788,  951. — fSiflvia  vprmivora. 
Lath.  lad.  Orn.  II,  1790,  499.— Wils.  Ill,  pi.  xxiv,  fig.  4.— Aud. 


Ik 


,-,:.^-.  ,,.,.  ,.' 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


/ 


O 


7i 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


y^  12.8 

|50     "•■ 

u    1^ 


2.2 


li£    1110 


1.8 


U    II 1 1.6 


V] 


/i 


..^^ 


% 


% 


V 


'#  .^ 


.■^ 


'^  > 


.^ 


7 


# 


iV 


iV 


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f' .  c.f 


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mjff^l^-W^^f^f^mm 


■n 


>  I.  • . 


if; 


180 


REVIEW  OP  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I, 


Orn.  Biog.  I,  pi.  xxxiv. — Sylvicola  vermivora,  Rich. — Helinaia  rtr- 
mivora,  Add.  B.  A.  II,  pi.  cv. — Lehbryb,  Av.  Cuba,  1850,  35,  pi.  vi 
fig.  4. — Uelmitherua  vermivorus,  Bok.  ;  Cab.  ;  Baird,  Birds  N.  Ani' 
1858,  252.— SciiATBR,  P.  Z.  S.  1859,  3G3  (Xalapa).— Is.  Catal.  1861, 
28,  no.  175. — Sclatbr  &  Salvin,  Ibis,  I,  1859, 11  (Guatemala) ;  Cab, 
Jour.  1860,  329  (Costa  Rica)  ;  lb.  1856  (Cuba).— Gundlach,  Cab. 
Jour.  1861,  326  (Cuba ;  somewhat  rare). 

Vermivora  pennsjjlvanica,  Bon.,  Gossk,  B.  Jamaica,  1847,  150. 

Hehnilkerus  m'ujratnrius,  Raf.  J.  de  Phys.  88,  1L19,  417. — Hartlaob. 

Vermivora  fulvicnpilla,  Swainson,  Birds,  II,  1837,245.  , 

Hab,  Eastern  province  of  U.  States  (rather  southern)  ;  southeastern  Mexico; 
Guatemala ;  Cuba. 

Specimens  are  in  the  collection  from  various  points  in  the  eastern 
United  States,  as  far  north  as  Carlisle,  Pa.,  and  as  far  west  as  Inde- 
pendence, Mo.  ;  also  from — 


Smith- 

Kuniau 

No, 

Collec- 
tor's 
No. 

Sex 
and 
Age. 

Locality. 

When 

Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

29,623 
29,622 
.30,668 
33,286 
33,285 

3,071 

d 

Fermiua,  Cuba. 

Coban,  Vera  Pai. 

Sun  Jose,  C,  R. 
11 

Feb.  17. 

11 

Nov.  1839. 

C.  Wriglit. 

0,  Salvln. 

J.  Carmiol. 
II 

C.  Wright, 

Helniitherus  swainsoni. 

Sylvia  suainsoni,  Ann.  Om.  Biog.  II,  1834,  5G3,  pi.  cxcviii. — Sylvicola 
sw.  Rich. — Vermivora  aw,  Bon. — Ileiinain  sw.  AuD.  B.  A.  II,  1841, 
pi.  civ  (type  of  genus). — Uelmitherua  sw,  Bon.  ;  Cab.  ;  Baibd,  Birds 
N.  Am.  1858,  252. 

Coast  of  South  Carolina  and  Georgia ;  Cuba  (very  rare). 


Smith- 
sonian 
No. 

Collec-'  Sex 
tor's     and 
No.      Age. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Feceived  from 

Collected  by 

2,901 
32,241 

'J 

Charleston,  8.  C. 
Liberty  County,  Ga 
Cuba. 

... 

8.  F.  Baird. 
Prof.  Loconte, 
Cab.  Gundlach. 

J.  J.  AuduboQ. 

Hah,  Easte 
Factory ;  all  t 
from  Mexico  o 


r-f 


r.' 


PERISSOOLOSSA,  Baird. 
Perissoglossa,  Baird.     (Type  MotnciUa  tigrina,  Gm.) 

Form  of  Dendroicn,  but  bill  slender,  acute,  with  very  obsolete  notch ;  the 
commissure  gently  arched  or  curved  from  the  base  ;  the  gonys  also  straigM 
or  even  slightly  concave.     Tongue  lengthened,  narrow,  deeply  bifid  (for  one- 


ii 


PERISSOOLOSSA. 


181 


third),  and  deeply  lacerated  or  fringed  externally  at  the  end;  the  edge  along 
the  median  portion  folded  over  on  the  upper  surface,  but  not  adherent. 

On  page  161  I  have  given  the  reasons  for  considering  "Dendroica 
tigrina"  as  the  type  of  a  special  genus  of  Bijlvicolidee,  and  for  re- 
taining it  ill  this  family  rather  than  placing  it  in  Ceerebidae,  to  which 
there  is  so  much  apparent  resemblance  in  the  tongue.  In  the  struc- 
ture and  character  of  this  organ  the  species  differs  very  widely  from 
other  members  of  the  family,  as  is  shown  in  the  cuts  on  page  1C3 
aceonipiuiying  those  remarks. 

The  curvature  of  the  bill  in  Perissoglossa  tigrina  is  quite  peculiar 
among  the  Sylvicolidse  with  notched  bills.  Some  Helminthojihagas 
(without  notch)  approximate  +'iis  character ;  though  in  none,  except- 
ing R  bachviani,  is  it  in  equal  amount — all  the  others  having  the 
gonys  very  slightly  convex,  instead  of  straight  or  even  slightly  con- 
cave. It  will  be  of  much  interest  to  examine  the  tongue  of  H. 
bachmam,  should  the  opportunity  ever  offer,  as  it  is  quite  likely  to 
exhibit  some  noteworthy  feature. 

The  peculiarities  of  the  tongue  of  P.  tigrina,  and  its  supposed 
relationships  to  Certhiola,  were  first  brought  to  notice  by  Mr.  Gosse. 

Perissoglossa  tigrina. 

Motacilla  tigrina,  Gmelin,  S.  N.  I,  1788,  985. — Sylvia  tig.  Lath. — Den- 
droica tig.  Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  286. — Sclater,  Catal.  1801, 
33,  no.  198;  P.  Z.  S.  1861,71  (Jamaica;  April).— March,  Pr.  A.  N. 
Sc.  1863,  293  (Jamaica;  breeds).— A.  %  E.  Newton,  Ibis,  1859,  144 
(St.  Croix.  Notes  on  anatomy  of  tongue). — Qundlach,  Cab.  Jour. 
1861,  326  (Cuba  ;  not  rare). 

Syhna  maritima,  W^ilson,  Am.  Orn.  VI,  1812,  99,  pi.  liv,  fig.  3. — Box. ; 
NuTT. ;  Add.  Orn.  Biog.  V,  pi.  414.— D'Orb.  La  Sagra's  Cub.  1840, 
70,  pi.  X. — Si/lvicola  mar.  j..rd.,  Bon.,  Al'D.,  B.  A.  II,  pi.  85. —  Cer- 
thiola mar.  OossE,  Birds  Jam.  1847,  81. — Ib.  Illust. — Rhitnavplms 
mar.  Cab.  Jour.  Ill,  1855,  474  (Cuba). 

Hab.  Eastern  province  of  United  States,  north  to  Lake  Winnipeg  and  Moose 
Factory ;  all  the  We^t  Indies  to  St.  Croix.  Breeds  in  Jamaica.  Not  recorded 
from  Mexico  or  Central  America. 

It  i'i  an  interesting  fact  in  the  history  of  this  bird,  that  it  breeds 
in  Jamaica — specimens  of  the  eggs,  as  well  as  of  the  bird  itself, 
killed  in  June,  July,  and  August,  having  been  transmitted  by  Mr. 
March.  Tliese  appear  to  have  longer  wings,  a  larger  wiiite  spot  on 
the  tail  feathers,  and  more  orange-brown  on  the  throat  than  I  re- 
menil)ri  to  have  seen  in  North  American  birds  ;  but  better  specimens 
will  be  required  to  substantiate  any  real  difference. 


'# 


WW^ 


.  % 


182 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


k,., 

1    ' 

i 

(      ■  . 

[I'AET  1 


'  I 


Bmith- 

Col  lec- 

Sex 

aunlKQ 

tor's 

and 

No. 

No. 

Age. 

20,fi;}3 

33 

10,167 

,  , 

942 

,  , 

? 

678 

,  , 

84,510 

23 

29.624 

,  , 

ar.2s» 

2.19 

? 

£),28S 

&>» 

26,812 

22 

fT 

24.348 

aa 

<f 

26  8U 

237 

.SO,  287 

2.J9 

•• 

36,628 

•• 

■• 

Locality. 


Mm)spjf'actqi;jr. 

Bricuie,  wr»T 

Oarliiile,  Pa. 

Naxsau,  N.  P. 
Cuba 
SpauUhtown,  Jam. 


Healthshlro,  Jam. 

St.  Croix. 
St.  Thomas. 


When 
Collected. 


May  28,  '60. 

May  12,  '43 
May  17,  '42 
May  14,  '64 

July  ii, '63. 

1 

June  16, '62. 
N»v.  1860. 
Aug.  12, '62. 
Jiiue,  1863 
Mar.  16,  '57. 
Winter. 


Reeelv^i  from 


C.  Drexler. 
K.  Keuuicott. 
8.  r.  Baird. 

C.  L.  Fltigerald. 
C.  Writfht. 
W.  T.  March. 


"  [ton. 

Cab.  A.  &  E.  New- 
Robt.  Swift. 


Collected  hj 


C.  Drexler. 
8.  f'.  'Bk'ird. 


W.  T.  March. 


DENDROICA,  Orat. 

Sylvicola,  Gray,  Genera,  2d  ed.  1841, 32  (not  of  Humphrey  or  SwAixgoit). 
Dendroica,  Gray,  Genera,  Appeudix,  1842,  8.     (Type  Sijlvia  coronato, 

Latu.). 
"Flcedula,  Cvv.  1799-1800"  (not  of  Mcbhbiso,  1752). 
Rhimamphus,  Uartlacb,  Rev.  Zool.  1845,  342  (not  of  Rafinesque). 

The  genus  Dendroica  is  represented  by  a  very  large  number  of 
species,  which  vary  somewhat  in  external  form,  but  passing  so  in- 
sensibly from  one  into  the  other  as  to  render  it  exceedingly  difficnlt 
to  subdivide  them.  They  may,  perhaps,  be  most  convenientlv 
grouped  by  their  colors,  as  has  been  done  in  "  Birds  of  North  Ame- 
rica," to  which  I  would  refer,  as  also  for  general  remarks.  Nearly 
all  the  species  belong  to  the  United  States,  going  southwanl  in 
winter ;  several  are  peculiar  to  Cuba,  Jamaica,  or  Porto  Rico,  one  to 
the  West  Indies  generally,  and  three  to  Contra!  and  South  America. 


.Vii. 


I 


Deudroica  ^firens. 

Motacillr,  virens,  Gmeun,  Syst.  Nat.  1, 1788,  985. — Si/Ivia  vi'rens,  Lath. 
—  ViEiLLOT,  Ois.  Am.  Sept.  II,  pi.  xciii.  —  Wils.  Am.  Orn.  II, 
pi.  xxviJ,  fig.  3.— Nptt.  ;  Bon.  ;  Ann.  Orn.  Biog.  IV,  pi.  399.- 
G/kTKR,  Naumannia,  1858,  423  (Heligoland,  Europe,  an  original 
description). — Sylvkoln  vlrenit,  Sw. ;  Add.  B.  A.  II,  pi.  84.— Reis- 
EARDT,  Vid.  Med.  for  1853,  1854,  72,  81  (Greenland).— /?A)»mn;)Jiw 
virens,  Cab.  Mas.  Hein.  Jour.  Ill,  1855,  474  (Cuba  ;  wiiiter).- 
ScLATBR,  p.  Z.  S.  18.'^6,  291  (CordovR).— Dendroica  virens,  Bairp, 
Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  267.— Sciater  &  Saivin,  Ibis,  1^59,  1  (Onate- 
mala).— ScLATER,  P.  Z.  8.  1859,  3(53  (Oaxaca?)  ;  373  (Xalapa).- 
Ib.  Catal.  1861,  29,  no.  181.— Lawkence,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.  VII,  1861, 
293  (Panama).— <;D.M>r,.  Cab.  .lour.  1861,  326  (Cuba).— .l/»ioli/(a 
virens,  ReiNUARnr,  Ibis,  III,  1861,  5  (Juliauehaab,  Qreeulan 


SmUb- 

Colle 

aoiiiau 

tnr' 

Nu. 

No 

3t),')7S 

6!H 

3,31.'). 

70.1 

101 

30,681 

232 

Hub. 


DENDROICA. 


183 


Ilah.  Eastern  province  of  U.  S  ;  Greenland  ;  Heligoland,  Europe ;  south  to 
Paniima  R.  K.  ;  Cuba.     In  Mexico,  Xalapa,  and  Oaxaca  ?     Cuba  alone  in  Weat 

ludies. 

Specimens  received  by  the  Smithsonian  Institution  from  variou.s 
localities  throughout  the  whole  eastern  United  States,  and  westwr.rd 
to  the  Missouri ;  also — 


PI 


Smlth- 

miLiilta 

N(j. 

Cnllec-   Sex 
tor's      HDii 
No.    ;A({e. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from. 

Collected  by 

2:t.27.5 

30,dS3 

14 
.1,112 
3,130 

aiirc-dor.  Mex. 
Tacti'i,  Vei-a  Paz, 
Cobai,         "[Guat 
Guatemala. 

Jan!  Vsen. 
Nov.  18.19. 

l»r.  Sartorius. 
0.  Salvia. 

14 

Cab.  Lawrence. 

Dr.  Sartoriui. 

Dviidroica  occidentalis. 

Sylvia  occidental  in,  TowNSEND,  J.  A,  N.  Sc.  VII,  ii,  1837, 190  (Columbia 

River).— In.  Narrative,  1839,  340.— .Aud.  Orn.  Biog.  V,  pi.  Iv.— 

Sylvicola  occ.  Bon.  ;  Add.  B,  A,  II,  pi.  xciii. — Dendroica  occ.  Baird, 

Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  268.— Coopek  &  Sdckley,  R.  R.  Rep.  XII,  ii, 

'   -^        1859,  178  (N.  W.  coast). 

Dendroica  chrysopareia.  Sclater,  P.   Z.   S.   1862,  19.— Ib.  Catal.  1862, 

358  (La  Parada,  Mex.)  (not  of  P.  Z.  S.  1860,  19). 
Dendroica  niveiventris,  Salvin,  P.  Z.  S.  May  26,  1863,  187,  pi.  xxiv,  fig. 
2  (Guatemala). 
Bab.  Western  province  U.  S.,  and  Mexico  to  Guatemala.     Not  seen  at  Cape 
St.  Lucas. 

A  specimen  collected  in  September  last,  at  Fort  Whipple,  by  Dr. 
Coues,  of  what  I  consider  to  be  this  species  in  autumnd  plumage, 
lacks  entirely  the  black  of  the  throat,  which  is  replaced  by  fulvous 
white.  The  yellow  of  the  cheeks  extends  over  the  whole  chin.  The 
upper  parts  are  glossed  with  olivaceous,  and  the  black  streaks  of  the 
back  are  nearly  obsolete. 


Smltb- 

Collec- 

Sex 

soiiiaa 

tor's 

and 

Nu. 

No. 

Age. 

■M,'tTi 

6!10 

a.jIS. 

703 
101 

d 

.•)0,6Sl 

232 

1 

Locality. 


Fort  Wlilpplo,  Ari-. 
Peialuiua,  Cut. 
Mexico.  [Gnat 

Vulcan  de  Fuet^n, 


When 
Collected. 


Sept.  .3,  '64. 
April,  18.)6. 

I>ec."l861. 


Received  from 


Dr.  CoiieH. 
E.  Sainiii>ls. 
Cab.  Lawrence. 
O.  Salvin. 


Collected  by 


Dr.  Coue». 
E.  Samuels. 


Salvlu  &  Godman. 


(36,978.)  4.90;  7.70.     (.30,611.)  Typeol'/).  niveiverttri*. 

Dendroica  chrysopareia. 

Dendroica  chrysopareia,  Sclater  &  SalvIn,  P.  Z.  S.  1860,  298. — Is.  Ibis, 
1860,  273  (Vera  Paz,  Guatemala). 
Hub.  Vera  Paz,  Guatemala. 


-^?>^::;;^-1 


184 


REVIEW  0?  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


(221,  Salvin  collection.)  Head  and  body  above  black,  the  feathers  with 
olivu-green  edges,  especially  on  the  baok,  obscuiing  the  ground  color;  rump 
clear  black.  Entire  side  of  head  (extending  to  nostrils  and  ou  lower  jaw), 
and  the  partially  concealed  bases  of  the  feathers  on  the  median  lin-j  uf  the 
forehead,  yellow,  with  a  narrow  black  line  from  lores,  through  the  eye,  widt;n- 
ing  behind,  but  not  crossing  through  the  yellow.  Beneath,  including  iiisido 
of  wings,  white;  a  large  patch  of  black  covering  the  chin  and  throat,  and 
occupying  the  entire  space  between  thb  yellow  patches  of  the  two  sides  of  the 
head  and  neck,  and  extended  along  the  sides  in  a  series  of  streaks.  Feathers 
of  crissura  with  black  centres.  Wings  above  ashy,  with  two  white  bauds 
across  the  coverts,  the  scapulars  struaked  with  blackish ;  first  quill  edged 
externally  with  white,  the  rest  with  gray.  Tail  feathers  blackish,  edged  ex- 
ternally with  ashy,  the  lateral  with  white  at  the  base.  Outer  tail  feather 
white  on  the  inner  »veb,  except  a  stripe  along  the  shaft  near  Ihe  end ;  second 
similar,  but  the  white  not  reaching  so  far  towards  the  base ;  third  with  a 
short  patch  of  white  in  the  end.     Bill  and  legs  brownish-black. 

Length,  '1.50  ;  wing,  2.50;  tail,  2.40  ;  tarsus,  2.75. 

This  species  "grees  with  virrns  and  occidentalis,  to  which  It  ig 
closely  related  in  having  the  uni.er  parts  white,  with  a  black  natch 
on  the  chin  and  throat.  The  prevailing  black  of  the  upper  part, 
especially  of  the  head  and  rump,  will  easily  distinguish  it  from  both 
these  species.  The  black  stripo  through  the  eye  (wanting  in  occi- 
dentalis) is  better  defined  than  in  virens,  but  there  is  no  trace  of  an 
obscure  dusky  cr'>scent  below  the  eye.  D.  townsendii  differs  in  a 
much  broader  patch  of  black  through  the  eye,  with  a  yellow  crescent 
in  it  beneath  the  eye ;  a  much  more  olivaceous-green  back,  with 
ashy  rump;  the  black  of  the  head  obscured  by  green,  and  the  jugu- 
lura  deep  yellow. 

The  bill  in  chrysopareia  is  much  thicker  than  in  any  of  the  allied 
species. 

The  following  diagnosis  may  serve  to  distinguish  the  allied  species 
of  Warblers  with  black  chins  and  throat  (excluding  D.  nigre^cenn, 
which  is  black,  white,  and  gray,  with  only  a  small  yellow  loral  spot):— 

Common  Characters. — Upper  parts  more  or  less  olivaceous- 
green,  with  the  feathers  streaked  centrally  with  black 
(sometimes  concealed).  Sides  of  head  yelloTv.  Chin  and 
throat  black;  rest  of  the  under  parts,  including  inside 
of  wings,  white,  with  or  without  yellow  on  breast.  Wings 
with  two  white  bands.  Inner  web  of  lateral  tail  feather 
almost  entirely  white  from  the  base. 

Above  bright  olive-green,  with  concealed  black  streaks  ;  tail 
coverts  ashy.  Sides  conspicuously  streaked  with  black ; 
crissnm  unspotted.  Jngnlum  sometimes  faintly  tinged 
with  yellowish.  An  obscure  dusky  olive  stripe  through 
the  eye,  and  a  crescentic  patch  of  the  same  some  distance 
beneath  it         .........  virans. 


r 


DEVDROICA. 


185 


Above  olivaceona  ashy  (rump  puro  ash),  with  more  distinct 
bUick  spots.  Top  aud  sides  of  head  clear  yellow,  the 
frtithers  of  the  cfwii  tipjied  with  black,  or  clouded  with 
dusky  plumbeous.  No  dai-k  markiugs  or  stripes  on  side 
iif  head.  No  distinct  black  streaks  beneath ;  black  of 
ohroat  restricted  to  front  of  neck      .....  occidenlalis, 

Pruviiiliug  color  of  upper  part  black,  with  olivaceous  edgings 
on  the  back;  rump  and  upper  tail  covert  pure  black. 
Sides  and  crisaum  streaked  with  black.  A  simple  black 
stripe  through  the  eye  ;  no  patch  beneath  it    .         .         .  chrysopareia. 

Above  olive-green.  Upper  tail  coverts  .ishy.  with  central  black 
streaks.  Feathers  of  head  above  black,  with  olive-green 
edges.  A  broad  olivaceous  black  stripe  through  eye  from 
lores,  involving  the  ears,  in  which  is  a  yellowish  crejcentio 
patch  below  the  eye.  Black  feathers  of  throat  aud  chin 
edged  with  yellow.  Jugulum  and  sides  of  breast  also 
yellow.  Sides  streaked  with  black.  No  distinct  black 
streaks  on  crisaum .  townsendii. 

For  the  opportunity  of  describing  D.  chrysopareia  I  ara  indebted 
to  Mr.  Salvia,  who  kindly  forwarded  to  me  his  type  specimen  for  the 
purpose.  The  species  has  not  been  noted  except  from  Guatemala 
(and  Me.xico?),  but  may  not  improbably  be  yet  found  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains  of  the  United  States.*  Mr.  Salvin's  specimen  (No.  xVxi) 
was  killed  at  Tactic,  Vera  Paz,  Nov.  4,  1859. 


Dendroica  toiivnaendii. 

Siikia  townsendii,  "  NuTTALL,"  To^nbend,  J.  A.  N.  So.  VII,  ii,  1837, 191. 
— AfD.  Orn.  Biog.  V,  1839,  pi.  393.— Symco/a  t.  Bon.  ;  Ann.  B.  A.  II, 
1841,  pi.  92.— Dendroica  t.  Baiud,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  2tJ9.— Sol. 
P.  Z.  S.  18.58,  298  (Oaxaca  hi-^h  lands  in  winter)  ;  1859,  574  (To- 
tontepec;  winter). — Sclater  &  Salvik,  Ibis,  1859,11  (Guatemala). 
— CooPEK  &  SucKLEY,  P.  R.  R.  XII,  II,  1859,  179  (Cal.). 

Hah.  Western  province  of  U.  S.,  and  Mexico,  into  Guatemala.     Migratory. 

I  have  never  seen  a  specimen  of  this  species  in  pure  spring  plu- 
mage, and  I  am  not  sure  that  the  throat  ever  becomes  pure  black  as 
in  virens  and  its  allies.  Some  specimens  have  the  whole  chin  and 
throat  yellow — the  feathers  of  the  latter  very  indistinctly  dusky  in 
the  centre. 


'  A  specimen  of  this  bird,  or  one  very  closely  allied,  is  said  to  have  beeu 
recently  collected  near  San  Antonio,  Texas,  by  Dr.  A.  T.  Heermauu. 


186 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


Sniith- 

Collec- 

Sex 

kuiiiiili 

tor's 

kikI 

N... 

No. 

A((e. 

2,018 

21,0-23 

4.  ■ISO 

10,720 

402 

8,017 

Locality. 


Coliiinbiu  Riv.,  Or. 
CanipMoogle.  W.T 
8unta  Olarii,'  Cal. 
Kt.  Iliii-Kwyii,  JJ.  M. 
N.  E.  Mexico. 
(iuateniulii. 


Wlien 
Colluclvd. 

Oct.  2.S,  '.-^ 

Mayas  'bO 

1  ».■>.». 


Received  from 


S    K   Balrd. 
A   Campbell. 
l)r,  .1   (J.  Cooper. 
l)r  W.  W  Ander- 
S.  F    Baiid.    [son. 
J.  Gonld. 


Collected  by 


J.  K.  Towimeuil. 
Dr.  Keiinerly. 
Dr.  J.  0.  Couper. 


J.  0.  Bell. 


(2,018.)   Type  uf  specieit  Irom  Mr.  Audubou'ii  culloctlou. 


V\ 


H: 


♦  if 

!»!■ 


m 


Deudi'oica  nig^rescens. 

Si/hu'a  nigresnens,  Townsend,  J.  A.  N.  So.  VII,  ii,  1837,  191  (Columbia 
River).— AOD.  Orn.  Biog.  V,  1839,  57,  pi.  39f).  —  V<;rmirora  m,j. 
Bon.;  Nutt. — Sylvicola  niy.  Aud.  B.  A.  II,  pi.  IM. — lihlmnuphui 
nig.  Cab.  ISf-O. — Deudrolru  nig.  Baiud,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  270.— 
ScLATER,  P.  Z.  S.  1858,  298  ;  1859,  374  (Oaxaca ;  high  mountains, 
in  March).— In.  Catal.  1861,  30,  no.  183.— Heermann,  P.  R.  R.  Rep. 
X,  IV,  40.— CooPKK  &  SocKLRY,  P.  R.  R.  R.'p.  XII,  II,  1859,  IbO. 

fSi/lviu  htilseii,  Wiraud,  Birds  Texas,  1838,  pi.  iii,  fig.  1,  }  (suggested 
by  Sclater). 

Uiib.  Vv'estern  and  Middle  provinces  of  U.  States.  Migratory  southward 
into  Western  Mexico  (Oaxaca). 

An  autumnal  raale  from  Fort  Whipple  differs  only  from  No.  1,908 
in  greater  amount  of  white  edging  to  the  wing  feathers,  wider  streaks 
on  the  sides,  and  absence  of  black  on  the  back. 


Bmttli- 

Collec- 

Sex 

When 
Collected. 

■uiiiiiu 

No. 

tor's 

No. 

Hud 

Ajje. 

Locality. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

7,080 

ays 

Kt.  Steilacoom.W.':'. 

Jlay  6,  \Vi. 

Dr   0.  Suckley, 

Dr.  G.  Siickloy. 

1,908 

.  , 

rf 

Columbia  Riv.,  Or. 

JiinelO,  •:«. 

S.  F.  Bairil. 

J.  K.  Towuseua. 

2,9  l.j 

,  , 

rf 

" 

MuyU, -SJ. 

" 

»( 

7,Gno 

rf 

Calaveras  Co.,  Cal. 

•  •  . 

Lt.  Williamson. 

Dr.  Heeriiinnn. 

11, .us 

80 

rT 

Kort  Di'(l;'iice. 

Lt.  J    C.  Ives. 

M  llliHiiseii. 

3l,s;il 

802'i 

rf 

Sm  UieK'o,  Cal. 

April  2, '62. 

(ieol.  Sui  V.  Ciil. 

Dr.  J.  0.  Cooper. 

36,979 

566 

d 

Foit  Whipple,  Ariz. 

Aug.  13,  '64 

Dr.  E.  CoueH. 

(1,908.)  Type  of  species  from  Mr.  Audubon's  ooUeotion. 


Deiidroica  caerulescens. 

MutiiciUa  canadensis,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  I,  1766,  336  (not  p.  334,  rvhich 
is  D.  coronata). — Sj^lvia  canadensis,  Lath.  ;  Wilson,  II,  pi.  xv,  iis,'. 
7.— Add.  Orn.  Biog.  II,  pi.  148, 155.— Salll,  P.  Z.  S.  1857,  231  (St. 
Domingo). — Sylvicola  canadensis.  Swains.,  Jaed.  ;  Bok.  ;  Aud.  B,  A. 
II,  pi.  95. — Rhiinan/ihus  can.  Cab. — DeiHlroica  canadensis,  Baird, 
Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  271.— Sclater,  CataL  1861,  30,  no.  184. -In. 
P.  Z.  S.  1861,  70  (Jamaica).— GuNDL.  Cab.  Jour.  1861,326  (Cuba; 
very  common). 


Bmith- 

Co 

goiiiau 

to 

.\o. 

K 

22,  .'.'1 11 

17. 71-. 

2:i..-.l« 

2:l,.-.17 

21.I5.):! 

2;i,.ni 

' 

24,34.i 

^ 

DENDROIOA. 


187 


Motnrilla  curulescens,  Gm.  8.  Nat.  I,  1788,  9(50. —  Syh-iu  cirr.  Lath.  ; 

ViEiLL.  II,  pi.  80. — Sylvia  car.  D'Okb.  Sagra'e  Cuba,  Ois.  1840,  63, 

pi.  ix,  fig.  1,  2. 
i^i/hia  piisillti,  WiLS.  V,  pi.  43.  fig.  3  (Juv.). — Sylvia  humptera,  WiLS. 
Sylvia  jiaiustria,  Steph. — Sylvia  macropus,  Vikillot. — Sylvia  aphtiynonu, 

Bo>-. ;  Nuttall;  Add. 
Sylvicola  pannosa,  Gushb,  Birds  Jam.  1347,  162  (fuiuale). — Ib.  Illust. 

uo.  37. 

lldb.  Eastern  province  of  United  States ;  Jamaica,  Cuba,  and  St.  Domingo 
in  winter ;  very  abundant.     Not  recorded  from  Mexico  or  Central  America. 

I  have  been  obliged  to  adopt  the  name  of  cserulesccvs,  that  of 
canailejisis  being  a  synonym  of  X>.  coronata,  of  earlier  date  than  as 
used  for  the  present  species. 

Specimens  in  the  collection  from  eastern  United  States,  west  to 
Missouri  River  ;  also — 


gtnith- 

CoIIbc- 

Sex 

gonian 

tor'8 

aud 

.\o. 

No. 

Atte. 

22,;'!  11 

,  , 

17  71-. 

,  , 

2:i..<lfi 

V 

2;l,M7 

.. 

cf 

21,t)"i:t 

rf 

!B,.tll 

69 

d 

24,343 

41 

d 

Locality. 


Halifax^N_S____ 
Moute  Verde,  Cuba. 


Noiiv.  Sophle.Ciiba. 
Tiiabuqiie,  (Ii-ba 
Trelawiiejr,  .Iain. 
Spaniiibtuwn,  Jam. 


Wheu 
Collected. 


April  9. 
Jan.  17. 
Die.  21,  '60. 
Nov.  13. 
D(  c.  20,  '59. 
Dec.  23,  '60. 


Received  from 


Collected  hy 


Vf.  0.  WIntou. 
Chag.  WrlKbt. 


P.  L.  Sclater. 
W.  T   March. 


W.  G.  VViut.in. 
Cbas.  Wright. 


W.  Osburn. 


Dendi'oica  coronata. 

Motacilla  coronata,  LiNN.  S.  N.  1, 1766,  333. — Sylvia  coronata,  Lath.  ; 
ViEiLLOT,  II,  pi.  78,  79.— WiLH.  II,  pi.  17,  fig.  4 ;  pi.  45,  fig.  3.— 
— —-  Ndtt.  ;  Ann.   Orn.  Biog.  II,  pi.  153. — D'Orb.    Sagra's  Cuba,  Ois. 

1840,  60. — Sylvicola  coronata.  Swains.  ;  Bon.  ;  Aon.  B.  A.  II,  pi.  76. 
— Max.  Cab.  Jouv.  VI,  1858, 114. — Jones,  Nat.  Bermuda,  59  (abun- 
dant in  April). — Dendroica  coronata.  Gray,  Genera,  1842,  2. — 
Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  272.— Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1859,  363.— Ib. 
Catal.  1861,  SO,  no.  185.- Mamoh,  P.  A.  N.  Sc.  ]8(i3,  292  (.Jamaica, 
in  summer;  breeding). — Gundl.  Cab.  Jour.  18G1,  326  (Cuba  ;  com- 
mon).—Cooper  &  SocKLEY,  p.  R.  R.  XII,  11,  18.^9,  180  (Puget 
Sound). — Rhimnnphas  cor.  Cab.  Jonr.  1855,  473  (Cuba). 

Motacilla  canadensis,  LiNN.  12th  ed.  1766,  334  {Ficeitula  canadensis 
cinerea,  Br.  Ill,  r24,  pi.  27,  fig.  1). 

Panes  rirtjinianns,  Linn.  12th  ed.  S.  Nat.  I,  1766,  342. 

Motacilla  umbria,  cincta,  pi  iguis,  Gm. 

Sylvia  xanthopygia,  ViEiLL.  Ois.  Am.  Sept.  II,  1807,  47. — Sylvia  xan- 
thoroa,  ViEiLii. 

LocALiTfES  Quoted:  S.  Greenland,  Reinhardt,  Ibis,  1861,  5. — Cordova, 
ScL.  P.  Z  S.  1856,  2n.—Xalapa,  Ib.  1859,  mX—Guaiemula,  Sri,. 
&  Salv.  1859,  11.— Panama,  Lawr.  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.  Vlll,  63.— 


'»♦    *?,,*      (!*■ 


.^^^^^^kjk 


I!"  «   ' 


■ 


188 


REVIEW  OP  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


t'1  !• 


[part  I. 


Cuba,  winter.  Cab.  Jour.  HI,  4Ti.—n<iham(i»,  winter,  Bryant,  Host. 
Pr.  VII,  18.'»9. — Jamaica,  G088B,  Birds  Jam.  156. — St.  Domingo, 
SALLf,  P.  L'   3.  1857,  231. 

Huh.  Eastern  province  of  North  America,  and  extending  Hparseljr  north- 
ward along  U.  8.  boundary  to  Pacific  Ocean ;  Ft.  Yukon ;  Greenland  ;  eastern 
Mexico  to  Panama  R.  R.  ;  western  West  Indies  and  Bermuda.  Breeds  in 
Jamaica. 

Tlift  discovery,  by  Mr.  March,  that  this  species  breeds  in  Jamaica 
is  an  intorestinf?  fact  in  the  history  of  the  .species:  skins  and  egps 
coilectod  tlie  middle  of  Juno  have  been  transmitted  by  him  to  tl  1 
Institution. 

Specimens  in  the  collection  from  all  parts  of  the  United  States 
east  of  the  Missouri  plains ;  also — 


Hnillh- 

C.i 

iiininii 

tl 

No 

I 

27.1W7 

2. 

yi.n-'i 

J, 

1K<,7.j1 

35,037 

a, 

SraUh- 

Collec- 

Sox 

When 
Collected. 

aoDiuD 

No. 

tor'* 
No. 

und 

Axe. 

Locality. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

.S0,379 

Klt;.)letj  Litb. 
MooHe  Factory,  H.B. 

11.  Couolly. 

11.  Connolly. 

a.i,6-2.-> 

,  , 

J.  McKonzie. 

J.  McKnozie. 

20.H27 

.  , 

[Cau. 

.Tnly  i,  '60. 

C.  Drexler. 

0.  Drexler. 

20,628 

IVmiHcainlniiiie. 

May  8,  '«0. 

.4 

44 

27,329 

1,191 
2.-.2 

Kurt  YuYou.     : 
Audi  rsou  Kiver. 

... 

R.  Keunicott. 
K.  R.  McKarlane. 

27.247 

1,389 

Viwt.  rsooii  (iiipii. 

May  2.1. 

B.  R.  RotiM. 

J.  8.  Onion. 

27,248 

1,4IS 

^ 

La  I'iefre'K  House. 

** 

tt 

Jm.  Flett. 

23,1.13 

931 

Kort.ttUwpiMJU. 

11 

31.430 

3 

Kort  Kae. 

June  ,"»,  62. 

T,.  Clarke,  Jr. 

L.  Clarke,  Jr. 

7.071 

3.11 

ff 

K'  SteilttCooni,W.T. 

May  1,  '56. 

I)r.  Suck  ley. 

.Sl.S'/.'S 

90 

Miiddoi',  .Mex. 

Nov.  1862. 

Dr.  Sartr)riu«. 

Dr.  Sartorinx. 

3i,483 

3...0 

Orizaba,  Mex. 

Prof.  Sumichrast. 

Prof.  Sumichrast. 

y  >.6!)3 

3,1. 

Cuban,  Guat. 

Nov.  18.19. 

0.  Salvia. 

3  l,8P4 

2:J7 

§ 

UuenaH,  Oiiat. 

Feb.  4,  '.19 

4i 

31,212 

2JS 

SpaalHlitowu,  Jam. 

June;i,'63. 

W.  T.  March. 

W.  T.  March. 

3J,478 

Poito  Klco. 

WintP.-. 

Robert  Swift. 

•• 

113 

•• 

Pauama. 

1162. 

Cab.  Lawrence. 

J.  M'Leannan, 

(7,671.)   The  only  specimeu  seen  from  U.  8.  west  of  Missouri  valley. 


M! 


:m 


F#i- 


..-U,: 


Deadroica  aiidulionil. 

Sylvia  andnhonii,  Townsend,  J.  A.  N.  So.  VII,  11,  1837. — In.  Narrative, 
1839,  342.— Ann.  Orn.  Biog.  V,  1839,  52,  pi.  395.— 5///rtc«/a  audit- 
honii,  Bon.  List,  1838.— Aud.  B.  A.  II,  1841,  26,  pi.  li.—D,-ndroica 
audubonii,  Baikd,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  273.— Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  18.')8, 
298  (Oaxaca  ;  October)  ;  1860,  250  (Orizaba).— Ib.  Catal.  1861,  30, 
no.  186. — Sclater  &  Salvin,  Ibis,  1860,273  (San  Qeronimo,  Guat.). 
— Heermann,  P.  R.  R.  Rep.  X,  iv,  1H60,  39— Cooper  &  Suckley, 
P.  R.  R.  Rep.  XII,  11, 1859, 181,— Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1864,  172  (City 
of  Mexico). 

Hab.  Western  and  middle  provinces  of  the  U.  S. ;  Cape  St.  Lucas  ;  T^estern 
Mexico  and  Orizaba  f 

Specimens  in  the  collection  from  all  parts  of  the  western  United 
States,  as  f»r  east  as  the  limits  of  the  high  central  plains ;  also — 


,12,713 

32.62 

.'i2,709 

32.62 

.'?l,fi84 

3,71 

•TO,  68,1 

21 

:!i),490 

10 

3 1.488 

10. 

;W,27j 

10 

3.1.274 

10 

30,439 

10 

33,271 

•• 

DENDllOICA. 


189 


Hiullb- 
■iinlau 

O.illeo- 
tiir'it 
No. 

Sex 
nud 

Aue. 

Localltjr. 

When 
Cullecled. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

^7.2«" 
32.17.5 
2,S,7.51 
33,037 

2,4.54 
3,40.5 

2,220 

Capo  8t.  Ijiichm. 
Shii  Joho,  C.  8t.  L. 
MhihiIhii. 
Taiiilii,.Ialliicu,Mox. 

Noy.'2.\'«9 

Oct.  Vsea. 

John  Xaaiuo. 

4, 

Nntlouiil  Inntltnte 
Juliu  Xuutiia. 

Job  a  Xautuit. 

Deudroica  blackburiiiae. 

Motacilla  hidckhnrnice,  Gmbun,  S.  N.  I,  IISS,  ^11.— Sylvia  hi.  Lath.; 
ViEiLLOT,  n,pl.  06. — Wilson,  III.pl.  23.— Nutt.  ;  Add.  Orn.  IJiog.  11, 
V,  pi.  i:}.'),  Sdii.—Sylvicolu  hi.  Jaui).  ;  Rich.  ;  Aun.  B.  A.  H,  pi.  87.— 
KhinutHjihus  hi.  Cab.  Mua.  Hein.  1850,  \9.—Dendroica  hi.  Baikh, 
Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  274.— Sclatek  &  Salvin,  Ibis,  18j9, 11  (Guate- 
mala).—Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1859,  363  (Xalapa) ;  lb.  1860,  64  (Kcua- 
dor).  — Ib.  Catal.  1861,  30,  no.  187  (Pallatanga  and  Nanegal, 
Ecuador). 

fMntncilla  chri/socephn/a,  Omhltn,  I,  1788,  971  (Piguier  orangfi  et  P. 
6tranger,  Buff.  V,  313,  pi.  58,  fig.  3,  Guiana). 

Sylvia  parus,  WiLS.  V,  pi.  44,  fig.  3.— Act  Orn.  Biog.  II,  pi.  134.— 
Syli'icola  varus,  AcD.  B.  A.  II,  pi.  83. 

Si/lria  lateralis,  Stbph. 

i Miitarilla  incana,  Ghel.  I,  1788,  976. — Sylvia  incana,  Lath.  ;  Vieill. 

fSyliia  mrlanorhoa,  Vieill.  Nouv.  Diet.  XI,  1817,  180  (Martinique). — 
Id.  Encycl.  M^th.  II,  444. 

Localities  Quoted*:  Bogota,  Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1855, 143.~- Panama,  Lawr. 
Ann.  N.  Y.  Lyo.  VII,  62.— Conta  Rica,  Cab.  Jour.  ISCO,  328.— ii«- 
Jiamus,  Bryant,  Bost.  Pr.  VII,  1859. 

Hah.  Eastern  province  of  U.  S.  ;  eastern  Mexico,  and  south  to  Bogota  and 
Ecuador ;  Bahamas  alone  of  West  Indies  wit)i  certainty. 

Specimens  <Tom  the  United  States  generally  east  of  the  Missouri 
plains ;  none  .rom  north  of  its  limits  ;  also  from — 


Sralth- 

Collec- 

Sex 

BOUillU 

tor's 

and 

N.) 

No. 

A(fe. 

.12,712 

32,02.5 

9 

.32,70!) 

32.624 

rf 

.'!1,CS4 

3,717 

.S0,fl9.5 

217 

V 

:in,490 

109 

3 1.488 

104 

.33,27.5 

10.5 

3.1.274 

107 

3n,4S9 

106 

3;S,271 

•• 

Locality. 


When 
Collected. 


Received  from 


Collected  by 


Cobau,  Ouat. 


Sao  Jose,  C.  R. 


San  Jose,  C.  R. 


1861. 
Nov.  18i)9. 


Verreaux. 
0.  Salvin. 

14 

Dr.  T.  Frantzlus. 


J.  Carmiol. 


Deudroica  castanea. 

Sylvia  castanea,  WiLS.  Am.  Orn.  II,  1810, 97,  pi.  xiv,  flg.  4. — BoN. ;  Nutt.  ; 
Am.  Orn.  Biog.  I,  pi.  G9.—Sylrirolii  castanea.  Swains.  :  .Iahd.  ;  Rich.  ; 
BoK.,  AuD.  B.  A.  II,  pi.  80. — Rliimanjihiis  castaneus.  Cab. — Dtndroicr 


190 


REVIKW  OF  AMEUrCAN  IJIUDS. 


[part  I, 


cuttanea,  Baird,  Blrd«  N.  Am.  IRSS,  270.— Sct.ater  &  Salvin,  \\m, 
1859,  11  (Ouateiiiala).— 8<tATEK,  Catal.  1801,81,  no.  188.— Cahmi.n, 
Pr.    S.  N.  So.  18(50,  193  (Isthmus  Darien  ;  winter).  —  Lawrbmck, 
Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.  18G1,  322  (I«t.  Panama;  winter). 
Sylvia  autumnali»,  Wii.8.  Ill,  pi.  23,  fig.  2. — Auo.  Om.  Biog.  I,  pi.  88. 

//(lb.  Eastern  province  of  North  America  to  HudHon'a  Bay ;  Guatemala, 
sontli  to  Isthmus  of  Darien.  Not  ruoorded  from  MhxIco  or  West  ludiug ; 
crosses  probably  iu  migrating  direct  from  Florida  to  Yucatan. 

Specimens  from  United  States  generally  east  of  Missouri  plains ; 
also — 


Sinitb- 

Collec- 

Sex 

Rontaii 

tor'* 

•II  cl 

No. 

No. 

Age. 

20,629 

, , 

rf 

S2,3tl 

.. 

,  , 

112 

,  , 

2l,7()2 

320 

,  , 

21,701 

•• 

V 

Localltjr. 


When 
Collected. 


Reeelyed  from 


MooHO  Fttctory. 

"Trnrfint: — ' 

Tiirbo,  N.  G. 
Truaado,  N.  0. 


June  2,  '60. 


C.  Drexler. 
J.  McKimzie. 
Cab.  Liiwrnnce. 
Lt.  MIcliler. 


Collected  by 


C.  Drexler. 


M'Lean.  &  Oalb. 
A.  Sckott. 


til 


Dendroica  piniis. 

S]/lvia  pittus,  WiLS.  Am.  Orn.  Ill,  1811,  25,  pi.  xix,  fig,  4. — Bon.  ;  Nctt.  ; 
AuD.  Orn.  Biog.  II,  pi.  111. — Thryothorus  pinus,  Steph. — SylvicuUi 
pinux,  Jahd.  ;  Rich.  ;  Bon.  ;  Add.  B.  A.  II,  pi.  82. — Jones,  Nat.  Ber- 
muda, 1859,  59  (abundant  in  Oct.). — RLimnnphus  pinug,  Bon. — 
Dendroica  pinitii,  Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1!^58,  277. — Sclater,  Catal. 
1861,31,no.  189.— CouES,  Pr.  A.  N.  Sc.  1861,  220  (Labrador  coast). 

Sylvia  vigorgii,  Aud.  Orn.  Biog.  1, 1832, 153,  pi.  30. —  Vireo  vigoraii,  Ndtt. 

Ilah.  Eastern  province  of  U.  S.,  north  to  Labrador;  winters  in  TJ.  S.  Not 
recorded  in  West  Indies  or  middle  America  (except  Bermuda  ?). 

Specimens  in  the  collection  from  United  States  generally  east  of 
the  Missouri  plains  and  from  Labrador ;  none  from  south  of  the 
United  States. 

Dendroica  montana* 

Sylvta  montana,  WiLS.  Am.  Orn.  V,  1812,  113,  pi.  xlir,  flg.  2  ("Blue 
Mts.  of  Pennsylvania").— Add.  Orn.  Biog.  V,  294  ('•  California"  !)— 
Sylvicola  montana,  J  AUD. ;  Ann.  B.  A.  II,  1841,  69,  pi.  93. — Dendroica 
montana,  Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  279. 

Sylvia  tigi  •,  Vieill.  Ois.  Am.  Sept.  II,  1807,  34,  pi.  94  (U.  S.  and  St. 
Domii      /. — BoN. 

The  only  cases  on  record  of  the  occurrence  of  this  species  are 
those  dc!?cribed  by  Wilson,  Vieillot,  and  Audubon.  I  am  not  awavQ 
that  any  specimens  are  now  extant  in  any  collection,  at  least  I  have 
never  seen  or  heard  of  any. 


T* 

t 


'wm 


DENDBOICA. 


191 


m 


Dendroica  pcnnsilvanica. 

Molacilla  junnnylvunica,  Likn.  8.  N.  I,  1706,  333,  no.  19  ;  Omelih.— 
Sylvin  }>.  Lath.  ;  Wilboh,  I,  pi.  jclv.  flg.  6, — Dendroica  p.  Baird, 
Birda  N.  Am.  1858,  27!).— Sclatkr  &  Ualvim,  Ibis,  IS&O,  11;  1860, 
273  (Cobttu,  Ouat  ;  November). — Solatkk,  Catal.  1861,  31,  no.  191. 

Si/lvia  icUrocephala,  Latu.  lud.  Orn.  II,  1790,  538 — Vikill.  II,  pi.  90; 
Bon.  ;  Aun.  Orn.  Blog.  I,  pi.  59. — Sylvicola  id,  Swainh.  ;  Jaru.  ; 
Aui).  B.  a.  II,  pi.  8l.—Dendruica  id.  Sclatku,  P.  Z.  S.  1869,'  363 
(Xalapa)  ;  373  (Oaxaca). 

Othkk  Localitibh  :  JJahaman  Brtant,  Pr.  Boat.  Soo.  VII,  1859. — Costa 
Itivii,  Cab.  Jour.  1860,  328. — Panama,  winter,  Lawr.  Ann.  N.  Y. 
Lye.  1861,  322. 

n<ih.  Eastern  province  of  the  U.  8. ;  Bahamas ;  Guatemala  to  Costa  Rica 
aud  Panama  R.  R.    Not  recorded  from  Mexico  or  West  Indies,  except  Bahamas. 

Specimens  in  the  collection  from  all  parts  of  tho  United  States 
east  of  the  MiH^^'M^ri  plains  ;  also — 


8mllh-  Collec-   Sex 

iiimlau     loi'g     Hud 

.No.        No.    ■  A({0. 


m,«i»  I  3,1:27 


Locality. 


Tileman,   .  jra  Pfti, 
(iuuteinala.    [Oiiat. 


When 
Collected. 


Jan.  1861. 


Received  from 


(».  SalviD. 
Cab.  Lawrence. 


Collected  by 


Dendroica  cserulea. 

Salvia  aerulea,  Wii.8.  Am.  Orn.  II,  1810,  141,  pi.  xvii,  fig.  5. — S//lvicola 

c.  Swains.  ;  Jard.  ;  Ricn. ;  Bon.  ;  Aud.  Orn.  Biog.  I,  pi.  49  ;  Nutt. — 

>•        Dendroica  c.  Baird,  Birds,  N.  Am.  1858,  280.  —  Sclater,  Catal. 

1861,  31,  no.  192.— GoNDL.  Cab.  Jour.  1861,  326  (Cuba ;  very  rare). 

Syli'ia  vara,  Wilson,  II,  pi.  xxvii,  fig.  2. — Bon.  ;  Al'D.  Orn.  F'og.  I,  pi.  49. 

Si/hia  azurea,  Steph.  Shaw,  Zool.  X,  1817.— Bon.  Am.  Orn.  II,  1828, 

pi.  27  (  9  ).— Aud.  Orn.  Biog.  I,  pi.  48,  49  ;  Nutt. 
Sylvia  bi/asciata,  Say,  Long's  Exped.  I,  1823,  170. 
Sylvia  pojtulorum,  Vieill.  Encyc.  M6th.  II,  1823,  449  (from  Wilson). 
Other  Localities:   Bogota,  Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1857, 18. — Panama  li.  R., 
Lawrbncr,  Auii.  N.  Y.  Lye.  1861,  H22. 
Ilah.  Eastern  United  States,  north  to  Niagara  Falls ;  Cuba  (very  rare)  ; 
Guatemala,  Panama,  and  Bogota.    Not  recorded  from  Mexico  or  West  Indies 
(except  Cuba). 

Specimens  in  the  collection  from  the  United  States  east  of  the 
Missouri  plains,  as  far  north  as  Carlisle  in  the  east,  and  Michigan 
in  the  west ;  also — 


Emith- 

soaiaa 

.\o. 

Collec- 
tor's 
No. 

Sex 
and 
AKe. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from           Collected  by 

12,160 
32,713 

34,6i4 

32,7i3 
1(>4 

i 

Cherokee  Nation. 
Cuban,  (iiiat. 
Guatemala. 
Bogota. 

July  4, 1849. 

Dr.  Woodhouse. 
Verrpanx. 
Cab.  Lawrence. 
J.  H.  Roome. 

Dr.  Woodhoune. 

•W^"^ 


m 

I     . 

I 


(.:■ 


Ir, 


192 


REVIEW  OP  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[PAIIT  I. 


Dendroica  pharetra. 

Sylvicola  pharetra,  GossK,  Birds  Jam.  1847,163. — Ib.  Illust.  Birds  .Jam. 
— OsBUHN,  Zoologist,  6660  — Dendroica  pharetra,  Sclatkb,  P.  Z.  S. 
1861,  71.— Ib.  Catal.  1862,  358,  no.  193. 
Hah,  Jamaica  only. 

As  stated  by  Dr.  Sclater,  this  is  a  perfectly  good  species,  rather 
similar  in  general  appearance  to  Mniotilla  varia,  but  with  tin; 
feet  and  bill  of  Dendroica.  The  resemblance  to  D.  striata  is  quite 
close.  The  specimens  before  me  are  not  in  very  good  condition,  but 
the  colors  differ  from  those  of  MniotiHa  varia  in  having  all  the 
feathers  of  the  crown  black,  edged  with  white,  causing  a  fine  streak- 
ing, instead  of  having  tlie  crown  black  with  whi^e  median  and  lateral 
stripe  (M  varia),  or  entirely  black  (D.  striata).  The  rump  and 
upper  tail  coverts  are  unstreaked  brownish-olive,  not  black  as  in  M. 
varia,  nor  streaked  with  black,  as  in  D.  striata.  The  sides  of/ths 
head  are  streaked  or  spotted  with  black ;  the  streaks  are  on  the  front 
of  the  jugulum  as  well  as  the  sides.  There  is  no  large  white  patch 
on  the  inner  web  of  the  outer  tail  feathers  as  in  the  two  other  speoiea 
mentioned,  but  merely  a  dirty  whitish  edging  at  the  ends  of  the 
same  feathers.  This  last  mentioned  character  will  probably  dis- 
tinguish it  in  any  stage  of  plumage.  Bill  very  stout.  Length,  4.70; 
wing,  2.55;  tail,  2.50. 


Smith- 

voiiiau 

No. 

Collec- 
tor's 

No. 

Sex 
and 

Age. 

Locality. 

W'I.en 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

23,310 
23,309 
27,942 

SO 
30 

•• 

St.  Armaod,  Jam. 
Trelawney,  Jam. 

Sept!  Vs-W. 
Aug.  24,  '69. 

P.  L.  Sclater. 

W.  Oabiira. 

(i 

Dendroica  striata. 

Muscicapa  striata,  Fobster,  Phil.  Trana.  LXII,  383,  428. — Motacilla  s. 
Gmslin. — Siflvia  8.  Lath.  ;  Vibillot,  xl,  pi.  75,  76. — Wils.  IV,  pi. 
30,  fig.  3 ;  VI,  pi.  54— Bon.  ;  Ndtt.  ;  Aud.  Orn.  Biog.  II,  pi.  133.— 
Lehbkte,  Av.  Cuba,  1850,  33. — Sylvicola  s.  Swainson  ;  Bon.  ;  Add. 
B.  A.  11, 1'l.  78.—  Reinhardt,  Vid.  Med.  for  1853,  1854,  73  (Green- 
land).— Max.  Cab.  Jour.  VI,  1858,  113. — Afniotilta  s.  Reinh.  Ibis, 
1861,  6  (Greenland). — Rhtmanphus  s.  Cab.  Jour.  111,475  (Cuba).— 
Dendroica  s.  Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  280.— Couks,  Pr.  A.  N.  Sc. 
1861,  220  (Labrador  coast).— Sclater,  Catal.  1861,  31,  no.  193.— 
GuRDL.  Cab.  Jour.  1861,  326  (Cuba;  rare). 

Other  Localities  Quoted  :  Bogota,  Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1855,  143.— 
Bahamas,  Bryant,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  VII,  1839. 

Hab.  Eastern  province  of  all  N.  America  to  Arctic  Ocean  ;  Greenland  ;  Ciilia, 
in  winter  (rare)  ;  Bahamas  ;  Bogota.    Not  recorded  from  intermediate  localities. 


Smith- 

Coll( 

soDliin 

tiir' 

S«. 

No. 

b,0S4  1 

8 

20,.-.,')2 

ai,639  1 

•i: 

27,3.30  1 

1,21. 

31,124 

1 

31,423 

3j; 

22,64) 

iVSl 

22.641 

.%■ 

22  631  1 

67: 

22,800 

42; 

n,m 

621 

31,,-22 

103 

DENDROICA. 


I»8 


Landbeck,  in  Wiegmann's  Archiv  fiir  Naturgesch.  far  18G4,  page 
58  describes  as  new  a  Dendroica  alricapilla,  collected  at  Valdivia, 
Chile,  i»  June  17,  1858.  Without  expressing  a  definite  opinion  on 
tlie  subject,  I  cannot  distinguish  this  bird,  by  his  description,  from  I). 
driala,  although  tlie  dimensions  appear  rather  smaller. 

D.  striata,  D.  coronata,  and  D.  eestiva  are  the  only  species  of  the 
genus  that  occur  as  far  north  as  the  shores  of  the  Arctic  Ocean. 

A'ery  many  specimens  in  the  collection  from  the  whole  United 
States  cast  of  the  Missouri  plains,  as  well  as  from  the  interior  of 
British  North  America  ;  also — 


Smith- 

CoUec- 

Sex 

soalHn 

tor'x  1  nnd 

No. 

Mo.    |Ai;e. 

1S,0S4 

80 

cf 

20,.),'i2 

2il,fl:t» 

471 

•J",3.fO 

1,21. •» 

V 

■M.IH 

71 

;m,42;) 

3.W 

,  , 

•1-m  1 

rm 

. , 

tim 

.'<67 

,  , 

•a  631 

672 

2iS0O 

427 

,  , 

\i>,m 

621 

<f 

Wii 

lO.'S 

9 

LocTillty. 


When 
Collecled. 


Qx.QUV.aler  Bay,  Lab. 
Lftbi-ador. 
ffiirt  Qflgryg,  11    R. 
j|lj_  Yoiikon. 
I'l'i'f'.s  Kivcr. 
.Fort  Au4?C¥Q(!::__ 
Fort  Oood  lloiJeT 

Kort  Uael  " 

h\.  Kesolatlon," 
NuH^aii,  Habanias. 
Bogota. 


July  17,  'iiS. 

July  7,'  '60. 
JuuelO,  '61. 

June  21. 
Sept.  1S61. 


June  1,% '61. 
June  7,  '60. 
May  12,  '64. 


Received  from 


Elliot  Coues. 
WilllamH'  Coll. 
C.  Drexler.  [Lye. 
R  Kfnnicott. 
0.  P.  Gaudet. 
R   R   McFarlaae. 
B.  R.  Ross. 


L.  Clark,  Jr. 
R.  Kcnnlcotl. 
C   li.  FitzgeralJ. 
Cab.  Lawrence. 


Collected  by 


Elliot  Couea. 
R.  Keanicott. 

J.  S.  Oniua. 

.1.  Reid." 
\   Clark,  Jr. 
R.  KKUulcott. 


(27,330.)  Witlieggs. 


Among  the  American  SylvicoUdse  is  a  group  of  what  may  be 
called  "  Golden  Warblers,"  having,  as  their  common  characters,  the 
body  yellowish-green  above,  golden  yellow  beneath  ;  the  quills  and 
tail  feathers  dark  brown,  margined  internally  with  yellow,  externally 
with  the  color  of  the  back ;  the  breast  and  sides  streaked  with 
orange  brown,  of  which  color  is  also  sometimes  the  head.  This 
combination  of  characters  is  peculiar  to  the  group,  and  especially 
the  yellow  of  the  inner  webs  of  the  tail  feathers,  which  is  found  in 
no  other  American  Warblers.  Originally  represented  by  a  single 
species — (he  familiar  D.  sediva  of  the  United  States — the  list  has 
recently  been  largely  increased.  All  except  aestiva  belong  to  Middle 
America,  or  the  northern  part  of  South  America,  but  especially  to 
the  West  Indies,  where,  it  is  probable,  that  each  large  island  will  be 
found  to  have  its  own  peculiar  representative,  as  is  the  case  to  a 
greater  or  less  extent  with  Certhiola,  Loxigilla,  Saurothera,  Todus, 
hnd  many  other  genera.  The  diagnostic  characters  of  the  male 
birds  of  the  best  known  species  are  as  follow : — 

13     April,  1865. 


:^« -/J 


^...JrrlT 


194 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


1                 '          , 
'.                         *'  - 

J    .     ..■ 

f  ■                 .     ' 

. 

I:-.-          - 

(    ;.. 


1      fW^ 


Forehead  and  vertex,  with  sides  of  head  and  throat,  yellow. 
Lateral  tail  feather  entirely  yellow,  except  a  dusky  streak 
along  the  shaft  towards  the  end.  Inner  webs  of  all  tail 
feathers  yellow  to  the  shaft,  except  the  sixth  or  central. 
Wings  pointed. 

First  quill  nearly  the  longest,  and  always  exceeding  the  4th  eestiva. 

Forehead  yellowish  ;  vertex  only  brownish-orange,  this  sometimes 
concealed  by  greenish  tips.  Sides  of  head  and  throat  yel- 
low. Outer  web  of  lateral  tail  feather  (except  on  the  margin) 
dusky.  Yellow  of  inner  edge  of  quills  not  reaching  the 
shaft,  except  perhaps  in  petechia.     Wings  rounded. 

Second  quill  longest ;    1st  longer  than  the  5th.     Larger 
•  wing  covert  edged  with  olivaceous,  scarcely  more  yel- 

low externally;  alula  brown,  not  margined.  Yellow 
patch  on  inner  weu  of  outer  tail  feather,  not  reaching 
the  shaft ;  the  5th  only  narrowly  edged  with  yellow   .  gundlachii. 

Third  quill  longest;  1st  shorter  than  the  5th.  The  oliva- 
ceous edges  of  larger  wing  coverts  brightening  ex- 
ternally into  golden  yellow;  alula  sharply  margined 
with  yellow.  Yellow  patch  on  inner  web  of  lateral 
tail  feather  reaching  the  shaft ;  inner  web  of  5th  feather 
with  marginal  half  yellow petechia. 

Similar  to  last,  but  wings  shorter.  The  3d  qiiill  longest ; 
the  1st  quill  longer  than  the  4th  and  5th.  Yellow  of 
inner  webs  of  tail  feathers  not  reaching  the  shaft        .   ruficapilla. 

Entire  head,  including  sides  and  inferior  surface,  orange-brown. 
Yellow  of  inner  edge  of  quills  reaching  the  shaft.  Tail 
feathers  much  as  in  the  last.     Wings  rather  rounded. 

Third  quill  longest;  1st  longer  than  the  5th;  edges  of  wing 
coverts  brightening  into  golden  yellow.  Orange  brown 
confined  to  the  head  and  neck.     Wing  2.75  long         .   vieilloti. 

Similar  to  last,  but  considerably  smaller.  Orange  brown 
of  head  extending  inferiorly  to  the  jugulum.  Wings, 
2.25 .         «        .         .   rtifigula. 

In  addition  to  the  species  just  mentioned  the  Sylvicola  aureola 
of  Gould,  and  the  S.  eoa  of  Gosse  evidently  belong  to  the  Golden 
Warblers,  although  their  precise  relationships  cannot  be  defined  for 
want  of  specimens.* 

'  Dendrolca  aureola. 

Sylvicola  aureola,  Qoccd,  Voyage  Beagle,  Birds,  1841,  8G,  tab.  28. 

"Nape,  back,  and  tail  coverts  yellowish-olive;  wings  and  tail  blackish, 
Vroadly  margined  with  yellow:  front  and  crown  yellow,  with  the  tips  of  the 
feathers  reddish  oastaneous  ;  hind  head  gray,  mixed  with  yellow,  the  cheeks 
and  throat  bright  yellow ;  breast  of  same  color,  each  feather  marked  down 


Dendroi< 


DENDROICA. 


195 


Dendroica  aestiva. 

Motucilla  cesliva,  Gm.  S.  N.  I,  1788,  996. — Sylvia  astiva,  Lath.  ;  Vibill. 
II,  pi.  95.— Bon.  ;  Aon.  Orn.  Biog.  I,  pi.  35,  93  ;  TUvrr.—Si/lvicula 
ast.  SwAiNK. ;  Bon.  ;  Aud.  B.  A.  II,  pi.  88.  Max.  Cab.  Jour.  1858, 
114. — Rhimamphus  (f.it.  Bon.  ;  Cab.  Jour.  Ill,  472  (Cuba). — Sclater, 
P.  Z.  S.  1857,  202.  —  Z)e#Jt//oita  aat.  Baihd,  BirdH  N.  Am.  1858, 
282.— ScLATBK,  P.  Z.  S.  1859,  3(J3.— Ib.  Catal.  1861,  32.  no.  194 
(Ecuador,  Cayenne,  N.  Grenada). — Taylor,  Ibis,  1864,  81  (Trini- 
dad).—Cooper  &  SucKLKY,  P.  R.  R.  XII,  II,  185.9, 181  (N.  W.  coast). 

Sylvia  carolinensis,  Lath.  Ind.  Orn.  II,  1 790,  651. 

f Sylvia  Jlava,  Vibillot,  II,  1807,  31,  pi.  81. 

Sylvia  citrinella,  Wils.  II,  pi.  xv,  fig.  5. 

Sylvia  childreni,  Aw,  Orn.  Biog.  I,  1831,  pi.  35  (young). 

the  middfe  with  pale  reddish  oastaneous ;  sides  and  middle  of  the  abdomen 
whitish.     Ilab,  Galapagos. 
"Length,  5  inches  ;  wing,  2J ;  tail,  2^3j  ;  tarsus,  |§  ;  bill,  ^\." 

This  species  appears  to  resemble  petechia  in  coloration,  but  to  diflTer  in  fewer 
and  less  distinct  stripes  beneath,  in  the  gray  of  the  head,  and  lightness  of  the 
abdomeu.     There  is  no  mention  made  of  the  proportions  of  the  quills. 

Dendroica  eoa. 

Sylciccla  eoa,  GossE,  Birds  Jamaica,  1847,  158. — Ib.  Illustration  Birds 
Jamaica. 
Hab.  Jamaica  (Crab  Pond,  Jan.  24). 

"Male.  Upper  parts  olive,  approaching  to  yellow  on  the  rump;  sides  of 
bead  marked  with  a  band  of  orange,  extending  from  the  ear  to  the  beak,  and 
meeting  both  on  the  forehead  and  on  the  chin.  Wing  quills  and  coverta 
blackish,  with  yellowish  edges.  Tail  blackish-olive,  with  yellow  edges  ;  the 
ontermost  two  feathers  on  each  side  have  the  greatest  portion  of  the  inner 
webs  pale  yellow.  Under  parts  pale  yellow.  The  crown,  rump,  tertials, 
belly,  and  under  tail  coverts  sparsely  marked  with  undefined  spots  of  pale 
orange." 

"  Femalb.  ^^early  as  in  the  male,  but  the  deep  orange  is  spread  over  the 
whole  cheeks,  c/iin,  throat,  and  breast.  The  head  and  back  are  dusky  gray, 
tinged  with  olive,  and  patched  with  the  fulvous  much  more  largely,  but  irregu- 
larly, as  if  laid  upon  the  darker  hue. 

"Length,  5  inches;  expanse,  7.60;  wing,  2.70;  tail,  1.90;  rictus  nearly  .60; 
tarsus,  .90;  middle  toe,  .50.  Irids  dark  hazel;  feet  horn-color;  beak  pale 
horn;  culmen  and  tip  darker." 

The  preceding  description,  copied  from  Gosse,  relates  to  a  .Jamaica  Warbler, 
unknown,  excepting  from  the  preceding  account,  but  evidently  having  a  close 
relationship  to  the  Golden  Warblers.  It  appears  to  have  the  head  all  round 
orange  (brown  f),  as  also  perhaps  the  rump  and  tertials;  and  to  be  marked 
(streaked  ?)  with  the  same  beneath,  including  the  crissum.  Tlie  inner  webs 
of  the  tail  feathers  are  yellow,  as  in  the  Golden  Warblers. 


..,:.f:- 


196 


BEVIEW  OP  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


.  Wf' 


tSj/lvia  rathbonia,  Add.  Orn.  Biog.  I,  1831    pi.  65. — Sylvicola  r.  Avd, 

B.  A.  II,  pi.  89. 
fMotacilla  rubiginosa,  Pallas,  Zoog.  Roflso-Asiat.  I,  18'jI,  496  (Kodiak). 
Khimamphus  chryseolus,  Bon.   Bull.  Sou.  jjiiin.  Caen,  II,  1851,  32  {li. 

cestiva,  from  South  America  ;  Cayeui  j). 
Other  Localities:    Xalapa,  Scla"5R,  P.  Z.  S.  1859,363. —  Guatemala, 

ScLATEK  &  SaiAIN,  IbkS,  1859,  11. — PuHuma,  winter,  Lawr.  Ann. 

N.   V.  Lyo.  1861,  322.— Turbo,  N.         nada,  Cass.  Pr.  A.  N.  Sc. 

1860,  191.— Bo</o<a,  Sclateb,  Pr.  18.      ^AZ.—  Citi/  of  Mexico,  h. 

1864,172.  .       , 

ITah.  Entire  North  America,  into  South  America  as  far  as  Ecuador,  Cayenne, 
and  Trinidad.    Not  recorded  from  West  Indies,  where  replaced  by  allied  species. 

I 

No  North  American  bird  has  a  wider  range  throughout  the  entire 
continent,  or  is  more  abundant  and  familiar,  breeding  apparently  as 
Air  south  as  Mazatlan  if  not  tlirough  Central  America.  Its  range 
into  South  America  is  also  quite  extensive,  reaching  Ecuador  through 
New  Grenada,  and  eastward  as  far  as  Cayenne  and  Trinidad.  1  iiave 
sought  in  vain  for  tangible  characters  to  distinguish  more  than  one 
species,  apparent  discrepancies  in  single  southern  specimens  haviug 
been  matched  by  others  from  the  United  States. 

A  skin  from  Costa  Rica  (30,487)  appears  to  have  more  yellovf 
than  usual  on  the  inside  of  the  quills,  and  a  considerable  amount  of 
red  on  the  head  ;  not  more,  however,  than  in  upper  Missouri  speci- 
mens. Others  exhibit  occasional  differences  from  the  typical  char- 
acter, but  nothing  of  apparent  specific  value.  A  specimen  from 
Guatemala,  probably  female,  is  much  smaller  than  any  other  iu  the 
collection,  measuring  only  4.00;  wing,  2.25;  tail,  1.85. 

If  there  is  any  feature  apparently  belonging  more  ti  sou'ihern 
than  northern  skins  it  is  a  greater  paleness  of  bill,  and  a  tendency 
to  a  narrow  line  of  dusky  along  the  outer  side  of  shaft  of  outer  tnil 
feather,  reaching  to  its  base,  instead  of  only  about  half  way.  Evea 
this,  however,  is  not  constant,  and  may  be  more  a  condition  of  winter 
plumage  than  anything  else. 

I  have  not  noticed  in  young  birds  the  peculiar  whiteness  of  the 
tnroat  and  ash  of  the  sides  of  head  and  nape,  seen  in  D.  petechia. 

Specimens  (about  200  in  all)  are  in  the  collection  from  nearly  all 
regions  of  North  America,  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific,  and 
north  to  the  Arctic  Ocean  ;  from  Forts  Yukon,  Good  Hope,  Ander- 
son, Simpson,  Rae  (where  very  abundant).  Resolution;  Moose 
Factory,  etc.     (None  from  Cape  St.  Lucas  ?)  •  also — 


Smith-  C»ll<"<' 

h.iiiiaii,  tor's 

Nu.       No. 


.1.>,l>18 

•2A-, 

.•12,712 

20,lti7 

21,3.56 

121 

■.]t\,m 

2.)!t 

:n,m 

3.hW 

m.m 

'2iii 

■M,m 

.•1IM87 

VM) 

M,m 

17,8!I7 

^iO 

17,S9S 

32l» 

30,601 

" 

*  • 

Dendroit 

fMulu 
<■< 
a 
L 

if  Mot 

CI 

Sylviii 
1 


Dend, 
Hah.  Cubi 


Wings  roui 
very  little  sli' 
ht  ami  2d  t 
characters.) 

{%•)   Upp 
shaft  of  the  i 
yellowish  to  ( 
pouions  of  tl 
bird  having 
yellow ;  the 
brown ;  the  c 
back,  which 
in  peterhin ;  i 
into  gray ;  th 
sharply,  with 
from  above, 
margined  ext^ 
defined  yellow 
on  the  outer  I 
others  by  a  gi 
inner  margin 
apparently  gr 

A  female  bi 


mB 


w 


PEXPROTCA. 


li)( 


Smith-  Cnllec-  Sex 
Xo,    ,   No.    [AKe. 


Locality. 


When 
Collected. 


Received  from 


.1.5,016 
.•12,712 
'i\SM 

;iii,sS7 

.•il,6SS 
.■!i>,668 
::il,5.W 
.•M,4S7 
.•H,(il« 
17,8.17 
17,898 

30,601 


a*,'! 

Juv. 

20,167 

V 

i      121 

cf 

1      2ii9 

1  3,100 

, , 

203 

, , 

V 

i30 

•• 

310 

* 

329 

d- 

#• 

•• 

Mazittlan. 
Mexico. 
Cdliiiia,  Mex. 
DueflaN,  Giiat. 

Tctaleuleu,  Guat. 
La  Libertad,  S  S. 
Saa  Jose,  C.  K. 

Turbo,  N.  0. 

It 

Panama. 
Trinidad. 


Feb.  1803. 


Sept. 
Sept. 
Sept. 


1 8.19. 
1S62. 
13,  '63. 


A.  J.  Grayson. 
Verreaux. 
J.  Xautus. 
0.  Salvia. 


Capt.  J.  M.  Dow. 
Ui'.  FraiitziuK. 
J.  Cariiiiol. 
Lt.  Micliler. 
It 

Fred.  HIckB. 
M.  Galodv. 
Cab.  A.  &'E.  New- 
[ton. 


Collected  by 


J.  XanluH. 


Salvin  k  Godm 
f'Kpt.  J.  M.  Dow. 


A.  Schott. 


Deudioica  gundlachl. 

fMotucilla  albicollis,  Gmelin,  Syst.  Nat.  I,  1788,  983  {Ficedula  domini- 
ceiisis,  Bhisson  III,  494,  tab.  26,  fig.  5,  St.  Domingo). — Dendroica 
albicollis,  CA88I.V,  Pr.  A.  N.  Sc.  1860,  192. — Lawrence,  Ann.  N.  Y. 
Lye.  1860,  18  (Cuba).— Gcndlach,  Cab.  Jour.  1861,  326  (Cuba^. 

f  fMotucilla  chloroleuca,  Gmelin,  Syst.  Nat.  T,  1768, 984  (Ficeduta  doviini- 
censis  minor,  Brisson,  III,  496,  tab.  xxvi,  fig.  2,  St.  Domingo). 

Sylvid  <E.s7/r«,  Lembeye,  Aves  Cuba,  1850,  31,  not  the  figure. — lihiman- 
jihus  oestivus,  Cabanis,  Jour.  1855,  472  (Cuba). 

Dendrotca  uundlachi,  HMRTi.       .       -    .   ,      ,,  , n 

"V  ■    !•''    '':■  ''     ■'■■■  '  ''.'■    ■'•'-•»  ,; 

Hab.  Cuba. 

Wings  rounded,  rather  short ;  the  2d  quill  longest ;  3d  and  4th  snccessively 
very  little  shorter;  1st  intermediate  between  4th  and  5th  :  difference  between 
Ist  and  2d  quill  .07.  (The  five  specimens  before  me  all  arr-'ie  in  these 
characters.) 

{%.)  Upper  parts  dark  yellowish-green,  scarcely  brighter  on  the  rump,  the 
sUaft  of  the  feathers  perhaps  more  dusky.  Top  of  the  head  more  and  more 
yellowish  to  the  bill,  especially  towards  the  bases  of  the  feathers  ;  the  central 
poKJons  of  the  feathers  tinged  with  reddish  (Mr.  Lawrence  speaks  of  a  male 
bird  having  the  whole  crown  of  a  deep  orange  color).  Under  parts  bright 
yellow;  the  jugulum  and  sides  streaked  with  reddish.  Wing  feathers  dark 
brown;  the  quills  and  coverts  edged  externally  with  the  dull  olive  of  the 
back,  which  scarcely  becomes  more  yellow  on  the  margin  of  the  coverts,  as 
\npflechin;  the  marginal  color  of  the  primaries  towards  their  ends  passing 
into  gray ;  the  alula  uniform  brown  ;  the  quills  margined  internally,  but  not 
sharply,  with  yellowish,  which  is  almost  a  dull  white  towards  the  ends  viewed 
from  above.  Tl»e  upper  surfaces  of  the  tail  feathers  are  dark  greenish-brown, 
margined  externally  like  the  rump;  the  outer  four  feathers  have  rather  illy 
defined  yellow  patches  on  their  inner  webs  towards  the  end,  wliich,  however, 
on  the  outer  feather  does  not  quite  reach  the  shaft,  and  is  separated  on  the 
others  by  a  greater  and  greater  interval  of  the  ground  color ;  the  5th  has  the 
inner  margin  alone  yellow.  The  bill  is  plumbeous,  with  pale  edges  ;  the  feet 
apparently  greenish. 

A  female  bird  is  quite  similar,  but  with  the  yellow  patches  on  the  tail  still 


r  -■ 


198 


REVIEW  OP  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[I'AUT  I. 


I    ■ 


1  '■ 

.m- 

H 

f: 

^r 

,r^£jD|ji« 

v-;" 

if: 

■>•  1     , 

1^ 

.'l',     '  ' 

mok-e  reatrlotwd.  A  young  bird  with  much  woru  plum<;ge  belonging  to  i)r. 
Ouudlaoh'a  coilection,  tl  u  saniu  as  that  rul'errud  to  by  Mr.  Lawronue,  ia  ashy 
above,  with  patches  of  olive-green ;  the  undor  parts  croamy  white,  strongly 
tinged  with  yellow  across  the  breast  and  on  orisbum.  The  yellow  pntchM 
of  tail  feathers  much  restricted.  A  young  male  (34,504),  farther  advance ;, 
has  the  adult  plumage,  with  only  a  few  palchea  of  light  ashy  on  tho  nape  and 
aides  of  neck,  and  some  whitish  spots  on  the  chin 

Length  of  34,504,  ^,4.90;  wing,  2.50;  Uil,  2.20;  tiursus,  .88;  bill  from 
nostril,  .32. 

For  the  opportunity  of  examining  specimens  of  this  species  I  am 
indebted  to  Dr.  J.  Gundlach,  who  has  transmitted  five  specinien.s  of 
different  ages  and  sexes.  None  of  these,  however,  appear  to  be  in 
highest  spring  plumage,  for  which  reason  the  comparison  with  tho 
allied  species  cannot  be  made  entirely  satisfactory,  and  the  differ- 
ences in  coloration  may  not  be  really  quite  as  great  as  they  now 
appear.  The  difference  in  the  structure  of  the  wing  would,  however, 
alone  be  sufficient  to  separate  this  species  from  petechia.  The  tips 
of  the  outer  four  quills  are  closer  together  ;  the  1st  quill  not  .10  less 
than  the  2d ;  the  2d  longest ;  the  3d  and  4th  successively  very  little 
shorter ;  the  1st  longer,  however,  than  the  5th.  In  petechia  the  1st 
quill  is  .20  shorter  than  the  3d  (which  is  longest)  ;  the  4th  is  nearly 
as  long,  ana  decidedly  exceeding  the  2d ;  the  1st  shorter  than  the 
5th,  or  about  t  qual  to  the  6th. 

•  None  of  the  Cuban  specimens  before  me  show  the  red  vertex  of 
the  full  plumaged  petevuia  of  Jamaica ;  the  feathers  being  tinged 
centrally  like  immature  males  of  the  latter  species ;  but,  from  Mr. 
Lawrence's  statement,  the  reddish  crown  belongs  equally  to  both 
species.  The  differences  in  wings  and  tail,  however,  exist  throughout 
the  entire  series  of  the  species.  The  colors  above  are  much  brighter 
and  more  yellowish  in  petechia;  the  wing  coverts  are  broadly  edged 
with  yellowish-green,  like  the  back,  which  color  on  the  edges,  and 
still  more  on  the  ends  of  the  greater  and  middle  coverts,  passes  into 
almost  decided  yellow ;  the  edge  of  the  alula  and  of  the  wing  are 
bright  golden  yellow ;  all  the  qui!is  are  edged  conspicuously  and 
uniformly  on  the  outside  like  the  back,  and  inside  abruptly  with 
yellow.  In  albicollis  the  edging  of  the  wing  feathers  is  much  duller 
and  more  uniform,  without  the  bright  yellow  of  the  coverts  and  alula. 
The  outer  edges  of  the  primaries  are  more  inclined  to  gray ;  the 
yellow  of  the  inner  edges  of  the  quill;?  paler,  and  less  abrupt.  The 
yellow  of  the  inner  webs  of  the  tail  feathers  in  albicollis  is  more 
contracted ;  does  not  come  up  so  sharply  to  the  shaft,  but  is  usually 
separated  from  it,  and  the  5th  feather  has  only  the  inner  margin 
yellow,  instead  of  being  of  this  color  nearly  to  the  shaft.     As  already 


Smi'h- 

Coll«c- 

t'llllllD 

tor's 

•No. 

No. 

s\,m 

.. 

:u,.-.'i;i 

nm 

,  , 

34.J0J 

•• 

DENDROICA. 


19V 


remarked,  however,  tliese  dilTfrpnces  in  coloralu)n  may  be  less  appa- 
rent with  more  perfect  specimens. 

Tlic  upper  parts  arc  iiiueli  darker  and  more  olivaceous  tiian  in 
adiva;  the  top  and  side  of  lue  head  lack  the  bright  yellow.  The 
tibiiB  are  grayish -olive,  not  bright  yellow;  the  yellow  of  the  wing 
coverts  is  war.ting,  and  the  yelbw  edging  of  the  quills  internally 
much  less.  In  o^ativa  the  yellow  of  the  tail  is  more  extended — the 
outer  feather  being  entirely  of  this  color,  excepting  a  streak  in  the 
piid  of  the  outer  web ;  and  even  in  the  fifth  tail  feather  the  entiro 
inner  web  is  yellow,  except  at  the  extreme  tip.  The  wing  is  much 
more  pointed  in  vediva ;  the  1st  nuill  being  generally  longest,  and 
considerably  exceeding  the  4th,  instead  of  being  less. 

The  determination  of  the  speoilic  name  of  this  species  has  been  a 
matter  of  considerable  perplexit}.  1  am  by  no  means  satisfied  that 
the  St.  Domingan  and  the  Cuban  birds  are  the  same  ;  and  even  if 
identical,  the  name  albicollis  is  a  misnomer,  liable  to  cause  a  very 
erroneous  impressi.)n,  as  the  throat  is  golden-yellow,  except  in  the 
very  young  bird,  when  alone  it  is  dirty  whitish.  1  have,  therefore, 
thought  best  to  impose  a  new  name,  borrowing  it  from  the  eminent 
naturalist  who  has  given  to  us  a  knowledge  of  the  Ornithology  of 
Cuha  scarcely  less  perfect  than  that  of  the  eastern  United  States. 

The  name  of  rhloroleuva,  Ginelin,  which  may  refer  to  the  same 
species,  unless  there  be  two  with  rufous  crown  in  St.  Domingo,  is 
equally  objectionable  with  albicollis. 


Smi'h- 

Col  Inc. 

Spx 

ti)r'.s 
No. 

and 

Awe. 

MM) 

,  . 

LocaUty. 


Cuba. 


When 
Collected. 


Received  from 


April,  18U4. 


l)r.  J.  Oundlucli. 


Collected  by 


Deudroica  petechia. 

Motacilla  petechia,  Linn.  S.  N.  I,  1766,  334  (based  on  Avicula  Intea 
verlice  rubra,  Edwarps,  V,  99,  tab,  2.56,  fig.  2,  erroneously  quoted 
as  from  Feiuia.). — Dendroica  petechia,  Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1861,  71. — 
Ib.  Catal.  1861,  32,  no.  195.— March,  Pr.  An.  So.  1863,  292  (Ja- 
maica ;  nesting). 

Sylficula  tentivu,  Gossk,  Birds  Jam.  1847,  157. 

Hab,  Jamaica. 

(No.  22,153,  ^  .)  Above  yellowish-green,  rather  brighter  on  the  rump  ;  the 
lop  of  the  head  from  bill,  brownish-orange,  with  the  biises  of  the  feathers  yel- 
low (in  some  sjwcimeus  their  tips  not  unfretiuently  like  the  back,  thus  couieal- 


*' 


200 


KEVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS, 


[part  1. 


W 


m 

'\ 

p. 

""- 

.  1^ 

ing  the  orancre).  Under  partH,  including  tibra,  InieH,  and  cheeks  b«'low  tlie  e^e, 
bright  goldon-yellow,  the  jugjluni,  breast,  and  t  ides  streaked  with  brownisth- 
nrange;  crissum  plain.  Wing  'eathers  dark  biown,  btoadly  tnnrgined  ux- 
ternally  witli  the  culor  of  the  back,  of  nearly  tho  same  tint  on  the  edges  of 
the  primaries,  \  ut  considerably  more  yellowish  towards  the  edges  of  the  greater 
and  middle  ooverta  and  seooTidaries.  All  'he  qu'lls  euged  internally  (and  the 
alula  externally)  and  sharply  with  snlphar-yellow,  like  thu  lining  of  the 
wings,  but  not  reaching  the  shaft  of  thi  feather — being  cut  oiT  even  at  the 
base  of  the  feather  by  a  very  narrow  portion  of  the  ground  color.  Tail  feathers 
dark  greenish-brown,  becoming  darker  centrally,  the  outer  edges  like  the 
back ;  the  shafts  black  above,  white  beneath,  the  inner  webs  (except  in  the 
two  central)  bright  yellow,  except  at  the  tips — the  yellow  not  quite  reacliing 
the  shaft  on  the  fourth  feather,  and  extending  only  half  way  to  it  on  the  fiftii. 
In  specimens  of  let '  perfect  plumage  the  shafts  of  all  the  feathers  are  margined 
internally  with  the  color  of  the  outer  webs,  this  widening  on  the  mo.e  anteriur 
feather. 

The  female  (and  perhaps  autumnal  male)  differs  in  a  more  restricted  amount 
or  entire  deficiency  of  the  brownish-orange  ol  the  crown,  and  the  more  obsolete 
stripes  beneath,  as  well  as  to  some  extent  in  the  markings  of  the  tail  as  above 
described.  Young  birds  have  the  throat  and  chin  creamy  white,  the  nuchal 
region  and  the  sides  of  head  and  neck  strongly  tinged  with  light  ash.  The 
other  characters  appear  much  as  described. 

The  wings  in  this  bird  are  rather  short,  and  much  rounded  ;  the  3d  quill  is 
longest ;  the  4th  a  little  shorter  than  the  2d  ;  the  Ist  is  intermediate  between 
the  5th  and  6th,  very  rarely  equal  to,  still  less  frequently  a  little  longer  than 
the  5th,  perhaps  never  exceeding  the  4th.  In  eight  specimens  the  succesiiion 
of  length  of  the  quills  is  expressed  by  the  formula  3.  4.  2.  5. 1.  6  ;  in  two, 
•S.  4.  2.  1.  5.  6.     The  tail  is  considerably  rounded. 

Total  length,  4.90;  wing,  2.(j2 ;  tail,  2.30,  its  graduation  .15;  difference 
between  1st  and  3d  primaries,  .22 ;  bill  from  forehead,  .50,  from  nostril,  .32, 
along  gape,  .(iO  ;  tarsus,  .80. 

This  species,  though  very  similar  in  external  appearance  tc  D. 
eestUm,  may  be  readily  distinguished  on  comparison.  It  is  a  rather 
larger  bird,  with  much  (disproportionately)  broader  quills  and  tail 
feathers.  Thus  the  greatest  width  of  the  outer  primary  is  .31,  in- 
stead of  .25  to  .27.  A  diflference  in  the  proportion  of  the  quills  is 
constant.  As  stated,  the  3d  quill  is  generally  longest  in  petechia; 
the  1st  generally  shorter  than  the  5th,  always  shorter  than  the  4tli. 
In  eestiva  the  wing  is  much  more  pointed ;  the  1st  quill  is  about 
equal  to  the  2d  and  3d,  rarely  a  little  shorter  ;  more  frequently  longer, 
and  .25  or  more  longer  than  the  5th,  instead  of  being  less  ;  and  very 
nearly  equal  to  the  3d,  not  .20  shorter. 

The  diflFerences  in  coloration  consist  in  the  more  greenish  tinge  of 
the  upper  parts  in  petechia  ;  the  edges  of  the  quills  greenish-yellow, 
especially  the  outer  primaries,  not  almost  pure  yellow.  The  yellow 
of  the  inner  webs  of  the  tail  feather,  in  very  perfect  specimens,  ouly 


Sniith- 

Con* 

doiiiaa 

tor' 

No. 

No 

2.i.:iU 

62 

2.1..tl.') 

62 

24..1.U 

lOfl 

28,.sn8 

38 

2ti.S09 

2:tS 

24.;«.1 

202 

24,;«2 

•• 

DfiNDP.OICA. 


2C1 


ronclip.s  the  sliaft  on  the  outer  three  feathers  alone,  and  in  fact  o\  pn 
licre  tlio  upper  surface  shows  a  slight  suffusion  of  the  color  of  the 
^liiift  uloiig  its  inner  edge.  The  isolation  on  the  fourth  feather,  how- 
ever, amounts  to  two  or  three  hund'jdths  of  an  neh,  and  on  the 
lifih  to  half  the  web.  In  most  specimens,  howo\  er,  there  is  more 
or  less  hrown  along  the  inside  of  all  the  shafts.  In  high  plumaged 
males  of  Bpstiva  the  yellow  reaches  the  shaft  in  the  outer  five  feathers, 
the  fifth  exhibiting  a  slight  suffusion  only  in  its  terminal  half;  some- 
times, however,  this  suffusion  is  seen  on  the  fourth.  There  is  con- 
Hidurably  less  yellow  on  the  inner  edges  of  the  quills  than  in  antiva 
ill  wliich  the  yellow  reaches  the  shaft  near  the  base. 

The  orange-brown  tinge  to  the  whole  top  of  the  head  is  an  im- 
portant character  of  petechia,  even  though  sometimes  wanting  or 
oKscured.  Not  unfrequently,  however,  traces  of  the  same  are  seen  in 
seatica;  and  one  specimen  (4,300,  Louisiana)  has  as  much  reddish 
in  the  crown  as  many  males  of  petechia. 

I  liave  not  noticed,  in  petechia,  the  obscure  brownish  streaks  seen 
on  the  backs  of  high  plumaged  specimens  of  sestica ;  and  the  .*ump 
is  more  uniformly  greenish-olive,  instead  of  having  the  feathers 
much  edged  with  yellow. 


Smith- 

Collec- 

Sex 

When 
Collected. 

sonian 
No. 

tor'* 
No. 

aDd 
Age. 

LocaUty. 

Received  from 

Collected  l)y 

2.1.314 

62 

f 

Savannah  le  Miir. 

Auk.  2,  '.IS. 

1*.  L.  Sclater. 

W.  O-burii. 

n-Mr, 

62 

Portland. Jam. [.lam. 

April,  18.-)n. 

" 

" 

24..r.4 

198 

cT 

Spaaishtown,  Jam. 

Au(f.  28,  -ei. 

W.  T.  March. 

2n,sna 

■AS 

rf 

•* 

Aug.  1862. 

44 

2il,809 

2.S8 

V 

II 

i* 

24,1").'? 

202 

rf 

Aug.  28,  61. 

•  4 

24,352 

Jut 

[9 

II 

It 

fpt' 


'.i: 


Dendroica 

fAfotaciUa  ruficapilln,  Qmelik,  S.  N.  I,  1788,  971  (based  on  Ficedula 
martinicana,  Brisson,  III,  490,  pi.  xxii,  fig.  4,  Martinique). 

fChloris  erithackorides,  FEUiLLfe,  Jour.  Obs.  Pliys.  Ill,  413. 

9Demlroica  astiva,  Newton,  Ibis,  I,  1859,  143  (St.  Croix). 

f  Dendroica  petechia,  Cassin,  Pr.  A.  N.  Sc.  1860,  192,  376  (St.  Thomas). 
—? Sylvia  petechia,  Vieill.  Oia.  Am.  Sept.  II,  1807,  32,  pi.  91  ("U. 
States") 

I  have  little  doubt  that  the  Golden  Warblers  of  St.  Croix  and  St. 
Thomas  are  specifically  different  from  those  inhabiting  Janmica 
and  Cuba  respectively,  and  would  not  be  much  surprised  to  lind 
that  each  of  the  first-mentioned  islands,  as  well  as  others  of  the 
West  Indian  group,  possessi  d  a  Golden  Warbler  peculiar  to  itself. 


If 


ft 


202 


RFA'IEW  OP  AMERICAN  DIROS. 


[part  I. 


.  • '    . iS 


I  . 


,m 


..,-^... 


fe-tr 


4 


I  liiive  before  me  a  St.  Croix  Hkin  kindly  lent  by  Mr.  Newton, 
and  one  from  St.  ThorruiH,  from  Mr.  Lawrence's  collection,  and 
liave  examined  other  {St.  Thomas  specimens  in  the  niuaeum  of  thu 
Pliiladelphia  Academy.  None  of  these,  unfortunately,  are  in  that 
perfection  of  feather  and  coloration  necessary  to  exhibit  their  tnio 
character,  and  I  am  unable  to  indicate  the  ie  features  properly, 
though  believing  them  to  be  dilfercnt  from  petechia. 

The  St.  Croix  bird,  which  resembles  petechia  in  the  yellow  edges 
to  the  wing  coverts,  is  nmaller,  with  consideraMy  shorter  wiii},'s 
proportionally  (2.40,  instead  of  2.rt5) ;  the  wing  formula  is  (|uitu 
diffcrtnt,  being  3.  2.  1.  4.  5.  6,  instead  of  3.  4.  2.  5.  1.  6  — the  1st 
quill  being  thus  longer  than  the  4lh  and  5th,  the  2d  next  to  the 
longest,  instead  of  the  1st  being  shorter  than  the  4th  and  5th,  and 
the  4th  second  in  length.  T'm,  St.  Thomas  specimens  have  much 
the  same  wing  formulu  —3.  2.  4.  1.  5.  G  in  most ;  in  two,  3.  4.  2.  1.  5.  C ; 
they  are  rather  larger,  however,  with  more  yellow  on  the  tail. 

A  specimen,  in  poor  condition,  obtained  in  Barbadoes  by  Mr. 
Gill,  and  preser, ed  in  alcohol  (No.  33,7fi6),  although  apparently  an 
adult  male,  Is  of  very  sumll  size:  length,  4.30;  wing,  2.25;  tail, 
!J  00  ;  and  has  as  the  wing  formula,  3.  4.  5.  2.  1.  The  tail  has  almost 
•he  same  amount  of  yellow  as  in  D.  aestiva,  and  much  more  than  in 
uny  of  its  red-capped  allies,  viz.,  the  entire  inner  webs  of  five  ex- 
i;erio»*  feathers,  with  exception  of  a  terminal  streak.  On  the  outei- 
web  of  the  exterior  feather  the  basal  yellow  does  not  extend  quite 
as  far  up  as  in  sestiva.  The  entire  top  oi  head  is  of  a  deep  chestuiit- 
brown.  This  bird,  therefore,  may  be  a  different  species  again  from 
those  just  referred  to.  The  specimen  exhibits  the  unusual  anomaly 
of  having  seven  tail  feathers  on  one  side,  and  six  on  the  other. 

The  solution  of  all  the  questions  connected  with  this  subject  will 
depend  upon  full  series  of  specimens  in  perfect  spring  plumage,  from 
all  the  different  West  India  Islands.  It  is,  however,  quite  evident 
that,  while  D  petechia,  of  Jamaica,  and  D.  gundlachi  are  distinct 
species,  there  is  at  least  one,  and  perhaps  several  additional  species 
in  the  West  India  Islands  more  to  the  eastward,  perhaps  one  for 
each  group  of  islands. 

Note. — As  the  present  pages  are  passing  through  the  press  the 
Institution  has  received  a  series  of  Golden  Warblers  from  St. 
Thomas,  collected  by  Mr.  Swift,  which,  unfortunately,  being  in 
winter  plumage,  do  not  furnish  the  means  of  making  a  final  com- 
parison, though  substantiating  what  has  already  been  said  in  regard 
to  the  character  of  the  wings. 


Kihllli-T-ill. 
iHiuluu;  lor' 


3«,»«3 


m 


D£NDH0U:A. 


£03 


(Smllb-  Collec- 

iviiiiuu    lor'e 

N...    I   No. 


8«x 
null 


Lucallly. 


bt.  TliuiuuH, 


When 
rollecii'd. 


Wliitsr. 


Rxoolvvd  from 


liubtrt  Mwll't. 


C  iUti  i\  ly 


D«>n(Iroica  Tielllotl. 

Dvndroicn  vifilloti,  Cahhin,  Pr.  A.  N.  Sc.  May,  18(50,  192  (I'aiianm; 
Cartlingena). — Sii.atkk,  Catiil.  iHiJl,  32,  no.  lytJ  (N'«w  (ttenadit 
aucl  Mexico).— ?SAtvis,  MSS.  (Oiilf  of  Mcoya). 

Denilruivd  erilliiichiiriden,  liAiUD,  Hirds  N.  Am.  iHr)"*,  '2S,T  (not  of  FmriLLr.). 

fli'iimcinphus  rujice/is,  Caiiams,  Jour.  Orn.  for  Sept.  IMIO,  32lj  (published 
Jan.  18()1  ;  see  cover)  (Cotita  Riua). 

Hall.  Mexico  to  New  Grenada. 

(No.  10,211.)  Above  olive-green,  rather  brighter  on  the  rnmp ;  beneath, 
including  lining  of  wingn,  bright  golden  yellow.  Kntire  head  all  round,  with 
broad  streaks  on  the  breast  and  sides,  orange-brown.  Wings  nearly  black,  tlio 
larger  coverts,  flrst  primary,  alula,  and  inner  secondaries  broadly  edged  with 
greenish-yellow;  the  other  quills  witli  olivaceous  like  the  back;  the  insided 
of  the  quills  broadly  and  sharply  margined  olditjuely  with  yellow,  which 
reaches  the  shaft  on  the  inner  secondaries,  and  in  all  the  qnills  exce])t  the 
long  primaries,  is  continued  entirely  around  so  as  to  join  the  exterior  margin- 
ing. Exposed  surface  of  the  tail  feathers  (including  their  outer  webs)  dark 
greenish-brown,  edged  exti)rnalty  with  tlie  color  of  the  ba<!k,  the  outer  feather 
alone  having  the  outer  web  yellow,  with  a  dark  shaft  .streak  from  near  the 
base.  The  inner  webs  of  the  1st,  2d,  and  3d  feathers  entirely  yellow,  except 
at  the  end  ;  the  4th  and  5th  with  more  and  more  dnsky  along  the  shaft ;  the 
6th  with  narrow  margin  ">nly  of  yellow.      Bill  dark  born  color.     Legs  pale. 

The  colors  of  the  female  are  much  duller  ;  the  head  only  tinged  with  brown, 
especially  along  the  centres  of  the  feathers,  and  the  streaks  on  the  body  be- 
neath, indistinct.  The  inner  webs  of  the  tail  feathers  show  much  more  browu 
on  tlieni. 

The  wings,  in  this  species,  are  broad  and  rounded,  as  in  petechia.  The  3d 
qnill  is  longest;  the  4th  and  then  the  2d  a  little  shorter;  the  1st  about  inter- 
mediate between  the  2d  and  5th,  not  shorter  than  the  5th.  The  tail  is  con- 
siilerably  rounded.  In  Ave  specimens  the  formula  is  3.  4.  2.  1.5.^;  in  one, 
3.  2.  4. 1.  5.  (5.     The  dilTerenoe  between  the  1st  and  3d  quills  is  about  .19. 

Total  length,  5.00;  wing,  2.75;  tail,  2.30;  width  of  outer  feather,  .35; 
difference  between  Ist  and  3d  quills,  .13;  length  of  bill  alorg  culmen,  .51', 
from  nostril,  .35,  along  gape,  .63 ;  tarsus,  .81 ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .62 ;  hind 
toe  and  claw,  .50. 

This  species,  in  the  broad  rounded  wings,  short  first  primary,  and 
wide  quill-  and  tail  feathers  agrees  '.'ith  petechia  inncli  more  than 
with  sestiva,  although  it  is  even  larger,  and  the  'vings  proportionally 
longer  (including  1st  quill)  than  jjetevhia.     The  1st  quill,  too,  is 


:  ,-'i-':U- 


I' 


W" 

1 
• 

m 

1 

j 

' 
\ 

h 

i 

K^^ 

i 

^ 


-l.^ 

.. 

}  • 

si-  V  ' ■ 

i  -- 

904 


nEVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  Timns. 


[part  I. 


loiifrer  tliiin  Iho  6th,  not  shorter.  Tlio  quills  arc  moro  hroadly 
iiuiixiiiol  than  in  that  Hpocios,  am]  ull  thu  colors  more  brilliunt.  Tliu 
entirely  red  head  will  readily  distinguish  it  however.  The  roddi.sli 
Htreaks  in  the  feathers  of  the  chin,  and  a  tinge  of  thu  same  in  tliu 
lures,  will  iistinguish  thu  female  bird  from  all  others. 

The  preceding  remarks  were  based  upon  thu  types  of  D.  vieilloti 
(all  from  Lt.  Miehler's  collection),  as  descrilitd  by  Mr.  Cassin. 
Since  then  I  have  had  the  opportunity  of  exumining  specimens  from 
other  localities.  A  series  from  Mazatlan  exhibits  some  dilferenei's, 
but  the  spitcimens  are  all  moulting,  and  it  is  imposHibIc  to  deterniinu 
th«'ir  true  characters.  It  is,  however,  (piite  in  accordance  with  tlic 
general  rule  in  the  distribution  of  American  l)irds,  that  a  species 
inhabiting  thu  main  land  of  South  America  should  be  replaced 
farther  north,  especially  so  far  as  Mazuthin,  by  a  second,  closely 
allied  to  it.  To  which  form,  if  there  be  two,  the  ruJhriiH  of  Cabaiiis 
belongs,  it  is  diflicult  to  say,  as  his  description  refers  ecjually  to 
Bpecimens  before  him  from  Carthngena,  Costa  llica,  and  Mexico; 
most  probably,  however,  to  the  former,  and  as  such  true  synonyms 
of  D.  vieilloti. 


Bmlth- 

Col  lec- 

Spx 

WhPii 
CoUuclucl. 

•  inlan 
No. 

tor'* 
No. 

nnd 

Aire. 

Locality. 

Uecelved  from 

CoUpcted  liy 

10,212 

n 

Carctiagpon,  N.  G. 

U.  Michler. 

A.  Soliott. 

10.211 

6 

d 

" 

. . . 

*» 

" 

I7,n(v> 

6 

VJ 

It 

■ . . 

n 

II 

17,809 

■U 

cf 

It 

.  • . 

tl 

II 

21.707 

, , 

JllV. 

New  OrPHHila. 

Jr. 
Cub   Dr.  8.  Ca  lot, 

II 

, , 

CKiicnn,  Yiirutan. 

1842. 

3.1,017 

2S0 

rf 

Mazatluii,  Mex. 

Aug.  1864. 

A.  J.  Gray  HOD. 

.SJ.OIS 

281 

Juv.  cf 

It 

44 

" 

30,019 

282 

? 

(4 

tl 

11 

(10,211.)  Type.     (3.1,017.)  0. ;  7.80. 

Dendroica  riiflgiila. 

Dendroira  rufigula,  Baird. 

Si/lvia  rujicapilla,  "Lath.,"  VieiMi,   Nouv.   Diet.  XI,  1817,  228.— Ib. 

Encycl.  M6th.  II,  1823,  442  (not  of  p.  440)  ("Martinique").— In. 

Galerie  Ois.  I,  268,  pi.  164.   (Not  rujicapilla  of  Gmeux  and  Latuam.) 

Hub.  f  West  Indies  ;  ?  Martinique. 

Similar  to  D,  vieilloti,  but  smaller;  the  rufous  of  entire  head  extending 
dowu  the  neck  to  juguhim.     Wing  formula,  3.  4.  2.  1.  .•).  6. 

Length,  4.50  ;  wing,  2.25  ;  tail,  2.00  ;  tarsus,  .72;  middle  toe  wid^law,  .52; 
hind  toe  and  claw,  ,45  ;  bill  from  nostril,  .37. 

I  have  already  adverted  to  the  possibilitj-^  that  the  Brown-headed 
Golden  Warblers  of  Mexico  and  Central  America  may  be  diffcrcut 


\,' 


DKNDItUlCA. 


206 


from  typlcftl  vieilloli,  from  Cartliuj?enft.  In  tlu»  collection  of  the 
lMiilu<l»'i|)liitt  Actt<ifiiiy  I  find  a  single  spocimcn  lal)clli>d  "iS.  rii/im- 
iiilla,"  witliont  indication  of  locality,  which  dillcrs  decidedly  from 
nil  others  I  have  geen  in  being  niiicli  Hnialler,  and  in  having  the 
oruiifre-hrown  of  the  head  and  throat  extending  farther  down  as  a 
l>roii(l  lappet  over  the  neck  to  the  jnguluiti,  instead  of  being  conlint-d 
to  Mie  head  alone.  The  lateral  tail  leather  has  perhaps  less  yellow 
on  its  o'  T  web,  though  the  markings  of  the  tail  and  wings  are 
very  sin  The  size  is  consideraltly  less  ;  the  wings  lialf  an  inch 

shorter ;  t'*  .  'ddle  toe  and  claw  one-tenth  of  an  inch  shorter ;  the 
itill  is  nioiu  slender ;  the  wing  formula  is  the  same.  Of  its  distinction 
from  rieilloti  as  a  species  I  have  little  doubt,  and  can  only  regret 
the  uncertainty  in  regard  to  the  locality.  It  agrees  very  well,  espe- 
cially in  the  greater  e.xtension  of  the  rufous  of  the  throat,  with  ihe 
Sijiria  ruficapilla  of  Vieillot,  as  cited  above,  from  Martinique  ;  and 
it  may  be  really  a  West  Indian  species. 
Specimen  in  collection  of  Philadelphia  Academy 

Deudroica  olivacea. 

Sylvia  olivacen,  Giraud,  Birds  Texas,  1841,  14,  pi.  vii,  fig,  '2. — Sclater, 
P.  Z.  S.  18.').5,  66. — Sylinrola  ulivncea,  Cahhin,  111.  UinU  Twxait,  etc. 
1855,  283,  pi.  xlviii. — Rhimanphits  o'ivaceux,  Sclateii,  1'.  Z.  S.  1850, 
291  (Cordova).— Dendroica  olirnceii,  Sclatbr  P.  Z,  S.  1858,  208 
(Oaxaca;  cold  region). — Denilroicn  oUrucea,  Sclatek,  P.  Z.  S.  1659, 
303  (Jalapa).— In.  Catal.  1801,  31,  no.  190. 

Sijhia  heniala,  DtJiina,  Bull.  Acad.  Brux.  XIV,  1847,  104.— Ib.  Rev.  Z. 
1848,  24b.—Si/loicola  tanioia,  Bo.n.  Consp.  1850,  3u9. 

Tilth.  Mexico  (both  coastH  to  the  aouthward)  ;  Guatemala. 

Htiad  and  neck  all  round,  with  jugulum,  brownish-saffion,  with  a  greenish 
tinge  on  the  nape.  Rest  of  upper  parts  a!<liy.  Middle  and  tips  of  greater 
wing  coverts  white,  forming  two  bands  on  the  wing  ;  a  third  white  patch  at 
the  bases  of  the  primaries  (except  the  two  outer),  and  extending  forwards 
along  the  outer  edges.  Secondaries  edgecl  externally  with  olive  green.  Inner 
web'  o'  quills  conspicuously  edged  with  white.  Under  parts,  except  as  de- 
M;ril»yd,  white,  tinged  with  brownish  on  the  sides ;  a  narrow  frontal  band,  and 
.1  liiiiai'i  s!ripe  from  this  through  eye  and  over  ear  coverts,  black.  Outer  vail 
leatiier  white,  except  at  base  and  towards  tip ;  greater  portion  of  inner  web 
of  next  feather  also  white,  much  more  restricted  on  the  third. 

Length,  4.60 ;  wing,  2.88;  tail,  2.15;  tarsus,  .75. 

A  female  specimen  (14,369),  perhaps  also  in  autumnal  plumage,  has  the 
oaffron  replaced  by  clear  yellowish,  except  on  top  of  head  and  nape,  which 
(ire  olive  green.  The  bla^k  frontal  auf*.  lateral  bands  are  replaced  by  whitish, 
It^aving  only  a  dusky  patch  on  the  e  .rs. 

The  bill  in  this  species  is  quite  peculiarly  slender  and  depressed, 
and  the  culiacn  is  straighter  than  in  any  other  i)t'/i(//'o/ca.     The  nos- 


411 


. » 


r  t-,  •■ 


206 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIUDS. 


[part  I. 


trils,  too,  nre  much  more  linear,  and  the  wings  unusually  long.  In 
these  resj)ects,  as  well  as  in  pattern  of  coloration,  it  forms  a  very 
strongly  marked  section  among  the  JJ'uulroicas,  even  if  not  entitliHl 
to  consideration  as  a  separate  genus.  The  saffron  brown  head,  neck, 
nnd  breast ;  the  narrow  black  forehead,  with  black  stripe  through 
the  eye ;  the  white  belly,  "and  the  two  white  wing  bands  and  white 
patch  at  base  of  primaries,  easily  characterize  it  specifically. 


1 

i 

1 

1 

i  ''     i'  ' 

I  .i 


Sniltli- 

Collec- 

Sex 

KUDIHII 

No. 

tor's 
No. 

Hod 

14,30!) 
l!.l.374 
32,  »ti4 

i 

391 
2.53 

9 

Locality. 


Mexico. 
I'opocateratl. 
Orizaba  (alpine  re);.) 
Chuctiim,  Vera  Vtkz. 


When 
Collected. 


Received  from 


Collect  ?d  by 


Jan.  1862. 


A.  Salle. 
Veireaux 
I'rof.  Suiiiichrast. 
O.  Salvln. 


Salvia  &  God lunn. 


Dendroica  maculosa. 

Molacilla  maculosa,  Gm.  S.  N.  I,  1788,  984. — Sylvia  m.  Latj.  ;  Vieili. 
11,  pi.  93.— Bon.  ;  Nnrr. ;  Aud.  Orn.  Biog.  I,  II,  V,  pi.  60,  123.- 
D'Orb.  Sagra's  Cuba,  Ois.  1840,  72. — Sylvicola  m.  Swainb.  ;  Box. ; 
Ann.  B.  A.  II,  pi.  96. — Rhimanphus  in.  Cab.  Jour.  Ill,  18r)5,  474 
(Cuba). — Dendroicn  m.  Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  284. — Sclater, 
P.  Z.  S.  1859,  363,  373  (Xalapa).— Ib.  Catal.  1861,  32,  no.  197.- 
Brvant,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  VII,  1859  (Bahamas). — Sclater  &  Salvix, 
Ibis,  18r)9, 11  (Guatemala).— Lawrkncb,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.  1861,  322 
(Panama;  winter). — Gondlach,  Cab.  Jour.  1861,  326  (Cuba;  very 
rare). 

Sylvia  magnolia,  Wils.  Ill,  pi.  23,  fig.  3. 

tlah.  Eastern  province  of  North  America  to  Fort  Simpson  ;  eastern  Mexico 
to  Guatemala  and  Pauama ;  Bahamas  ;  Cuba  (very  rare). 

Specimens  from  the  Eastern  United  States  genera  .y  from  the 
Atlantic  to  Missouri  valley  ;  also — 


Smith- 

Hoiiiau 

No. 

21X634 
2.},027 
19,.)in 

.32,711 
22.3«3 
30, 091 


Collec-  Sex 
tiir'H  and 
No.       Age. 


Locality. 


When 
Collected. 


Received  from 


Collected  by 


1.38 

2n,ifi.T 

32,626 

273 


.Maaa&SMiMS 

Fort  Simpson. 
.  Fort  Regolutlon. 
hexleo. 
Coban. 
Cboptum,  Vera  Par 


May  28,  '00. , 

June  12, '60. 

18B0. 


Fob.  1862. 


C.  Drexler. 
J.  MacKenzie. 
B.  R.  Ross. 
R.  Kennicutt. 
Verreaux. 

0   Salvln. 


^■1^ 

HP; 

Wkifi 

^^Ht£ 

PHBj:'.. 

Dendroica  kirtlandii. 

Syhucola  kirtlandii,  Bairp,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.  V,  .Tune,  1852,  217,  pi.  vi 
(Cleveland,  Ohio).— Cassin,  lllust  I.  1855.  278,  pi.  Al.—Denuroii-.i 
kirtlandii,  Baii.u,  Birdj  N.  Am.  1858,  266. 


DENDROICA. 


20t 


Until  recently,  the  only  authenticated  and  known  specimen  of  this 
species  was  liie  type,  ^'o.  4,3G3,  killed  by  Dr.  Kirtland,  near  Cleve- 
land, Ohio,  May,  1851,  and  prepared  by  myself.  I  have,  however, 
lately  found  a  second  skin  in  the  collection  of  Dr.  Samuel  Cabot,  Jr., 
of  Boston,  taken  at  sea  between  the  island  of  Abaco  and  Cuba.  The 
pluniajre  is  not  quite  so  matured  as  in  the  type,  and  lacks  the  dark 
spots  on  the  jngulum ;  it  is,  however,  otherwise  very  similar.  A 
third  specimen  (female)  is  reported  in  the  Ohio  Farmer  for  June  9, 
1860,  as  killed  that  season  near  Cleveland,  and  preserved  by  Mr. 
R.  K.  Winslow,  who  states  that  the  late  Wm.  Case,  of  Cleveland, 
also  killed  a  specimen,  but  did  not  preserve  it.  Dr.  Hoy  also  thinks 
he  has  seen  it  at  Racine.  A  careful  search  in  the  vicinity  of  Cleve- 
land, about  the  middle  of  May,  will  probably  be  rewarded  by  the 
discovery  of  additional  specimens. 


Smith- 

»ouiaa 

Xo. 

CoHpc-    Sex 
tor's     and 
No.     Age. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

4,363 

d 

Olevoland.  Olii, 
Kear  Abaco,  Baha- 
[luas. 

May  13,  '61. 

S.  F.  Baird 
Cab.  S.  Cabot,  Jr. 

J.  P.  Kirtland. 

>♦ 


(4,363.)  Type  of  species. 


Deudroica  carbonata. 

Sjlvia  carbonata,  Add.  Om.  Biog.  I,  1831,  308,  pi.  60  (Kentucky). — 
NuTT. — Helinaia  carbonata,  Acd.  Syn. — In.  B.  A.  II,  1841,  95,  pi. 
109. — Dendr    ca  carbonata,  Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  287. 

This  species  continues  to  be  known  only  by  the  description  and 
figure  of  Audubon. 


Dendroica  palmarum. 

Motacilla  palmarum,  Gmel.  S,  N.  I,  1788,  951  (based  on  Palm  Warbler, 
Latham,  Syn.  II,  p.  498,  no.  131,  St.  Domingo). — Sylvia  p.  Lath.  ; 
ViEiLLOT,  II,  pi.  73.— Bon.  ;  '^'Orb.  Sagra's  Cuba,  Ois.  1840,  61,  pi. 
viiu—Sylvicola  p.  Sall15,  i'.  Z.  S.  1857,  231  (St.  Domingo).— 
Dendroica  p.  Baikd,  Birds  N.  Am,  1858,  288.— Sclater,  Catal.  1861, 
33, no.  109.— Ib.  P.  Z.  S.  1861,  71  (Jamaica;  April).— Bryant,  Pr. 
Bost.  Soc.  VII,  1859  (Babamas).— Oundlach,  Cab.  Jour.  1861,  326 
(Cuba;  very  common). 

Sylvia  petechia,  Wil8.  VI,  pi.  28,  fig.  4.~BoN. ;  Nutt.  ;  Aod.  Orn.  Biog. 
II,  pi.  163, 164.— Sylvicola  petechia,  Swains.  ;  AuD.  B.  A.  11,  pi.  90. 

Sylvicola  nijicnpilla,  Bos. — Rhimanphus  riif.  Cab.  Jjur.  Ill,  1855,  473 
(Cuba;  winter). 

ftiih.  Eastern  province  of  North  America  to  Fort  Simpson  and  HudFon's 
I^ay ;  Bahamas,  Jamaica,  Cuba,  and  St,  Domingo  in  winter.  Not  noted  from 
Mexico,  or  C«ntr*l  America. 


",♦■• 


wmm 


i: 


4 


1    •:    , 

,j 

j,  .:   , 

1 

!  ' 
i   ' 

h:   • 

i  ■: 

f  :  -     ! 

1- 

■,  - 

208 


RKVIEW  OP  AMERICAN  HIUDS. 


[PAKT  I, 


Specimens  from  United  States  goncruUy  from  Atlantic  to  Mibsouri 
valley  ;  also  from — 


Bmlth- 

lo'ilan 

Nu. 

Ci.lloc- 
ti)i''ii 
No. 

Sox 
and 

A({e. 

Locality. 

Whon 
Collected. 

Kecetved  from 

Collecti^l  liy 

28,02s> 
20,028 

22,«42 
11),  .w: 
If), Ml 

m 

720 

atowliickp.  N.  S 
Jiurili  '<(  Moiilii'iil. 
.iX  H<">r)<c,  II    BHy. 

Kort  UcMiiliitliin. 

lSrH». 
ISdl. 

.Iun«  1. 
.Ill III)  20. 
.laii.  27. 
Niiv.  (!.  '«l 
i>ct.  is.vt. 
Due.  14,  0.3. 

W.  (I.  WInton. 

v.   l)l<>Xl<T. 

Mr.  (Iliidiiuin. 

M     U      lioMH. 

U.  Ki'Miiicutt. 
C.  WriKlit. 

N.  H.  BUhop. 

C.  i)rVxlVr. 

2;i,.vji 

2;J,'.24 
34,24!l 

Miiiite  Verde,  Cuba. 
Hayaiiio,            " 
Kiii'i  Audio,        " 
IteinodluR,          " 

Dendroica  pityophila. 

Si/lvicola  pityophila,  Oundlach,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.  Oct.  ISfiS,  160  (Cuba). 
— Rhhnanphtis  pityojihilus,  Gondl.  Cab.  Jour.  1857,240. 

llab.  Cuba  only. 

Above,  inclading  sides  of  head  and  neck,  uniform  plnmboona  gray;  tlw 
forehead,  vortex,  and  loral  rep.ion  olive  green.  Chin  and  fore  neck  liriglit 
yellow,  extending  on  the  middle  of  jugulum,  and  1ior(l«r«!d  by  black  streaks 
towards  lower  part  of  neck,  mopt  conapicuouH  mi  Hides  of  breast.  ]k"ieatli 
dull  white,  the  insides  of  wings  more  ashy,  the  Hanks  sonjt^thing  like  tlie 
back.  Twi.  dull  ashy  wliite  bands  across  the  wini^  coverts  ;  the  (luill-  and 
tail  feathers  edged  with  paler  ash  than  the  ground  color.  Lateral  tail  f(\ither 
with  a  whitish  patch  on  the  inner  web,  running  forward  to  a  point  along  the 
shaft,  including  the  whole  web  at  the  end  ;  second  feather  with  a  more  re- 
stricted patch  of  the  same. 

'  Length,  4.50;  wing,  2.30;  tail,  2.20;   culmeu,  .45;  bill  from  gape,  .55; 
tarsus,  .66. 

This  species  in  general  appearance  somewhat  resembles  D.  nvpcr- 
ciliosa.  The  black  streaks,  however,  of  the  Hides  of  jiipuliini  arc 
not  continued  along  the  flanks ;  the  forehead  and  vertex,  with  lores 
are  olive  green,  not  black  and  ])luinbeous,  and  there  is  no  indicatifni 
whatever  of  the  black  and  white  markings  of  the  side  of  the  iicml. 
There  is  also  some  similarity  to  JJ.  pinun ;  but  the  plumbeous  hack 
and  cheeks  (not  olive  green),  and  the  whitish  under  parts,  except  on 
throat  (not  greenish-yellow),  will  readily  distinguish  them. 


gmith-  ColUc- 
BODlan    or'H 

No.    1    No. 

Sex 
and 

Ak«. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

81,070 

i 

d 

Cuba. 

Dr.  J.  rmudlacli. 

Iltth.  East 
winter  aliMii 
aii  Coliina  on 


DENDROICA. 


209 


Deiidroica  domiiiica. 

Motacilla  duminicn,  L.  Syst.  Nat.  12th  ed.  1766,  334  (Ficediiln  tlomlin'ca 

cinerea,  Bkish.  Ill,  520,  pi.  27,  fig.  3.) — Dendroira  dmninira,  Haikd. 
Motacilla  supercilivsa,  BouDiUHT,  Tableau  PI.  enl.  686,  Jig.  1,  178:5. — 

Dendroica  superciliosa,  Uaikd,  Birds  N.   Am.  18.')8,  289. — S<aATEK, 

P.   Z.   S.   18!J9    363   (Xalapa)  ;    373  (Oaxaoa) ;    1861  (Jamaica); 

1863,  368  (Mexico).— III.  Catal.   1861,  33,  no.  2(H).— Soi-ATBi!  & 
^        Salvin,  Ibis,  1860,  274  (Dueiias,  Ouat.,  Sept.).— Makch,  Pr.  A.  N. 

Bo.  1863,  293  (Jamaica).— Gdmulacu,  Cab.  Jour.  1861,  326  (Cuba ; 

very  common). 
Motnrillajlnvicottis,  Gmbun,  S.  N.  1, 1788, 9.')9.— .<?///(•»«/.  Lath.  ;  Wils. 

II,  pi.  xii,  fig.  6.— ?  ViEiLLOT,  Encycl.  Mali.  II,  1823,  453. 
Motacilla  vensilis,  Gmrlin,  S.  N.  1, 1788,  9(iO. — Sylvia  p.  Lath.  ;  ViKir.L. 

II,  pi.  72  (St.  Domingo).— Bon.  ;  Aud.  Orn.  Biog.  I,  pi.  85  ;  Norr. ; 

D'Orii.  Sagra'H  Cuba,  Ois.  1840,  65.— .S///ciV«/«  pens.  Rich.  ;   Bon.  ; 

/vui).  B.  A.  II,  pi.  79, — GoHHB,  Birds  Jam.  1847,  156  (Jamaica). — 

lihimanphiis  pens.  Cab.  Jour.  Ill,  474  (Cuba). 
Otuku  Localities :    Cordova,  Sclater,  P.  Z.  8.  1856,  291  ;  St.  Domingo, 

Sallio,  p.  Z.  S.  1857,  231 ;  Jamaica,  Gossb,  Birds  Jam.  156. 

- — ,        lltth.  Eastern  province  of  U.  S.,  north  to  Washington  and  Cleveland ;   in 
■P ,    (rinter  abundant  in  Cuba ;  St.  Domingo  and  Jamaica ;  Mexico  (as  far  north 
as  Colima  ou  west  coast)  and  Guatemala.     Resident  in  Jamaica  ? 

Specimens  from  the  West  Int'Ios  exhibit  the  same  variations  in 
the  extent  of  black  on  the  forehead,  and  in  tlie  color  of  the  super- 
ciliary stripe,  as  North  American.  The  portion  of  this  stripe 
luitcrior  to  the  eye  is  sometimes  white,  sonietimos  bright  yellow, 
iiml  sometimes  a  mixture  of  the  two ;  but  I  am  entirely  unable  to 
ijase  a  second  species  upon  such  diversities.  All  I  have  seen  from 
Mexico  and  Guatemala  have  this  stripe  white.  There  is  a  great 
variation  in  the  length  of  the  bills  in  different  specime'^s. 

Tiiere  can  be  no  doubt  that  t'-'«  is  the  MolaciUa  dominica  oi' 
Linnicus. 

This  species,  although  not  belonging  to  either  the  middle  or 
western  provinces  of  North  America,  was  collected  at  Colima  (west 
coast  of  Mexico),  by  Mr.  Xantus.  This  is  an  interesting  fact,  but 
paralleled  by  the  occurrence  at  Manzanillo,  Mex.  (the  seaport  of 
Ci)lima),  of  Larus  atricilla  and  Sterna  anlillaruni  (/rena(a),  two 
species  not  known  farther  north  on  the  Pacific  coast,  although 
occurring  along  the  whole  eastern  coast  of  the  United  States.  A 
i^peciinen,  killed  June  4,  by  Mr.  March,  in  Jamaica,  would  indicate 
that  it  breeds  in  that  island,  as  well  perhaps  as  in  others  of  the 
West  IiidioH. 

14     April.  1866. 


!r  ■■ 


■'h.  ■■-.■■r 


■IS^Wm 


» 


r' 


^ 


IT- 

m 

r* 

«!•: 

1 

i 

210 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


Smith- Icotleo- 

Sex 

When 

H   aiiiii     lor'g 

aud 

Localitj. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

No. 

No. 

Age. 

1,098 

9' 

Washington,  D.  C. 

1842. 

S.  F.  Baird. 

W.  M.  Baird 

3.3M 

Liberty  County,  Ga. 

1846. 

** 

W.  L.  Junes. 

7,700 

Cleveland,  Ohio. 

May,  1849. 

Dr.  Kirtland. 

Dr.  Kirlland, 

10.171) 

Cairo,  111. 

April  29. 

R.  Kennicott. 

li.  Kennicott. 

23,.')27 

rf 

N.  Sophie,  Cuba. 

Jan.  -15,  '61. 

C.  Wright. 

C.  Wright. 

2:{,.'i-'8 

rf 

Monte  Verde,  Cuba. 

Jan.  18,  '61. 

*• 

** 

20,807 

37 

SpanUbtown,  Jam. 

June  4,  '62. 

W.  T.  March. 

W.  T.  March. 

24,, (42 

Q 

** 

Nov.  1861. 

** 

*' 

3.f)88 

74 

O 

Tamanllpas,  Mex. 

Lt.  Cnnrh. 

Lt.  Conch. 

31,824 

2.043 

ff 

Near  Colima,  Mex. 

Sept.  1863. 

John  Xautus. 

John  Xantas. 

3.5,030 

1,70.) 

tt 

Aug.  1863. 

** 

30,690 

274 

•• 

Oaenas,  Onat. 

Sept.  29,  '39. 

0.  Salvia. 

Dendroica  gra^ise. 

Dendroica  gracice,  CoCES,  MSS. 
Hab.  Fort  Whipple,  near  Prescott,  Arizona. 

'  (No.  36,988,  %  ?)  Bill  shorter  than  the  head  ;  gonys  slightly  convex.  Color 
of  upper  parts,  with  sides  of  neck,  ash-gray ;  the  middle  of  back,  and  less 
conspicuously,  the  upper  tail  coverts,  streaked  with  black.  A  line  fron 
nostrils  to  above  the  eye  (passing  into  white  for  a  short  distance  behind  it), 
eyelids,  a  orescentic  patch  beneath  the  eye,  the  chin,  throat,  and  centre  of 
jugulum,  bright  yellow ;  the  rest  of  under  parts,  including  inside  of  wing, 
axillars,  and  tibise,  white ;  the  border  of  the  yellow,  and  the  sides  of  body 
str«aked  with  black.  A  line  from  bill,  through  the  eye,  the  cheeks  (in- 
closing the  yellow  crescent),  the  sides  of  the  vertex,  the  forehead,  and 
the  centres  of  feathers  on  top  of  head,  blackish.  Wings  and  tail  blackisL, 
the  outer  edges  of  the  larger  feathers  pale  bluiah-gray ;  two  white  bands 
across  the  wing  coverts.  Lateral  tail  feather  white,  except  the  inner  web  at 
extreme  base,  the  shaft,  and  a  narrow  streak  at  the  end  of  the  outer  web; 
the  next  feather  similar,  but  the  basal  blackish  extending  farther  along 
3d  feather  with  edge  of  outer  web,  and  a  wedge-shaped  patch  in  end  of  inner 
web,  only,  white. 

Autumnal  specimens  similar ;  the  black  markings  less  distinct ;  the  back 
tinged  with  olivaceous. 

Very  young  birds  do  not  differ  materially  from  the  adult,  showing  nothinj 
of  the  spotting  and  mottling  of  the  Tnrdidm. 

Total  length  (fresh  specimen  before  being  skinned),  5.00  ;  expanse  of  wing?, 

8.00.     Total  length  (prepared  specimen),  4.60;  wing,  2.75  ;  tail,  2.30;  length 

'  of  bill  from  forehead,  .50,  from  nostril,  .30;  along  gape,  .56;  tarsus,  .65: 

middle  toe  and  claw,  .52^  daw  alone,  .16;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .40;  claw 

alone,  .19. 

This  interesting  new  species,  recently  discovered  in  Arizona,  by 
Dr.  Coues,  and  named  by  hira  after  a  member  of  his  family,  i- 
almost  exactly  like  D.  nigrescens  in  the  color  and  markings  of  tlio 
back  (with  its  blackish  interscapular  streaks),  wings,  and  tail,  a^ 
well  as  of  the  under  parts,  except  that  the  chin  and  throat  are 


.  T/1AS[] 


.&'I.v7- 


DENDROICA. 


Tr/  V  rTr**  *-t 


211 


••4: 


vellow,  margined  with  b'aclt,  instead  of  black  margined  with  white. 
The  heads  are  very  differently  marked.  To  I),  dominica  there  is  a 
stroll"'  resemblance,  except  that  the  infra-ocular  crescent  and  eyelids 
are  yellow,  not  white  ;  the  black  of  sides  of  head  is  much  less  ex- 
tensive, and  without  the  conspicuous  white  patch  behind  it.  There 
is  mucli  more  white  on  the  tail ;  the  back  is  streaked  with  black ;  the 
bill  is  shorter  and  straighter,  and  the  size  much  less. 

The  relationship  to  D.  adelaidse,  Baird,  is  much  closer,  however, 
than  to  any  other  species.  The  proportions  are  rather  different — 
the  wings,  tail,  and  toes  being  considerably  longer ;  the  bills  pre- 
cisely similar.  The  coloration  and  marking  of  the  upper  parts,  and 
of  the  head,  are  almost  precisely  the  same,  perhaps  even  to  the 
dorsal  streaks,  very  obsoletely  visible  in  the  winter  specimens  of 
adelaidse.  The  yellow,  however,  of  the  under  parts  does  not  ex 
tend  beyond  the  jugulura,  where  it  is  abruptly  defined,  instead  of 
spreading  over  the  whole  under  parts,  excepting  perhaps  the  crissum, 
B.  adelaidse,  too,  lacks  the  conspicuous  black  streaks  of  the  sides ; 
and  the  white  of  the  outer  tail  feather  is  merely  a  quadrate  patch  in 
the  terminal  half  of  the  inner  web. 

This  species  appears  to  be  abundant  in  Arizona,  not  less  than  ten 
specimens  having  been  collected  by  Dr.  Coues,  though  mostly  in 
very  indifferent  plumage,  owing  to  the  season. 

Of  the  four  species,  just  referred  to,  the  D.  nigrescens  is  readily 
distinguished  by  the  black  chin  and  throat ;  the  diagnostic  characters 
of  the  other  three  will  be  as  follows : — 

Common  Characters. — Upper  parts  ash  gray,  the  forehead  and 
sides  of  vertex  black.  A  line  from  nostril  to  above  eye 
(passing  into  white  behind),  chin,  and  throat,  yellow,  mar- 
gined laterally  with  blackish ;  crissum,  inside  of  wings, 
axillara,  and  two  bands  on  wing,  white. 

Superciliary  line  extending  to  the  nape,  and  white,  except- 
ing anterior  to  the  eye.  Cheeks  black,  separated  .rom 
the  ash  of  the  neck  by  a  white  patch.  Eyelids  and 
infra-ocular  crescent  white.  Back  not  streaked.  Bill 
lengthened,  gonys  almost  concave. 

Yellow  confined  to  jugulum ;  rest  of  under  parts 

white ;  the  sides  streaked  with  black       .         .  dominica. 

Superciliary  line  scarcely  extending  beyond  the  eye,  and 
yellow,  excepting  at  extreme  end.  Cheeks  ashy,  like 
sides  of  neck  ;  dusky  only  near  the  eye,  and  not  bor- 
dered on  side  of  neck  behind  by  white.  Eyelids  and 
infra-ocular  orescent  yellow.  Back  streaked.  Bill 
short,  gonys  slightly  convex. 


i    ,  -  -  V'  ^ 


■•-"i^ 


prRfp^? 


!   ',"       'ti 


212 


■f: 

•i 

I      : 

^■1 

•   .: 

jl^V'' 

•  f-  ,  ;  ^ 

,'"1  •:•; 

1   ' 

.*    ■'   ■   -  ■''  ■" 

It  "' 

\i 

•    .■  "■■"    ■ ; 

■•  *  ■*! 

1 

' '  ■ 

,k    ■    1 

1- 

■  ..  i*... 

?, 

1  *  J 

f,  : 

■i         ; 

^' 

1 

r 

:i 

REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS.  [PAHT  L 

Yellow  of  under  parts  conflned  to  Jugulum  ;  rest  of 
under  parts  white ;  the  sides  streaked  with 
black        ..•.,..,   grdcice. 

Yellow  of  under  parts  extending  to  crissum.     Sides 

soarcely  streaked     .         .         .         .         .         .  adtluidce. 


Bmith- 

Collec- 

Sex 

When 
Collected. 

loniau 
No. 

tor's 
No. 

and 

Akb. 

Locality, 

Received  from 

RemarkH. 

38.984 

6M 

f/ 

Kort  Whipple,  near 

Oct.  29,  '64. 

Dr.  E.  Coaes, 

8.20;  8.41) 

3(1, 98.^ 

670 

<f 

"  [l'reHCott,Ar. 

Aug.  13,  '\A. 

6  20 ;  8.(l() 

.H«.n88 

fl87 

14 

6  10:  7,80 

3R.9S7 

368 

6.20;  7  HO 

.-^U.ftSS 

834 

11 

Aoff.  n 

6.00;  S.(H) 

3«,98<) 

S69 

11 

Aug.  13. 

4.70;  7.S0 

.Si.noo 

sa.'s 

11 

Au«.  11. 

4.90;  7.70 

36,mil 

897 

'rT 

11 

Auk.  U. 

4.8.-);  7.80 

.•■.6  fl^a 

838 

11 

Aug.  11. 

36,9»3 

433 

rf 

20  miles  S.  from  Ft. 

July  2,  '64. 

8.30;  7.90 

[Wiuifato,  Ar. 

(36,9S8.)  Type.     (36,993.)   Iris,  bill,  and  feet  black ;  solea  yoUow. 

Dendroica  adelaidae. 

Dendroica  adelaidoe,  Baibo. 
Ilab.  Porto  Rico. 

(No.  36,486.)  Entire  upper  parts,  and  sides  of  neck  as  far  forward  as  tlie 
eyes,  uniform  ash  gray,  lleneath,  including  edge  of  bend  of  wing,  bright 
yellow  ;  lining  of  wings,  axillars,  and  crissum,  white.  A  broad  yellow  line 
from  bill  to  eye,  with  the  eyelids  yellow  ;  forehead  and  sides  of  vertex  black. 
A  black  loral  line.  Wings  with  two  conspicuous  white  bands ;  the  quillj 
and  tail  feathers  blackish,  edged  externally  with  whitish,  internally  with 
purer  white.  Three  lateral  tail  feathers  with  a  quadrate  terminal  white 
patch  on  inner  web.     Bill  black.     Legs  pale  yellowish. 

Total  length,  4.70  (estimated)  ;  wing,  2.10  ;  tail,  2.05  ;  lateral  feather  .20 
shorter  than  middle ;  diflFerence  of  longest  primary  and  9th,  .35 ;  length  of 
bill  from  forehead,  .50,  from  nostril,  30 ;  along  gape,  .55  ;  tarsus,  .65  ;  middle 
toe  and  claw,  .51 ;  claw  alone,  .17  ;  hind  too  and  claw,  .39  ;  claw  alone,  .18. 

The  ashy  feathers  of  forehead  have  a  central  streak  of  black,  .seen 
also  to  less  extent  in  the  crown.  The  cheeks  below  and  behind  the 
eye  are  ashy  like  the  neck  above.  There  is  a  slight  appearance  of  a 
black  line  or  patch  separating  the  yellow  and  ashy  on  the  side  of  tiie 
neck,  and  of  a  central  blackish  streak  in  the  yellow  feathers  of  the 
side  of  the  breast.  The  sides  of  body  are  more  olivaceous,  with 
very  obsolete  indications  of  dusky  streaks.  The  yellow  of  bellv 
becomes  paler  towards  the  anus,  and  passes  into  the  white  of  crissum 
and  tibite.  The  wings  and  tail  are  almost  black  ;  the  edging  of  tlie 
secondaries  is  more  olivaceous,  of  the  primaries  more  whitish,  espe- 
cially towards  the  end.  The  white  internal  edging  is  very  distinct. 
The  anterior  border  of  the  white  caudal  patch  is  straight  and  per- 


DENDROICA. 


213 


pcndicular  to  the  shaft,  the  patch  covering  the  posterior  two-fifihs  of 
the  feather;  on  the  3d  feather  it  is  confined  to  the  tip.  The  yellow 
stripe  to  the  eye  is  continued  a  short  distance  beyond  it,  but  bccomea 
white. 

It  is  quite  possible  that  mature  spring  male  specimens  have  tho 
miilflle  of  tho  back  streaked  with  dusky,  as  in  D.  gracise  and 
lowmendii. 

This  interesting  now  species  of  Warbler  has  several  peculiarities 
of  form  which  almost  entitles  it  to  rank  as  a  type  of  a  separate 
genus.  The  anterior  toes  are  very  short,  quite  like  Pariila,  which 
also  it  resembles  somewhat  in  coloration,  but  the  wings  are  too 
short,  and  the  bill  not  conical  enough.  In  fact,  bill  and  feet  are 
much  as  in  Dendroiva  viaculosa.  The  wings,  however,  differ  in 
being  much  shorter,  less  pointed,  and  more  rounded.  The  tail,  also, 
is  much  rounded.  The  nape  shows  quite  a  number  of  long  bristles, 
with  librillae  at  the  end,  which  I  have  not  noticed  elsewhere  among 
the  Warblers. 

The  relation.ships  of  the  species,  as  far  as  coloration  is  concerned, 
are  to  D.  graciae,  Coues,  and  Z).  dominica,  as  shown  in  the  preceding 
article. 

I  have  much  pleasure  in  dedicating  this  new  species  to  the 
daughter  of  Mr.  Robert  Swift,  of  St.  Thomas,  a  gentleman  to  whom 
the  Smithsonian  Institution  is  indebted  for  a  very  important  collec- 
tion of  the  birds  of  St.  Thomas  and  Porto  Ilico,  made  solely  at  his 
expense,  to  be  used  in  preparing  the  present  work. 


Smith- iCoHec- 

soniau!  tor's 

No.    I    No. 


36,486 


Sex 
and 

Age. 


(36,486.)  Type. 


LocaUty. 


Portu  Kico. 


When 
Collected. 


Jan.  1S65. 


Received  from 


liobei't  Swift. 


Collected  hj 


DendroJca  discolor. 

Sijhia  discolor,  Vieill.  Ois.  Am.  Sept.  II,  1807,  37,  pi.  98. — Bon.  ;  Add.  Om. 
Biog.  I,  pi.  14;  NcTT. — Lembevb,  Aves  Cuba,  IS.'iO,  32,  pi.  vi,  fig. 
3i. — St/fvicola  dincolor,  Jard.  ;  Rich.  ;  Boy. ;  Add.  B.  A.  II,  pi.  97. — 
GossE,  Birds  Jam.  1847,  159. — Rfiimanphug  discolor,  Cab.  Jour.  Ill, 
18.')5, 474  (Cuba ;  winter). — Dtndroica  discolor,  Baird,  Birds  N.  Am. 
1858,  290.— ScLATER,  Catal.  1861,  33,  no.  201.— Newton,  Ibis,  1859, 
144  (St.  Croix).— Bryant,  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  VII,  1859  (Raliamas).— 
OuNDLACH,  Cab.  .Jour.  1861,  326  (Cuba  ;  very  common) 
Sylvia  niinuta,  Wilson,  III,  pi.  25,  fig.  4. 

Hub.  Atlantic  region  of  U.  S.,  north  to  Massachusetts ;  in  winter  very 


?!  ■  ,' 


214 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[PAKT  1 


abundant  thronghoat  all  the  West  India  Islands,  as  far  at  least  as  the  Virgin 
Islands.     Not  recorded  from  Mexico  or  Central  America. 

Specimens  from  the  Atlantic  slope  only  of  the  United  States  as 
fai  north  as  Massachusetts  ;  also  from — 


Smith-  CoUec- 

Sex 

When 
Collected. 

Konlan 
No. 

tor's 
No. 

and 
Age. 

Locality. 

Received  from 

Collected  bjf 

Bahamafi. 

April,  18«4. 

Lt.  Fitzgerald. 

26,813 

40 

ff 

SpaulHhtown,  Jam. 

June  14, '62 

W.  T.  March. 

W.  T.  March. 

24,3.V) 

40 

9 

(t 

tl 

'£iMO 

43 

y 

Trelawney,  Jam. 

Jan.  10,  '57. 

P.  L.  Sclator. 

W.  OBbu'Q. 

.■12,710 

44,844 

(f 

Martinique. 

•  .  > 

Veireaux. 

.Stl,481 

.. 

Porto  Kico. 

Winter  'M. 

Kobert  Swift. 

2«,n73 

, , 

, , 

St.  Thoioas. 

.  *  • 

J.  AckhnrNt. 

fiti,627 

, , 

, , 

tl 

* .  • 

Robert  Swilt.  [ton. 
Cab.  A.  &  E.  New- 

•• 

•• 

•• 

St.  Croix. 

... 

ScBPAMiLT  GEOTHLYPIN^. 

SEIXTRUS,  SwAiNsoN. 

Seiurua,  Swainson,  Zool.  Jour.  1827, 171.    (Type  Motncilla  awicapilla,  L,) 
Enicocichla,  Gray,  List  Genera,  1840.     {Ilenicocichla,  Ao.) 

Seiurus  aurocapilliis. 

Motacilla  aurocapilla,  Linn.  S.  N.  I,  1766,  334. — Turdm  atr:  Lath.; 
WiLs.  Am.  Orn.  II,  pi.  xiv,  fig.  2. — Aud.  Orn.  Biog.  II,  pi.  cxliii.— 
Sylvia  aur.  Bon. — Seiurus  aur.  Swainson,  Zool.  Jour.  Ill,  1827, 171. 
—Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  260.— Moorb,  P.  Z.  S.  1859,  55  (Hon- 
duras).— Max.  Cab.  Jour.  1858, 177. — Jones,  Nat.  Bermuda,  27.— 
Jlenicocichla  aur.  Sclater,  Catal.  1861,  25,  no.  159. — Gundlacb, 
Cab.  Jour.  1861,  326  (Cuba).— 6'eturus  aur.  D'Obb.  Sagra's  Cuba, 
1840,  55. 

Turdus  coronatus,  Vikill.  Ois.  II,  1807,  8. 

Other  Localities  Qooted. — Cordova,  Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1856,  29.3.— 
St.  Domingo,  Sall^,  P.  Z.  S.  1857,  2Z1.— Guatemala,  Sclater  & 
Salvin,  Ibis,  1, 1859, 10. — Santa  Cruz  (winter),  Nbwton,  Ibis,  1859, 
142. —  Cuba  (winte'.'),  Cab.  Jour.  Ill,  471. — Jamaica,  Gosse,  Birds, 
152.— Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1861,  "JO.— Costa  Rica,  Cab.  Jour.  1861,  84. 

Hab.  Eastern  province  of  North  America,  north  to  English  River,  H.  B.  T. ; 
whole  West  Indies  :  eastern  Mexico;  Honduras,  Guatemala,  and  Costa  Rica; 
Bermuda  in  autumn  and  winter  (Jones). 

I  do  not  observe  any  special  difference  between  skins  of  this 
species  from  a  wide  range  of  localities,  excepting  that  those  from 
the  Mississippi  Valley  appear  larger,  with  proportionally  longer 
wings.  The  Jamaican,  Mexican,  and  Central  American  are  rather 
smaller  than  the  average  ;  the  Cuban  exhibit  both  extremes. 


gmitb- 

G 

luiilsn 

I 

N». 

— 

3<.>0I 

21,617 

24..I6S 

!H..I«7 

23,30.3 

.36,629 

32.461 

32,695 

!2, 

30,682  I 

■i, 

30,663 

31,647 

8EIURUS. 


215 


Specimens  nave  been  received  from  various  localities  in  the  whole 
eastern  United  <Slates,  as  far  west  as  tlie  mouth  of  the  Platte,  or 
bej^iiining  of  tiie  high  plains,  and  as  far  north  as  English  Iliv«;r, 
H.  B.  T.  (July  15,  Kennicott).     The  extra-liuiital  localities  are  as 

follow : — 


Smith- 

Col  lec- 

Sex 

When 
Collected. 

Buiil&n 

tor's 

find 

Locality. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

No. 

No. 

AKe. 

St.'iOl 

21 

NaHHau,  N.  V 

May  1 4,  '64. 

U.C  L.  Fltigerald. 

2!I,6I7 

9 

FerniliiH,  Cuba 

Feb.  1&. 

C.  Wright. 

C.  Wright. 

24.:I68 
!M,:lil7 
23,30J 

34 

Spauiithtunu,  Jam. 

Nov.  4,  '81. 

W.  T.  March. 

4t 

W.  T.  March. 

'  * 

LoDK  Hall,  Jam. 

March  11. 

P  I,.  Sclater  [ton. 
Cab.  A.  &  E.  r  ew- 

W.  Osburn. 

St.  Croix 

March  13. 

36,629 

,  , 

St.  Thoiiiax. 

Wiuier  '84. 

Kobert  Swift 

32.461 

366 

,  , 

Orizaba,  Mex. 

.  * . 

Prof.  Sumlcbrast. 

Prof.  SumichraNt. 

32,693 

.')2,61b 

(f 

Cobitu,  (iuat. 

Verreaux. 

30,682 

3,792 

rr 

Choctum,  Ouat. 

Feb.  1882. 

«.  Salvia. 

Salvia  AUodmao. 

30,663 

162 

Sa  V  an  a  (i  ra  u(i  i>,0  u»t 

1S62. 

it 

it 

34,647 

•• 

•• 

Barranca,  0.  K. 

Aprlll6,'64. 

J.  Carmlol. 

Seiurus  noveboracensis. 


(,.,  .TV 


Motacilla  noreboracensis,  Gmelin,  S.  N.  1, 1788,  958. — Stflvia  nov.  Lath.  ; 
ViKiLLOT,  Oia.  Am.  Sept.  II,  pi.  Ixxxii. — Sf.iurus  nov,  NnxT.  ;  Bon.  ; 
AuD.  B,  A.  Ill,  pi.  199.— Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  261,  pi.  Ixxx, 
fig.  1. — Max.  Cab.  Jour.  1858, 121. — Ilenicocichla  nov.  Cab.  Schom. 
Guiana,  III,  6()6 ;  Jour.  1860,  324  (Costa  Rica).— Sclater,  Catal. 
1861,  25,  no.  161  (Tobago).  — Gondlach,  Cab.  Jour.  1861,  324 
(Cuba). — MniotUta  nov.  Gray. 

ff Motacilla  fuscescens,  Gmklik,  S.  N.  984  (based  on  Ficedula  jamaicensis, 
Brisson,  III,  512,  Jamaica). 

Tardus  aquaticus,  Wils.  Am.  Orn.  Ill,  1811,  pi.  xxii,  fig.  5. — Ann.  Oni. 
Biog.  1839,  284,  pi.  433. 

Sylvia  anthoide.1,  Vieillot,  Nouv.  Diet.  XI,  1817,  208. — Seiurus  tenui- 
ro»tris,  Sw.  1827  ;  Gamb. — Seiurus  sulfurascens,  D'Obbiony,  Sagra's 
Cuba,  1840,  57,  pi.  vi.— Seiurus  gosnii,  Bon.  Consp.  1850,  306  (Ja- 
maica).— fAnthus  Vherminieri,  Less.  Rev.  Z.  1839,  101  (Colombia). 

Other  Localities  Quoted;  Xalapa,  Sclatkr,  P.  Z.  S.  1859,  363. — 
Guatemala,  Sclater  &  Salvin,  Ibis,  1859, 10. — Panama,  Lawrence, 
Ann.  N.  Y.  Lyo.  1861,  322.— Carthagena,  Cassin,  Pr.  A.  N,  So.  1860, 
191.— Santa  Cruz  (winter),  Newton,  Ibis,  1859,  142.— Cufca,  Cab. 
Jour.  Ill,  471.— ^amatca,  GossK,  Birds,  151.— Scl.  P.  Z.  S.  1861,  70. 

Unb.  Eastern  province  of  North  America,  north  to  Arctic  Ocean  and  Yukon, 
(westward  along  northern  border  of  U.  S.  to  Cascade  Mountains)  ;  whole 
West  Indies  ;  southeastern  Mexico  ;  all  Central  America ;  Panama  and  eastern 
South  America  (Bogota;  Carthagena  ;  Brazil). 

The  examination  of  a  large  series  of  specimens,  from  widely  re- 
mote localities,  reveals,  differences  of  but  little  moment.  Some 
Bkitis  from  Jamaica,  killed  in  August,  agree  exactly  iu  the  strung 


216 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  DIRDd. 


f  I'ART  I. 


r:?-' 


■     ir., 


Rulphur  yellow  tinge  beneath,  and  ocliry  Bupcrciliary  stripe,  as  wpll 
as  in  other  characters,  with  autumnal  Carlisle  specimens,  while  otlicr.s 
are  much  paler.  Generally  in  spring  the  belly  is  paler  in  color,  iiiiil 
the  streaks  better  defined,  the  eye  stripe  purer;  in  aotumn  more 
sulphuraceouH  ;  while  later  in  the  winter  ♦he  colors  appear  to  becoiiiu 
paler  and  more  like  the  spring  plumage. 

Skins  from  Guatemala,  and  one  labelled  as  from  Brazil,  have  the 
concealed  median  yellowish  patch  at  the  base  of  the  forehead  rutlier 
more  distinct  than  in  North  American  ones ;  the  under  parts,  espe- 
cially the  crissum,  with  the  superciliary  stripe,  paler,  nearly  white, 
and  the  streaks  apparently  encroaching  less  on  the  belly.  Tliese 
characters,  however,  are  matched  separately  in  North.  American 
skins,  and  may  be  merely  a  peculiarity  of  winter  dress, 

A  very  young  bird  (22,619),  from  the  north,  has  the  feathers  of 
upper  parts,  including  wing  coverts,  distinctly  tipped  with  brownish- 
yellow  ;  the  sub-terminal  portion  very  dark.  In  a  still  older  speci- 
men, the  only  difference  from  the  adult  is  in  the  presence  of  dusky 
spots  on  the  back,  with  scattered  specks  of  yellowish. 

No  North  American  bird  exceeds  the  present  in  the  extent  of  its 
range :  from  the  Arctic  Ocean  in  the  north,  to  New  Grenada  anil 
Brazil  to  the  south. 

Specimens  from  many  localities  throughout  the  whole  United 
States  from  the  Atlantic  coast  to  the  Missouri  River,  and  north 
alnK'st  to  the  shores  of  the  Arctic  Ocean.  Those  from  points  west 
of  this,  and  from  regions  beyond  the  limits  of  the  United  States, 
are  as  follow : — 


i;.-: 


\m' 


'i 


\A  r 


■•'! 


Hf.!' 

w!|;  ''^  !-;• 

r  *■■  '.■■■  ■■  ■ 

h '»['-/ 

-.  *  ' ' 

f 'V^- 

i  „  ;  ; 

1,  ■ 

i    ■•'."■ 

Smith- 

Collec-   8 

ex 

When 
Collected. 

vouiaa 
No. 

Ull'g         H 

No        A 

nd 

Locality. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

27,24.5 

1,328 

? 

Yniiknn  Klv.^r. 

June  15, '61. 

R.  Keunicott. 

R.  Kennicull. 

27,2-»6 

1,«36 

lAt)inileHS.  W.  from 

II 

28,082 

1,690 

9 

Kort  Woiman. 

!.'! 

B.  R.  Rodfi. 

N.  Taylor. 

:n,i2l 

70 

F9tU  Peel'K  River. 

June  8. 

C.  P.  Gftiidet. 

C.  P.  Gauilet. 

27,23ft 

l„362 

. 

Fort  STmpHoisr 

Juue 

B.  R  R.)8H. 

B.  R.  RoHH. 

27,2:13 

1,523 

, 

FbrtRii9. 

14 

L.  Clarke,  Jr. 

2  (.625 

70 

^ 

Muose  Paclorv. 

May  26.  '60. 
Aug.  26,  '60. 

C.  Drexler. 

Dr.  J.  G.  Cooper. 

22.0.39 

IHellgate.  idauo. 

Dr  J  0.  Cooper. 

21,922 

< 

i. 

Camp  MooKie,  W.  T. 

July  24,  '60. 

A.  Campbell. 

Dr.  Keiinerly. 

23.304 

18 

■f 

SavaDoah  le  Mar. 

Aug.  28,  7)8 

P.  L.  Sclater. 

W.  Osburn. 

.S6,a30 

St.  Thomas. 

Winter  '64. 

Robert  Swift. 

24,368 

33 

■i 

SpaDiHhtown,  Jam. 
St.  Croix. 

N"V.  4,  '61. 
Mar.  23,  '58 

W.T.March,  [ton. 
Cub.  A,  &  E.  New- 

W.  T.  March. 

28,025 

.  , 

, 

Miradoi',  Mex. 

Dr.  Sartorius. 

18,566 

, 

Guatemala. 

Dr.  Sclater. 

30.664 

3,0.50 

, 

Belize,  Hood. 

Deo.  14,  'S7. 

0.  Salvln. 

24,304 

, 

Nicaragua. 

. . . 

Capt.  J.  M.  Dow. 

.33,287 

,  , 

, 

San  Jose,  C.  R. 

• . . 

J.  Carmiol. 

f4,648 

.   , 

, 

Aii);oHtura,  C.  R. 

Mar.  13,  '64. 

" 

21.7.-.4 

39 

, 

Carthageua,  N.  0. 

•  •  ■ 

Lt.  Mlohler. 

A.  Schott. 

7,639 

•• 

• 

Brazil. 

... 

S.  P.  Baird. 

Smitli- 

CoIIpc 

eoniau 

tor's 

No. 

No. 

:.i.,in 

21.(i71 

2.i.;)n:) 

3.1,.-,77 

139 

2S.021 

14 

2<t.;i()2 

119 

3(),t)G.-, 

8EIUUV8. 


217 


9eiiiriis  ludovicianiis. 

Tardus  ludoviciunu$,  Ann.  Orn.  Blog.  I,  1832,  99,  pi.  xix. — Seiurus  hdo- 
vicianua,  Bon.— Baibd,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  2(i'Z,  pi.  Ixxx,  Hg.  2. 
— ScLATEU,  p.  Z.  8.  1859,  3G3  (Xjilapa)  ;  373  (Oaxaca)  ;  IHOI, 
70  (Jamaica).— ScLATKR  &  Salvin,  Ibis,  1860,  273  (Guatemala).— 
Ileiiicoiichla  lud.  Sclatkr,  Catal.  1881,  25,  no.  Itjl  (Orixnba). 

f  Tardus  motacilln,  Vikill.  Oia.  Am.  Sept.  II,  1807,  9,  pl.  B5  (Kentucky). 
(Can  hardly  reU-r  to  anything  else  ;  Rtill,  markings  of  side  uf  head 
Tory  different.^ — Seiurus  motacilln,  Bon.  1850. — Heuicocichla  mot. 
Cab.  Jour.  1857,  240  i,  Juba).— Gundlach,  Jour.  Orn.  1861,  326. 

Jlenicocichla  major,  Cab.  Mus,  Hein.  1850  (Xalapa). 

Hah.  Eastern  province  of  United  States,  as  far  north  as  Carlisle,  Pa.,  and 
Michigan  ;  Cuba  and  Jamaica  ;  southern  Mexico  (Colima)  to  QuatemaU. 

Most  specimens  of  this  bird  from  the  West  Indies,  and  regions 
south  of  the  United  States,  exhibit  a  decided  ocliraceous  wash  on 
the  sides  and  crissum,  quite  marlvcd  in  comparison  with  nortitcrn 
skills.  I  am,  however,  inclined  to  consider  this  a  condition  of  late 
autumnal  plumage,  as  it  is  most  strongly  marked  in  a  specimen  from 
Cuba,  collected  in  October,  by  Mr.  Wright;  while  another  killed  in 
the  middle  of  January  is  quite  as  free  from  an  ochraceous  wash  as 
spring  specimens  from  Carlisle  and  Washington. 

This  species,  formerly  considered  very  rare,  has  been  taken,  during 
the  past  few  years,  about  Washington,  in  considerable  numbers  by 
Messrs.  Prentiss  and  Coues.  They  have  also  found  TurduH  alicim 
abundant  in  the  same  time — a  species  only  detected  and  distinguished 
from  T.  swainsoni  in  1858. 

Specimens  from  numerous  localities  in  the  United  States  as  far 
north  as  Carlisle,  Pa.,  and  Ann  Arbor,  Mich.,  and  west  to  Inde- 
pendence, Mo.     Extra-limital  localities  are — 


Smitli- 

CoHeo- 

8»x 

When 
Collected. 

Boniau 
No. 

tor's 
No. 

aud 

Locality. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

ZXrtM 

rf 

Monto  Verde,  Cuba. 

Jan.  17. 

C.  Wriifht. 

21,ti7t 

.. 

i 

Tuttbuque,  Cuba. 

Oct.  9. 

i( 

^LSO.-} 

.. 

Trebiwnev,  Jam. 

Sept.  fl,  'SO. 

Dr.  Sclater. 

W.  0«burn. 

at,.-.77 

139 

.^ 

Mlradur,  Mex. 

Sept.  1863. 

Dr.  C.  SartorluB. 

28.021 

14 

tt 

>  •  . 

" 

2fl,;!62 

119 

rf 

Colima. 

Feb,  1863. 

John  Xantus, 

30,titi.". 

DueuaN,  Guat, 

1862. 

0.  Salvia. 

918 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIROS. 


[part  1. 


m  ..■■.  ^ 


OPORORNIS,  Baibd. 
Oporomi$,  Bairh,  Birds  N.  Am.  1868,  246.     (Type  Syluia  agili$,  Wil8.) 


Oporornls  agilis. 

Sylvia  ai/ilin,  WiL8.  Am.  Orn.  V,  18l'2-,  64,  pi.  xxxix,  flu.  4. — Add.  Orn. 
Biog.  II,  pi.  138  ;  Bum. — Sylcicola  ay.  Jakd.  ;  Aitd.  B.  A.  II,  pi.  99. 
—  Trichas  ag.  Nott. —  Ojioiorniii  ay,  Baikii,  Birds  N.  Aui.  Ih58,  U4(), 
pi.  ixxix,  fig.  2.—rTrichas  tephrocolia,  Nutt.  Man.  2d  ed.  1840,4112 
(Chester  Co.,  Penu.). 

Hub,  Eastern  proviuoe  of  United  States. 

A  specimen  in  the  collection  of  tlie  Philadelphia  Academy,  killed 
by  Mr.  Krider,  has  the  darker  ash  of  the  jugulum  of  a  decided  sooty 
tinge. 


Smlth- 

CollPC 

Sex 

aoniHii 

tor's 

and 

No. 

No. 

Age. 

1,2.1.> 

2,;to9 

, , 

(f 

2().87rt 

. , 

si.niio 

, , 

.r 

12,SI.-. 

. , 

<f 

80,031 

•• 

d 

Locality. 


riillaclnlpliia. 
CarllKlo,  I'a. 
I.outloii  Co.,  Va. 
Wnghtngtiin. 
Karinn,  Wise. 
Cuolc  Co.,  111. 


When 
Collected. 


Received  from 


Collected  bjr 


Oct   1.  ••».). 
May  2(),  '45 

Sept.iiS.'ei. 
May.  185R. 
May  23,  '64. 


S.  V.  Halrd. 

N.  Jaiiney. 
C.  t   Sclinildt. 
Dr.  Hoy 
II.  Keuuicutt. 


8.  F.  BiiirU. 


C.  £.  Sclimldt. 

i»r.  Hiiy. 

K.  Keuiiic(.tt. 


(3o,031.)  0.20;  8.90;  2.90. 


*l 


Oporornls  formosus. 

f  Sylvia  spquinoctialin,   ViEiLt.  Ois.  Am.  Sept.  II,  1807,  ?.6,  pi.  81,  Penn. 

(not  of  Gmelin). 
Sylvia  formona,  WiLS.  Am.  Orn.  Ill,  1811,  85,  pi.  xkv,  fig.  3. — Nctt.  ; 

Ann.  Orn.  Biog.  I,  pi.  38. — Syhicola formosa,  itiVLD. ;  Rich.  ;  Bon.; 

Max.  Cab.  Jour.  VI,  1858,  113. — Myiodioctesfonnosua,  Add.  Syn.— 

Ib.  B.  a.  II,  pi.  74. — Lembbyb,  Av.  Cuba,  1850, 37. — Qijbdlach,  Cab. 

Jour.  1861,  326  (Cuba). —  Uporomi"  formosus,  Baiko,  Birds  N.  Am. 

1858,  247.— ScLATEK  &  Salvin,  Ibis,  I,  1859,  10  (Guatemala). 
Other  Localities  Cited:    Cuba,  Cab.  Jour.  Ill,  472. — Mexico,  Sclateb, 

Pr.  1862, 19. — Isthmus  Panama,  Lawrence,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lyo.  VII,  G2. 

Hab.  Eastern  province  of  United  States,  north  to  Washington  and  Chicago ; 
Cuba,  Guatemala,  and  Isthmus  Panama.  Not  recorded  from  Jamaica  and 
Mexico. 

The  Sylvia  sequinoctialis  of  Yieillot  (but  not  of  Gmelin,  which  is 
Oeolhhjpis  eequinoct.)  probably  belongs  here.  The  name,  however, 
is  geographically  inapplicable,  and  cannot  be  retained. 


4*^.., 


Smith- 

Collec- 

8ox 

Boniim 

tiir'ii 

and 

No. 

No. 

Ak«. 

10,1;V» 

.. 

9 

I'illlH 

, , 

•  • 

3i'iW 

<S 

3(),«.SU 

2fi7 
lU 

'■' 

OEOTHLYPIS. 


Looal'.tjr. 


Whun 
ColleciH'l. 


(Inliiii  CcMiaty,  111. 
('Ii<>ruke»  Nulluii. 
I.iliprty  rniinty,  (In 
Cliiirtiiii,  Verit  I'm. 
UuateumU. 


M«y  l.V 
July  l.\  '49 

Jan.  isuo. 


219 


Rflcelved  frum 


K.  Knniilciitt. 
Ur.  WixHlliDiine. 
I'rof.  I.ci!uuc«. 
<)    HnlviD. 
Cub.  Luwrcncp. 


ColtMtnd  b^ 


K    K>'iinlri)tt. 
l»i-.  Wuiitlhuiiiie, 


Salvlu  JtUuduiao. 


■  » 


V :-, 


aBOTHLTPIS,  Cab. 

Trichaa,  Swainb.  Zool.  Jour.  1827,  1(J7  (not  of  Glooer). 
Oeothlyins,  Cab.  Wiegm.  Archiv,  1847,  i,  316,  349.     (Typo  Tardus  tri^ 
cha»,  Linn.)— Baiud,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  240. 

Species  of  Qeothhjpis  are  found  throughoat  America,  some  of 
them  liiiving  a  wide  distribution.  Most,  however,  beloug  to  the 
norlliorn  and  middle  sectioua  of  the  continent.  Tliey  may  bo 
arraiigt'd  as  follows: — 

Foreliead  crossetl  hj  a  broad  black  mask,  which  pasaes  over  the 
eyert,  clieeka,  and  ears.  Crown  and  occiput  witliout  a  pure 
asliy  patcli. 

The  black  ma»k  bordered  above  and  behind  by  wliitish  of 

more  or  le!>8  extent ;  nape  tinged  with  brown. 

Beneath  yellow  ;  belly  and  anal  region  whitish  in 

distinct  contrast ;  lining  of  wings  white.    Mask 

narrowly  bordered  by  bluish-gray  .         .  trichas. 

Beneath  throughout  uniform  rich  yellow ;  lining 

of  wings  yellow.     Mask  broadly  bordered  by 

bluish-white melanops. 

The  black  mask  without  whitish  border,  and  extending 
farther  back  ou  the  liead. 

Beneath,  including  inside  of  wings,  yellow  .         .  speciosa. 
Paler  green  above  ;  brighter  yellow  beneath  than 

the  last  .......  semijlava. 

Forehead  crossed  by  a  narrow  black  mask,  which  extends  to 
the  eyes,  sometimes  through  them  over  the  ears  ;  not  bor- 
dered behind  by  whitish.  Top  of  head  ashy,  in  decided 
contrast.     Beneath  yellow. 

The  black  extending  through  the  eye  over  the  ears.    Eye- 
lids bli:ck. 

Bill  slender ;  the  height  less  than  half  the  distance 
from  nostrils  to  tip  ;  cuhnen  nearly  straight. 
Ashy  of  crown  extending  over  side  of  head 
to  the  black  of  the  ears  ....  velata. 

Bill  stouter ;  height  about  equal  to  half  the  dis- 


>*«' 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


^H-^rn 


fipl'' 


.-•■■r 


l''--v 

• 

1 

■,-** 

1  ''■^'. 

■    i^' 

1  ^ 

m'..;  ■ 

./  .«y 

■  '  ? ' 

1  '*     ••'  . 

•I 

1  :  ■  '■  '■   ' ' 

! 
> 

':      ' 

1    1 

1     1 

■;    'i  •    ■ 

,  ■'    ;    ■        *  * 

^■» 

x 

r., 

' 

i:.."'  • 

ff 

1-/; 
i 

I   ■. 

'  '    ,  •     ■    , 

•w 

■  'I 

i  ^  .  .:«:  ^ 

'i'* 

'!  »,  ;•■ 

.'    1 

■  ■  i 

|i.# 

'■'■,■ 

■  ['•■'. 

i  i!  .'  •-     ■ 

.     '■'  i 

'('■-'.  ' 

I 

.  ^" 

ti'^r 

t  ''  .. 

tance  from   nostrils   to   tip;   ciilmen   gently 
curved.      Ash  of  head  contracted,  and  con- 
fined to  the  vertex  ;  the  olive  of  nape  extend-  ' 
ing  to  the  black  of  the  ears    ....  sguinocticdu. 
The  black  of  face  confined  to  loral  region,  and  just  beloir 

eye,  or  extending  only  in  a  narrow  ring  behind  it. 

Eyelids  white  ? 

Bill  very  stout ;  height  more  than  half  the  dis- 
tance from  nostrils  to  tip ;  culmen  much 
curved.  Ash  of  head  extending  over  nape 
and  sides  of  head  behind  the  eyes,  and  in- 
cluding ear  coverts poliocephala. 

No  distinct  frontal  black  band.    Head  and  neck  all  round,  with 
jugulum,  ashy  ;  the  ^"-thers  on  the  lower  throat  and  jugu- 
lum  blackish  in  the  centres.     Rest  of  under  parts  yellow. 
Loral  region  dusky  only ;   space  round  the  eye 

blackish,  without  white  feathers    .         .  .  Philadelphia. 

Loral  region  blackish  ;  eyes  with  a  patch  of  white 

feathers  on  upper  and  lower  lids    .         .         .  macgillivraiji. 

Qeotlilypis  trichas. 

Turdus  trichns,  Linn.  S.  N.  1766,  293. — Si/lvia  trichan,  Lath.  ;  Add.,  etc. 

— D'Orb.  La  Sagra's  Cuba,  Ois.  1840,  Ql.—Geothlypis  trichus,  Cab. 

Mus.  Hein.  1850,  IG. — Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  241.  — Gdndlach,  Cab. 

Jour.  1861, 3'2G  (Cuba).— ScLATER,Catal.  1861,  27,  no.  167.— March, 

Pr.  A.  N.  Sc.  1863,  293.— Lord,  Pr.  R.  Art.  Inst.  Woolwich,  IV, 

1864,  115  (N.  W.  Boundary).— Jones,  Nat.  Bermuda,  29. 
Sfilvia  marilandica,  Wilson. —  '^richns  \    .r.  Bon. 
Regulm  mi/staceus,  Stephens. — Trichas  personatus,   Swainbon. — Sylvia 

roscoe,  Add. —  Trichas  brachydactyluD,  Swains. 
Other  Localities  Qdoted  :  Xalapa,  Oajcaca,  Cordova,  8cl. —  Ctuatemala, 

ScL.  &  Salv. — Bahamas,  Bryant. 
Fiodres  :    ViEiLL.  Ois.  II,  pi.  28,  29.— Add.  Orn.  Biog.  I,  II,  V,  pi.  23, 

102,  240.— WiLS.  I,  pi.  vi,  fig.  1.— Bdffon,  Pi.  enl.  709,  fig.  2. 

Hab.  Tlie  T7hole  United  States,  from  Atlantic  to  Pacific,  and  south  to  Guate- 
mala ,  Bermuda  (October)  ;  Bahamas ;  Cuba ;  Jamaica. 

(No.  26,024,  % .)  Wings  a  little  shorter  than  the  somewhat  graduated  tail. 
Bill  slender,  the  depth  contained  aboiit  two  and  a  half  times  in  distance 
from  nostrils  to  tip.  First  quill  about  equal  to  seventh.  Forehead  to  above 
the  anterior  edge  of  the  eye,  and  across  the  entire  cheeks,  ears,  and  jaws, 
and  ending  in  an  angle  on  sides  of  neck,  black,  with  a  sufi'usion  of  hoary 
bluish-gray  behind  it  on  the  crown  and  sidos  of  neck ;  the  occipital  and 
nuchal  region  grayish-brown,  passing  insensibly  into  the  olive  green  of  the 
upper  parts.  Chin,  throat,  jugulum,  edge  of  "^ing  and  crissum,  rich  yellow 
(the  latter  paler)  ;  rest  of  under  parts,  with  lining  of  wings,  yellowish-whit*', 
th  sides  tinged  with  brownish  ;  outer  primary  edged  with  whitish,  the  utliers 
with  olive  green.     Bill  black  ;  legs  yellowish. 


GE0THLYP18. 


221 


Total  length,  4.40  ;  wing,  2.15  ;  tail,  2.30  ;  graduation,  .25  ;  width  of  outer 
tail  feather,  .2-* ;  difference  between  Ist  and  3d  quills,  .15  ;  length  of  bill  from 
forehead,  .52,  frooi  nostril,  .30  ;  along  gape,  .(iO  ;  tarsus,  .75  ;  middle  toe  and 
claw,  .66  ;  olaw  alone,  .18  ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .48  ;  claw  alone,  .26. 

In  autumnal  olumage  the  whitish  of  the  belly  becomes  tinged  with 
Yellowish,  affording  but  little  distinction  from  the  yellow  of  the 
breast  and  crissum.  The  black  becomes  obscured,  especially  that 
on  top  of  the  head,  by  the  extension  forward  of  the  brownish  of  the 
vertex.  The  eyelids  are  apt  to  show  a  whitish  ring.  There  appeals 
to  be  a  tendency  in  the  bill  to  become  lighter  colored,  especially  the 
lower  mandible,  as  in  Icteria.  I  have  not  yet  seen  an  autumnal 
mule  with  the  black  bill  so  characteristic  of  spring  specimens.        ■'* 

Specimens  vary  in  the  width  of  the  black  forehead,  in  that  of  t>ie 
hoary  gray  behind  it ;  the  whole  crown  being  sometimes  of  the  latter 
color,  and  the  occiput  behind  it. 

In  some  western  specimens  the  size  is  a  little  larger,  and  the  bill 
appears  considerably  stouter  than  in  the  eastern,  but  I  cannot  see 
any  other  difference. 

West  Indian,  Mexican,  and  Guatemalan  specimens  do  not  present 
appreciable  differences,  except  what  arises  from  their  autmnual 
dress ;  all  have  the  paler  bills  referred  to  above. 

The  female  bird  either  lacks  the  black  mask  entirely,  or  else  it  is 
only  appreciable  on  the  sides  of  the  head  ;  the  whole  top  of  tho 
head  is  usually  strongly  tinged  with  reddish-olive.  The  feathers  on 
the  eyelids  are  generally  whitish  m  the  female  and  autumnal  male, 
quite  different  from  the  pure  black  of  the  spring  male. 

I  find  considerable  difference  in  specimens  of  this  species,  both  as 
to  size  and  extent  io  which  the  yellow  of  the  breast  reaches  over  the 
abdomen,  etc.  In  some  the  blaik  frontal  band  is  bordered  behind 
by  a  narrow  band  of  gray,  abruptly  defined  against  the  olive  of  the 
crown  (2,535) ;  in  others  it  is  of  greater  extent,  and  shades  more 
insensibly  into  the  olive.  In  10,951,  from  Fort  Bridger,  and  some 
others,  this  gray  is  nearly  white,  and  as  broad  as  or  broader  than  the 
black.  I  am,  however,  unable  to  see  any  permanent  characters 
looking  to  a  separation  into  two  species.  The  characters  assigned 
by  Swainson  for  his  Trichas  brack ydactylus,  as  distinguished  from 
T.  personaUis,  appear  to  be  common  to  all  specimens  of  Maryland 
Yellowthroat  I  have  ever  seen. 

All  specimens  from  Washington  appear  smaller,  with  slenderer 
bills  than  others. 

As  this  species  is  found  distributed  througliout  the  entire  extent 
of  the  United  States,  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  coast,  and  up 


i,^ 


T'in    7-.>       » 


.^- 


.  -  :   »    .-•  .    jSk. 


ifBfp::: 


i:i.« 


222 


REVIEW  OP  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


ti-.: 


■II 


>i 

-•«< 

V«0 

1  '! 
f    1  ■ 

■-■     ! 

* 

i^ip 


to  its  northern  boundary,  I  do  not  present  the  special  localities  of 
any  but  extra-liiuital  specimens. 


Smith- 
sonian 

No 

Conec- 
tor'g 
No. 

Sex 
and 

Age. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

21.33.) 

rf 

Monte  Verde,  Cuba. 

Jan.  16,  61. 

C.  Wriffht. 

■ 

.S4,2n 

cf 

RemedioH,  Cuba. 

Dec.  14,  '63. 

N.  H.  BiHhop. 

2.1,.n8 

18 

i 

Trelawney,  Jam. 

April  20, '59. 

Dr.  Sclater. 

W.  Osburn. 

24.  .Soft 

31 

SpanishtowQ,  Jam. 

. . . 

W.  T.  March. 

W.  T.  March. 

!M,:»s 

1* 

rf 

** 

... 

2«,8(m 

H 

II 

May  10, '62. 

** 

18,9.'i(» 

3,037 

? 

Cape  "^t.  Lucas. 

Oct.  1. 

John  Xantn8. 

Joha  Xantus. 

26,371 

.. 

MotIco. 

.  •  . 

J.  Krider. 

sa-.-iio 

SO 

^ 

Merida,  Tuc. 

Dec.  22,  '64. 

Got.  Salacar. 

Dr.  A.  Bchott. 

SO,  678 

193 

Coban,  Vera  Paz. 

Jan.  1860. 

0.  SalTln. 

Salv.  k  GodmAD. 

30,879 

!t,164 

•• 

Choctun,  Vera  Paz. 

Jan.  1661. 

41 

(1 

Geothlypis  melanops. 

Geothlypis  melanops,  Baibd,  n.  a. 
Ilab.  Eastern  Mesioo. 

(No.  26,372,  % .)  Bill  slender,  conical ;  culmen  nearly  straight  to  the 
gently  decurred  tip.  First  quill  about  equal  to  the  7th.  Tail  considerably 
graduated  ;  the  feathers  broad. 

Color  much  as  in  G.  trkhas,  with  a  similar  black  mask,  crossing  the  fore- 
head and  passing  over  the  cheeks  and  ears,  through  the  eyes.  This  black 
mask  is,  however,  bordered  internally  and  above  for  nearly  its  own  width  by 
white,  very  faintly  tinged  with  bluish,  the  nape  only  in  fact  being  tiiigfil 
with  olive  brown.  The  rest  of  the  upper  parts  are  olive  green.  All  the  mider 
parts  are  pure  rich  uniform  yellow,  even  including  the  middle  of  belly,  the 
edge  and  the  inside  of  wings ;  the  sides  of  body  are  somewhat  tinged  with 
brownish.     Bill  black  ;  legs  yellowish. 

Total  length,  5.00 ;  wing,  2.44;  tail,  2.60;  graduation,  .41 ;  width  of  onter 
feather,  .33  ;  difference  of  1st  and  4th  quills,  .24 ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead, 
.55,  from  nostril,  .34;  along  gape,  .65  ;  tarsus,  .84;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .75; 
claw  alone,  .25  ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .66 ;  claw  alone,  .27. 

In  a  series  of  over  one  hundred  specimens  of  black-faced  Geo- 
thlypis, agreeing  in  general  characters  with  O.  trichas,  there  is  one 
specimen  from  Mexico  so  different  from  all  the  rest  as  apparently  to 
be  entitled  to  specific  separation.  It  is  of  considerably  larger  size 
than  the  average  of  O.  trichas ;  the  tail  is  longer ;  its  feathers 
broader.  The  feet  are  larger ;  the  middle  toe  and  claw  much  longer. 
The  entire  under  parts  are  of  a  nearly  uniform  yellow,  without  tbe 
whitish  of  the  abdomen  so  characteristic  of  typical  O.  trichas.  The 
space  above,  and  inclosed  by  the  black  facial  mask,  is  quite  pnre 
bluish-white,  of  much  greater  extent  than  in  other  specimens. 

This  species  is  probably  resident  in  Mexico,  as  the  specimen  dc- 


OEOTIILYPIS. 


223 


scribed  is  in  full  spring  plumage,  without  any  clouding  of  the  black 
mask.     It  is  very  different  from  O.  speciosa,^  Sol. 


Smith- 
soniBU 

So. 

Cullec- 
t(ir'» 

.V... 

Sex 
and 
Age. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

2i),372 

•• 

S 

Mexico. 

... 

J.  Krider. 



(26,372.)  Type  of  species. 

Creothlypis  Telata* 

Sijlvia  velala,  ViEiLii.  Ois.  Am.  Sept.  II,  1807,  22,  pi.  Ixxiv. — D'Orb. 

Voy.  IV,  2n.—Tricha8  velata,  Sw. ;  Bdrm.  Uebers.  Ill,  1856,  115. 

—  Geoihiypis  vel.  Cab.  Mas.  Hein.  1850, 16. — Sclater,  Catal.  1861, 

27,  no.  170. 
Sylvia  canicapilla,  M.A.Z.  Beit.  Ill,  701  (Brazil). 

Ilah.  Brazil. 

(No.  24,042.)  Bill  slender,  conical,  much  as  in  G.  mncgillivrayi,  the  culmen 
nearly  straight.     First  quill  about  equal  to  the  8th  ;  the  4th  longest.     Color 

Oeothlypis  speciosa,  Sclater. 

Geothlypis  speciosa,  Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1858,447  (Mexico). — Is.  Catal. 
1861,  27,  no.  169. 

Hab.  Eastern  Mexico. 

"  Bright  oil  yellow ;  head,  especially  on  the  sides,  with  the  auricular  region, 
black ;  quills  blackish-brown ;  beneath  bright  yellow,  the  sides  brownish, 
under  wing  coverts  yellow  ;  bill  black ;  feet  dusky  flesh  color.  Length,  5.30  ; 
wing,  2.40;  tail,  2.30."— 5c/a/er. 

I  have  not  seen  this  strongly  marked  species,  which  differs  from  G.  trichas 
apparently  in  the  wider  black  mask,  absence  of  hoary  margin  to  the  mask, 
and  in  uniform  yellow  of  under  parts,  including  lining  of  wings.  The  tarsi, 
toes,  and  claws  are  longer.  In  these  respects,  as  well  as  in  the  coloration  of 
the  under  parts,  it  agrees  with  G.  melanops ;  but  lacks  the  white  head  of  the 
latter,  in  which,  too,  the  black  extends  rather  less  on  the  forehead  than  even 
in  G,  trichas, 

Geoihiypis  semijiavus,  Sclater  (  G.  semijlavus,  Sclater,  Pr.  Z.  1860,  273,  291. 
—lb.  Catal.  1861,  27,  no.  168,  Ecuador),  is  said  to  agree  with  the  last  men- 
tioned, in  most  points,  but  to  differ  in  paler  olive  above,  and  purer  yellow 
beneath.  The  black  of  the  cheeks  extends  far  down  on  the  sides  of  the  neck, 
and  on  the  forehead  reaches  to  above  the  eyes.  The  three  black-faced 
(kothlypi,  therefore,  of  the  regions  south  of  the  United  States,  agree  in  the 
purer  and  more  continuous  yellow  beneath,  and  longer  toes.  An  interesting 
coincidence  in  this  respect  is  seen  with  the  chestnut-headed  Dasileuteri — B, 
rufifrons  and  G.  trichas,  the  more  northern  species  having  the  whitish  belly  ; 
B  dcllntrii  and  G.  speciosa,  from  the  middle  region,  having  this  more  yellow  ; 
while  the  South  American  B.  mesockrysus  and  G.  semijlavus  have  the  yellow 
of  greatest  intensity. 


H 


-.f  ?    t .       ^ 


.*- 


224 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


'rM 


I' 


"L.  fr'S-'*v'ji  V 


■i:;rv; 


^^ 


tin    i-i         ..  r  .^ 


above  olive  green;  the  forehead,  loral  region,  and  sides  of  head  extending  a 
little  above  the  eyes  and  over  the  ears,  black ;  the  rest  of  the  head  abovo 
ashy,  glossed  with  brown,  the  color  extending  over  the  sides  of  the  occiput  to 
the  black  of  cheeks.  Whole  under  parts,  with  edge  of  wings,  rich  yellow; 
the  lining  of  wings  rather  paler ;  the  sides  tinged  with  olive  green.  Upper 
mandible  black  ;  lower  paler,  or  whitish.     Legs  apparently  flesh  color. 

Total  length,  5.30;  wing,  2.35;  tail,  2.40;  graduation,  .36;  difference  be- 
tween 1st  and  4th  quills,  .24 ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .TO,  from  nostril, 
.35  ;  along  gape,  .62 ;  greatest  depth,  .16  ;  tarsus,  .86  ;  middle  toe  and  claw, 
.75  ;  claw  alone,  .25  ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .55  ;  claw  alone,  .27. 

In  the  best  specimen  before  me  (24,042)  there  is  a  line  of  whitish 
feathers  in  the  fold  of  skin  bounding  the  lower  eyelid  inferior!}-, 
apparently  concealed  from  view  in  ordinary  cases.  The  feathers  on 
the  extreme  edge  of  the  eyelid  are,  however,  black,  not  white  as  in 
G.  macgillivrayi. 


Smtth- 
Honiaa 

No. 

CoUec- 
tor's 
No. 

Sex 
and 
Age. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

15,22.3 
24,042 

94 

•• 

Brazil.               [zil. 
St.  Catherines,  Bra- 
Bahia. 

... 

U.  S.  Expl.  Exped 
L.  WellH. 
Cab.  Lawrence. 

T.  R    Peale. 

(94.)  This  specimeu  has  the  bill  rather  stouter  than  the  precediug. 

Geotlilypis  cequinoctialis. 

Motacilla  (equinoctial is,  Gm.  S.  N.  I,  1788,  9'i2.—Trichas  ceq.  Gray.— 
Geothlypis  ceq.  Cab.  Mus.  Hein.  I,  1850,  16. — Sclater,  Catal.  1861, 
27,  no.  171  (Trinidad ;  Cayenne)  .—Taylor,  Ibis,  1864, 81  (Trinidad). 
Hah.  Northeastern  portion  of  South  America  (Cayenne  ;  Trinidad,  etc.). 

(No.  2,905.)  Bill  stout ;  the  oulmen  and  commissure  gently  curved  from 
the  base.  First  quill  about  equal  to  the  9th ;  3d  and  4th  longest.  Upper 
parts  olive  green ;  forehead,  with  loral  region  and  cheeks,  including  a  short 
space  above  the  eye  and  ear  coverts,  black.  Top  of  the  bead  ash  gray,  with 
rounded  or  somewhat  pointed  outline  on  the  occiput,  so  that  the  olive  of  the 
nape  extends  forward  to  the  black  cheeks,  cutting  off  the  ashy.  Under  parts 
yellow,  with  perhaps  a  faint  tinge  of  ochry  along  the  belly.  Upper  mandible 
dark  brown ;  lower  nearly  white.  Legs  apparently  flesh  color.  A  line  of  con- 
cealed grayish  feathers  on  the  lower  eyelid. 

Total  length,  5.00  ;  wing,  2.50  ;  tail,  2.30  ;  graduation,  .46  ;  difference  be- 
tween 1st  and  4th  quills,  .30;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .60,  from  nostril, 
.36  ;  along  gape,  .65  ;  depth,  .19  ;  tarsus,  .90 ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .82 ;  ilaw 
alone,  .22 ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .66 ;  claw  alone,  .30. 

The  differences  between  the  species  of  gray-crowned  Geothh/pia 
from  Brazil  (velatus),  and  its  ally  {sequinoctialis)  from  northerii 
South  America  (Cayenne,  Guiana,  and  Venezuela),  were  first  con- 
trasted by  Cabanis,  and  appear  to  be  substantially  correct  as  stated. 


Smlth- 

CoIIec 

soniaa 

tor's 

Xo. 

No. 

2,90.5 

2,367 

,  , 

562 

'• 

tt  ■' 


0E0THLYPI8. 


225 


The  ashy  of  the  crown,  in  the  present  species,  is  more  restricted,  as 
instead  of  passing  down  the  occiput,  and  extending  straight  across 
between  the  black  cheeks,  its  outline  is  rounded  behind,  less  ex- 
tended, and  allowing  the  olive  green  of  the  nape  to  pass  forward  to 
the  dusky  eyelids.  The  under  parts  are  of  a  more  ochry  yellow. 
The  bill  above  is  paler.  The  bill  is  considerably  stouter  at  the  base, 
and  more  curved ;  the  legs,  too,  decidedly  stouter ;  the  middle  and 
hind  toe  longer.  The  tail  appears  to  W)  a  little  shorter,  or  at  least 
not  longer  than  the  wings,  instead  of  clicidedly  longer. 


Smith-  Collec- 
goDian  I  tiir'ii 

No.    1    No. 


2,905 

2,367  ' 

(>62 


Sex 
and 

Age. 


liOcality. 


8.  Amer.TC'Callfor- 
TrinlUud.  [nia"??) 
S.  America? 


When 
Collected. 


Received  from 


S.  K.  Baird. 


Collected  by 


J.  J.  AuduboD. 


(2,90.'))  Supposed  to  be  type  of  Trichai  ddaJUldli,  aud  also  type  of  Trichat  velatti,  Baibd, 
Birds  H.  Am. 


»\¥ 


Geothlypis  poliocephala. 

Geothlypia  poliocephala,  Baikd,  n.  S. 

? Geothlypis aquinoctialis,  ScLATER  &  Salvin,  Ibis  1&60,  ^ilS  ^Guatemala). 
Not  of  Gm. 

Hab.  West  coast  of  Mexico,  and  Central  America  ? 

(No.  34,017.)  Bill  very  stout,  with  the  culmen  considerably  curved  from 
the  base,  aud  not  unlike  Icteria ;  the  depth  of  bill  more  than  half  distance 
from  nostrils  to  tip.  Tail  considerably  longer  than  the  wings,  a  good  deal 
graduated.     Wings  short,  much  rounded  ;  the  Ist  quill  about  equal  to  9th. 

Above  olive  green.  A  narrow  frontlet  of  black,  extending  over  loral  region 
to  the  eye,  and  curving  round,  passes  a  short  distance  below  it.  Eyelids 
white.  Top  of  head  and  nape,  and  sides  behind  the  eyes,  including  most  of 
ear  coverts,  ashy.  Beneath,  including  bend  of  wings,  dull  yellow  ;  the  sides 
paler,  and  tinged  with  brown.  Inside  of  wings  yellowish-white.  Outer  pri- 
mary, as  usual  in  the  genus,  edged  with  white,  the  others  with  olive.  Bill 
light  brownish  above,  whitish  beneath. 

This  specimen  is  marked  male,  but  is  in  poor  condition.  One  received  from 
Mr.  Salvin,  from  Guatemala,  differs  a  little  in  having  the  black  continued 
entirely  round  the  eye,  but  inferiorly  not  extending  behind  its  posterior  ex- 
tremity. There  are  no  white  feathers  on  the  eyelids.  The  sides  of  head  and 
ears  are  ashy,  as  in  the  first  specimen.  The  bill  is  even  stouter,  and  the 
culmen  more  curved,  than  in  34,017,  and  exhibits  a  very  striking  difference 
from  tliat  of  G.  velata. 

Length  (34,017),  5.40 ;  wing,  2.20  ;  tail,  2.65  ;  its  graduation,  .60 ;  difference 
between  1st  and  4th  quills,  .18;  bill  above,  .50,  from  nostril,  .30,  from  gape, 
•61 ;  depth,  .165  ;  tarsus,  .87  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .68  ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .51. 

No.  30,677.    Length,  5.35  ;  wing,  2.35  ;  tail,  2.60  (worn)  ;  bill  above,  .56, 
15     April,  1865. 


it' 

■   'I  ■ 


•  '    t 


I  - 


a- 


i 


f''. 


*      1 


!^. 


226 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[PAltT  I. 


from  nostril,  .35  ;  greatest  depth,  .185  ;  tarsus,  .91 ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .80; 
hind  toe  and  olaw,  .60. 

The  species  above  described,  if  its  characters  are  maintained 
throughout  a  series  of  specimens,  appears  to  me  worthy  of  separation 
from  velata  and  sequinoctialis,  being  really  more  different  from  tiicm 
than  are  the  two  latter  from  each  other.  Whether  the  two  speci- 
mens are  identical  as  species  remains  to  be  proved  ;  the  difference 
between  the  white  eyelids  of  the  one,  with  the  eye  not  encircled  be- 
hind by  black,  and  the  narrow  black  border  behind  the  eye  of  tlio 
other,  to  the  exclusion  of  the  white  eyelids,  is  somewhat  analogous 
to  that  distinguishing  O.  macgillivrayi  from  G.  Philadelphia.  The 
former  condition  may,  however,  be  only  a  feature  of  immaturity,  as 
the  female  and  young  O.  Philadelphia  have  whitish  eyelids. 

The  differences  from  allied  species  are  expressed  in  the  synopsis. 
The  ash  of  the  head  is  even  more  extended  than  in  G.  velata — reach- 
ing over  the  nape  and  on  the  sides  of  head,  where  it  replaces  much 
of  the  black  of  the  cheeks  of  the  others.  The  bill  is  much  stouter, 
the  culmen  more  curved  ;  the  tail  is  longer,  and  the  wings  shorter  anJ 
more  rounded.     The  legs  are  apparently  intermediate  in  character. 


Smith- 
sonian 
No. 

34,017 
T30,677 


CoUec- 

Sex 

tor's 

and 

No. 

Age. 

18 

(T 

198 

Locality. 


Mazatlan. 
Petalealeu,  Gnat. 


When 
Collected. 


Received  from 


Collected  hy 


Jiinel4, '62. 
Sept.  1862. 


A.  J.  Grayson. 
0.  Salvin. 


(34,017.)   Type  of  speclei. 


-ki--- 


Oeothlypig  philadelpliia. 

Sylvia  Philadelphia,  Wils.  Am.  Om.  II,  1810,  101,  pi.  xiv;  Atrn. ;  Nftt, 
—  Trichas  Philadelphia,  Jard. — Reinhardt,  Vidensk.  Meddel.  for 
1853,  and  Ibis,  1861,  6  (Greenland).  —  Geothlypis  phila.   Baird, 
Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  243,  pi   Ixxix,  fig.  3.— Sclater,  Catal.  1861,27 
(Orizaba). — Lawrekce,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lyo.  1861,  322  (Panama). 
FiaoREs:  Wils.  Am.  Orn.  II,  pi.  xiv. — Ann.  B.  A.  II,  pi.  101. 
Hah.  Eastern  province  of  United  States  to  British  America;  Greenlami; 
southeastern  Mexico  and  Panama  R.  R.     Not  recorded  from  West  Indies  or 
Guatemala. 


Smith- 
sonian 
No. 

Collec- 
tor's 
No. 

Sex 
and 

AKe. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

18.819 

4.-. 

207 

'i 

Stnwii^filjIB,   Nova 

May'26,  '44. 
May,  1843. 

W.  G.  Winton. 
S.  F.  Baird. 

44 

Gov.  Macfavlsh. 
Donald  Ounn. 
R.  Keiinicott. 
Dr.  Cooper. 
Cab.  Lawrence. 

W.  0.  Winton. 

1.499 

1.024 

27,033 

27,0,')2 

7,.ii.'> 

CarllHle,  Pa.  [Scotia. 
Selkirk  Settlement. 

(4 

South  Illinois. 
Independence,  Mo. 
Panama  K.  R. 

S.  F.  Baird. 

44 

Donald  Ouiin, 
M'Leauoan. 

■ni.  ^ftOMB"  1 


OEOTHLYPIS. 


22T 


Geothlypis  macgillivrayl. 

S;/lvia  macgillivtajfi,  Add.  Orn.  Biog.  V,  1839,  75,  pi.  SliO. —  Trlchns 
macQ.  AcD. —  Gtothlypis  mucg.  Baikd,  Birds  N.  Am.  18r)8,  244,  pi. 
lxxi-»,  fig.  4. — ScLATBR,  Catal.  1861,  27  (Jalapa  and  Guat.)- — In- 
P.  Z.  8.  1859,  363,  373  (Xalapa,  Oaxaca).— Cab.  Jour.  1861,  84 
(Costa  Rica).— Cooper  &  Sdckley,  P.  R.  R.  R*ip.  XII,  ii,  1859, 177. 
— Sijlvicola  macg.  Max.  Cab.  Jour.  VI,  1858,  118. 

Sylvia  tolmiixi,  Towns.  J.  A.  N.  So.  1839. — Trichas  tolmiiei,  Ntrrr.  Man.  I. 

Trkhas  vegeta  (LiCHT.),  Bp.  Consp.  1850,  310;  Jide  Cab.  Jour.  1861,  84 
(Mexico). 

Bab.  Western  and  middle  provinces  of  United  States  to  northern  boundary ; 
south  to  Costa  Rica. 


Smith-  Collee-  Sex 

aoniaa    tor's  i  and 

No.    '    No.    ;  Age. 


Locality. 


Collected  by 


7,flO-» 

3-.fl 

,  , 

1,910 

d- 

1«,945 

321 

rf 

23,373 

esi 

111,944 

, , 

rf 

10,954 

, , 

32,173 

2,486 

32,466 

4fl 

V 

32,704 

40,772 

i 

30,67.i 

4,612 

30,674 

201 

d 

Ft.  Stellacootn.W.T. 
Colambia  Itiver. 
Chtloweyuck  Depot 
Fort  Tejon,  Cal. 
Fort  Brldger. 
Fort  Laramie. 
Cape  St.  Lucas. 
Orizaba,  Mex. 
Mexico. 
Coban,  Ouat. 
Duenas,  Ouat. 


When 
Collected. 


Received  from 


Collected  by 


May  3,  '38. 
May,  1833. 
June  29. 
Sept.  1857. 
June  10. 
AUR.  31. 
Dec.  16,  '59. 


Nov.  1859. 
Jan.  31,  '58. 


Dr  Buckley. 
8  F.  Balrd. 
A.  Campbell. 
John  XantuR. 
C   Urexler. 
W.  M.  Mapraw. 
John  XantUH. 
Prof.  Sumichrast. 
Verreanx. 
0.  Salvln. 


Dr.  Suckley. 
J.  K.  Townsend. 
Dr.  Kennorly. 
John  XaiituH. 
C.  Drexler. 
Dr.  Cooper. 
John  XautuR. 
Prof.  Sumichrast. 


(1,910.^  Type  of  species.    (32,178.)   Iris  dark  brown. 


Geothlypis 

(No.  30,676.)  Among  some  specimens  from  Guatemala,  presented 
by  Mr.  Salvin  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  is  one  labelled  Qeo- 
thlypis  macgillivrayi ;  which,  however,  by  no  means  belongs  to  it, 
and  is  of  a  species  quite  unknown  to  me.  In  form  it  is  intermediate 
between  Oeothlypis  and  Oporornis — having  a  pointed  wing,  a  little 
longer  than  tail ;  the  3d  quill  longest,  the  2d  a  little  longer  than 
the  4th,  the  1st  about  equal  to  it.  The  under  tail  coverts  are  as  in 
Oporornis,  reaching  nearly  to  the  end  of  the  tail.  The  legs  are  also 
as  in  Oporornis,  The  upper  parts  are  olive  green,  brightest  towards 
the  tail ;  the  head  above  tinged  with  brown.  The  whole  under  parts 
are  yellow,  less  vivid  on  the  throat,  and  tinged  with  ashy  across  the 
breast.  An  obscure  line  from  bill  to  eye,  and  the  eyelids  are 
yellowish-white  ;  a  dusky  spot  before  the  eye.  Bill  horn  color. 
Legs  yellow.  It  resembles  the  female  G.  trichas  in  the  yellowish 
throat,  but  the  wings  are  longer  and  more  pointed,  etc.  Length, 
5.00;  wing,  2.40  ;  tail,  2.25  ;  tarsus,  .83  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .67. 
The  wings  are  much  too  short  for  either  0.  agilis  or  formosus, 
though  otherwise  similar  in  form. 


228 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIED8. 


[I'AKT  I. 


This  may  possibly  be  the  female  of  O.  npeviosa,  Sol.,  which  I  have 
not  seen.  It  is  certainly  different  from  any  species  known  to  inc,  in 
combining  characters  of  the  two  genera  mentioned. 


Smlth- 
(011  Ian 

No. 

Collec- 
tor's 
No. 

Sex 
and 

Age. 

Lucality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  \>j 

8U,676 

3,194 

•• 

Dueiias,  Ouat. 

Sept.  17,  '09. 

U.  SalvlD. 

N       iM 


SnBFAMiur  ICTERIANiE. 

ICVERIA,    VlBILLOT. 

Jcteria,  Vieillot,  Ois.  Am.  Sept.  1, 1807,  iii  and  85. 
viridis,  Gm.,  Tardus  virens,  Linn.) 


(Type  Musciaijia 


tils"' 


Bill  broad  at  base,  but  contracting  rapidly  and  becoming  attenuated  when 
viewed  from  above ;  high  at  the  base  (higlier  than  broad  opposite  the  nostrils) ; 
the  culmen  and  commissure  much  curved  from  base ;  the  gonys  straight. 
Upper  jaw  deeper  than  the  lower ;  bill  without  notch,  or  rictal  bristles.  Nos- 
trils circular,  edged  above  with  membrane,  the  feathers  close  to  their  borders. 
Wings  shorter  than  tail,  considerably  rounded  ;  1st  quill  rather  shorter  than 
the  6th.  Tail  moderately  graduated ;  the  feathers  rounded,  but  narrow. 
Middle  toe  without  claw  about  two-thirds  the  leugth  of  tarsus,  which  has  the 
scutallae  fused  externally  into  one  plate. 

The  precise  systematic  position  of  the  genus  Icteria  is  a  matter 
of  much  contrariety  of  opinion  among  ornithologists ;  but  I  have 
little  hesitation  in  including  it  among  the  Sylvicolidse.  It  has  been 
most  frequently  assigned  to  the  Vireonidse,  but  differs  essentially 
in  the  deeply  cleft  inner  toe  (not  half-united  as  in  Vireo),  the  partially 
booted  tarsi,  the  lengthened  middle  toe,  the  slightly  curved  claws, 
the  entire  absence  of  notch  or  hook  in  the  bill,  and  the  short,  rounded 
wing  with  only  nine  primaries.  The  wing  of  Vireo,  when  much 
rounded,  has  ten  primaries — nine  being  only  found  when  the  wiug 
is  very  long  and  pointed. 

Icteria  Tireiis. 

Turdus  virens,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  10th  ed.  1758,  171,  no.  16  (based  on 

(Enanthe  americana,  pectore  luteo,  Yellow-breasted  Chat,  Catesby, 

Carol.  I,  tab.  50). 
Muscicapa  viridis,  Gmelin,  Syst.  Nat.  1, 1788,  936. — Icteria  viridin,  Box.; 

Add.  Orn.  Biog.  II,  pi.  137.— Baihd,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858, 248.—? Max. 

Cab.  Jour.  VI,  1858,  122. 
Icteria  dumicola,  Vieill. — Pipra  polyglotta,  WiLS. 
f Icteria  velasqnezti,  Bon.  P.  Z.  S.  1837, 117  (Mexico).— Sclater  &  Salv. 

Ibis,  I,  1859,  12  (Guatemala). 


ICTERIA. 


229 


JIdh.  Eastern  province  of  United  States ;  rare  north  of  Pennsylvania. 
Mexico  and  Ouateniala  ?     Not  noted  from  West  Indies. 

I  aiu  still  much  perplexed  in  reference  to  the  distinctness  of  tho 
Me.xican  /.  velasquezii  from  /.  virens.  All  the  Chats  I  'lave  seen 
from  lof-alities  south  of  the  United  States  (four  in  the  Smithsonian 
collection)  agree  in  having  the  bill  lighter  colored,  the  upper  nian- 
(liblo  brown  with  lighter  lower  edge,  the  lower  nearly  whitish.  All 
have  the  sides  and  crissum  tinged  with  brown.  The  size  is  rather 
less  than  in  viridis,  the  proportions  about  the  same ;  the  tail  if  any- 
IhinfT  shorter,  not  longer.  In  two  specimens  the  bill  is  shorter, 
higher,  and  the  culmen  more  curved  than  in  any  virens  I  have  seen ; 
ill  one  it  i.s  about  the  same,  and  in  another  (13,601)  it  is  longer  and 
more  slender.     The  white  maxillary  patch  is  rather  restricted. 

Ill  no  adult  male  specimens  from  tho  United  States  do  I  find  the 
bill  other  than  intense  black,  and  the  crissum  pure  white.  Tho 
flunks  arc  a  little  brownish,  but  less  so  than  in  Mexican  skins.  A 
female  from  Carlisle,  Pa.,  however  (2,312;  May),  has  the  crissum 
and  flanks  precisely  as  in  southern  specimens  ;  the  bill,  also,  is  nearly 
as  light  colored. 

/.  longicauda  has  the  tail  much  longer,  and  the  upper  parts  much 
grayer.  The  mandibular  white  extends  farther  back,  as  does  the 
white  at  the  posterior  corner  of  the  eye.  Young  birds  from  Capo 
St.  Lucas  differ  from  adults  in  the  light-colored  bill,  and  brownish 
wash  on  the  flanks  and  crissum  ;  but  the  back,  instead  of  being  pure 
olive  green,  has  a  brownish  faded  appearance. 

Cabanis  (Jonrnal,  1860,  403),  in  summarily  uniting  all  described 
Icteria  into  one  species,  entirely  overlooks  the  great  difference  in 
the  length  of  the  tail  of  eastern  and  western  specimens. 

Ideria  auricollis,  of  Licht,  doubtless  refers  to  /.  velasquezii. 

Specimens  of  this  species  are  in  the  Smithsonian  museum  from 
all  parts  of  the  United  States  east  of  the  valleys  of  the  lower  Mis- 
souri, as  far  west  as  Fort  Riley  and  Neosho  Falls,  Kansas,  and 
south  of  Cape  May  and  Carlisle  ;  also — 


.''.«? '»;:-;j 


'  •;.'i'{.^:i 


Snitb-  Collec- 

snnlan    ti>r'8 

No.       No. 

Sex 
and 

Age. 

^o-«tr.              couecl^d. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

• 

is.nso        37 

22,:!71    43,773 

7,0.04  i      .. 

i3,tiin 

20,4(11 

Kort  Cobb,  Ark. 

Mexico. 

Guatemala. 

Choctuii,  Vera  Pi«. 

May  27. 
.Ian",  'i860. 

J.  H.  Clark. 
Verreaux. 
J.  Gould. 

0.  Salvia. 

C.  8.  McCarthy, 

2.10 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


f^  f.      : 


"  I       i. 


r 

( 

|4                    <^ 

■%. 

■ 

i! 

1', 

1 

* 

'- T 

1"' 

Icterla  lonfficauda. 


Icteria  longicauda,  Lawkencb,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lyo.  VI,  April,  1853,  4.-- 
Baibii,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  249,  pi.  xxxiv,  fig.  2.— Sclateb,  Catal. 
42,  no.  253. 

f Icteria  auricollia  (Light.  Mua.  B«rl.),  Bon.  Consp.  1850,  831. 

Hal).  WeHtern  and  middle  provinces  of  United  States  ;  Cape  St.  Laoas  and 
Mexico  ? 

Specimens  of  this  species  are  in  the  Smithsonian  collection  from 
many  points  in  California  and  the  T?,ocky  Mountains  as  far  north  us 
Yreka,  Cal.,  to  northern  Mexico,  ana  east  to  the  Upper  Missouri,  as— 


Bmlth- 

Collec- 

Sex 

■uDlan 

tor's 

and 

No. 

No. 

Age. 

fi,310 

,  , 

V 

4,648 

.  • 

rf 

8,841 

,  , 

1«,948 

.s.aie 

d 

9,109 

34,718 

Locality. 


Ft.  I/uokGUt.Mo.Ulv. 
Ft.  Piorio.  " 

Loup  Fork. 
Cape  St.  Lucas. 
Mexico. 


Wlieo 
Collected. 


JuuJlT, 'i)6. 
May  12,  'M. 
Aujf.  8. 
Oct.  10. 


Received  fmm 


Collected  by 


Lt.  Warren. 
Col.  VauKhan. 
Lt.  Warren. 
J.  Xautas. 
Verreaux. 


Dr.  IlayUeu. 
J.  Xantns. 


ORANATELLUS.  Dubub. 

GranateUus,  Dctbus  ("Esq.  Orn."),  Bon.  Consp.  1850,  312. 
venustus,  Ddb.) 


(Type  G. 


Bill  shaped  much  as  in  Icteria ;  broad  and  high  at  the  base,  scarcely  notcbed 
at  tip.  Culmen  and  commissure  much  curved  ;  gonys  slightly  convex  ;  the 
upper  edge  of  lower  jaw  much  curved,  but  straight  towards  the  end.  Lower 
jaw  deeper  than  the  upper.  Nostrils  circular,  in  anterior  end  of  nasal  groore, 
with  membrane  against  posterior  half,  but  not  above  it,  and  with  the  nasal 
feathers  falling  short  of  their  edges,  as  in  some  Troglodytidce  and  Donacobiw. 
Rictal  bristles  inconspicuous  ;  the  throat  and  chin  with  bristles  interspersed 
among  the  feathers.  Tarsi  short ;  the  scutellte  much  fused  on  the  sides. 
Wings  considerably  shorter  than  the  rounded  tail,  the  feathers  of  which  Lave 
rounded  tips  ;  the  first  quill  as  short  as  the  secondaries. 

I  can  find  no  place  for  this  curious  form  so  appropriate  as  near 
to  Icteria,  as  although  the  style  of  coloration  is  very  different  (ashy 
above,  sides  white,  belly  red),  the  structure  is  much  alike.  The 
bills  are  quite  similar  in  shape  and  proportions — being  very  deep, 
and  the  upper  mandible  much  decurved  from  the  base  ;  there  is,  how- 
ever, a  very  slight  faint  notch,  scarcely  appreciable  in  some  speci- 
mens. A  striking  difference  is  in  the  disproportionate  size  of  the 
lower  jaw,  which  is  actually  deeper  than  the  upper,  anterior  to  the 
nostrils.  The  naked  space  just  behind  the  nostrils  is  also  peculiar, 
as  perhaps  the  absence  of  membrane  above  them.  The  tail  is  more 
graduated,  and  the  feathers  more  rounded  than  in  Icteria, 


V 


0BANATELLU8. 


231 


Fonr  Bpccics  of  UiIh  genus  are  now  known,  the  dilTerenceH  of 
vvliicli  iiro  indicated  in  the  following  diagnoses.  The  charaetiTs  of 
0.  mllueA  and  peUdnii  1  borrow  from  Schiter — uot  having  aeea 
these  species. 

Common  Guar actbrb.— Slaty  blue  above  ;  tail  black.    A  broad  post- 
ocular  patch,  aud  sideH  of  bcxly  white.     Middle  region  of  body 
beneath,  from  breast  to  crissuiu  iiicluHive,  vermilion  red. 
Sidea  of  head  and  neck  black;  chiu  aud  throat  white. 

Top  v.r  head  like  the  back  ;  forehead  and  pectoral  col- 
lar black  ;  lateral  tail  feathers  tipped  with  white  venustuB. 
Similar  to  last,  but  without  black  pectoral  collar       .  franciaca. 
Top  of  liead  black ;    no  black  pectoral  collar ;  tail 

feathers  without  white  tips  ....  pdxelnii. 

Sides  of  head,  with  entire  chin  and  throat,  plumbeous  ;  tail 

feathers  not  tipped  with  white salluei. 


■-;i 


>i' 


Granatellus  Tenustus. 

Granatellus  venustus,  "  DonuB,  Esq.  Om.  tab.  xliv,"  BoN.  Consp.  1850, 
312  (Mus.  Bruxell.  ex  Mexico).— Sclater,  P.,Z.  S.  Nov.  1804,  607, 
pi  xxxvii,  flg.  2  (copied  from  Dubus). 

Ilab.  Western  Mexico. 

(No.  30,169,  %  .)  Above  bluish  slate  color.  Forehead,  aides  of  head  and 
neck  including  edge  of  vertex,  and  a  narrow  pectoral  collar,  continuous 
black.  A  broad  triangular  patch  of  white  behind  the  eye  in  the  black  of  the 
neck.  Median  portion  of  under  parts,  from  the  black  pectoral  band  to  and 
including  crissum,  vermilion  red.  Axillars,  lining  of  wings,  flanks,  chin  and 
tliroat  (which  are  bordered  by  black,  as  described)  white ;  side  of  breast 
plumbeous.  Outer  web,  aud  terminal  half  of  inner  web  of  l»t  tail  feather, 
terminal  fifth  of  2d,  and  a  slight  tip  of  3d,  all  white;  rest  of  tail  black. 
Quills  dark  brown,  edged  externally  like  the  back,  internally  with  whitish. 
Hill  dark  plumbeous,  paler  on  the  tomia  aud  gonys  ;  legs  rather  dusky.  Iris 
white. 

A  close  examination  shows  a  number  of  black  bristles  interspersed  in  the 
white  of  the  throat. 

Length,  5.40;  wing,  2.47 ;  tall,  2.90;  graduation,  .35 ;  difference  between 
Istand  4th  quills,  .36;  bill  above,  .55;  nostril,  .36;  gape,  .65  tarsus,  .77; 
middle  toe  and  claw,  .60. 

The  differences  between  this  species,  O.  peizelnii,^  and  G.  sallaei, 
are  given  below, 

'  OranatelluB  pelzelnil. 

Granatellnit  pelzelneii,  Sclatbr,  P.  Z.  S.  Nov.  22,  1864,  606,  pi.  xxxvii, 
fig.  1  (Madeira  River,  Brazil). 

Supra  plumbeus,  pileo  et  capitis  lateribus  nigris  ;  vitta  post-oculari  utriuqua 


Iflif 


232 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  T. 


t     I 


— 

■J.  .  -.l' 

Bmith- 

kODlltU 

No. 

Collno- 
tor'i 
No. 

fiOd 

8«x 
and 
Age. 

Local  Ity. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  froin 

RemarkD. 

30,168 

rf 

Sierra  Madre,  Coll- 
[ma. 

April,  1863. 

Jobu  Xautiu. 

Irle  white. 

Uranatelliis  francescae. 

(iraualellus  francescce,  Baird,  n.  8t 

Above  bluish  slate  color.  Forehead,  continnons  with  a  broad  stripe  above 
and  beyond  the  eye,  as  ab:o  the  sides  of  the  head  and  neck,  black.  A  tri- 
angnlar  patch  of  pure  white  extending  from  the  poatero-superior  border  of  tim 
eye,  along  the  side  of  the  head  and  continued,  though  much  obscured,  acrngj 
the  nape.  Under  parts,  including  insitle  of  wings  and  side  of  breast,  white; 
the  jugulum  and  median  line  of  body  to  and  including  orissum,  carmine  rod. 
Wings  blackish  ;  the  outer  webs  more  plumbeous,  edged  with  paler,  and  with 
two  narrow  whitish  bars  across  the  coverts  ;  the  inner  webs  abruptly  edged 
with  white.  Tail  black,  the  outer  feather  white,  xcept  at  base ;  the  black 
passing  farther  along  the  inner  web ;  the  next  feather  with  the  black  more 
extended  ;  the  third  with  the  white  confined  to  the  tip ;  the  fourth  with  a 
narrow  streak  of  white  in  the  end  ;  the  others  all  black.  Tibio)  plumbeoua. 
Bill  lead  color;  paler  along  the  tomia  and  the  gonys.     Legs  blackish. 

Female  with  the  rod  of  under  parts  restricted  to  a  tinge  on  the  crissum; 
the  white  replaced  by  soiled  pale  buff,  as  also  is  the  black  of  the  head ;  middle 
of  belly  quite  white.  Young  male  like  female,  but  with  under  parts  purer 
white;  the  jugulum  and  under  parts  with  traces  of  red. 

Total  length,  6.36  ;  wing,  2..^1 ;  tail,  3.40,  its  graduation,  .60;  difference  of 

lata  et  corpore  subtus  albis  ;  peotore  toto,  ventre  medio  et  crisso  rosaeeo- 
rubris  ;  alis  et  oauda  nigricanti-fuscis,  immaculatis  ;  rostro  piumbeo,  tomiis 
pallescentibus ;  pedibus  corylinis.     Long.  corp.  4. 50  ;  alae,  2.00 ;  caudse,  2.00. 

This  species  was  collected,  by  Dr.  Natterer,  in  Brazil,  Sept.  1829,  and  while 
most  similar  to  G.  rernistus,  differs  in  the  want  of  the  black  pectoral  band  and 
the  white  tips  to  the  tail  feathers,  and  in  the  black  of  top  of  head.    The 
.  bite  throat  separates  it  from  sallaei. 

Oranatellus  sallaei. 

Granatellus  sallaei  {Setophaga  sallaei,  "  Bp.  &  Scl.,"  Bp.  Comptes  Pen- 
dus,  XLII,  May,  1866,  957),  Sclat«:h,  P.  Z.  S.  July  8, 1856,  292,  pi. 
cxx  (Cordova) ;  1859,  374,   9  (Oaxaca)  ;  1864,  607.— Sclatbr  & 
Salvin,  Ibis,  1860,  397  (Cajabon,  Guat.). 
Hah.  South  Mexico  to  Guatemala. 

G.  sallaei  differs  from  i^enustus  in  having  the  ohin  and  throat  plumbeous 
instead  of  white.  The  black  sides  of  the  head,  forehead,  and  pectoral  collar 
appear  to  be  represented  merely  by  a  darker  shade  of  the  ground  color.  The 
tail  lacks  the  white  tips.  The  plumbeous  ground  color,  the  white  post-ocular 
stripe,  and  the  red  of  the  breast,  belly,  and  crissum,  with  the  white  sides,  i-re 
common  to  both  speoieSi 


TEIIETU18TI8. 


233 


l«t  anil  longest  primarieo,  .CO  ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .60,  from  nostril, 
.37 ;  along  gap*),  .HI  ;  tarsus,  .80  ;  middlu  toe  and  claw,  .UG  ;  claw  alone,  .20 ; 
hinil  toe  and  claw,  .46  ;  claw  alone,  .21. 

This  beautiful  and  hitherto  undcscribod  species  is  quite  similar  to 
G.  vcnuHtuH  in  appearance,  but  (litters  in  a  much  longer,  broader, 
and  more  rountler  tail.  The  wing  is  much  graduated  ;  the  4th  and 
5th  ({iiilis  nearly  equal ;  the  3d  a  little  shorter ;  the  2d  about  e(|uiil 
to  the  7th ;  the  Ist  shorter  than  the  secondaries.  The  principal 
(lifftTi'iice  in  coloration  consists  in  the  absence  of  the  black  pectoral 
colhir  (although  a  few  concealed  spots  may  be  considered  as  repre- 
senting it)  ;  in  the  pure  white  of  the  sides  of  the  breast,  instead  of 
plumbeous ;  in  the  narrow  whitish  bands  across  the  wings ;  the 
greater  amount  of  white  on  the  tail,  etc.  From  pelzelnii  it  is  di.stin- 
guished  by  the  plumbeous  crown  and  white  tips  of  the  tail  feathers. 

Tiiis  bird  is  one  of  a  number  of  new  species  discovered,  during 
the  past  winter,  by  Col.  Grayson,  on  one  of  the  Three  Marias,  a 
group  of  Islands  off"  the  coast  of  Mexico,  about  eighty  miles  from 
San  IMas  ;  and  I  cannot  more  appropriately  dedicate  it  than  to  Mrs. 
Grayson,  to  whose  encouragement  Col.  Grayson  owes  so  much  of  the 
persistency  and  success  with  which  he  has  prosecuted  the  study  of 
the  ornithology  of  California  and  western  Mexico. 


Sinlth- 
Sa. 

Collec- 
tiir'8 
No. 

Sex 
and 
Atra. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Remarkn. 

H7,312 

:t7.;n3 

37,314 

67 
70 
69 

cf  Juv. 

Three  Mhi'iuh,  Mex. 

Juu.  isa;. 

Col.  A.  J.  Grayson, 
t 

"Irlit  brown." 
....  [  1  ype. 

TBRETRISTIS,  Cabanis. 

Teretrislii,  Cabams,  Jour.  Orn.  Ill,  185.5,  475. 
dinm,  Lemb.) 


(Type  Anabates  fernan- 


Bill  slender,  rather  deep  and  connpreased  from  the  base,  not  quite  so  long 
as  the  head ;  the  outlines  of  upper  mandible  considerably  decurved,  and 
without  notch  at  tip ;  the  gonys  straight.  Rictal  bristles  short  and  incon- 
spicuous, not  reaching  the  nostrils.  Some  scattered  bristles  in  the  chin. 
Nostrils  rather  elongated,  without  membrane  above  them  anteriorly,  the  frontal 
feathers  coming  up  close.  Wings  shorter  than  the  slightly  rounded  tail. 
First  quill  shorter  than  outer  secondaries  ;  2d  about  equal  to  7th  ;  l-id  and  4th 
equal  and  longest.  Tail  slightly  graduated,  the  feathers  acuminate.  Inner 
toe  with  basal  joint  cleft  rather  more  than  half;  tarsi  short,  but  little  longer 
than  middle  toe  and  claw  ;  the  scutellae  distinct,  or  else  fused  on  the  outside  ; 
claws  short,  considerably  curved.     Sexes  similar.     No  spots  on  the  tail. 

This  is  another  genus  the  precise  position  of  •.vhich  is  somewhat 


'!'{• 


1 . 


II 


if  .    -         ''' 


^;!r> 


T 


.  J . 

t 

'l    ' 

_ .  •/, 

«t 

*      V* 

*> 

'^f. 

'^ 

.  * 

I 

iv  '  - 

' 

. 

234 


REVIEW  OP  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


uncertain.  The  bill  is  much  like  that  of  some  Certhiolae  in  shape 
and  curve,  though  the  mouth  is  deeply  clefl,  and  the  tongue  com- 
paratively simple  (see  page  163),  as  in  the  Warblers.  In  the  com- 
pression, however,  and  decurvation  of  the  bill,  there  is  a  close  rela- 
tionship to  Icteria,  though  it  is  smaller,  longer  proportionally,  and 
much  more  slender.  The  basal  joints  of  the  middle  toe  are  rather 
more  united  than  common  in  Sylvicolidse ;  not  so  much  as  in  Vireo. 
The  *n.rsi  are  shorter,  and  the  claws  more  curved  than  in  Icteria. 

This  g?nu8,  confined  to  Cuba,  is  represented  by  two  known  species 
which  ag.-ee  in  having  the  upper  parts  olive  gray,  the  crissum 
whitish,  the  wings  and  tail  not  varied  by  white.  The  diagnosis  is 
as  follows : — 

Head  and  n'jck  all  round  yellow  (slightly  olivaceous  above)  ; 

rest  of  under  parts  whitish,  tinged  with  ashy  on  the  sides  fernandina. 

Head  and  neck  above  like  the  back ;  sides  of  head  (sharply 
defined  against  the  vertex)  and  whole  under  parts,  except 
crissum  and  anal  region,  bright  yellow       ....  fornsii. 

Teretristis  fernandinee. 

Anahates  fernandinee,  Lembeye,  Aves  Cuba,  IS.'iO,  66,  tab.  v,  fig.  2 
(western  Cuba). — Gundlach,  Bost.  Jour.  VI,  iii,  1853,  317  (eggs; 
Cuba). —  Teretristisfern.  Cab.  Jour.  Ill,  1855,  475. — Gundlach,  lb. 
1861,  32(5  (Cuba  ;  very  conirrion). — Helmitherus  hlnndn,  Bon.  Consp. 
I,  April,  1850,  314,  Cuba  (not  the  species  of  Lichtenstein,  Jidt 
Cabanis), 
Hah.  Western  Cuba. 

Head  and  neck  all  round  olive  green  above,  yellow  beneath ;  the  loral 
region  and  eyelids,  and  edge  of  wings  also  yellow.  Rest  of  upper  parts  ashy 
gray,  with  faint  tinge  of  olivaceous.  Under  parts  pale  ashy  gray,  lighter 
across  breast;  the  middle  of  breast  and  belly  yellowish-white.  Lining  of 
wings  white.  Bill  dark  lead  color,  lighter  along  the  tomia.  Legs  dark  brown. 
The  bill  varies  a  good  deal  in  size  and  shape. 

Total  length,  5.00 ;  wing,  2.25  ;  tail,  2.45  ;  graduation,  .25  ;  diflference  between 
Ist  and  3d  quills,  .40  ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .55,  from  nostril,  .37,  aloii|{ 
gape,  .60  ;  depth,  .15  ;  greatest  width  at  angle  of  rictus,  .25  ;  tarsus,  .74 ;  niiddlB 
toe  and  claw,  .62;  claw  alone,  .18  ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .45  ;  claw  alone,  .22. 


'S.^^ 


Smith-  Colleo- 

8«x 

When 
CoUected. 

suDiaa    t»r'M 
No.     '    No. 

iiiid 

Akb. 

Locality. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

2!».(!:i8 

Feroiiua,  Cuba. 

F<>h.  20. 

Cbas.  Wriifht. 

29,8.13 

t( 

April  2i5. 

i> 

29.  ar) 

It 

Feb.  19.     ■ 

II 

29,B:H 

II 

.  >  * 

II 

.S3,678 

Cuba. 

.  • . 

Dr.  J.  Oundlach. 

83,677 

V 

" 

" 

134 

d 

II 

Cab.  Mr.  T,awience. 

TERETRI8TIS. 


235 


TeretristiM  fornsii. 

Teretristis  fornsii,  Qundlach,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.  VI,  Feb.  1858  (eastern 
Cuba). — Ib.  Cab.  Jour.  1861,  326  (Cuba;  vury  common). 

Hah.  Eastern  Cuba. 

Entire  upper  parta  light  as)  y.  Beneath,  including  lores,  ocular  region,  and 
a  narrow  line  above  it,  ears,  and  edge  of  the  wing,  yellow,  sharply  defined  ; 
the  sides  of  body,  anal  region  to  crissum  and  tibiae,  light  dull  ash.  Inside 
of  wings  white.     Bill  and  logs  dark  plumbeoun. 

Length,  4.90  ;  winj,;  2.25  ;  tail,  2.35  ;  bill  from  gape,  .60  ;  tarsus,  .73.  No. 
23,511  has  a  much  broader  bill  than  usual. 

In  proportions  this  species  resembles  the  fernandinse,  but  the 
two  are  easily  distinguished  by  the  color.  In  the  former  the  head 
above  is  olive  green,  the  yellow  of  under  parts  confined  to  throat ; 
in  fornsii  the  whole  upper  parts  are  uniform  ashy,  the  yellow  of 
under  part  extending  over  the  breast  and  belly. 


Smith-  Collec- 

Sex 

sonian ,  tor's 

and 

So.    1    No. 

Axe. 

17,717 

17,71S 

,  , 

2:i,.)n 

,  , 

nJl2 

33,076 

'  * 

Locality. 


When 

CuUected. 


Moute  Verde,  Cuba. 


Cuba. 


Sept.  4,  '61. 


Received  from 


Chus.  Wright. 


Br.  J.  Qundlach. 


Collected  by 


Sdbfamily  SETOPHAQIN.®. 

Sylvicoline  birds  with  the  characters  of  Flycatchers ;  the  bill  notched  at 
tip,  depressed  and  broad  at  the  base,  though  quite  deep;  the  rictus  with  well 
developed  bristles  reaching  beyond  the  nostrils,  sometimes  to  the  end  of  the 
bill.  First  quill  rather  less  than  the  4th,  or  still  shorter.  Size  of  the  species 
rarely  exceeding  six  inches.     Cvylors  red,  yellow,  and  olive. 

The  species  of  this  section  resemble  the  small  Flycatchers  of  the 
family  Tyrannidae  in  the  structure  of  the  bill,  etc.,  and  in  the  habit 
of  capturing  insects  more  or  less  on  the  wing,  though  they  are  more 
restless  in  their  movements,  seeking  their  prey  among  trees,  or  in 
bushes,  rapidly  changing  their  place,  instead  of  occupying  a  perch, 
and  returning  to  it,  after  pursuing  an  insect  through  the  air.  The 
yellow  or  orange  crown  found  in  many  species  also  carries  out  the 
analogy;  but  the  strictly  Oscine  characters  of  the  tarsal  scutellas, 
and  the  nine  primaries  will  serve  to  distinguish  them. 

Wliilo  the  Sylmcoleae  are  eminently  characteristic  of  the  orni- 
thology of  North  America,  in  the  number  of  specimens  and  of 
epecies-^fcw  indigenous  true  Warblers  being  found  south  of  the 


^., 


\^ 


..  i.^ 


uii 


236 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


^> 


,  i.; 


*  ■;* 


United  States — it  is  this  section  that  has  its  highest  development 
in  South  and  Middle  America,  the  species  being  almost  equally 
numerous  with  the  Sjloicoleae.  It  is  a  curious  fact,  too,  that  the 
Helophagese  of  the  United  States  agree  with  its  Si'lvicoleae  in  the 
wing  being  long  and  pointed,  the  1st  quill  being  always  longer  than 
the  5th ;  while  the  more  southern  species  have  the  wing  more 
rounded,  the  1st  quill  always  considerably  shorter  than  the  5th  ;  and 
even  in  the  Dendroicas  of  the  West  Indies  and  South  America  the 
1st  qull.  is  much  shorter  than  in  very  near  northern  allies  (as  D. 
petechia  and  vieilloti  compared  with  sestiva).  The  only  exception  is 
in  Gardellina  ruhrifrons  of  Mexico  which  has  a  pointed  wing.  What 
the  signification  of  this  more  imperfectly  developed  wing  in  the 
southern  members  of  the  Sylvicolidse  may  be,  I  am  at  present  unable 
to  state,  or  whether  a  similar  condition  exists  in  other  families. 

As  usual,  in  extensive  divisions  of  birds,  the  transition  from  one 
generic  form  to  another  is  so  gradual,  through. the  different  species, 
that  it  is  very  difficult  to  define  the  genera  with  precision,  or  to 
establish  trenchant  characters  for  separating  them.  The  following 
synopsis,  however,  will  be  found  to  express  the  principal  modifica- 
tions of  structure  and  characters  of  the  group  : — 

A.  Wings  pointed  ;  the  Ist  quill  longer  than  the  Sth  ;  the  3d  as 
long  as  or  longer  than  the  4th.  Tail  nearly  even,  or  slightly 
rounded  (the  difference  of  the  feathers  less  than  .20)  ;  the 
feathe-8  broad  and  firm ;  the  outer  webs  of  exterior  feathers 
narrow  at  base^  but  widening  to  nearly  double  the  width 
near  the  end. 

1.  Bill  from  gape  nearly  as  lonji:  as  skull,  broad  at  base  and 

much  depressed ;  rictal  bristles  reaching  half  way 
from  nostrils  to  tip.  Culmen  and  commissure  nearly 
straight.  Wings  equal  to  the  tail.  Tarsi  long  ;  toes 
short ;  middle  toe  without  claw,  about  half  the  tarsus  Setophapa. 

2.  Bill  from  gape  nearly  as  long  as  skull,  broad  at  base,  but 

deep  and  more  Sylvicoline ;  rictal  bristles  reaching 
but  little  beyond  nostrils.  Culmen  and  commissure 
straight  to  the  tip.  Wings  longer  than  the  almost 
even  tail.  Middle  toe  without  claw,  three-fifths  the 
tarsus iJyiodiocUs. 

3.  Bill  from  gape  much  shorter  than  head,  wide  at  base  but 

compressed  and  high ;  the  culmen  and  commissure 
much  carved  from  base,  scarcely  notched  at  tip ; 
rictal  bristles  reaching  nearly  half  way  from  nostrils 
to  tip.  Wings  about  equal  to  the  almost  even  tail. 
Middle  toe  without  claw,  about  three-fifths  the  rather 
short  tarsus        ........    CurdeUiua. 


TERETRI8TI3. 


237 


B.  Wings  rounded ;  the  Ist  quill  shorter  than  in  the  preceding 
section,  always  less  tlian  the  5th. 

1.  Bill  much  depressed,  and  widened  at  base.     Culmea 

and  commissure  quite  straight  to  near  the  tip. 
a.  mil  attenuated  towards  the  end  ;  lateral  outlines 
straight  or  concave.      Tail   decidedly  longer 
than  the  wings.     Second  quill  as  long  as  6th. 
Rictal  bristles  reaching  nearly  to  tip  of  bill, 
which  from  gape  is  rather  less  than  the 
length  of  skull.    Tail  considerably  grad- 
uated (.50),  the  feathers  soft,  broad ; 
the  outer  web  of  outer  feather  wide, 
nearly  even,  and  about  one-third  the 
width  of  inner.     A   rufous   patch  on 

vertex .  Myioborits, 

Rictal  bristles  reaching  a  little  beyond  mid- 
dle of  bill,  which  is  elongated,  and  from 
gape  about  equal  to  length  of  skull. 
Tail  moderately  rounded,  the  feathers 
firm;  the  outer  web  of  outer  feather 
not  more  than  one-fourth  the  width  of 
inner.     A  yellow  stripe  on  vertex         .  Eathhjpis. 

h.  Bill  broad  towards  the  end  ;  lateral  outlines  ob- 
, .  .  tc.ie,  like  Todirostrum.     Tail  very  little  longer 

than  the  wings.  Second  quill  much  shorter 
than  6th. 

Rictal  bristles  extending  just  beyond  nos- 
trils. Tail  graduated,  the  feathers  nar- 
row, pointed.     Outer  webs  narrow         .  Myiothlypis. 

2.  Bill  pointed,  depressed,  and  mo^'e  or  less  wide  at  base, 

but  deep,  and  the  culmeu  gently  curved  from  the  base. 

a.  Tail  nearly  even,  the  feathers  narrow,  about  equal 

to  or  very  little  longer  than  the  lengthened 
;i»       ,.  wings  (Ist  quill  about  equal  to  the  7th).    Bill 

thickened,  and  broad  at  base.  Rictal  bristles 
lengthened.  Tarsi  short.  Vertex  with  two 
black  stripes  inclosing  a  median  one  of  a  yel- 
low, orange,  or  ashy  color        ....  Basileuterus. 

b.  Tail  decidedly  longer  than  the  abbreviated  wings 

(Ist  quill  not  longer  than  9th),  much  grad- 
uated, the  feathers  narrow.  Bill  rather  nar- 
row, scantily  bristled.  Tarsi  long.  Top  of  the 
head  chestnut Idiotes. 

c.  Tail  about  equal  to  the  lengthened  wings  (Ist  quill 

about  equal  to  the  6th),  nearly  even,  the 
feathers  broad.  Bill  very  small,  and  narrow  ; 
rictus  well  bristled;  prevailing  color  red.        .  Enjaticus. 


"► 


'  '  ' 


jyt.-^  «'5 


m 


238 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[tART  I, 


•t. 


'V 


I 


J 


,<#  • '  ,  - 


-i     _ 


1 1 
f'l  '  - 


The  preceding  synopsis  is  strictly  empirical,  and  intended  merely 
to  aid  in  distinguishing  the  genera.  A  more  natural  order  of 
sequence  is  to  arrange  the  genera  into  three  groups,  of  which  Seto- 
jihaga,  Myiodioctea,  and  Cardellina  respectively  may  be  considered 
as  types,  with  several  divergent  forms,  representing  each  other  in 
the  following  order : — 

Tail  broad,  rounded,  a  little  or  considerably  longer  than  the  wings.    Bill 
broad  and  flat : — 

Setophaoa.     Setophaga, 

Euthlypis, 
MyiohoTus, 

Tail  narrow,  nearly  even,  and  about  equal  to  the  wings.     Bill  broad,  de- 
pressed : — 

Mtiodioctbs.     MyiodiocteSf 
I  Basileuterut, 

Idiotes, 
Myiothlypis. 

Tail  as  in  pj^eceding.      Bill  narrow,  Parine   in   appearance.      Calmen 
curved  :— 

Cabdbllina.     Cardellina, 

Ergaticus. 

In  these  three  divisions,  typical  Setophaga,  Myiodioctes,  and  Car- 
dellina, respectively,  have  the  wing  long  and  sharp-pointed ;  the 
others  succeeding  these  have  the  wing  shorter,  more  rounded,  and 
exhibit  other  divergent  characters.  I  ajn  by  no  means  disinclined 
to  restrict  the  genera  of  Setophagese  to  the  above  mentioned  three, 
or  at  least  to  four,  including  Basileuterus,  and  to  consider  the  others 
as  only  sections  or  subgenera.  There  scarcely  appears  to  be  any 
alternative  to  this  view  than  to  accept  all  the  others  mentioned  as 
of  independent  generic  rank. 


AtJDnBON. 

(Type  Motacilla  mitrata, 


M7IODIOCTES, 

Myiodioctes,  AcDtTBON,  Synopsis,  1839,  48. 
Gm.)— Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  291. 
Wilsonia,  Bonap.  List,  1838  (preoccupied  in  botany). 
Myioctonus,  Cabams,  Mus.  Hein.  1850,  18.     (Type  Motacilla  mitrata.) 

Bill  broad,  depressed ;  the  lateral  outlines  a  little  concave ;  the  bristles 
reaching  not  quite  half  way  from  nostrils  to  tip.  Culmen  and  commissure 
nearly  straight  to  near  the  tip.  Nostrils  oval,  with  membrane  above.  Wings 
pointed,  rather  longer  than  the  nearly  even  but  slightly  rounded  tail ;  Is' 
quill  shorter  than  the  4th,  much  longer  than  5th  ;  the  2d  and  3d  quills  longest. 
Tarsi  rather  lengthened,  the  scutellar  divisions  rather  indistinct ;  the  middle 
toe  without  claw,  about  three-fifths  the  tarsus. 


^fr' 


MYI0DI0CTE8. 


239 


i  ■. 


Thi3  genus  differs  from  typical  Setophaga  in  stouter  feet  and  much 
longer  toes — the  middle  toe  of  S.  ruticilla  not  exceeding  the  lateral 
of  M  viilratus.  The  tail  is  shorter  than  the  wings,  not  longer  than 
or  at  least  equal  to  them.  The  bill  ia  differently  shaped,  being  nar- 
rower and  more  cylindrical,  though  decidedly  depressed  ;  the  lateral 
outlines  are  slightly  concave,  not  about  straight.  The  tip  is  less 
decurved. 

M.  pusilla  and  canadensis  are  quite  similar,  generically  with 
rather  more  tumid  bill,  and  perhaps  narrower  tail  feathers. 

The  species  of  Myiodioctes  all  belong  to  the  United  States,  and 
I  have  already  given  a  synopsis  of  their  characters  in  Birds  N.  Am 

IMyiodioctes  mitratus. 

Motacilla  mitrata,  Qhelin,  S.  N.  1, 1788,  293. — Si/lvia  m.  Lath. — Vieil. 
II,  pi.  77. — Bon.  ;  Nott.  ;  Acd.  Orn.  Biog.  II,  pi.  110. — Sylvicola  m. 
Max.  Cab.  Jour.  VI,  1858,  I13.—Sylvani.x  .n.  Nuttall,  Man.  1, 1840, 
333.— Setophaga  m.  Jard.— D'Orb.  Sagra'a  Cuba  Ois.  1840,  89. — 
Wilsonia  m.  Bon.  1838. — Allen,  Pr.  Essex  Inst.  1864. — Myiodioctes 
m.  Add.  Syn.  1839, 48.— Ib.  B.  A.  II.  pi.  71.— Sclatek,  P.  Z.  S.  1856, 
291  (Cordova)  ;  1858, 368  (Honduras).— Ib.  Catal.  1861, 33,  no.  202. 
— Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  292.— Jones,  Nat.  Bermuda,  1859,  26 
(March). — Sclater  &  Salvin,  Ibis,  1859,  11  (Guatemala), — Law- 
rence, Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.  VIII,  63  (Panaiaa  R.  R.). — Gundlach,  Cab. 
Jour.  1861, 326  (Cuba). — Mytoctonus  ?».  Cab.  Mus.  Hein.  1851. — Ib. 
Jour.  Orn.  Ill,  1855,  472  (Cuba). 

Muscicapa  cucullata,  Wilson,  III,  pi.  xxvi,  flg.  3. 

Muscicapa  selbyt,  AuD.  Orn.  Biog.  I,  pi.  9. 

Uah.  Eastern  Province  of  United  States,  rather  southern  ;  Bermuda  ;  Cuba  ; 
Jamaica ;  eastern  Mexico  ;  Honduraii  and  Guatemala  to  Panama  R.  R. 

Specimens  from  various  points  in  the  Atlantic  and  Mississippi 
Valley  States  as  far  north  as  Carlisle,  Pa.,  and  Cleveland,  Ohio* 
also — 


Ijillf 


>*>■  ■■■* 


Smith-  Collec' 

«oniaB    tori 

No        No. 


17,18.5 
30,698 


Sax 
and 
Age. 


9 
cT 


Locality. 


Jamaica 
Choctum,  Vera  Par. 


When 
Collected. 


Hecelved  from 


Collected  by 


1861. 


J    B   Smith. 
0  Salvio. 


IVyiodioctes  canadensis. 

Muscicapa  canadensis,  Linn.  S.  N.  I,  1766,  327.  (Muscicapa  canadensis 
cinerea,  Brisson,  II,  406,  tab.  39,  fig.  4) — Omelin. — Wilson,  III,  pi. 
xxvi,  flg.  2. — Ann.  Orn.  Biog.  II,  pi.  103. — Setophaga  can.  Swains.  ; 
Ricu. ;  Gray. — Myiodioctes  can.  Aud.  B.  A.  II,  pi.  103. — Brewer, 


•  !  >«.'•■■■■■ 

,-     ■       '  i    <    ■■  t    i         ■ 

<■  ''rill  i'                   .    ■       •    ' 

,    ,v;  "til.-:  ,;-,■ 


J>'-. 


,  -    ..  /  !'  "•-, 

;  >'.-;  ■ , 

V 

> 

iV^T*"- 


f  ■*i,'.:- 


• '.  •■;  .'m' 


^.'Mi : ' 


flK 


:,    ■■'■■■  :..■  '•'    ''ii- 


fv   •••'■ 


240 


REVIEW  OP  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I 


Pr.  Boat.  Soo.  VI,  5  (ne»t  and  eggs).— Sclater,  P.  Z.  8.  1854,  111 
(Ecuador;  winter);  1856,  143  (Bogota)  ;  1858,451  (Ecua(Jor)-- 
Ib.  Catal.  1861,  34,  no.  204.— Sclathk  &  Salvin,  Ibis,  18.")9,  U 
(Quatemala).  —  Lawrencb,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lyo.  VI,  1862. — Uaiiiii, 
Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  294.— Euthli/pis  can.  Cab.  Mub.  Hein.  185(1-51, 
18  ;  Jour.  Orn.  1860,  326  (Costa  Rioa). 
Sylvia  pardalina,  Bon.  ;  Nutt. — Sylvicola  pardalina,  Bon. — Myiodiocla 

pardalina,  ItoN. 
fMuscicapa  honapartu,  Add.  Orn.  Biog.  1, 1831,  27,  pi.  5. — Setophagti  hm. 
Rich. —  Wilaonia  hou.  Bon. — Sylvunin  hon.  Ndtt. — iMyiodiovles  lion. 
Add.  Syn.— Ib.  B.  A.  II,  1841,  J  7,  pi.  17.— Baibd,  Birds,  N.  Am. 
1858,  295. 
•    Setophaga  nigricincta,  Lapk.  Rev.  Zool.  1843,  292 ;  1844,  79. 
Ilab.  Whole  eastern  province  of  United  States ;  eastern  Mexico  to  Ouate- 
mala,  and  south  to  Bogota.     Not  noted  from  West  Indies. 

Specimens  from  eastern  United  States  and  Mississippi  Valley ; 
also — 


Smlth- 

Collec- 

Sex 

Bonian 

tor'* 

and 

No. 

No. 

Age. 

29,760 

.. 

., 

13.699 

31 

,  , 

32,71.5 

20,170 

¥ 

34,001 

294 

i 

33,264 

131 

34,621 

•• 

Locality. 


Ottawa,  Cap. 

Isle  Caroline,  Lake 

Mexico.iytnnipejt? 

Petaleuleii,  Gnat. 

Saa  Jose,  C.  K. 

Bogota. 


When 
Collected. 


June  2. 
Sept."  1862. 


Received  from 


W.  T.  Coleman. 

K.  Kenuicott. 

Verreanx. 

0.  Salvin. 

Dr.  V.  Fraiitzius. 

J.  H.  Roome. 


Collected  by 


Myiodioctes  pusillus. 

Muscicapa  pusilla,  Wilson,   Am.   Orn.   Ill,  1811,  103,  pi.  xxvi,  fig. 

4. —  Wilsonia  pus.   Bon. — Sylvania  pus.   Nutt. — Myiodioctes  pus. 

Boif.  Consp.  1850,  315.— ScLATEB,  P.  Z.  S.  1856,291  (Cordova); 

1858,  299  (Oaxaca  Mts. ;  Dec.)  ;  1859,  363  (Xalapa)  ;  373.-Ib. 

Catal.  1861,  34,  no.  203.— Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,293.— Sclatek 

&  Salvin,  Ibis,  1859,  11  (Guatemala).  —  Lobd,  Pr.  R.  Art.  Inst. 

Woolwich,  IV,  1864,  115  (Br.  Columbia). — Myiocionua  pus.  Cab. 

M.  H.  1851,  18.~Ib.  Jour.  1860,  325  (Costa  Rica). 
Sylvia  wilsonii,  Bon-  ;  Nott. — Muscicapa  wilsonii,  Aud.  Orn.  Biog.  II,  pi. 

124. — Setophaga  wilsonii,  Jard. — Myiodioctes  wilsonii,  Add.  B.  A. 

II,  pi.  76. 
Sylvia  petasodes,  Licht.  Preis-Verz.  1830. 
Motacilla  pileolata,  Pall.  Zoog.  Rosso.-Asiat.  1, 1831,497  (Russian  Am.). 

Hab,  Entire  breadth  of  United  States,  north  to  Russian  America ;  Mexico, 
to  Costa  Rica. 

Specimens  from  the  Pacific  coast  are  more  brightly  colored  than 
eastern,  and  the  yellow  of  the  forehead  has  a  mixture  of  oranpo  i:i 
it.     The  size  is  rather  smaller,  and  the  bill  seems  rather  narrower. 


m 


.f^-;»; 


■l  '■•■ 


BA8ILEUTERU8. 


^41 


There  arc,  however,  so  many  intermediate  grades  between  the  two 
e:;trenies  as  to  render  inexpedient  any  attempt  at  specilic  separation. 
Specimens  in  the  collection  from  many  localities  throughout  the 
United  States  from  Atlantic  to  Pacific ;  also — 


Smith-  Cnllec-  Sex 

eoaiuu    tor's     aud 

Ko.    !    No.      Age. 


2(1, 6.T) 
!!ll,63« 
Tl'M 
27,291 

27,2!>2 
27,2«) 

.un3 

3il74 

ao,i;)8 

32,467 

*I,K77 

32,716  132 

3(),6!i7 

33,423 

:)4,6:).5 

34,6.)6 
34,637 


474 
490 

"7 

,229 
,2(18 
,4S9 
U16 
fi08 
47 
96 
622 
299 
129 


d 

i 


Locality. 


Ft.  OeofKe,  H   B. 


Halifax.  N. 
Ft.  Youkuu 


La  Pierie'o  House. 
SficondiUa,  C.  S    L 
San  Oertrtide  MtM. 
Coliina  (Sierra  Ma- 
Oriiaba,  Mcx.  [dre). 
Miiadur,  Mex. 
Coban,  Oiiat. 
DaeAas.  Oiiat. 
San  JoHO,  C.  R. 
Burruuca,  C.  R. 


When 

Collected. 


.Sept.  a,  'CO. 
May  26,  '60. 


May,  1861. 

Nov.'  VsiW. 
Jan.  KS(iI. 
April,  1863. 

Nov.  i  882. 


April  16, '64. 
April  l.i. 
April  19. 


Received  from 


C.  Drexler. 

W.  0.  Wlnton. 
J.  Lockhart. 
R   Kennicott. 
H.  K.  R0S8. 

J.   XuUtD*. 


Prof.  Sumichraat. 

Dr.  Sarturiu8. 

Verreaiix. 

O.  Salviii. 

Dr.  V.  FrantzluR. 

J.  Cariuiul. 


Collected  by 


C.  Drexler. 


W.  0  Wluton. 
J.  Lockhnrt. 
K.  Kennicott. 
J.  Flett. 
J.  Xantus. 


Prof.  Sumlclirast. 
Dr.  Sarturius. 


Myiodioctes  minutus. 

Muscicapa  minuta,  Wilson,  Am.  Orn.  VI,  1812,  62,  pi.  1,  fig.  5. — Aod. 

Orn.  Biog.  V,  pi.  434,  fig.  3.— Ib.  B.  A.  I,  pi.  HI.— Sylvia  tninuta, 

Bon. —  Wilsonia  m,  Bon.  List,  1838. 
Si/lvania  pumilia,  NorT.  Man.  1, 1840,  334. 

Hab,  Eastern  United  States. 

This  species  continues  to  be  unknown  to  modern  ornithologists — no 
speciiueus  being  recorded  as  e.xtant  in  collections. 


BASILEUTERUS,  Cabams. 

Basileuterus,  Cab. 

Basilenterus,  Cab.  Schomburgk's  Raise  Br.  Gniana,  III,  1848, 666.    (Type 
Sylvia  vermivora,  Vikii-lot.)     (See  antea,  page  237.) 

Bill  broad  at  the  base  and  much  depressed,  but  thick  ;  the  culmen  cnrvpd 
gently  fron  the  base,  the  commissure  curved  for  most  of  its  extent.  Rictal 
bristles  variable,  but  reaching  abddt  halfway  from  the  nostrils  to  tip  of  bill. 
The  tail  is  slightly  emarginated,  and  only  a  little  rounded,  the  lateral  feather 
«ometimns  rather  graduated,  the  fea'hers  rather  narrow.  Wing  about  equal 
to  the  tail,  rounded  ;  4th  quill  longest,  1st  about  equal  to  the  8th.  Toea 
rather  shorter  than  in  Myiodioctes,  the  middle  without  its  claw  nearly  two- 
thirds  the  tarsus. 

There  is  a  good  deal  of  variation  in  the  size  of  bill  and  other 

features,  with  different  species ;  but  the  broad  decurved  bill,  nearly 

even  narrow  tail  with  the  lateral  feather  more  or  less  graduated, 

wings  equal  to  the  tail  and  much  rounded,  the  1st  quill  equal  to  the  8th 

16     May.  1866. 


"#■ 


^^^m  I 


ih'  (' 


M\''^^' 


1 

; 

J     1 
i  - 

-      * 

;    "  V' »  . 

*    .*■  r           ,          « 

.«! 


I.-*'' 


■  ?  • 


REVIEW  OF  AMEUICAN  HIRDS. 


[part  1. 


and  9th,  arc  common  to  all.  The  relationship  to  Myiodiocies  is  quite 
close,  especially  to  canadensis  and  piidUas  ;  but  the  characters  just 
mentioned  will  distinguish  them.  Tlie  transition,  however,  to  Lhokx 
is  very  gradual,  throilgh  such  species  as  /.  mesochrysus.  Setophaga 
is  distinguished  by  a  much  more  depressed  and  thinner  bill,  with 
the  culmen  and  commissure  nearly  straight  for  most  of  the  length, 
as  well  as  by  other  features. 

Synopsis  of  Species  of  Basilenterus. 

Top  of  head  with  two  black  stripes  inclosing  a  median  of 
yellow  or  orange.     No  rufous  on  sides  of  head. 

Beneath  entirely  yellow. 

Central  stripe  of  head  orange  brown,  mixed 
with  gray.     Back  olive  green. 

Supra-ocular  stripe  and  eyelids  whitish  vermivorus,^  Cab 
Supra-ocular  stripe  and  eyelids  yellow 

(not  seen)     .....  bivittatus,  Scl. 
Central  stripe  of  head  yellow,  sometimes  mixed 
with  orange.     Back  olivaceous-ash. 

Supra-ocular  stripe  and  eyelids  yellow- 
ish-green          cttlicivorus,  Bp. 

Chin  and  throat  gray;  rest  of  under  parts  yellow. 
Back  olive.     Supra-ocular  stripe  ash  color  ? 

Central  str'pe  of  head  brownish-orange  .         .  coronatns,^  Scl. 
Central  stripe  of  head  yellow  ;  thiDat  darker 

ash  (not  seen) cinereicolUs,  Scl. 

Top  «f  head  with  two  black  stripes  inclosing  a  median  of 
ash,  or  nearly  nnicolor  ashy  or  brown.     No  rufous  on 
sides  of  head.     Beneath  whitish,  or  not  bright  yellow. 
Back  olive  green,  uniform  with  rump. 

Top  and  sides  of  hea<l  ash,  scarcely  lighter  in 

centre.     Supra-ocular  line  and  eyelids  white.  [Scl. 

Sides  tinged  with  olive  green  .         .         .  leucoblepharum^ 

'  A  species — B.  hypoleucus,  Bp. — from  Brazil,  is  said  to  differ  in  being  white 
beneath. 

*  B.  viridicata,  Burm.  Ill,  113  (D'Orb.  Voyage,  IX,  325)  appears  quite  similar, 
with  the  vertex  stripe  yellow,  not  orange.  In  this  respect  it  agrees  with  cinerei- 
cotlts  (ScLATER,  P.  Z.  8.  1864,  166,  Bogota),  and  like  it  has  a  grayish-ashy 
throat,  tinged  with  greenish.  The  difference  I  am  unable  to  state.  Basilen- 
terus chrysognster,  of  Peru  (^Setophaga  chri/s.  Tschudi,  F.  P.  192),  is  said  to  he 
yellow  beneath,  olive  green  above,  a  little  darker  on  top  of  head  where  the 
feathers  are  yellow  at  basi-      id  orange  in  middle. 

'  BnsileutPTus  hucohlepharwrn,  Scl.  Catal.  p.  36.  A  Paraguayan,  and  conse- 
quently a  typical  specimen,  has  the  whol«  top  of  head  uniform  slaty  | 


BASILEUTEUU8. 


243 


Top  of  head  dusky,  inclosing  a  ligliter  median  ashy 
stripe.  Kyelida  and  supra-ocular  stripe  lesa 
difltinct.     Sides  tinged  with  olive  green  .  luperciliosus,  Bd. 

Similar  to  last,  but  creamy  white  be.ieath.  Supra- 
ocular stripe  distinct.    Sides  tiuged  with  rufous 

or  fulvous ttragulatns,  Sol. 

Back  dark  brownish ;  rump  and  base  of  tail  yellowish  lemicervinm,*  Scl. 

uropyyiatis,  Sol. 

The  following  are  the  better  known  species  of  Basileuterus  from 
South  America: — 

Basileutenis  vermi'^oms. 

Sj/lvia  vermivora,  Vieill.  Nouv.  Diet,  11,1817,278. — Basileuterus  v.  Cab. 

Scliorab.  Guiana. — Sclater,  Catal.  1861,  34,  no.  34. 
Setophaija  anricapilla,  Swains.  Anim.  Men.  1838,  293  (Brazil). 

Ilah,  Bogota,  Trinidad,  Brazil,  eto. 


Basilentems  hypolencns. 

BasileHterun  hypohucus,  Bp.  Consp.  1850, 313.- 
113  (Brazil). 


-B0BU.  Uebers.  Ill,  1856, 


Basilenteraa  bivittatns.' 

Muscicapa  bivittata,  Lap.  &  D'Orb.  Syn.  Av.  1837,  61. — D'Ohb.  Voyage, 

almost  inappreciably  lighter  along  the  middle  of  the  crown,  the  white  on  the 
eyeliiis  very  distinct.  The  bill  is  slender  and  narrow.  Brazilian  specimens 
exhibit  a  quite  well  defined  band  on  each  side  of  the  crown  from  the  bill, 
bordering  a  central  stripe  of  slate  gray ;  the  white  of  eyelids  is  less  promi- 
nent, and  tlie  bill  decidedly  broader.  Tliese  differences,  if  constant,  may 
render  it  desirable  to  establish  the  Trichas  superciliosus,  of  Swainson,  as  a 
distinct  species,  under  the  name  of  Basileuterus  superciliosus, 

'  Not  having  seen  a  specimen  of  B.  semicervinus,  I  am  unable  to  give  its 
diagnosis.  Sclater  says  that  B,  uropygialix  diflfers  in  having  the  uropygium 
and  rump  more  lightly  colored  ;  the  back  olive,  and  head  cinereous  (instead 
of  brown),  almost  as  in  straijulatus,  with  which,  too,  it  agrees  in  color  of  lower 
surface. 

'  A  specimen  in  the  collection  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  I  am  unable  to 
refer  to  any  of  the  described  Basilenteri,  There  is  a  central  line  on  top  of 
bead  of  pale  yellowish-gray,  the  feathers  dull  yellowish  at  the  base  ;  on  each 
side  of  this  a  broad  black  stripe  (wider  than  in  vermivorus'),  the  two  meeting 
on  tbe  forehead.  A  dirty  wliitish  line  passes  from  bill  over  eye  to  nape,  and 
below  this  is  another  well  defined  line  of  blackish-ash,  through  and  behind 
the  eye,  beginning  as  a  dusky  loral  spot.  There  appears  to  be  a  whitish  patch 
on  the  lower  eyelid.  Tlie  under  parts,  instead  of  being  bright  uniform  yellow, 
are  olivaceous  white  along  the  median  line,  clouded  with  purer  olive  on  throat 
aud  breast ;  the  sides  of  belly  and  body  deep  olive,  like  the  back. 

This  may  be  B.  hypoleucus,  Bon.  Consp.  313  (Brazil)  ;  but  it  is  not  smaller 
than  vermivorus,  nor  can  the  under  parts  be  called  white. 


'¥h't 


244 


I: 


REVIEW  OP  AMEljlIOAN'  BIRDS. 


[PAHT  I. 


,-^fJj 


\:-':- 


OiB.   324   (ChiqnitOR,  Bolivia).  —  lianilmtems  hiritlatim,  Sclatrb, 
P.  Z.  S.  1809,  137.— lo.  Catal.  18(n,  34,  no.  20()  (Ecuador). 
fAfyiodwcteB  tristrititus,  Tacuuui,  Wiugm.   Arch.   1844,  1. — 1b.   Fauna 
Teruana,  193  (Peru). 

BasileuteruB  ooronatuB. 

AJyiodiocles  curontita,  Tbch.  Wiegm.  Arch.  1844  (23),  Pern. — DanhuteTus 
cor.  Bp.  Conap.  1850,  314.— Sclatku,  Catal.  18U1,  34,  uo.  2U7. 
Hub.  Ecuador ;  Bogota. 

Basileuterua  viridioatus. 

Muacicapa  ciridicatn  (Vieill.),  D'Obb.  Voy,  325. — Basileuterua  vina, 

Bdkm.  UabtirH.  IV,  1856,  113. 
MuBcicapa  elegana,  D'Obb.  &  Lap.  Syn.  Av.  1837,  52. 

Hab.  Chiquitos,  Bolivia. 

This  hardly  appears  to  be  the  bird  of  Vieillot  and  Azara ;  if  not,  the  name 
of  eleyans  may  be  Uited. 

BasileuteruB  cinereloollifl. 

Busileuferus  cinereicoUU,  Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1864,  166  (N.  Grenada). 
Appears  very  near  Daaileuterus  viridicattis  {elegana),  D'Obb.  &  Laf. 

BasileuteruB  chrysogaster. 

Setophaga  chrysogiister,  TscH.  Wiegm.  Arch.  1844,  16  (Peru). — Basi- 
leuterua chr.  Sclateb. — Ib.  Catal.  1861,  35,  no.  209  (Ecuador). 

BasileuteruB  leucoblepharum. 

Si/lvia  leucoblephara,  Vieill.  Nonv.  Diet.  XI,  1817,  206  (from  Azara, 
Paraguay). — D'Obb.  Voy.  Ois.  tab.  12,  fig.  2. —  Trichaa  leuc.  Bpbm. 
4  -  Uebers.  Ill,  1856,  114  (Brazil). — Basileuterus  leuc.  Sclateb,  Catal. 

1861,  36,  no.  217. 

South  Brazil  and  Paraguay. 

BasileuteruB  super ollio sub. 

Trichaa  supercilioaua,  SwAiK.  An.  Men.  1838,  295. 
North  Brazil. 

Basileuterus  stragulatuB. 

Muscicapa  strngulata,  Light.  Verz.  1823,  55. — Basileuterus  atragulatus, 
Sclateb,  Catal.  1861,  35,  no.  216  (Brazil). 

BasileuteruB  aemicervinus. 

Basileuterus  aemicervinus,  Sclateb,  P.  Z.  S.  1860,  84. — Ib.  Catal.  1861, 
35,  no.  215  (Ecuador). 


X' 


BA8ILEUTERU8. 


245 


BaHileiiterus  cullclvoriifu 

Si/U'iaciilirivnni,  LiciiT.  Preis-Verieloh.  1830,  no.  78  (Mfxioo;  Deppe 
&  Suhiode). — Cah.  Jour.  18(i3,  >)7. — D(i»  'futeru*  ciilictvorus,  Uu.nap. 
Coiisp.  185U,  313.— Cah.  Mua.  Utiin.  1850,  17. 

Musricaiia  hftmieri,  OiUAUD,  IJirclH  Texas,  1841,  j)l.  vi,  flg.  2. — linxileiitfruii 
bniseri,  Sclatkk,  P.  Z.  S.  1856,  (J6  ;  165(5,  292  (Cordova)  ;  185!),  374 
(Oaxaca). — Ib.  Catal.  1801,  34,  no.  208. — Sclatbu  &  Salvin,  Ibia, 
II,  ISiiO,  274  (Volcau,  Ouateinala). 

/7(i6.  S.  Mexico  (both  sides)  ;  Guatemala  and  Costa  Rica. 

(No.  30,698.)  Above  greenish -ash,  more  tinged  with  olive  on  the  upper 
part  of  back  and  rump.  Beneath  yellow,  the  crissum  somewhat  tinged  with 
rufous.  Top  of  head  with  a  black  stripe  on  each  side  from  the  bill,  the  inter- 
mediate portion  greenish-yellow,  passing  more  into  green  on  the  nape,  similar 
in  color  to  a  supra-ocular  stripe  Loral  region  and  space  below  eye  greenish, 
mixed  wLth  yellow.  Spot  anterior  to  eye,  and  a  stripe  behind  it,  dusky  ;  all 
these  markings  on  the  side  of  head,  however,  obscure,  and  poorly  defined. 

Specimens  from  Mexico  and  Guatemala,  the  former  marked  male,  have  the 
median  stripe  of  the  head  yellow.  Others  again,  likewise  from  Guatemala 
and  Mexico,  have  the  yellow  of  each  feather  passing  towards  the  end  more 
into  brownish-orange,  apparently  unaccompanied  by  any  other  differences. 

Length  (of  30,698),  4.90 ;  wing,  2.40 ;  tail,  2.25  ;  graduation,  .16  ;  bill  from 
forehead,  .50,  nostril,  .30,  gape,  .56  ;  tarsus,  .76  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .56. 

This  species  differs  from  liasileuterus  vermivorus  and  bivittatiis, 
of  South  America,  in  having  the  upper  parts  ashy  instead  of  olivo 
green.  The  markings  of  the  head  are  more  as  in  bivillatu^,  as  com- 
pared with  vermivorus.  The  supra-ocular  stripe  and  other  lighter 
markings  on  the  side  of  the  head  are  greenish,  and  not  ashy  or  gray- 
ish in  their  tinge.  The  eyelids  are  yellow,  not  white.  There  is  much 
more  j'ellow  in  the  central  stripe  on  top  of  heads  even  mixed  with 
orange,  and  the  feathers  are  not  tinged  with  gray  at  the  tips.  The 
inside  of  the  wing  is  greenish-yellow,  not  nearly  white  as  in  vermiv- 
orus ;  nor  is  there  the  decided  indication  of  whitish  in  the  chin. 

B.  himltatun,  Laf.,  from  Bolivia  and  Ecuador,  as  above  stated, 
differs  in  the  olive  back,  in  this  agreeing  with  vermivorus.  It  agrees 
more  with  culicivorus,  and  differs  from  uerwiryorws,  judging  from  the 
description,  in  larger  size,  and  in  the  yellowish  superciliary  stripe 
and  circumocular  region,  instead  of  grayish-white. 

Note. — Since  writing  the  preceding  description,  specimens  have 
been  received  from  Mr.  Carmiol,  collected  in  Costa  Rica,  which 
differ  slightly  in  having  a  decidedly  olivaceous  gloss  to  the  upper 
plumage,  especially  on  the  rump  and  edge  of  the  quills.  I  do  not 
note  any  other  differences,  and  these  may  be  merely  seasonal.  There 
is,  however,  in  this  respect,  a  greater  approximation  to  the  B.  btvit- 


I'll-      '■  -' 


24fi 


RRVIEW  or  AMKRICAN  BIBDR. 


.fl 


4:— ..t.^_ 


■M 


tij,.« 

f  '1 

' 

i 

( ■  ■.■  '.'  ' 

Iii:.!.-Iii:' 


fPART  r. 


/u/mm  of -authoi'S,  and  it  muy  ultiriiatvly  bu  decided  that  tliuy  bcloiiif 
to  tiiat  spucies.  All  have  a  Hiight  etaiii  uf  orange  in  the  cud  uf  tlm 
yellow  feathers  of  the  crown,  not  ((uite  so  decided  ao  iu  26,377. 


Smitb- 

Conne-   8«x 

■uiiIko 

tiir'a  1  »nd 

No. 

No.    1  Axe. 

i'llM.'i 

43m)7 

rf 

20,377 

,  , 

3(),H08 

303 

, , 

.  . 

I!» 

ff 

S4,8.'51 

,  , 

rT 

S-i,t(.VJ 

,  , 

? 

34,6^ 

•• 

Luoallty. 


When 
Conected. 


Mexico. 

Chwitun,  Vera  Pa*. 
Oiialeiiiala. 
Barrauca,  C.  K. 


Jan.  1860. 
Mar.  i  7, '64. 
March  21. 


Received  trom 


Vtirroimx. 
J.  KriUxr. 
O.  8Hlvln. 
Cab.  Uiwreuce. 
.1.  Carmtol. 


Collects!  br 


D'Oca. 

Salvia  JtOixImin. 


(22,3(U.)  CroWD  yoUnw.  (22..377.)  Crown  oraii|;fl.  (30,608.)  Crowu  yellow.  (I'JO  )  Grown 
orauKu.     (34,601.)   i;iik,     Cruwu  Ktaiued  with  omuKe. 

Basileuterus  uropygialls. 

Baaileuterus  umpygialin,  ScLATKR,  P.  Z.  S.  1861,128;  1864,167 Ib. 

Catal.  1861,  35,  no.  214. 
Basileu'erns  semicervinus,  Lawrence,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lyo.  1861,  322,  Pauania 

R.  U.  (not  of  ScLATKK,  186(1). 
Ilab.  IstbniuH  of  Panama. 

(No.  124,  Cab.  G.  N.  L.)  Upper  parts  brownish-olive,  the  head  above  slightly 
tinged  with  cinereous  ;  rump,  upper  tail  coverts,  and  rather  more  than  banal 
half  of  tail,  with  the  under  parts,  >dllowish-fnlvoas,  the  latter,  however,  paler, 
and  quite  light  on  middle  of  belly,  but  darker  on  the  crissum.  The  sides  of 
head,  neck  and  body,  inside  of  wings  and  breast,  washed  with  olive  brown. 
A  line  from  bill  to  eye,  and  eyelids  fulvous  ;  lores,  and  spot  behind  eye  dusky. 
Terminal  half  of  tail  brownish-olive,  becoming  darker  to  tip.  Bill  black. 
Legs  flesh  color.  First  quill  equal  to  the  8th  ;  the  wings  longer  than  the  tail, 
which  is  rounded. 

Total  length,  4.70;  wing,  2.30;  tail,  2.10;  graduation,  .30;  difference  be- 
tween 1st  and  4th  quills,  .28 ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .62,  from  nostril, 
.36;  along  gape,  .55  ;  tarsus,  .87  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .66. 

This  species  was  identified  by  Mr.  Lawrence  as  seviicervimr 
(from  Ecuador)  before  Sclater's  description  of  uropygialis  (from 
Brazil)  appeared.  It  seems,  however,  to  me  to  agree  better  with 
the  description  of  the  latter  species.  According  to  Sclater,  the 
difference  of  uropygialis  from  semicervinus  consists  in  having  the 
uropygiura  and  under  parts  lighter,  the  back  olive,  and  the  head 
cinereous,  almost  as  in  B.  stragulatus,  with  which  also  it  agrees  in 
coloration  of  lower  surface.' 

The  species  is  related  to  B.  stragulatus,  although  the  bill  is  broader 

'  Since  writing  the  above.  Dr.  Sclater,  P.  Z.  S..  1864,  167,  states  that  B. 
uropygialis  was  erroneously  assigned  to  Brazil,  and  that  its  true  patria  is 
Panama. 


BA8ILEUTERU8. 


24T 


at  bnso  ntul  the  tail  shorhT,  ho  thiit  tlic  outslretohod  logH  rench  to 
or  beyond  tlio  tip.  Tlie  wings  are  nioro  pointed.  The  colors  b*-- 
neath  urc  quite  8iinilar,  not  so  pnle  ah)iig  tlic  median  line  ;  the  upper 
iiiirts,  however,  much  darl((>r,  the  head  lackn  the  blaekiHh,  and  the 
fulvuud  of  rump  and  basal  half  of  tail  are  wanting  in  stragutatus. 


Siuith-  Collec-  Sex 

(oulnu    li>r'i»  ,  and 

So.        No.     Age. 

tooalltjr. 

Wlinn 
Cul  looted. 

Received  from 

Collected  bjr 

.14,006 

124 

Paouina  H.  K. 

0.  N.  LHwreiico. 
Ckb.  Mr.  Lawrence. 

Oalbraith. 

" 

Idiotes,  Baird. 

Idiotes,  Baird.     (See  page  237.)     (Type  Setophaga  ruji/rons,  Sw.) 

Bill  broad  at  base,  but  quite  deep,  being  nearly  as  high  as  wide ;  the  culmen 
ourvtiil  gently  from  the  base,  the  lateral  outlines  straight ;  the  bristles  only 
underate,  reaching  half  way  from  nostrils  to  tip  of  bilf.  Tail  lengthened, 
lunger  than  the  short  wings,  and  considerably  graduated ;  the  4th  quill 
longest ;  the  Ist  not  longer  than  the  9th.     Toes  rather  lengthened. 

The  species  of  this  group  have  generally  been  placed  in  Basi" 
leulerus.  They,  however,  differ  in  having  the  bill  narrower  at  base, 
and  proportionally  deejior,  the  bristles  less  developed,  although  the 
culmen  is  as  much  curved.  The  wings  are  much  shorter,  and  the 
tail  proportionally  longer  and  more  rounded,  considerably  exceeding 
the  tail  instead  of  being  about  equal  to  it.  The  transition,  how- 
ever, is  quite  gradual  through  B.  belli  and  J.  mesochrysus,  which,  to 
some  extent,  combines  the  characters  of  both. 


Synopsis  nf  Species  of  Idiotes. 

Back  olive ;  top  of  head  chestnut  (bordered  with  dusky  in  belli). 
Cheeks  black. 

A  white  superciliary  stripe.     Beneath  whitish  .  melanogenys. 

Cheeks  chestnut ;  lores  duaky.     A  superciliary  stripe,  and 
another  beneath  eye,  white.     Throat  and  breast  yellow. 
Rest  of  under  parts    white,  or   only  washed   with 

yellowish rujifrona. 

Entire  under  parts  yellow ;  crissum  more  fulvous. 
White  infra-ocular  stripe  reaching  behind  ears. 
Chestnut  of  crown  reaching  the  na{}e.  Wings 
equal  to  lateral  tail  feather  ....  delattrii. 
Under  parts  and  crissnm  yellow.  Infra-ocniar  white 
not  extending  beyond  eye.     Chestnut  of  crown 


mmM 


\t,,;'i.,- 


•tl 


,i| 


A   ' 


ii. 

>i  ■ 

— r- 

i!  ■  •- 

. "  ~  ^■■  ■ 

U9 


REVIEW  OP  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


Bcarotily  extending  over  occiput.    Wing  nearly 
as  long  as  middle  tail  feather     .        i        .        .  mesochrysus. 
Cheeks,  ocular  region,  and  lores  chestnut.     A  superciliary 
stripe  bright  yellow,  bordered  above  by  dusky. 
Whole  under  parts  yellow         ....  belli. 

Basileuterus  melanogenys. 

Basileuterus  melanogenys,  Baird,  n.  8. 
Hab.  High-lands  of  Costa  Rica. 

(No.  30,497.)  Above  ashy  olive,  the  quills  and  tail  feathers  edged  with 
brighter,  edges  of  the  latter  slightly  tinged  with  rufous.  A  square  patch  of 
chestnut  brown  on  top  of  head.  The  sidas  of  head  black,  encircling  the  eyes, 
each  feather  white  in  the  centre.  A  broad  stripe  of  white  frooi  base  of  bill 
passing  over  the  eye,  and  margined  above  by  black,  which  thus  I  orders  the 
rufous  crown  externally.  The  forehead  mixed  black  and  white.  Beneath 
dull  whitish,  the  sides  and  to  some  extent  the  breast,  tinged  with  olivrceons 
ash  ;  the  chin  dusky  on  account  of  the  blackish  tips  of  the  feathers. 

The  white  feathers  about  the  head  have  all  a  tendency  to  black  tips  and 
edges,  producing  the  black  markings — very  few  feathers  being  entirely  black. 

The  wings  are  a  little  shorter  than  the  tail.  The  bill  is  more  slender,  and 
the  culmen  less  decurved  than  in  most  species  of  its  section. 

Total  length,  5.50;  wing,  2.50;  tail,  2.65;  graduation  of  tail,  .35 ;  diflfer- 
«nce  between  1st  and  4th  quills,  .40  ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .50,  from 
nostril,  .30 ;  along  gape,  .58  ;  tarsus,  .85. 


Sralth- 

■ODiau 

No. 

Collec- 
tor's 
No. 

Sex 
and 
A(fe. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

30,497 
30,498 

117 
118 

Juv. 

Coata  Kica  (Sun 
"      [JoKe?). 

... 

Di'.  V.  Fraatzius. 

1. 

(30,497.)   Type  of  species. 

Basileuterus  rufifrons. 

Setophaga  rufifrons,  Swainson,  Animals  in  Menageries,  1838,  294.— Bom. 
Conspectus,  314. — Basileuterus  rufifrons,  Bon.  Consp.  1850,  .314.— 
ScLATER,  P.  Z.  S.  1856,  291  (Cordova)  ;  1858,  299  (Oaxaca).— 1b. 
Catal.  1861,  35,  no.  210.— Baibd,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  296. 

Hab.  Mexico ;  northwest  to  Mazatlan. 

Whole  top  of  the  head  with  the  ears  reddish  or  chestnut  brown  ;  nape  aud 
sides  of  neck  ashy.  Rest  of  upper  parts  olive  green,  with  an  ashy  tinge  of 
greater  or  less  intensity.  A  white  stripe  from  each  side  of  the  bill  (meeting 
narrowly  on  the  forehead)  over  the  eye,  and  another  pair  from  lower  jaw 
meeting  on  the  chin  and  passing  beneath  the  eye,  meets  its  supra-ocular  fellow 
behind  the  ears,  their  junctions,  however,  concealed  by  the  chestnut  ear 
coverts.     Lores,  and  a  short  space  behind  the  eye  dusky.     Throat  and  breast 


BASILEUTERUS. 


249 


bright  yellow,  abrnptly  defined  against  the  whitish  of  under  parts.  Inside 
and  edge  of  wings  yellow  ;  Hanks  and  crissnra  pale  brownish-fnlvous  ;  tibiio 
more  ashy.  No  spots  or  bands  on  wings  or  tail.  The  feathers  along  the 
middle  of  'orehead  and  vertex  with  concealed  yellow  at  the  base. 

Length,  4.80  ;  wing,  2.00  ;  ditference  between  1st  and  4th  (longest)  quills, 
.24;  tail,  2.40  ;  its  graduation,  .55  ;  bill  from  gape,  .55  ;  tarsus.  .80. 

This  species  is  sometimes  described  as  quite  cinereouc  nhove ; 
this,  liowever,  depends  on  the  state  of  plumnj^e — perfect  specimens 
being  nearly  as  olivaceous  as  in  delatlrii.  Occasionally  specimens 
are  found  in  which  the  line  of  demarcation  behind  of  the  yellow 
breast  is  obscured  by  the  color  passing  backwards  over  the  belly  in 
a  light  wash  pervading  the  whole  under  parts,  the  edges  of  the 
feathers  brighter  yellow,  leaving  the  anal  region,  however,  nearly 
white.  The  flanks,  cvissum,  and  tibiae  are  then  tinged  with  greenish 
olive. 


•''.,'   Il     * 


i''  '-  ■  \.    > ' 


Smitli- 

guiiiau 

.No. 

Collec-  Sex 
tor's   ;  and 
No.    !  Aije. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

1^024 
:),),87fl 
2S.n26 
2S,027 
2:i,375 
2ti.:i7G 
31,018 

132 

82 
7 

Mexico. 
Mirudor,  Mox. 

■( 

Xalapa. 

Mexico.     [Mndre^. 

MazalUa  (Sjiurra 

Oct.  1S62. 
Dec!  Vs61. 

J.  Gould. 

Dr.  C.  Sartorius. 

J.  Krider. 

II 

A.  J.  Grayson. 

b'dca. 

(30,876.)   IrU  reddish-browa. 


Basileuteriis  delattrii. 

Basileuterus  delatlrii,  BoN.  Comptes  Rendus,  XXXVIII,  1854,  383. — Ib. 
Notes  Orn.  1854,  63  (Nicaragua).— Sclateh,  P.  Z.  S.  18tJ0,  250 
(Orizaba). — Ib.  Catal.  Am.  Birds,  1861,  35,  no.  211. — Sclateb  & 
Balvin,  Ibis,  II,  1860,  274,  Duenas  (Guatemala),  May  8. 

Edh.  Mexico  and  Quatemala  f 

(No.  30,700.)  Similar  to  rujifrons  in  color  of  head,  the  olive  green  of  the 
back  brighter,  this  color  invading  and  replacing  the  ashy  of  the  nape  and 
pides  of  neck ;  the  infra-ocular  white  band,  less  distinct  behind,  but  appa- 
rently extending  behind  the  eyes.  Whole  under  parts  greenish-yellow,  a 
little  paler  on  middle  of  be'.ly ;  flanks  olive  green  ;  the  sides  behind  and 
crissura  tinged  with  fulvons.  Wings  much  rounded,  about  equal  to  the 
lateral  tail  feather;  1st  quill  shorter,  or  not  longer  than  the  secondaries,  aa  is 
the  case  in  rvjifrons. 

Total  length,  5.10;  wing,  2.10;  tail,  2.70;  graduation,  .52;  diflference  be- 
tween 1st  and  4th  quills  (longest),  .28  ;  length  of  bill  from  nostril,  .31  ;  along 
gape,  .60 ;  tarsus,  .82. 

Since  receiving  an  authentic  specimen  from  Mr.  Salvin  I  have 
found  that  several  specimens  from  Mexico,  formerly  considered  to 


.  V*- 


250 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


be  delaHrii,  are  only  varieties  of  rujifrons ;  and  I  am  now  un- 
acquainted with  any  Mexican  examples  of  the  species,  ultbuugli 
quoted  by  Dr.  Sclater  as  from  Orizaba. 


Smith- 

Houiaa 

No. 


30,700 


Collec- 
toi's 
No. 


Sot 
and 

Ai{e. 


liOCaUty 


Cub;iu,  Vera  I'ai, 
[Oiiat. 


Wh^n 
CoUeuied. 


Nov.  IJ,  '59. 


Keceived  from 


O.  ISalviu. 


Collected  by 


Basileutenis  mesochrysiis. 

Basileulerus  viesochri/siis,  Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  18G0,  251  (Bogota). 
Basileuterus  delatliii,  Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1855, 144  (Bogota). — Cab.  Jour. 
I  1860,325  (Costa  Rica).— ?Lawrexce,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.  1861,322 

(Panama). 

Ilab.  Bogota,  to  Costa  Rica  ? 

(No.  30,491.)  General  characters  of  B.  ilelnttrii,  but  the  wings  much  longer 
and  more  pointed,  nearly  equal  to  the  entire  tail,  which  is  shorter  and  less 
rounded  ;  the  1st  quill  rather  longer  than  the  secondaries.  There  is  no 
appreciable  white  in  the  cliin ;  that  on  the  side  of  the  lower  jaw  is  scarcely 
apparent,  and  does  not  extend  below  the  chestnut  cheeks.  The  brown  of  thu 
crown  does  not  extend  so  far  back  on  the  head,  and  hence  not  behind  tlw 
ears.  The  upper  parts  are  of  a  purer  olive  ;  beneath  of  a  clearer  yellow,  the 
crissum  being  unicolor  with  the  belly.    The  quills  and  tail  feathers  are  darker. 

Total  length,  4.85  ;  wing,  2.28;  tail,  2.50;  graduation,  .24;  diflFerence  be- 
tween 1st  and  4th  quills,  .24  ;  length  of  bill  from  nostril,  .30  ;  along  gape,  .55 ; 
tarsus,  .85. 

It  is  possible  that  a  larger  series  of  typical  B.  delattrii  may  show 
that  the  differences  mentioned  above  are  not  characteristic,  and  thnt 
the  Costa  Kican  specimens  actually  belong  to  delattrii.  I  think,  how- 
ever, they  are  really  diff'erent. 


Sinith- 

Collcc- 

Sox 

Boiiiau 

tor'H 

and 

No. 

No. 

A);e. 

.S0,4!»l 

131 

3.S,276 

.r 

30,492 

15 

34,«.J4 

,  , 

, , 

29,353 

191 
123 

•• 

Locality. 


San  JoHe,  CoHta  Utca. 


Bogota, 


Whon 
Collected. 


Jan.  12,  '62. 


Received  from 


Collected  by 


Dr.  V.  Krautzlua. 
J.  Carmiol. 


Berlin  Mii»enm. 
Cab,  of  Lawrence. 


(29,5.>3.)   Labelled  "B.  dtliittrit." 

Basileuterus  belli. 

Mascicapa  belli,  Giraui>,  Birds  Texas,  1?41,  pi.  iv,  flg.  1. — /jnsiifuhrns 
bi-lli,  Sclater,  P.  Z.  8.  1855,  65;  1859,  374  (Oaxaca).— In,  ("at.il. 
Am.  Birds,  1861,  35,  no.  213  (Orizaba).— Sclater  &  Salvin,  H'lSi 
II,  1860,  31  (Guatemala). 


Bas 

Bab.  M( 

(No.  32,'. 
under  part 
of  wings  ol 
the  two  str 
ohacurely, 
browa  vtrt« 

The  oran 
below  the  e 
the  nape  so 
Wings  a  lit 

Total  len 
tween  1st  q 
.2S ;  aloDg  | 


Smitli- 

Collec- 

soDlan 

tor's 

So. 

No. 

m,m 

1!,738 

, 

■M.m 

1,162 

m,m 

321 

Myiotl 
ta 

Bill  much 
straight,  the 
rapidly  rounc 
and  then  con 
tapering.  Ri 
shorter  than 
is  equal  only 
tween  the  6tl 
graduated,  tli 
the  outside  oi 
to  the  posted 

This  is  t 

Jlasileute7-u 

'  Baaileuter 
Triclia, 


'  iWU 


n. 

36 


BASILEUTEUUS. 


251 


Ba$ileuferu8  chrysophrys,  Bonaf.  Couap.  1850,  314.— ScLATEB,  P.  Z.  S. 
1857,  202  (Xalapa). 
Hah.  Mexico  and  Guatemala. 

(No.  32,4G8.)  Above  olive  green  ;  crown  and  cheeks  orange  brown.  Entire 
uoder  parts,  including  edge  of  wings,  greenish-yellow,  the  sides  and  lining 
of  wings  olivaceous.  A  broad  stripe  of  yellow  from  the  bill  over  the  eye  ; 
the  tno  stripes  separated  on  the  forehead  by  black,  which  is  continued,  more 
obdcarely,  along  the  top  of  head,  so  as  to  separate  the  yellow  stripe  from  the 
browa  vtrtex. 

The  orange  brown  of  the  cheeks  extends  narrowly  above,  more  broadly 
below  the  eye  to  the  bill,  involving  the  lores.  The  yellow  stripe  extends  on 
the  nape  some  distance  beyond  the  rufous  crown.  Bill  black ;  legs  yellowish. 
Winga  a  little  shorter  than  tail. 

Total  length,  5.10  ;  wing,  2.28  ;  tail,  2.50  ;  graduation,  .32  ;  dilference  be- 
tween Ist  quill  and  4th,  .32 ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .49,  from  nostril, 
.28;  along  gape,  .55  ;  tarsus,  .80  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .61.  ;  '' 


Smith- 
sonian 
>'o. 

1 
Collec-   Sex 
tor's  1  and 

No.    jAge. 

Locality. 

Wben 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

26,370 
11,738 
.■12.468 
:I0,693 

I,i82 
321 

•• 

Mexico. 
Oi'izuba. 

Cuban,  Guat. 

Nov'."]859. 

J.  Kr:der. 
P.  L.  Scluter. 
I'rol'.  Siimiclirast. 
U.  ijalviu. 

Botteri  ? 
Sulviii&Godiuan. 

i.--,''.! 


Myiothlypis,  Cabanis.     (See  page  23t.) 

Mytothlypis,  Cab.  Mus.   Hein.  I,  1850,  17.     (Type  Trichas  nigrocris- 
talus,  Laf.') 

Bill  much  depressed,  very  flat,  the  culnien  and  commissure  almost  truly 
straight,  the  bill  tapering  only  gradually  to  near  the  tip,  where  it  is  more 
rapidly  rounded  off,  so  that  the  lateral  outlines  are  at  first  slightly  concave, 
and  then  convex  at  the  tip,  somewhat  as  in  Toilus  or  Todiroslrum,  but  more 
tapering.  Rictal  bristles  reaching  a  little  beyond  the  nostrils.  Wings  a  little 
shorter  than  the  tail ;  the  1st  to  4th  quills  much  graduated,  so  that  the  1st 
is  equal  only  to  the  shortest  secondary  ;  the  2d  to  the  9th  quill ;  the  3d  is  be- 
tween tlie  6th  and  7th ;  the  4th  and  5th  longest.  The  tail  is  moderately 
graduated,  though  the  feathers  are  pointed.  The  legs  are  stout  and  strong  ; 
tile  outside  of  the  t.arsi  apparently  with  the  scutelhe  passing  entirely  round 
to  the  posterior  edge.     Head  with  a  narrow  pointed  crest. 

This  is  a  strongly  marked  genus,  and  easily  distinguished  from 
iimileuterm  by  the  very  flat,  straight  bill,  much  broadc"  or  less 


'  BasileuteruB  nigricristatus, ," 

Trichas  nigrocr hiatus, JLkvv^.  Rev.  Zool.  1840,  230  (Bo^ot&). —Myiolhlypia 
n.  Cab.  Mus.  Hein.  1, 1850,  n.—Bnsileultrus  n.  Sclatkr,  Catal.  1861, 
36. — Basileuterus  nitfiicapillus,  ScLAXKa,  P.  Z.  S.  1860,  74. 


M 


252 


RKVIKW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRTIS. 


[part  I. 


attenuated  towards  the  end  than  in  any  other  Sylvicolidae,  and  re- 
sembling somewhat  species  of  Todiroatrum.  The  excessive  gradua- 
tion of  the  outer  quills  is  another  marked  feature,  although  the  wing 
is  rather  pointed.  The  peculiarities  of  the  scutellae,  if  real  and  not 
apparent,  point  towards  the  Ti/ranniJae ;  although,  as  far  as  lean 
determine,  there  are  but  nine  primaries.  The  type  species  belongs 
to  the  Andean  region  of  Ecuador  and  New  Grenada,  and  is  olive 
green  above  and  on  sides,  yellow  beneath ;  loral  spot,  and  patch 

on  top  of  head,  black.     (30,910.  Quito.     C.  R.  Buckalew.)' 

« 

'  In  the  Smithsonian  collection  is  a  female  bird,  coHeotecl  in  Paraguay,  by 
Capt.  Page,  which  resembles  somewhat  the  description  by  Bonaparte  of  J/yo- 
thlypis  luteo-viridis,  from  Bogota,  in  being  entirely  olive  green  above,  the  undtr 
parts,  with  a  line  from  bill  over  eye  (becoming  duller  behind),  yellow;  bill 
horn  color ;  legs  yellow.  If  the  luteo-viridis,  however,  be  the  female  of  J/. 
nigricristntus,  as  suggested  by  Bonaparte  and  Sclater,  this  specimen  eaiinot 
belong  to  it,  as  it  differs  entirely  in  form.  The  bill  resembles  that  of  Euthlium 
lachrymosa,  though  not  quite  so  long ;  it  is  like  that  of  M.  viilrutuf,  also,  in 
the  straight  culmen  and  gape,  but  is  wider  at  base,  and  entirely  lacks  the 
Todirostrnm  character  of  Myiothhjpis  nigricristattts.  The  wings  are  connider- 
ably  shorter  than  the  tail,  which  is  narrow,  the  feathers  much  pointed  and 
graduated,  as  in  Myiothlf/pis,  but  longer  (very  much  as  in  Geotlilypis).  Thfl 
■wings  are  less  rounded  than  in  M.  ntgricristatus,  the  2d  quill  being  a  little 
longer  than  the  6th,  not  about  equal  to  the  9th.  Length,  5.50;  wing,  2.45; 
difference  between  1st  and  4th  quills,  .40;  tail,  2.90,  its  graduation,  .35; 
tarsus,  .86  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .65  ;  bill  from  gape,  .64.  There  is  no  indi- 
cation of  crest.  (16,334.  J  .  Paraguay,  June,  1859.  Capt.  Page,  U.  S.  N., 
No.  53.) 

The  relationship  of  this  species  are  certainly  nearest  to  Myiothlypts,  differ- 
ing mainly  in  longer  tail,  less  graduated  wing,  and  differently  shaped  lateral 
outline  of  bill.  To  include  the  two  together,  the  characters  of  the  genns 
must  be  considerably  modified  ;  somewhat  as  follows  :  "  Bill  much  depressed, 
very  broad  at  base,  but  thickened  ;  the  culmen  and  commissure  straight  to 
near  the  tip ;  bristles  prominent.  Wings  shorter  than  the  tail,  graduated; 
the  Ist  quill  not  longer  than  the  secondaries.  Tail  considerably  graduated, 
the  feathers  acutely  pointed." 

Both  this  bird  and  Af.  nigricristntus  would  be  taken  for  Geothlypis,  but  for 
the  broad,  depressed,  bristled  bill.  The  Paraguay  bird  may  be  called,  pro- 
visionally, M.  Jlaveolus  if  not  luteo-viridis. 


8ET0PHAGA. 


25a 


BETOFHAOA,  Swainsoit. 
Setophaga,  Swains. 


■0  fTC'f? 


Setophaga,  Swainson,  Zool.  Jour.  Ill,  Dec.  1827,  360.    (Type  Musc'icapa 

ruticilla,  L.)— Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  297. 
Sylvania,  Nuttall,  Mau.  Oru.  I,  1832.     (Same  type.) 

Bill  lunch  depressed,  the  lateral  outlines  straight  towards  tip.  Bristles 
reach  half  way  from  nostril  to  tip.  Culmen  almost  straight  to  near  the  tip  ; 
commissure  very  slightly  curved.  Nostrils  oval,  with  membrane  above  them. 
Wings  rather  longer  than  tail,  pointed  ;  lid,  3d,  and  4th  quills  nearly  equal ; 
1st  intermediate  between  4th  and  5lh.  Tail  rather  long,  rather  rounded  ;  the 
featliers  broad,  and  widening  at  ends,  the  outer  web  narrow.  Tarsi  with 
scntellar  divisions  indistinct  externally.  Legs  slender;  toes  short,  inner 
cleft  nearly  to  base  of  1st  joint,  outer  with  Ist  joiut  adherent ;  middle  toe 
withont  claw,  not  quite  half  the  tarsus. 

The  description  above  given  is  based  upon  the  tj'pe  of  the  genus — 
S.  ruticilla.  Of  the  many  speci  "  referred  by  authors  to  Setophaga 
the  only  one  that  corresponds  with  it  in  most  of  those  characters  is 
the  Mexican  S.  picta.  This  is  quite  similar  in  most  points,  but 
differs  in  the  wing  being  a  little  less  pointed,  the  1st  quill  about 
equal  to  or  a  little  longer  than  the  5th.  The  feet  arc  quite  diifer- 
eiit — the  toes  being  considerably  longer,  so  that  the  middle  toe  with- 
out claw  is  two-thirds  the  tarsus.  The  claws  are  proportionally 
longer,  perhaps  less  curved,  and  the  scutellaj  more  distinct  on  the 
outside  of  tarsus.  The  South  and  Middle  American  species,  hereto- 
fore assigned  co  this  genus,  are  all  characterized  by  peculiar  features 
readily  distinguishing  them  from  S.  rulicilla,  and  are  certainly 
entitled  to  subgeneric  rank. 

As  far  as  I  now  recollect  S.  ruticilla  is  the  only  one  of  the  Seto- 
phagem  in  which  the  sexes  are  certainly  dissimilar.  The  rule  is  the 
reverse  in  the  other  SylmcoUdse. 

In  the  following  synopsis  I  combine  the  principal  species  belonging 
to  Setophaga,  Myioborus,  and  Euthlypis : — 

a.  End  of  lateral  tail  feathers  black.     Sexes  dissimilar. 
Belly  white.     Setophaga. 

Ground  color  black,  without  vertex  spot.  Sides  of 
breast  and  bases  of  quills  and  tail  feathers  red- 
dish-orange in  male,  yellowish  in  female  .         .  ruticilla,  Sw. 

b.  Lateral  tail  feathers,  including  their  tips,  white.    Sexes  similar. 
Belly  vermilion-  or  carmine-red. 


■ 


tf 


254 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


yj 


Iff 


M 


mp 


%  wj 


Entirbly  lustrous  blank,  including  head  and  neck. 
No  vertex  spot.  A  wliite  patch  on  the  wings. 
Setophaga. 

Forehead  h'  ;k.  A  broad  band  on  the  wings 
and  almost  the  whole  of  outer  tail  feather 

white picta,  Sw. 

Forehead  white.    A  narrow  band  on  the  wings 

and  tips  only  of  lateral  tail  feathers  white  multicolor,  Bp. 
Plumbeous  ash,  including  head  and  neck.    A  chest- 
nut brown  vertex-spot.     No  white  on  wings. 
Mi/ioborus. 

Throat,  lores,  and  forehead  continuously  pare 
black.  Spoton  vertex  uniform  dark  chest- 
nut, scarcely  margined  on  the  sides  with 
black.     Inner  web  of  outer  tail  feather 
white  for  terminal  two-fifths  ;  3d  feather 
with  a  distinct  white  tip.     Tail,  3.00      .  miniata,  Sw. 
Black  of  head  somewhat  tinged  with  plumbe- 
ous ;  a  distinct  band  of  this  color  extend- 
ing from  bill  over  the  eye,  cutting  off 
the  black  of  forehead.      Spot  on  vertex 
orange  chestnut,  lighter   at   base,  and 
quite  broadly  margined  with  blackish. 
White  on  outer  tail  feather  restricted  to 
terminal  third  ;  3d  feather  with  a  small 
white  tip  or  none.    Tail,  2.75         .        .  flammea,  Katip 
Beneath  clear  yellow,  or  with  a  tinge  of  orange.     Crissum 
whitish.     Vertex  with  an  orange  brown  spot  (except 
in  melanocephala).     Above  plumbeous  ash.     Winga 
and  tail  black.     Myiohorus. 

Head  and  neck  all  round  like  the  back. 

Breast  and  belly  gamboge  yellow.  Forehead 
and  sides  of  vertex  plumbeous.  Outer 
tail  feather  white  for  more  than  terminal 

third verticalis,  Lafr. 

Breast  and  belly  yellowish-orange.   Forehead 
and  sides  of  vertex  black.     Outer  tail 
feather  with  less  than  terminal  half  white  aurantiaca,  Baird. 
Head  and  neck  above  like  the  back.     Whole  under 
parts  yellow  ;  base  of  bill  above  yellow  (except 
in  brunneiceps).     A  dusky  loral  spot.     No  pec- 
toral collar, 

A  cinnamon  vertex  spot  encircled  by  black, 
extending  below  and  upwards  into  the 
eye  to  the  gape.  A  dusky  loral  spot. 
Circum-ocular   region,  and  line  to  bill 


SETOPnAOA. 


255 


[Tschadi. 
melanocephala, 


brunneicepa,  Lafr. 


torquata,  Baird. 


(oontinnoua   with  it)   yellow.      Yellow  [Sclater. 

frontlet  very  narrow  .  .  .  .  ? "  ruficoronata," 
Top  of  head  black,  without  vertex  spot.  Other- 
wise like  last,  but  the  blaokisti  of  cheeks 
uot  raaning  below  the  eye  into  the  dusky 
lores.  (Black  confined  to  vertex,  and  not 
reaching  occiput  as  in  last  ?) 

Whole  top  of  head  cinnamon,  without  en- 
circling black,  except  a  narrow  front. 
Circum-ocnlar  region  and  line  to  bill, 
extending  very  narrowly  along  the  base 
of  the  forehead,  white.  No  yellow  at 
base  of  bill.  Rest  of  side  of  head,  with 
line  over  eye,  dark  ashy.  Middle  of  back 
olivaceous 

Similar  to  the  last,  but  without  dusky  loral  spot,  and 
with  a  dusky  pectoral  band. 

Entire  cheeks  yellow     .         .         .         . 

Anterior  portion  of  entire  head  yellow,  bordered  be- 
hind, above,  and  on  sides  by  black  ;  the  cheeks, 
forehead,  and  chin  entirely  yellow,  or  with  more 
or  less  white'    .......  ornata,  Boiss. 

c.  Extren,r   ips  only  of  lateral  tail  feathers  white.     Sexes  similar. 

Beneath  yellowish;  crissum  whitish.  A  median  yellow 
vertex  stripe.  Above,  including  wings  and  tail,  plum- 
beous.    Euthlypis. 

A  white  spot  before  the  eye.     Breast  tinged  with 

fulvous  .......  larhrymom,  Bon. 

'  I  have  followed  some  authors,  and  I  think  Dr.  Sclater,  in  referring  this 
species  to  the  S.  ruficoronata  of  Kaup ;  but  the  description  of  this  author  is 
very  unsatisfactory,  and  I  doubt  very  much  the  correctness  of  the  identifiiia- 
tion,  as  the  Pliila.  Academy  specimen,  like  ornata  with  chestnut  vertex-patch, 
answers  much  better  to  his  diagnosis.  Should  this  suggestion  be  correct,  I  am 
not  aware  of  any  published  name  that  properly  belongs  to  the  Ecuador  bird. 

'  This  section  includes  S.  ornata,  Boiafi.fjlaveola,  Lafr.,  and  leucoijiphomma, 
Kaup,  the  diflFerences  of  which  are  not  well  established,  and  it  is  quite  possible 
tiiat  all  these  names  refer  to  one  species.  In  the  collection  of  the  Philadelphia 
Academy  is  a  specimen  (without  locality)  which  differs  from  the  common 
form  of  S.  ornata  in  having  a  decided  chestnut  brown  patch  on  the  vertex, 
the  anterior  featiiers  iu  which  are  tipped  slightly  with  black.  The  forehead 
(broadly),  the  whole  side  of  the  head  to  just  behind  the  eye,  and  the  entire 
under  parts  are  rich  yellowish-orange.  In  some  respects  this  bird  agrees 
better  with  S.  ruficoronata,  of  Kaup,  than  the  one  referred  to  above. 


,  ">•. 


:•#', 


.4' 


.  ¥ 


:1(V 


•i-,.^' 


'1 

iw    ■ 

i-^ 

.»l^  ? 

-■     i 

256 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


Setophaoa,  Sw.     (See  p.  236.) 


[part  I. 


Setopliaga  ruticilla. 

Motacilla  ruticilla,  Linn.  S.  N.  10th  ed.  1758,  186  (Catesby,  Car.  tab. 
67). — Muscicapn  riiliciila,  Linn.  S.  N.  1, 1766,326. — Gmelin  ;  Vikil- 
toT,  I,  pi.  35,  36. — WiLS.  I,  pi.  vi,  fig.  6. — Bon.  ;  Aud.  Orn.  Biog.  1, 
pi.  40. — D'Okb.  SagraV  Cnba.Ois.  1840,87. — Setophaya  rut.  Swains. 
Zool.  Jour.  Ill,  1827,  358.— Bo.'«. ;  Aud.  B.  A.— Sclater,  P.  Z,  S. 
1854,  111  (licuadoi)  ;  1855,  144  (Bogota);  1856,  92  (Cordova); 
1859,  374  (Oaxaea);  1860,  84  (Kcnador),  292.— Ib.  Catal.  Ihtfl, 
36,  no.  220.— Ib.  P.  Z.  S.  1864,  172  (City  of  Mexico).— Sclateu  & 
Balvin,  Ibia,  1859,  12  (Guatemala).— Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  ISiJS, 
297.— Max.  Cab.  Jour.  1858,  186.— Sall^,  P.  Z.  S.  1857,  231  (St. 
Domingo). — Newton,  Ibis,  1859,  143  (St.  Croix;  winter).— Cab. 
Jour.  18r.6,  472  (Cuba)  ;  1860,  325  (Costa  Rica).— Gdndlach,  ib. 
1861,  326  (Cuba).— Bryant,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  VII,  1859  (Bahamas).- 
Lawrence,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lyo.  1861,  322  (Panama  R.  R.). — Sylvunia 
rut.  NtiTTALJ,,  Man.  I,  1832,  291  (type  of  genus). 

Motacilla  flavicauda,  Gmklin,  I,  1788,  997  (  9  )• 
Hah.  Eastern  and  in  part  middle  provinces  of  North  America  to  Fort  Simp- 
Bou  ;  most  of  all  the  West  Indies  ;  Mexico  to  Ecuador. 

Specimens  in  the  collection  from  many  loealitios  in  the  eastern 
United  States  as  far  west  as  the  valley  of  the  Missouri :  also — 


Bmtth- 

Collec- 

Sex 

When 
Collected. 

DoniaD 

No. 

tor's 
No. 

HUd 

Locality. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

20,638 

26 

^ 

A|o')»9  Fiicto'y. 

May  26,  '60. 

C.  Drexler. 

C.  Drexler. 

2l1,«37 

669 

y 

Ku^iert  house. 

Sept.. 3, '60. 

14 

'• 

7  9,  .'528 

402 
632 

rf    , 

Kortl  Impsoii^ 

June  7. 
May  2.3,  '60. 

B.  R.  Rnofi. 
R.  Keiiuicott. 

B.  R.  Ross. 

19,328 

d 

Fort  |,e«blution. 

R.  Kenuicott. 

4,689 

, , 

Moiitli  of  I'latte. 

April  26. 

Lt.  Warren. 

Dr.  Ilaydeu. 

4,688 

, , 

,  , 

Mouth  of  Bi(f  Sionx. 

■  •  • 

" 

" 

19,205 

24 

^ 

Wind  River  Mts. 

May  25,  '60 

•Capt.  Rayaold*. 

•t 

19,206 

34 

«t 

41 

11 

11,060 

Fort  Bridger,  Utah. 

May  27. 

C.  Drexler. 

C.  Drexler. 

84,S12 

32 

P 

NasBau,  N.  P. 

May  14,  '64. 

Lt.  Fitzgerald. 

23,S3S 

,  , 

^ 

MoDte  Verde,  Cuba. 

Sept.  4,  '61. 

C.  Wright. 

C.  Wright. 

23,540 

,  , 

, , 

Monte  Liboo,  Cuba. 

Sept.  25,  '61. 

ti 

" 

21,636 

,  , 

9 

Tuabeque,  Cuba. 

It 

11 

21,658 

,  , 

rf 

Filanthropia,  Cuba. 

Dec.  8. 

11 

II 

23,320 

,  , 

rf 

Trelawiiey,  Jam. 

Nov.  20,  '»8. 

P.  L  Sclater. 

W.  O.^burn. 

24,362 

44 

rf 

Spantslitown,  Jam. 

Sept.  1861. 

W.  T  March. 

W.  T.  March. 

28,967 

,  , 

St.  Thomas. 

•  >  • 

J.  Akhur!<t. 

36,641 

,  , 

.. 

ti 

•  .  . 

Robert  Swift,  [ton. 
Cab.  A.  &  E.  New- 

,  , 

,  , 

, 

St.  Croix. 

Mar.  16,  '38 

30,706» 

3,095 

? 

Belize,  Hond. 

Dec,  14,  '37. 

0.  Salvin. 

30,706 

338 

rf 

I'etali'ulu,  Guat. 

Sept.  1862. 

i. 

34,660 

, , 

rf 

Barraucu,  C.  K. 

Mar.  13,  '64. 

J.  Carmiol. 

34,661 

•• 

d 

11 

i. 

Smith- 

Collec 

loniaD 

tor's 

.No. 

No. 

4,014 

141 

34,020 

113 

13,628 

30,70a 

340 

I  j..,-» ». 


Setopliaga  picta. 

Setnphngn  pirtn,  Swains.  Zool.  111.  2d  series,  I,  1820,  pi.  iii. — Kaup,  P. 
Z.  S.  1851,  50.— Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  18E'6,  66  ;  1858,  299  (Oaxaca).- 
Ib.  Catal.  1861,  36,  no.  221  (Guatemala).— Baird,  Birds  N.  Am. 


SETOPHAQA. 


267 


1858,  298,  pi.  Izxvii,  fig.  2.  — Sclater  &  Saltin,  Ibis,  I  S59,  12 
(Guatemala). 
Muscicupa  leucomug,  Oiradd,  Birds  Texaa,  1841,  pi.  vi,  fig.  1. — Sclater, 
P.  Z.  S.  1866,  6tf. 
Bab.  All  Mexico  and  Guatemala. 

General  color,  including  sides  of  bodj,  lustrous  black.  Eyelids,  a  large 
patcl  on  the  wing,  involving  tho  greater  and  middle  coverts,  the  edges  of  the 
secondaries,  the  inside  of  wings,  axillars,  crissum,  tibim,  outer  tail  feather 
except  at  base,  and  a  diminishing  space  on  the  second  and  third,  white. 
Middle  of  breast  and  abdomen  carmine  red.     Wiugs  and  tail  equal. 

The  white  of  the  crissal  feathers  is  conflned  to  the  tips,  the  rest  being  black, 
sometimes  showing  in  the  white.  The  fourth  tail  feather  sometimes  has  a 
Blight  white  tip  ;  the  second  feather  is  almost  entirely  white. 

I  have  seen  no  specimen  marked  as  the  female  of  this  beautiful  species, 
Lut  that  sex  probably  differs  only  in  s  less  intenne  coloration,  and  more  re- 
etrioted  amount  of  white.  There  is  no  appreciable  difference  between  Mexican 
and  Guatemalan  skins. 

Length  (34,020),  5.00;  wing,  2.70;  tail,  2.70;  tarsus,  .66 

This  species  differs  in  form  from  S.  miniata  in  longer  wings  and 
shorter  tail — the  two  being  about  equal,  instead  of  the  tail  being 
considerably  the  longer.     The  tarsi  of  this  species  are  also  shorter. 

Setophaga  multicolor,  Bon.,'  from  Mexico,  seems  to  differ  in  having 
the  forehead  white,  the  white  of  the  wings  narrower,  that  of  the  tail 
more  restricted,  the  belly  white.  The  species  appears  to  be  entirely 
unknown,  except  from  Bonaparte's  description. 


Smlth- 

Collec- 

Sex 

toDian 

tor's 

and 

.No, 

No. 

Age. 

4,014 

Ui 

cT 

84,020 

113 

rf 

13,628 

.  , 

30,-OJ 

340 

Locality. 


Biiqeillo,  New  Leon. 
MazatlAD.     (Sierra 
Guatemala.  [Madre.) 
Volcan  de  Fuego, 
[Ouat. 


When 
Collected. 


Received  from     |      Collected  by- 


April,  1S33. 
Dec.  1861. 

1862. 


Lt.  D.  N.  Couch. 
A.  J.  Grayson. 
J.  Gould. 
0.  Salvin. 


Salvia  &  Godm. 


(4,014.)  Eyes  brown. 


Myiobgrus,  Baird.     (See  page  237.) 

Myioborus,  Baird.     (Type  Setophaga  verticalis,  Sw.) 

Rictal  bristles  very  long,  reaching  to  the  end  of  the  bill ;  the  toes  more 
as  in  ruticilla,  though  longer,  the  middle  toe  without  claw  about  three-fifths 
tlie  tarsus.  The  wings  are  shorter  than  the  broad,  soft,  ronnded  tail,  and  the 
wing  is  much  rounded  ;  the  4th  quill  longest,  the  Ist  about  equal  to  the  7th. 

'  Setophaga  multicolor. 

St't<>phu(ja  multicolor,  BoN.  Conspectus,  1850,  312.     Mus.  Senck. 
Uab.  Mexico. 

17      May,  1805. 


¥      •!' 


ru^'-Wu 


I.- 


':  t 


It 

.jj:..,.r... 
i 

Ml 

'  ''■':■  * 
■:   i:  ', 

m 

...... 

■k 

■"^  -T. 

258 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[I'AKT  I. 


The  species  of  this  section  have  been  usually  referred  to  Setophmja, 
but  diller  very  appreciably  as  indicated.  1  have,  however,  coinbini'd 
them  in  the  same  analytical  arrangement  under  Sfto])ha(ja  for  con- 
vunience  of  diagnosis.  The  following  are  the  better  known  specify 
of  Mijioburus  from  South  America  (see  page  253) : — 

Setopbaga  vertloalU. 

Setophaga  certicalis,  Lafr.  &  D'Orb.  Syn.  Av.  1837,  60. — D'Orb.  Voy. 
Ois.  330,  pi.  35,  fig.  1.— ScLATER,  Catal.  1861,  37,  no.  225. 

Hal).  Bogota  and  Ecuador.  Specimens  in  collections  of  Smithsonian  Inst., 
Phila.  Acad.,  and  G.  N.  Lawren 


Setophaga  . 

fSetophngn  rnjicoronala,  Sclatkr  P.  Z.  S.  1855,  144,  etc.,  and  Catal. 
1861,  37,  no.  226  (not  of  Kaup?). 
ITah.  Ecuador.     Specimens  in  collections  of  Smithsonian  Inst.  (Ecuador, 
from  C.  R.  Buckalew),  Phila.  Acad.,  and  G.  N.  Lawrence. 

Setophaga  melanocephala. 

Setophaga  mtlanocephala,  Tschudi,  Consp.  Fauna  Peruana,  1845-6, 192, 
tab.  xii  (Peru). 
Hah.  Peru.     Cab.  Phila.  Aoad. 

Setophaga  ruficoronata. 

f  Setophaga  rujicoronata,  Kacp,  P.  Z.  S.  1851,  49. — Bo».  Obs.  Delattre, 
1853,  63. 

Hab.  Bogota.     Cab.  Phila.  Acad. 

Setophaga  ornata. 

Setophaga  ornata,  Boiss,  R.  Zool.  1840,  70  (Bogota.     Face  and  forehead 

white). 
Setophaga  flaveola,  Lafr.  R.  Zool.  1844,  81  (Bogota.   Face  and  forehead 

yellow).     Cab.  Phila.  Acad. 
f  Setophaga  leucomphomma,  Kadp,  P.  Z.  S.  1851,  227  (Bogota). 
Hab.  Bogota.     Cab.  Phila.  Acad. 

Setophaga  brunneiceps. 

Setophaga  brunneiceps,  Lafr.  &  D'Orb.  Syn.  Av.  1837,  50. — D'Orb.  Voy. 
Ois.  329,  pi.  29,  fig.  3  (Bolivian  Andes). — Danileuierus  bruimeicepi, 
BoN.  Consp.  1850,  314. 
Hab.  Bolivia*     Cab.  Phila.  Acad. 

This  bird  is  quite  different  in  form  from  the  preceding  species ;  its  narrower 
bill,  shorter  wings,  color  of  head  and  back,  etc.,  approximating  it  to  Bait- 
leuterm,  although  its  longer,  broad  graduated  tail,  with  the  white  lateral  tail 
feathers,  are  as  in  Myioborus. 


Smith- 

CnllBf 

aonlan 

tor's 

No. 

No. 

m 

13,668 

37,496 

62 

SETOPHAGA. 


259 


Setophaga  oaBtaneo-capilla. 

Setophatja  cantaneo-cupilla.  Cab.  Sohomburgk's  Guiana,  III,  1848,  6C7 
(Rorairaa,  Guiana). 
This  npeciea  liaH  usually  b«en  assumed  as  identical  with  the  preceding, 
although  Judging  from  the  description  alone,  it  appears  quite  distinct.  The 
essential  features  consist  in  having  the  crest  chestnut  brown,  the  foreliead, 
sides  of  neck  and  back  with  faint  wash  of  olivaceous.  The  outer  tail  feather 
has  the  outer  web  and  the  tip  of  tlie  inner  white ;  the  second  with  a  large 
white  spot  inclosed  by  black  ;  the  third  white  only  at  tip.  Nothing  is  said 
of  the  black  forehead,  nor  of  the  white  lines  of  the  face  and  front.  There  ia 
much  less  white  also  on  the  lateral  tail  feathers. 


§etophaKa  miniata. 

Setophaga  miniata,  Swains.  Philos.  Mag.  I,  1827,  368. — BAiRn,  Birds 
N.  Am.  1858,  24.9,  pi.  Iviii,  fig.  1.— Sclatkr,  P.  Z.  S.  1856,  292 
(Cordova)  ;  1858,  299  (Oaxaca).— Ib.  1859,  363  (Xalapa).— Ib. 
1864,  173  (City  of  MexiM).— Ib.  Catal.  1861,  37,  no.  222. 

Muscicapa  vulnerafa,  W*oi.EK,  Isis,  1831,  529. — Setophaga  rul.  Bon. 
Consp.  1850,  313. — Setophaga  castanea,  Lisbon,  R.  Z.  1839,  42. 

Muscicapa  derhami,  Giraod,  Birds  Texas,  1841,  pi.  iii,  fig.  2. — Sclater, 
P.  Z.  S.  1865,  65. 

Hab.  Mexico. 

(No.  13,668.)  Above  dark  bluish-ash ;  the  quills  dark  brown ;  the  tail  black. 
A  square  patch  of  dark  chestnut  brown  on  the  vertex ;  the  forehead  anterior 
to  this,  lores,  circura-ocular  region,  cheeks  beneath  the  eye,  whole  fore  neck 
and  sides  of  juguium,  black ;  rest  of  under  parts  rich  carmine  red,  except  in- 
side of  wings  and  crissum,  which  are  white.  Tibiae  plumbeous.  The  exposed 
portion  of  outer  web,  and  exposed  half  of  inner,  of  the  lateral  tail  feather,  white, 
the  amount  of  white  successively  more  restricte  I  on  the  2d  and  3d  feathers. 
Wings  considerably  shorter  than  the  tail.     Bristles  reaching  to  end  of  bill. 

Female  similar  to  male  in  color. 

Length,  5.10;  wing,  2.55  ;  tail,  3.00;  tarsus,  .75. 

A  specimen  (No.  558,  type  of  Muscicapa  derhami)  less  mature, 
or  possibly  a  female,  has  the  black  feathers  of  the  forehead  and 
throat  edged  with  plumbeous  ;  the  sides  of  the  head  are  plumbeous. 
This  bird  is  the  one  described  in  Birds  X.  Am. 


Smlth- 

Collec- 

Sex 

BoDlan 

tor's 

and 

No. 

No. 

Age. 

558 

13,668 

37,496 

62 

? 

Locality. 


N.  E.  Mexico. 
Jalapa. 
Orizaba,  Mex. 


Wlien 
Collected. 


Jan.  30,  '65. 


Received  from 


8,  F.  Baird. 
P.  L.  Sclatcr. 
Prof.  Sumichragt. 


Collected  by 


J.  G.  Bell. 
D'Oca. 


(S.'iS.)  A  type  specimen  of  Muscicapa  dtrhami^  <3iraad. 

Setophaga  flammea* 

Setophaga  Jiammea,  Kaup,  P.  Z.  S.  1851,  50  (Guatemala)  ;  P.  Z.  S.  1855, 
77  (references  to  priority). — Sclater,  Catal.  1861,  37,  no.  223. — 


*■  t  ^'  ,  * 


260 


UBVIBW  or  AMERICAN  BIRDS, 


[part  I, 


y :  •     ' 


•  <♦'..■■  ; 


-  I -'^ 


.•I* 


ill.:- 


ScLATRR  &  Salvin,  Ihifl,  1859,  12  (Oaatemala).— Cabamii),  Jour. 
IX,  18t)l,  85  (Costa  Rica). 
Setnphaga  intermedia,  Hartladh,  R.  Z.  1853,  3. 

Ilab,  Quatuuiala  ;  Couta  Rioa  (Cab.)« 

It  is  with  inuoh  hesitation  that  I  admit  thin  nn  a  distinct  sppcien,  and  doKo 
mainly  beuausH  Dr.  Scliiter,  wlio  has  seen  many  HpeuiiiienH  of  the  two  allied 
lornis,  cimsi(i«rs  them  different.  Tlie  most  highly  plumaged  specimen  buforenie 
difftTs  from  the  S.  miniata,  as  Just  described,  in  the  red  of  tlie  belly  being  more 
vermilion  than  carmine.  The  blacli  on  the  throat  and  fondiead  is  less  int^-iiHe ; 
on  tlie  side  of  the  head  it  is  mainly  confined  to  the  region  below  and  anterior 
to  tiie  eye,  tlie  plumbeous  ground  color  extending  in  qnite  a  broad  and  distinct 
band  from  the  bill  over  the  eye.  The  chestnut  of  the  feathers  of  the  vurtex 
is  lighter,  and  of  a  yellowish  shade  at  the  basal  portion,  while  in  inininla  it  is 
nnicolored ;  it  is  more  restricted  in  extent,  being  bordered  on  each  Hide  by 
quite  a  broad  band  of  black.  The  white  of  tail  is  more  restricted,  only  one- 
third  the  inner  web  of  outer  feather  being  involved  instead  of  two-fifths,  and 
rarely  extending  on  the  third  feather.  The  bill  is  perhaps  a  little  broader, 
the  tail  and  wings  shorter,  the  tail  feathers  narrower. 

A  female,  as  marked  by  Mr.  Salvin,  differs  from  the  male  only  in  having  a 
still  greater  mixture  of  plumbeous  in  the  black  of  the  forehead. 

Length  of  20,400,  %,  5.10;  wing,  2.45  ;  tail,  2.70;  tarsus,  .72. 

The  S.  intermedia,  of  Hartlaub,  was  probab.^  based  upon  a  female 
bird — the  diagnosis  of  plumbeous  throat,  concolor  with  the  back  and 
forehead,  not  being  applicable  to  the  male.  Kaup's  diagnosis  of  tips 
only  of  the  outer  three  tail  feathers  white  is  not  very  distinctive,  as 
there  ia  comparatively  little  difference  in  this  respect  from  miniata. 

From  a  statement  by  Mr.  Sclater,  in  the  Pr.  Z  S.  1855,  77,  it 
appears  that  the  name  of  Kaup,  though  presented  to  the  Zool.  Soc. 
in  1851,  was  not  actually  published  until  after  that  of  Hartlaub,  in 
1853.  It  is,  therefore,  a  question  whether  the  latter  should  not  have 
priority.  As,  however,  there  is  no  internal  evidence  or  external  in- 
dication apart  from  the  claim  of  Dr.  Hartlaub  and  the  unofficial 
admission  of  Sclater  to  prove  the  fact,  I  retain  the  name  of  Jlammea, 
regretting  at  the  same  time  that  the  actual  date  of  issue  of  the  sheet 
containing  the  description  was  not  in  some  way  noted  upon  it. 


Smtth- 

CoUec- 

Sex 

Botiltin 

tor'g 

and 

No. 

No. 

Age. 

13,665 

18,567 

,  . 

8,021 

,  , 

20,400 

1,469 

20,689 

1,468 

30,704 

348 

•• 

130 

Localitjr. 


Ouatemala. 


Coban,  Quat. 


Oaatemala. 


When 
Collected. 


Nov.  1859. 


Received  from 


P.  L.  Sclater. 
if 

J.  Oonld. 
0.  Salvlu. 


Cab.  Lawrence. 


Collected  by 


^w 


BKTOPHAOA. 


261 


getophARA  aiirantiaca. 

Setopkaga  aurantiaca,  Daibo,  n.  a. 
Hah.  Costa  Rio*. 

Upper  parts,  with  head  and  neck,  phimlieoun,  wlthont  any  tinge  of  olire  ; 
wini^H  and  tail  black,  tlie  quills  edged  Hiightly  with  plumbeous.  Crown  orange 
brown,  margined  on  the  forehead  and  above  tiie  eyes  with  black.  Fore  part 
of  tlie  neck  blackish.  Beneath  yellowish-orange  ;  the  crisBum  and  inside  of 
wing!*  white :  the  tibia  and  edge  of  wing  plunibeoL  Rather  less  than  the 
teriuinnl  half  of  outer  tail  feather,  and  a  din>inishing  amount  on  the  second 
auii  tliird  feathers,  white,  the  white  extending  farther  towards  the  base  on  the 
outer  webs  of  the  outer  feather ;  the  black  extending  forwards  externally  on 
the  edge  of  the  second  and  third  feathers.     Iris  black. 

TliH  sexes  do  not  appear  to  differ.  Some  specimens  art,  however,  of  a  deeper 
orange.  A  young  bird  (30,41)3),  not  fully  fledged,  is  very  similar,  but  lacks 
the  brown  crown.     The  orange  of  the  under  parts  is  very  deep  and  distinct. 

Length  (No.  33,:80,  9),  6.00;  wing,  2.45;  tail,  2.67;  gape  of  bill,  .GO; 
tarBus,  .75. 

This  species  is  very  similar  to  S.  verlicalis,  of  Bogota,  but  differs 
in  iiaving  the  under  parts  yellowish-oraiifje.  rath(!r  than  clear  jrani- 
boge  yellow.  The  throat  is  apparently  darker.  The  black  of  the 
forehead  and  sides  of  the  vertex-spot  1  do  not  find  in  the  speci- 
men before  me  of  verticalis,  nor  are  they  mentioned  in  the  descrip- 
tions. There  is  more  white  on  the  tail  feathers  of  oerticalia,  involving 
raore  than  half  of  the  inner  web  and  two-thirds  of  the  outer.  Thero 
is  no  trace  in  autantiaca  of  the  ashy  margins  of  the  tail  feathers 
mentioned  by  D'Orbigny. 


% 


8mlth- 

CoPec- 

S<IT 

When 
Collected. 

DuniHa 
No. 

tor"» 
No. 

A({e. 

Locality. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

30,493 

101 

Jnv. 

CoNtH  Uica. 

Dr.  V.  Fraatrlus. 

a),280 

8 

V 

Dita  Mts.,  C.  K. 

Jan.  W,  '64. 

J.  C'armiol. 

J.  Carmiul. 

\%m 

8 

" 

4t 

(. 

33,277 

8 

$ 

" 

Jan.  2.S,  '64 

(4 

3,1,2fll 

8 

rf 

'• 

Jan.  27,  "64. 

■■ 

3,1, 27S 

8 

i 

" 

" 

11 

3.'t,2S2 

8 

If 

Ji.li.  24, '84. 

ti 

34,6.18 

, . 

rf 

San  Jo-<e. 

Mar.  4,  '64. 

(1 

u,m 

•• 

d 

Barraoca. 

Mar.  12,  't;4. 

II 

Setophaga  torquata. 

Setophana  torquata,  Baibd,  n.  8. 
Hub.  Costa  Rica. 

Upper  parts,  continuous  With  ft  narrow  pectoral  collar  ashy  plumb  ons, 
with  a  tinge  of  olive  above;  the  collar  more  dusky.  A  narrow* frontal  line, 
entire  sides  of  head,  including  lores  and  circum-ocular  region,  .ir.d  under  parts, 
bright  yellow.  Crissum  and  inside  of  wings  pale  yellowish ;  edge  of  wing  darker 


■"S-L. 


sea 


REVIEW  OP  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


S 


yellow.  Vertex  with  the  featbere  considerably  elongated,  and  orange  brown, 
uicrgined  all  round  with  black.  Quills  and  tail  feathers  black,  not  appreciably 
xuarpined.  Outer  tail  feather  with  all  the  exposed  portion  white  ;  less  of  this 
color  on  the  second,  with  a  margin  of  black  on  the  outer  web  near  the  end; 
third  feather  with  a  small  stripe  of  white  in  the  end.  Tibia  gre  -iish  plum- 
beous. 

In  one  specimen  the  forehead  only  (except  the  narrow  line  at  base  of  bill) 
is  black,  and  the  black  line  above  the  superciliary  yellow  is  quite  narrow ;  in 
another,  the  decumbent  brown  crest  is  mainly  on  the  sinciput,  the  black 
anterior  and  lateral  to  it  being  in  considerably  less  extent.  An  immature  .speci- 
men, not  fully  fledged,  probably  of  this  species,  lacks  the  spot  on  the  vertex ; 
the  whole  jugulum  is  dusky,  this  color  extending  forward  along  the  throat  tj 
the  bill ;  the  lores  and  a  crescentio  patch  beneath  the  eye  are  dusky. 

Length,  5.50  ;  ^ing,  2.75  ;  tail,  2.85  ;  bixl  from  gape,  .56  ;  tarsus,  .80. 

The  clear  yellow  face  without  any  dusky  marks,  and  the  yellow 
under  parts  crossed  by  a  dusky  pectoral  collar,  appear  to  distinguish 
this  species  from  all  its  congeners. 


■i 

-I 

I 


Smith- 
BoniaD 

No. 

Collec- 
tor's 
No. 

Sex 
and 
Age. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Colit«ted  b^ 

30,496 
80,495 
80,494 
32,283 

07 
98 
99 

.. 

San  Jose,  C.  R. 
ti 

It 

tc 

... 

Dr.  V.  FrantziuM. 

tt 
J.  Carmiol. 



J.  Carniiot. 

EuTHLYPis,  Cabanis.     (See  page  23t.) 

Euthlypis,  Cabanis,  Mus.  Hein.  1850, 18.     (Type  E.  laclirymosa,  Cab.) 

Bill  much  depressed,  and  lengthened  ;  from  forehead  as  long  as  the  head, 
the  lateral  outline  rather  concave  near  the  end.  Rictal  bristles  reaching  half 
way  from  nostrils  to  tip  of  bill.  Culmen  and  commissure  gently  carved.  Tail 
rounded,  and  a  little  longer  than  the  wings,  the  feathers  moc'erately  broad. 
Wings  rounded  ;  1st  quill  about  equal  to  the  6th  ;  3d  and  4th  longest.  Pro- 
portions cf  feet  about  as  in  the  rufouo  ^.0"'ned  Myioborus. 

This  subgenus,  besides  its  relations  to  Setophaga,  has  characters 
belonging  both  to  Myioborus  and  Myiodioctes.  The  tail  feathers 
have  the  firmness  and  comparative  narrowness  of  outer  web  of  tlie 
latter,  the  feet  and  rounded  wings  of  the  former.  The  bill  is  more 
lengthened  than  in  either. 

But  a  single  species  of  this  subgenus  is  known.  It  is  the  largest 
of  the  SetophageiPi :  yellow  beneath,  plumbeous  above,  with  two  dark 
stripes  on  the  head  i'lclosing  a  median  yellow  one 


Smith-  Coll 

souiau    tor 

No.       No 

29,70,') 
J0,701 

331 

n 


;>">« 


CARDELLINA. 


263 


Setophaga  laclirymosa. 

Busileuterus  lac.  Bon.  Consi..  1850,  314  (from  spec,  in  Berlin  Mus.)> — 
Eulhlypin  lac.  Cab.  l^!u8.  Heiii.  1850,  19  (Lagunas,  Mex. ;  same  as 
Bonaparte's  spec.)— Sclateb,  P.  Z.  S.  1856,  291  (Cordova)  ;  1859, 
363  (Jalapa).— Ib.  Catal.  1861,  36,  no.  219.— Sclatkh  &  Salvin, 
Ibis,  1860,  274  (Alotenango,  Guat.,  Sept.  1859). 

Setuphaya  lachrymosa,  Bairo. 

Ilah.  Eastern  Mexico  and  Guatemala. 

Above,  including  top  and  sides  of  head,  olivaceous-plnmbeons  ;  wing  and 
tail  feathers  almost  black,  edged  on  outside  with  plumbeous.  Beneath  yel- 
low, the  breast,  jugulum,  and  flanks  washed  with  ochry.  Crissum  dirty  white : 
tibiae  and  inside  of  wings  tinged  with  olive.  Feathers  along  base  of  upper 
maudible,  with  loral  region  and  two  stripes  on  top  of  head,  black,  the  latter 
iiclosing  a  broader  median  rne  of  yellow.  A  spot  in  front  of  eye,  and  eyelids 
white.  A  white  spot  at  end  of  all  the  tail  feathers,  principally  on  the  inner 
web,  and  decreasing  in  magnitude  from  outermost  to  middle.  Bill  black ; 
legs  pale. 

Length,  6.10;  wing,  2.75  ;  diflerence  between  Ist  and  4th  quills,  .25;  tail, 
2.90;  graduation,  .35  ;  bill  above,  .60,  from  nostril,  .36,  from  gape,  .70;  tarsus, 
.90;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .73  ;  claw,  .24;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .50. 


'^1 


Smith- 

souiaa 

No. 

Collec- 
tor's 
No. 

Sex 
and 
Age. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Becelved  from 

Collected  by 

»,70,1 
oO,701 

331 

•• 

Mexico         [Ouat. 
Savana  Oraude, 

1862. 

A.  Sal  16. 
0.  Salvia. 

CARDELLINA,  Dcbds. 

Cardellina,  Dubus.     (See  page  236.) 

Cardellina,  "  Ddbus,''  Bon.  Consp.  1850,  312.     (Type  Cardellina  amicta, 
Ddbus=  Muscicap  I  ruhrifrons,  Giraud.) 

Bill  Parine  in  appeararxie,  much  shorter  than  hea'',  high  at  base,  and  the 
culmen  considerably  decurved  throughout ;  the  commissure  curved  and  some- 
what angulated  in  the  middle.  Bictal  bristles  stiff,  but  not  very  long,  hardly 
reaching  half  way  from  the  nostrils  to  tip  of  bill,  which  exhibits  scarcely  any 
trace  of  notch.  Wings  long  and  pointed ;  the  2d,  3d,  and  4th  quills  nearly 
equal  and  longest ;  the  1st  a  little  longer  than  the  5th.  The  tail  is  shorter 
than  the  wings,  nearly  even,  a  very  little  lounded.  Feet  small ;  ta'si  short, 
the  8cutel!ar  divisions  indistinct  externally ;  the  middle  toe  without  claw 
little  more  than  half  the  tarsus. 

This  form  agrees  ve'  •  c/jsely  in  the  cliaracters  of  wing  and  tail 
vith  Myiodioctes  milratua.  The  legs,  however,  are  shorter,  and  the 
bill  very  differently  sliaped,  more  like  that  of  a  Titmouse. 


CARDELLINA. 


263 


Setophaga  laclirymosa. 

Basileuterus  lac.  Bon.  Consi..  1850,  314  (from  spec,  in  Berlin  Mas.). — 
Euthlypis  lac.  Cab.  L!us.  Huin.  1850,  19  (Lagunas,  Mex. ;  game  as 
Bonaparte's  spec. )— Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1856,  291  (Cordova)  ;  1859, 
363  (Jalapa).— Ib.  Catal.  1861,  36,  no.  219.— Sclatkb  &  Salvin, 
Ibis,  1860,  274  (Alotenango,  Guat.,  Sept.  1859). 

Setophaga  lachrymosu,  Baibd. 

Hab.  Eastern  Mexico  and  Guatemala. 

Above,  including  top  and  sides  of  head,  olivaceous-plumbeous  ;  wing  and 
tail  featliers  almost  black,  edged  on  outside  with  plumbeous.  Beneath  yel- 
low, the  breast,  jugulum,  and  flanks  washed  with  ochry.  Crissum  dirty  white : 
tibiae  and  inside  of  wings  tinged  with  olive.  Feathers  along  base  of  upper 
inaudible,  witli  loral  region  and  two  stripes  on  top  of  head,  black,  the  latter 
iiclosing  a  broader  median  rne  of  yellow.  A  spot  in  front  of  eye,  and  eyelids 
white.  A  white  spot  at  end  of  all  the  tail  feathers,  principally  on  the  inner 
web,  and  decreasing  in  magnitude  from  outermost  to  middle.  Bill  black ; 
legs  pale. 

Length,  6.10;  wing,  2.75  ;  diflerence  between  1st  and  4th  quills,  .25;  tail, 
2.90 ;  graduation,  .35  ;  bill  above,  .60,  from  nostril,  .36,  from  gape,  .70 ;  tarsus, 
.90 ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .73  ;  claw,  .24 ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .50. 


Smith-  Collec 

souiani  tor's 

No.       No, 


29,703 
oO,"01 


331 


Sex 
und 
Age. 


Locality. 


Mexico        [Dual. 
Savuna  Graudo, 


When 
Collected. 


Becetved  from 


1S62. 


A   Salli-. 
0.  Salvia. 


Collected  by 


CARDELLINA,  Dcbcs. 

Cardellina,  Dubus.     (See  page  236.) 

Cardelltna,  "  Ddbus,''  Bon.  Consp.  1850,  312.     (Type  Cardellina  amicla, 
DvBOS  =  Muscicap  I  rubrifrons,  Giraud.) 


Bill  Parine  in  aonearafie.  much  shorter  than  Ix^fl/*   liigb  nt.  ViAga   o.wi  n>^ 


i6i 


REVIEW  OP  AMERICAN  BIRDS 


[part  I. 


Cardelliua  ruliritm  ivns. 

Uuscicapa  rubri/ront,  GiBAUD,  Birds  Texas,  1841,  pL  vii,  fig.  1  (N.  E. 

Mexico). —  Cardellina  rubri/rons,  Sclater,   P.  Z.  S.   ISSS,  6G  ;  ib. 

18B8,  299  (Oaxaca)  ;  1859,  374  (do.).— Ib.  Catal.  1861,  37,  uo.  229. 
Cardellina  amicta,  ("Dcbos,  M8S."),  Boif.  Consp.  1850,  312. 
Parus  erythropis,  Licet.  M3S.  (Mu8.  Berlin). 

Hub.  Mexico  and  Quatemala. 

(No.  29,708.)  Above  grayish -ash ;  a  nuchal  patch,  rump  and  under  parts, 
white,  more  er  less  tinged  with  rosy.  Head  and  neck  all  round  bright  red, 
crossed  however  by  a  hood  of  black  on  the  top  of  head,  passing  down  over  the 
ears,  leaving  the  forehead,  lores,  eyelids,  and  sides  of  the  neck  red.  There  is 
no  red  on  the  ocniput,  the  white  of  the  nape  immediately  succeeding  the  black. 
Inside  of  wings  white,  and  an  ashy  white  band  across  the  median  wing 
coverts.   '  Sides  of  body  ashy.     Female  similar,  but  duller  in  color. 

Length,  5.00;  wing,  2.77;  tail,  2.75 ;  graduation,  .14 ;  difference  between 
Ist  and  3d  (longest)  quills,  .12 ;  bill  from  forehead,  .45,  nostril,  .27,  gape,  .48; 
tarsus,  .70 ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .54. 


Smith- 

gnnlau 

Ko. 


Collec- 
tor's 
No. 


29,708 
30,702 


S'O 


Sex 
and 
Age. 


?f 


Locality. 


Mexico. 
Tutonicapam,  Ouat. 


When 
Collected. 


Received  from 


Oct.  1862. 


A.  8all6. 
0.  Salvia. 


Collected  by 


Erqaticus,  Baird. 

ErgattcuK,  Baird.    (Page  237.)     (Type  Setophaga  rubra,  Sw.) 

Bill  very  short,  and  rather  slender ;  the  culmen,  however,  and  commissure 
curved  from  the  base.  Rictal  bristles  well  developed,  reaching  midway  from 
postril  to  tip.  Wings  rather  shorter  than  the  nearly  even,  somewhat  rounded 
tail ;  the  3d  and  4th  quills  about  equa'  ;  the  Ist  a  little  shorter  than  the  6lh, 
Tarsi  lengthened  ;  the  middle  toe  without  claw  half  the  tarsus. 

This  form  diflfera  from  typical  Cardellina  in  much  slenderer, 
though  somewhat  similarly  shaped  bill,  greater  development  of  rictal 
bristles,  considerably  shorter  and  more  rounded  wings,  etc.  In  some 
respects  it  resembles  the  section  Jdiotes  of  Jiasile uterus,  but  rau) 
properly  be  separated. 


Cardellina  rubra. 

Setophaga  rubra,  Swaimb.  Phil.  Mag.  I,  1827,  368  (eastern  Mexico).— 
Oassin,  111.  Birds  Cal.  Texas,  I,  1854,  266,  pi.  xliii.— C((r(W/imi 
rubra,  Bos.  Consp.  1850,  312.— Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1856,  292  (El 


Sylvi 
Paru 

Hah.  Mes 

(No.  13,6( 
silvery  whil 
colors  of  the 
color,  dusky 

Length,  4. 
Ist  and  4th 
toe  and  claw 


Smith- 

Collec- 

dODiiin 

tor's 

No. 

No, 

.lei 

32.717 

w.s.-.o 

1.1,666 

32,718 

3\14n 

\k 

37,49a 

112 

(561.)  Typegp 

Cardellini 

Cardell 
(V 

Hab.  Highli 

(No.  30,703, 
beneath ;  the 
with  silvery  n 
with  red ;  lini 
probably  simi 

Lengtli,  4.8( 
Ist  and  4th  qi 

This  speci 
in  color  iiiai 
head,  neck,  t 


Emlth- 

lonlan 

No. 


30,703 


Collec- 
t'lr'a 

Ho. 


I 


3.57 


S( 
ai 


WW 


".^M  ' 


OABDELLINA. 


265 


Jacale,  Mex.)  ;  1858,  299  (Oaxaca) ;  1859,  2(53,  374  (Xalapa^ 
Oaxaca)  ;  1864,  173  (City  of  Mexico).— Ib.  Catal.  1861, 38,  no.  230.' 
—Dasileuterus  ruber,  Cad.  Mus.  Hein.  1851,  18. 

Sylvia  miiiiata,  Lafr.  Mag.  Zool.  1836,  pi.  liv. 

Purus  leucotia,  Gibado,  Birds  Tex.  1841,  pi.  iv,  fig.  2  (N.  K  Mexico). 

Hab.  Mexico. 

(No.  13,6G6.)  Rich  carmine  red,  rather  darker  on  the  back.  Ear  coverts 
silvery  white.  Wing  and  tail  feathers  brown,  edged  externally  witlx  the 
colors  of  the  back.  Larger  inner  wing  coverts  rosy  white.  Bill  pale  liorn 
color,  dusky  above.     Legs  pale.     Sexes  similar. 

Length,  4.70 ;  wing,  2.40 ;  tail,  2.55,  its  graduation,  .20;  diiference  between 
1st  and  4th  quills,  .30 ;  bill  from  nostril,  .27,  gape,  .50 ;  tarsus,  .77  ;  middle 
toe  and  claw,  .56. 


Sraith- 

Collec- 

Sex 

aonlua 

tor's 

and 

No. 

No. 

Age. 

,161 

.. 

31717 

4.'5,8.<0 

■.■f 

UMO 

.  , 

32,718 

Jnv. 

3-),14n 

184 

<f 

37,493 

112 

d 

L.  ;a!lty. 


When 
Collected. 


X.  E   Mexico. 

Mexico. 

Xulapa. 

Mirador  (pines). 
Orizaba  (IiIkIi- 
lands). 


June  1S64. 


Received  from 


S.  F.  Baird. 

Verreaux. 

Sfilater. 

Verroaux. 

I)i-.  Sai-torius. 

Prof.  Sumichrast. 


Collected  by 


D'Oca. 


(561.)  Type  specimeu  of  Paru*  huct4ii,  Giraud. 

Cardellina  Tersicolor. 

CardeUina  versicolor,  Salvin,  P.  Z.  S.  May,  1863, 188,  pi.  xxiv,  fig.  4 
(Volcan  de  Fuego,  height  of  8,0'^0  feet,  and  Totouicapam). 

Hah,  Highlands  of  Guatemala. 

(No.  30,703,  9  •)  General  color  red  ;  darker  on  back,  paler  on  the  rump  and 
beneath ;  the  feathers  of  the  head  and  neck  all  round,  and  the  breast  tipped 
with  silvery  rose-color.  Wing  and  tail  feathers  dark  brown,  edged  externally 
with  red  ;  lining  of  wings  rosy  white.  Bill  and  legs  dark  horn  color.  Male 
probably  similar,  or  with  colors  more  intense. 

Length,  4.80 ;  wing,  2.30  ;  tail,  2.50,  its  graduation,  .24 ;  difiference  between 
1st  and  4th  quills,  .32;  bill  from  nostril,  .27  ;  tarsus,  .74. 

This  species  is  very  similar  in  size  and  form  to  C.  rithra,  differing 
in  color  mainly  in  having  a  silvery  tinge  to  the  red  of  the  whole 
head,  neck,  and  breast,  instead  of  pure  silvery  ears. 


••f. 


Smitli- 

aonian 
Ho, 

Collec- 

t'lr's 
No. 

Sex 
and 
A(je. 

Locality. 

Wlien 
CoUectea. 

Bicelved  from 

Collected  by 

30,703 

3.i7 

? 

Totouicapam,  Ouat. 

Oct.  1862. 

0.  Salvia. 

Salviu  &GodniaD. 

;  t 


.r4-.a 


p'-'i 

"*>;.> :.;. 

^l"' ' 

;    ''''  ■•■•'. ,'' 

•  i'::'-::-''-'' 

■ .  . '^  'l 

yM  ->.'.' 

* 

-■'k:  -.".■: 

-  <  '■-     ^  )\- 

f 

■    ■       ".^      ,  "1 

1 

,•>     ^    ■ 

•  -1 

;>te';  .    -■ 

'  .,  ■ 

.•;ir:'.  < 

-1 

/'  ,';"..'" 

■  ,.  '• 

•":."■'  ;■?  • 

t 

^^■■;-.(3-:: 

■.,«■_ 

.-''.M  -         t 

.;  ■   .  : 

/    ■-",  '     .    ■  ■    y.      ■ 

■."    ' 

J'../.:.- 

i  '■; 

>        .     ■   ' 

■a  ■  .  ■ 

. 

' 

1 

• 

S    ■- 

^  ,      <   , 

4]      '    ^ 

«n 

: 

.^ 

266 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


The  following  are  some  synonyms  of  presumed  North  or  Middle 
American  Sylcicolidse  of  older  authors,  not  satisfactorily  identified. 

Sylvia  decurtata,  Bon.  Pr.  Zool.  Soc.  1837,  118. — Pachtjsyluia  decurtata, 
Bon.  Consp.  1860,  309. 
Ilab.  Mexico. 

Probably  llylophilus  cinereiceps. 

Motacilla  fulva,  Gmklin,  I,  1788,  973. — Sylvia  fulva,  Lath.  Ind,  II, 
1790,  542  (Louisiana). 

Sylvia  griselcoUis,  Vieillot,  Ois.  Am.  Sept.  II,  1807,  29,  pi.  87. 

Sylvia  ochroleuca,  Vieill.  Nouv.  Diet.  XI,  1817, 187  (United  States). 
(  Vireo  JiaviJ'rons  1) 

Sylvia  pumila,  Vibill.  Ois.  Am.  Sept.  II,  1807,  39,  pi.  100  (St.  Do- 
mingo, Cayenne,  etc.). 

Sylvia  russeicauda,  Vieiix.  Ois.  Am.  Sept.  II,  1807, 17,  pi.  71(Penna.). 

Sylvia  semitorquata,  Lath.  lud.  Orn.  II,  1790,  542  (Louisiana). 

Sylvia  virescens,  Vieill.  Ois.  Am.  Sept.  II,  1807,  42  (America). 

Note. — Specimens  received  since  the  preceding  account  of  the 
Sylvicolidse  went  to  press  furnish  the  occasion  for  the  following 
observations  and  corrections  : — 

Parula  pitiayumi.     Page  170. 

Among  the  collections  made  during  the  past  winter,  by  Col. 
Grayson,  in  the  Tres  Marias,  Mex.,  were  several  specimens  of  a 
Parula,  which  I  cannot  separate  from  the  true  South  American 
P.  pitiayumi ;  differing  only  in  rather  larger  size  and  less  amount 
of  black  in  the  loral  region,  which,  in  fact,  is  nearly  as  plumbeous 
as  the  forehead,  the  space  immediately  anterior  to  and  beneath  the 
eye  being  blackish.  The  upper  parts  appear  rather  paler  than 
usual.  They  differ  from  the  Guatemalan  and  Costa  Rican  inormla 
in  the  larger  size  and  possession  of  two  white  bands  across  the 
wings.  The  species  has  not  been  identified  as  occurring  on  the 
main  land  of  Mexico. 


Smith- 
son  la  u 
No. 

37,.1I.-. 
37,.a6 


C>11pc-   Sox 


tor's 
No. 


«8 


ami 
Ai{fi- 


Locality. 


Tres  Marias,  Mex. 


When 
C(' lee  ted. 


Jau.  186j. 


Received  from 


Col.  A.  J.  Oraysou. 


Collected  bjr 


SeiuruB  aurocapillus.     Page  214. 

Among  the  collections  made  at  Mazatlan,  Mex.,  by  Col.  Grayson, 
is  a  specimen,  37,317  (37G)  of  this  species,  not  previously  recorded 


x/ 


HIRUNDlNlDiE. 


2G7 


as  occurring  on  the  Pacific  slope  of  the  continent.  In  the  fact  of 
its  being  a  bird  of  the  eastern  province  of  the  United  States  during 
summer,  and  in  winter  crossing  the  mountains  of  northern  Mexico 
to  the  Pacific  coast,  it  appears  to  reseniule  Dcndroica  doviiiiiva, 
Mniotilla  varia,  Larus  atricilla,  Sterna  antillarum  and  anglica,  etc., 
none  of  which  are  known  on  the  California  coast  at  any  season. 

Dendrolca  chryaoparela.    Page  183. 

Dr.  Selater  has  recently  stated  that  the  specimens  referred  to  (p. 
185)  as  from  San  Antonio,  Texas,  arc  true  D.  chrysopareia,  and 
thus  the  species  is  to  be  included  in  the  fauna  of  the  United  States. 


Family  HIRUNDINID^. 


>«,. 


Bill  short,  triaugular,  very  broad  at  base  (nearly  as  wide  as  long)  and 
much  depressed,  narrowing  rapidly  to  a  compressed,  notched  tip;  mouth 
opening  nearly  to  the  eyes.  Primaries  nine,  graduating  rapidly  less  from  the 
exterior  one  ;  tail  feathers  twelve.'  Feet  weak  ;  tarsi  scutellate,  shorter  than 
middle  toe  and  claw.  Number  of  joints  in  toes  normal ;  basal  joint  of  middle 
toe  partially  or  entirely  adherent  to  lateral  toes.  Wings  long,  falcate.  Tail 
forked.  Tves  small.  Plumage  compact,  usually  lustrous.  All  the  American 
species  with  a  white  patch  on  the  sides  under  the  wing  ? 

The  Hirundinidae  form  a  very  well  marked  group  of  birds  easily 
distinguished  from  all  others.  They  exhibit  a  close  resemblance,  in 
external  appearance  and  habits,  to  the  Cypselidae  ;  from  which,  apart 
from  the  internal  structure,  they  are  readily  distinguished  by  the 
possession  of  nine,  instead  of  ten  primaries ;  twelve,  instead  of  ten 
tail  feathers  ;  scutellate  tarsi,  toes  with  normal  number  jf  joints  (1. 
2.  3.  and  4.,  respectively,  exclusive  of  ungual  phalanges),  instead  of 
a  different  proportion  ;  differently  shaped  nostrils,  etc.  In  both 
families  the  wings  are  developed  to  an  extraordinary  degree ;  the 
outer  primary  nearly  twice  or  more  than  twice  the  length  of  tho 
inner,  and  enabling  its  possessor  to  sustain  flight  almost  indefi- 
nitely. The  relations  of  the  family  among  the  Oscines  appear  closest 
to  the  old-world  Muscicapidae. 

The  precise  character  of  scutellatiou  of  tarsu.s  is  somewhat  difficult 

'  Of  the  two  specimens  of  Atticora  fasclata  before  me,  neither  has  more 
than  ten  tail  ieathers.  I  do  not  know  whether  this  is  characteristic  of  the 
species  or  not. 


■% 


968 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


to  make  out,  owinp^  to  a  tendency  to  fusion  of  tlio  plates,  altliougli 
not  essentially  different  from  most  Oseines.  There  is  a  series  of 
scutellae  along  the  anterior  face  of  the  tarsus,  and  a  longitudinal 
plate  on  each  side,  meeting  but  not  coalescing  behind.  The  anterior 
scatellae  sometimes  appear  to  fuse  into  the  outer  lateral  plate ;  or 
sometimes  the  latter  is  more  or  less  subdivided  ;  the  inner  plate  is 
generally  more  distinct  from  the  anterior  scutellaj,  and  usually  entire, 
except  perhaps  at  the  lower  extremity. 

In  comparing  the  wings  of  the  Hirundinidse  with  those  of  the 
Cypselidse,  we  readily  notice  one  of  the  essential  characters  of  the 
Oscines,  viz.,  that  the  greater  wing  coverts  hide  only  half  or  less 
than  half  of  the  secondary  quills,  instead  of  reaching  much  beyond 
their  middle,  or  nearly  to  the  end.    (See  Sundevall,  Ornith.  Syst.) 

There  are  many  species  of  Hirundinidse  in  America — some  more 
or  less  local,  others  with  wide  range.  One  of  these  species — Cotyle 
riparia — is  believed  to  be  identical  with  a  European  ;  and  one — H. 
erylhrogaster  (horreorum,  also,  if  distinct) — is  generically  insepa- 
rable from  the  European  H.  ruHtica.  The  other  genera  are  not 
represented  in  Europe,  though  Petrochelidon  has  at  least  one  Aus- 
tralian example  (P.  nigricans). 

Most  of  the  genera  of  American  Hirundinidse  are  widely  diffused 
over  the  whole  continent — the  Atticora  group  alone  not  extending 
north  of  Central  America. 

In  America  we  have  nothing  corresponding  to  the  European 
genus  Chelidon  (C.  urhica),  characterized  by  having  the  tarsi  and 
toes  covered  with  feathers  to  the  claws,  as  in  Lagopus  (the  soles 
bare). 

The  American  Hirundinidse  vary  considerably  in  reference  to  the 
character  of  the  nostrils,  whether  superior  or  lateral,  with  or  without 
membrane  :  the  comparative  length  of  tarsus,  toes,  and  claws :  the 
amount  of  adhesion  of  middle  toe  to  lateral :  the  feathering  of  the 
tarsus:  depth  of  fork  of  tail,  etc.,  these  features  applying  to  the 
different  groups  somewhat  as  follows  : — 

Nostrils  superior ;  broadly  oval ;  not  overhung  by  membrane  on  inner  and 
upper  side,  especially  anteriorly :  Progne,  Petrochelidon,  Atticora,  Slelgi- 
dopteryx. 

Nostrils  lateral ;  overhung  or  bordered  internally  by  membrane,  which  is 
straight  edged  above  or  internally,  and  directed  either  parallel  with  axis 
of  bill,  or  diverging  from  it :  Hirundo,  Tachycineta,  and  all  other  Ameri- 
can genera,  except  those  of  first  section. 

Bill  very  stout ;  the  culmen  and  commissure  much  decnrved,  so  that  tlie 
chord  of  the  latter  includes  lower  jaw,  in  Proijue  and  Phauproyne.    lu 


HTRUNDINIDiB. 


969 


all  otiiers  the  bill  weaker,  more  depressed,  the  commissure  nearly  ptraight 
to  near  the  tip. 
The  middle  toe  ia  lengthened  ;  the  tnrsua  equal  to  the  toe  without  the  claw, 
its  joint  with  tibia  having  overhanging  feathers  attached,  wliich  tixtemi 
on  tiie  inner  face  of  tlxe  tarsus  a  short  distance,  in  llirutulo,  Tnclniciticta, 
Plerochclidon,  Progne.  Tarsus  similarly  feathered,  bat  proportionally 
longer — being  eqnal  to  middle  toe  and  half  the  claw,  in  Neoclielidon, 
Atticora,  Pyijochdidon,  and  Stelgido/iteryz.  It  is  of  the  same  proportion, 
but  entirely  bare  of  feathers  in  Callichelidon  and  Notiochelidon. 

In  Colyle  alone  are  there  short  feathers  attached  to  the  posterior  face  of  tarsus 
near  the  lower  end.  Here  also  alone  the  lateral  claws  are  very  long, 
reaching  considerably  beyond  the  base  of  the  middle  claw. 

In  Progne  and  Phmoprogne  the  basal  joint  of  middle  toe  is  adherent  but  littlo 
more  than  half  way  externally,  about  half  way  internally;  almost  the 
same  on  both  sides.  In  almost  all  the  rest  it  is  adherent  externally 
nearly  to  the  end,  and  about  half  way  internally,  except  in  Tachycinela 
ihdiassiua,  where  the  adhesion  is  complete  on  both  sides,  except  at  the 
end  of  the  inner;  in  Neochelidon  and  Notiochelidon,  where  the  basal  and 
half  the  middle  joint :  and  in  Atticora,  where  the  basal  and  the  whole 
middle  joint  are  adherent  externally. 

In  Stelgidopteryx  the  edge  of  the  wing  (outer  edge  of  outer  primary)  is  pro- 
vided with  a  series  of  stiflF recurved  hooks;  in  all  other  American  genera 
these  are  entirely  wanting,  though  said  to  exist  in  the  African  genus 
Psalidoprocne,  Cab. 

The  following  synopsis  may  aid  in  determining  the  genera  and 
subgenera  of  American  Hirundinidse,  although  the  succession  is  not 
strictly  natural : — 

Nostrils  broadly  oval,  or  oiroola^;  opening  upwards  and  for- 
ward, and  exposed  ;  without  overhanging  membrane. 
Edge  of  wing  smooth.     Tarsus  short,  stout ;  equal  to 
middle  toe  without  claw ;  feathered  on  the  inner 
side  above.     Nostrils  almost  or  entirely  without 
membrane. 

Bill  stout ;  culmen  and  commissure  much 
curved.  Frontal  feathers  without  bristles. 
Tail  deeply  forked.  Color  lustrous  black ; 
belly  and  crissum  sometimes  white     .         .   Progne, 

Similar  to  last,  only  culmen  straight  to  near  tip ; 
tarsus  with  feathers  along  inner  edge  for 
bf.sal  half  or  two-thirds.  Fork  of  tail  shal- 
low. Color  mouse  brown  above ;  white  be- 
neath .......   PhcBoprogne. 

Bill  rather  weaker ;  commissure  and  culmen 
nearly  straight  to  near  tip.  Frontal  feathers 
bristly.     Tail  nearly  even.      Throat,  rump 


vj^: 


Ji .  ,'■ 


.• 


210 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


r  . 


n 


and  crissuin,  and  usually  forehead,  rufous ; 

belly  white 

Edge  of  wing  smooth.    Tarsua  longer  than  In  last; 
equal  to  middle  toe  and  half  the  claw.     Nostrils 
bordered  along  posterior  half  by  membrane,  but 
not  overhung  internally.      Bill  very  small.     Tail 
forked.    Crissum  duskj',  except  Neochelldon  fucatu. 
Basal  and  whole  of  next  joint  of  middle  toe  ad- 
herent externally  to  outer  tfoe.     Tail  very 
deeply  forkwl. 

Tarsus  feathered  at  upper  end  internally 

Basal  and  half  the  next  joint  of  middle  toe  ad- 
herent externally  to  outer  toe. 

Tarsus  entirely  bare         .... 

Tarsus  with  feathers  on  inner  face  at 
upper  end 

Basal  joint  only  of  middle   toe   adherent  ex- 
ternally, and  free  at  extreme  end. 

Tibial  joint  covered  with  feathers  which 
extend  a  short  distance  along  inner 
face  of  tarsus 

Edge  of  wing  armed  with  stiflf  recurved  hooks.  Tarsus 
as  in  preceding  (tarsus  and  toes  much  as  in  Pyijo- 
chelidon).  Bill  larger  and  more  depressed.  Tail 
emarginate  only.     Crissum  white  .        . 

Nostrils  lateral ;  bordered  behind  and  inside,  or  overhung  by 
membrane,  the  outer  edge  of  which  is  straight,  and  di- 
rected either  parallel  with  axis  of  bill  or  diverging  from  it. 
Tarsus  short ;  about  equal  to  middle  toe  without  claw. 
Tibial  joint  feathered ;    feathers  extending  along 
inside  of  upper  end  of  tarsus. 

Tarsus  bare  at  lower  end.     Lateral  claws  reach- 
ing only  to  base  of  middle. 
Tail  very  deeply  forked,  much  longer  than 
closed  wings  ;  lateral  feathers  linear, 
and  very  narrow  at  end,  twice  the 
length  of  central.     Upper  pan.  and 
pectoral  collar  steel  blue ;  front  and 
throat,  sometimes  under  parts,  rufous. 
Tail  feathers  with  large  spots     . 
Tail  with  shallow  fork,  not  exceeding  half 
an  inch,  shorter  than  closed  wings. 
Feathers  broad.     Color  blue  or  green 
above,  with  or  without  white  rump ; 
whiie  beneath 

Tarsus  with  a  tuft  of  feathers  at  lowei   end. 


Petrochelidon 


Atticora. 

Notiochelidon, 
Neochelidon, 


Pygochelidon, 


Stelgidopteryx, 


ITirundo. 


Tachycimta, 


PROQNE. 


271 


Lateral  claws  lengthened,  reaching  bejond 

base  of  middle  claw. 

Tall  slightly  forked.  Color  dull  brown 
above ;  beneath  white,  with  brown 
pectoral  collar Cotyle. 

Tarsus  long  ;  equal  to  middle  toe  and  half  claw  ;  entirely 
bare.  Tail  considerably  forked,  about  equal  to 
closed  wing.     Color  green  above  ;  white  beneath  .    Callichelodon, 

The  arrangement  and  subordination  of  forms  which  I  propose  to 
adopt  in  tlic  further  consideration  of  the  subject,  as  expressing  more 
nearly  the  affinities  of  the  American  Hirundinidse,  is  as  follows  :— 

Frogne.  Largest  size.  Commissure  sinuated  and  much  arched  from  base. 
(Only  here).     Nostrils  superior.     Frontal  feathers  soft. 

Subdivisions  Progne,  Phteoprogne. 

Fetrochelidon.  Commissure  almost  straight  to  near  tip.  Bill  large.  Nos- 
trils superior,  not?  overhung.  Frontal  feathers  bristly.  Legsb.'<^re.  (Only 
here.)     Rump  rufous. 

Subdivision  Fetrochelidon. 

Chelidon.  Nostrils  superior,  but  slightly  overhung.  Legs  feathered  to  claw. 
(Here  only.)     (European  exclusively.)     Rump  and  under  parts  white. 

Hirundo.     Nostrils  lateral ;  overhung  by  membrane.     Lower  end  of  tarsus 
buiti.     Rump  white,  or  else  like  the  back.     Crissum  white,  or  rufous. 
Subdivisions  Hirundo,  Tachycineta,  CaUichelidon. 

Atticora.  Smallest  size.  Nostrils  superior,  not  overhung.  Bill  very  small. 
Crissum  mostly  black.  Middle  toe  usually  adherent  beyond  basal  joint, 
except  Pygochelldon.     (Here  only.) 

Subdivisions  (^Cheromacai),  Pygochelidon,  Atticora,  Notiochdidon^ 
Neochelidon. 

Stelgidopteryz.  Nostrils  superior,  not  overhung.  Edge  of  wing  scratchy 
and  rough.     (Here  only.)     Crissum  white. 

Subdivisions  Slelgidopteryx  (_Psalidoprocnef). 

Cotyle,  Nostrils  lateral,  overhung  by  membrane.  Lower  end  of  tarsus  with 
a  tuft  of  feathers,  and  lateral  claws  reaching  beyond  base  of  middle. 
(Here  only.)     Crissum  white. 

Subdivision  Cotyle. 

PROOITB,  Bois. 

Progne,  BoiE,  Isis,  1826,  971.    (Type  Hirundo  purpurea,  L.  (5.  8ubis,  L.)) 
-Baikr,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  314. 

Body  stout.  Bill  robust,  lengthened  ;  lower  or  commissural  edge  of  max- 
illa sinuated,  decidedly  convex  for  basal  half,  then  as  oonoave  to  the  tip,  the 


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REVIEW  or  AMERICAN  UIIIDS. 


,r>-»;    Jtl.     • 


[part  I. 


lower  mandible  falling  within  its  otiord.  NnstrilH  superior,  broadly  op«n,  ami 
nearly  oiruuiar,  without  any  adjacent  membrane,  the  «dged  rounded.  Legi 
Htout.  TarHUij  equal  to  middle  too  without  ulnw  ;  the  joint  feathered  ;  lateral 
ttieu  about  <*iiual ;  the  basal  Joint  of  the  middle  toe  half  free  internally,  ruther 
leHd  DO  externally.     Clawa  strong,  muoh  curved 

The  preccdinf^  diagnosis  is  infonded  to  characterize  two  groups 
of  Swullovvs,  dilTcriiig  ospeciully  from  all  others  in  their  thickciu'd 
form,  r(»l>UHtness  of  bill  and  feet,  and  especially  in  the  elonguted, 
comparatively  powerful  hill,  the  uj)per  jaw  (let;urved,  its  comniibKunil 
edge  much  sinuatcd  from  the  bas<',  instead  of  &a  in  all  the  otlitrs— 
Wing  nearly  straight  to  near  the  tip — so  that  a  line  from  angle  of 
month  to  tip  will  include  the  whole  lower  jaw.  With  these  chanirters 
iu  common,  there  are  two  well-marked  subgenera,  recognizable  as 
follows : — 

Pboone.  Plumage  glossy  black  above.  Tail  deeply  forked,  the  lateral  feathers 
much  and  gradually  pointed.  Bill  most  robust;  upper  outline  convex 
from  base.     Tarsus  with  a  few  feathers  only  at  base,  on  inner  face. 

Ph^opuoone.  Plumage  dull  mouse  brown  above.  Tail  emarginate,  or  Imt 
slightly  forked  ;  the  lateral  feathers  very  abruptly  pointed,  and  rounded. 
Bill  weaker  and  more  deprest»ed  ;  uppnr  outline  straight  to  near  the  tip. 
Tarsus  with  a  line  of  feathers  along  inner  edge  for  two-thirds  the  length 
from  base. 


H  MAI 


Ih '! 


,#■' 


'Es 


a.  Progne,  Boie, 

Bill  notched,  robust,  and  deep  ;  the  commissure  ranch  sinnated,  convex,  and 
ascending  to  the  nostrils,  then  concave  to  the  tip.  Maxilla  convex  above  from 
base  ;  lower  mandible  slightly  convex  below,  mnoh  more  so  above.  Frontal 
feathers  with  a  few  bristles  at  base ;  none  appreciable  in  chin.  The  upper 
joint  of  tarsus  covered  with  feathers  slightly  adherent  along  inner  face  above, 
but  not  extending  along  the  groove.  Scutellse  distinct.  Lateral  toes  about 
equal,  reaching  to  base  of  middle  claw  ;  all  the  clawfi  very  strong,  and  mnili 
curved.  Tail  much  forked ;  the  feathers  much  pointed ;  the  wings  pointed, 
reaching  beyond  tip  of  tail.  Plumage  compact ;  glossy  black  above,  with 
purple,  violet,  or  blue  reflection.  Below  either  similarly  colored,  or  with 
\rhite  belly  and  crissum. 

I  have  found  it  very  difficult  to  come  to  any  definite  conclusion  in 
reference  to  the  species  of  Progne  inhabiting  the  continent  of  Ame- 
rica, or  to  determine  with  accuracy  their  geographical  distribution, 
notwithstanding  the  large  number  of  specimens  examined,  including 
those  in  the  Phila.  Acad,  of  Xat.  Sciences.  This  is  due,  in  great 
measure,  to  the  variation  of  plumage  with  age  and  se.x — the  young 
birds  of  one  species  representing  the  adult  plumage  of  another — aud 


PROUNE. 


273 


the  size  varying  with  the  latitiido.  The  abHence  of  indications  of 
K.x,  of"  'hite,  »nd  t'vcn  of  locality,  too,  tends  to  confuse  very  niucli 
all  I'll'orts  at  idcntilicution. 

All  the  species  of  true  Progne  are  hintrous  black  above,  with 
l)lue,  purple,  or  violet  n-flcctions.  Several  siiecies  are  of  this  color 
all  over,  differing  among  each  other  in  size,  proj)ortions,  and  shape 
of  tail,  etc.  Others  have  white  bellies  and  crissum,  with  the  throat 
and  jugiiiuni  eit'icr  like  the  back,  or  brown, 

I  uin  (juite  satisfied  that  the  impression  as  to  the  wide  range  of 
the  North  American  I'urple  Martin  (I*,  siibia)  is  erroneous,  at  least 
during  its  hreeding  season.  1  have  as  yet  seen  no  specimens  from 
South  America  referable  to  this  species,  nor  do  I  find  any  mention 
of  it  in  the  more  recent  lists  of  species  of  particular  localities  in  that 
coiitiiieiit  l)y  Sclater  and  others.  Closely  related  allies,  however, 
exist,  which  will  be  elsewhere  referred  to. 

The  endeavor  to  identify  the  specimens  before  me  has  been  greatly 
embarrassed  by  the  absence  of  specimens  unmistakably  referable  to 
the  Uirundo  chalybea,  of  (imelin  ;  this  may  be  what  I  have  called 
leu(.v(jad('r,  but  it  in  no  way  agrees  with  the  original  description. 

All  the  species  of  Progne  exhibit  very  distinctly  the  patch  of 
white  on  the  side  of  the  body,  covered  by  the  closed  wing — appa- 
reully,  indeed,  characteristic  of  all  the  American  Hirundinidse. 

Synopsis  of  Species. 

Adult  males  entirely  glossy  blue-black  all  over. 

Females  and  imm^ure  birds  gray  or  light  brownish 
below ;  the  belly  and  criHSura  whitish,  but  more  or 
less  clouded  with  gray,  especially  in  the  central  por- 
tinu  of  the  longer  crissal  feathers,  the  shafts  generally 
dusky.    (Perhaps  especially  applicable  only  to  subis.) 

Feathers  about  anus  with  a  very  small  central  por- 
tion pale  whitish-gray.  Wings  and  tail  but 
slightly  glossed.     Fork  of  tail  about  .80  deep  subis. 

Feathers  about  anua  and  of  anterior  part  of  crissum,  • 
with  much  of  their  central  portion  pure,  con- 
cealed white.  Belly  of  female  perhaps  much 
more  white  than  in  last.  WinKS  and  tail 
glossed  almost  like  the  back.  Fork  of  tail 
about  1.00  deep       ......  cryptoleuca. 

Females  and  immature  birds  as  in  P.  subis? 

Feathers  about  anus  and  crissum  dark  brown  in 
their  concealed  portion.     Wings  and  tail  dull, 
but  slightly  glossed.     Fork  of  tail  1.10  deep  .  furcata, 
18      May,  1805. 


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274 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


I 


IM 


*i 


ntj 


Smallest  of  the  group   (length,  6.00;     ving,  f)^). 
'   '  Tail  less  forked  than  in  .su&i's  .         •         .  concolor. 

. .  Females  and  immature  males  beneath  of  a  uniform  brown 

or  grayish-brown,  the  edges  of  the  feathers  paler       .  elcgans. 

Adult  males  glossy  blue-black,  except  belly  and  crissum,  which 
are  snow-white. 

Females  and  immature  males  with  the  black  of  under  .; ; 

1  r     parts  replaced  by  brown.    Shafts  of  the  white  feathers 

white  .........  domiuiceniis. 

Adult  males  glossy  blue-black  above ;  dull  brown  or  grayish- 
brown  beneath  (?)  ;  belly  and  crissum  white.  !s->jj   ,;i  r  '.  ^/ 

•    Females  and  immature  males  with  the  shafts  of  longer  ''^ 

crissal,  and,  to  some  extent,  of  ventral  feathers  dusky. 

No  blue-black  patch  on  each  side  the  breast  ?   Adult 
.,;,         ,,  male  about  6.50  inches   long.      Wing  about 

5.00 leucogaster, 

'.:  .;,  A  blue-black  patch  each  side  the  breast?     Adult 

male  about  8.00  long.     Wing  about  5.50         .  domestica. 

Progne  subis. 

Hirundo  subis,  Linn.  S.  N.  10th  ed.  l'if)^,\92  (Flirundo  ccerulea  cum- 
dcnsis,  Edwards,  Av.  tab.  120,  Hudson's  Bay). 
~  i      H.  purpurea,  Linn.  S.  N.  12th  ed.  176o,  344  (//.  purpurea,  Catesby, 

.1  y  Car.  tab.  51). — Apd.  Orn.  Biog.  I,  pi.  xxiii. — Ib.  B.  A.  I,  pi.  slv. 
—Max.  Cab.  Jour.  18.')8,  101.— Yakrell,  Br.  Birds,  II,  232*,  2/4 
(England  and  Ireland,  Sept.  1842). — Jones,  Nat.  Bermuda,  34 
(Sept.  22, 184[)).— Progne  purpurea,  BoiE,  Isis,  1826, 971.— Brewer, 
N.  Am.  Ool.  I,  1857,  103,  pi.  iv,  fig.  47  (eggs).— Baird,  Birds  N. 
Am.  185«<,  314.— SCI.ATER,  Catal.  1861,  ^8.— Cooper  &  Suckley,  P. 
R.  R.  Rep.  XII,  2,  186  (Fort  Steilacoom).— Blakiston,  Ibis,  1863, 
«  65  (Saskatchewan). 

Hirundo  violacea,  Gm.  I,  1026. 
.,  //.  carulea,  Vieill.  Ois.  Am.  Sept.  I,  1807,  57,  pi.  xxvi.  ,     . 

H.  versicolor,  ViEHL.  Nouv.  Diet.  XIV,  1817,  509  (U.  S.). 

//.  ludoviciana,  Cuv.  R.  A.  I,  1817,  374. 

Hab.  The  whole  Bnited  States  and  the  Provinces ;  Saskatchewan ;  Cape 
St.  Lucas  and  northern  Mexico  (winter).     Accidental  in  England. 

(No.  1,561,  %.)  Entirely  lustrous  steel  blue,  with  a  purplish  gloss;  the 
tail  feathers  and  the  wings  except  the  lesser  and  middle  coverts,  and  edge 
inside,  dull  black,  scarcely  glossed.  Tibiae  dark  brownish.  A  conceal'il 
patch  o'  white  on  the  sides  under  the  wings.  Concealed  central  portion  of 
anal  feathers  light  whitish-gray. 

(No.  1,129,  90  Above  somewhat  similar,  but  much  duller.  Beneath 
smoky  brownish-gray,  without  lustre  ;  paler  behind,  and  becoming  sonietiines 
quite  whitish  on  belly  and  crissum,  but  all  the  feathers  always  with  dusky 
shafts,  and  more  or  less  clouded  with  gray  centrally,  even  tliougli  fadinj  into 


•uma 


PROONB. 


275 


whitish  to  the  edges.  This  is  particularly  appreciable  in  the  longer  orissal 
feathers.  The  edges  of  the  dark  ffjithers  of  throat  and  jugulum  are  usually 
paler,  imparting  somewhat  of  a  lunulated  appearance,  their  centres  sometimes 
oonsiderably  darker,  causing  an  appearance  of  obsolete  spots.  There  is  a 
tendency  to  a  grayish  collar  on  sides  of  neck,  and  generally  traceable  to  the 
nape ;  this,  in  one  specimen  (5,492)  from  California,  'njing  hoary  gray,  the 
forehead  similar. 

Tiie  young  male  of  the  second  year  is  similar  to  the  female,  with  the  steel 
blue  appearing  in  patches. 

Total  length  (of  1,561),  7.50;  wing,  6.00;  tail,  3.40;  difference  between 
inner  and  outer  feather,  .75 ;  difference  between  Ist  and  9th  quills,  2.88 ;  length 
of  bill  from  forehead,  .55,  from  nostril,  .34;  along  gape,  .94;  width  of  gape, 
.74;  tarcus,  .61 ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .80;  claw  alone,  .25;  hind  toe  and 
claw,  .54 ;  claw^  alone,  .27. 

As  already  stated,  I  have  been  unable  to  satisfy  myeelf  as  to  the 
correctness  of  authors  in  giving  a  very  wide  range  to  our  Purple 
Martin.  Although  Audubon  mentions  that  the  species  leaves  the 
United  States  in  autumn  and  returns  in  the  spring,  I  nan  find  no 
indication  in  the  more  recent  lists  of  species  by  Sclater,  Salvin,  and 
others,  of  its  occurrence  in  any  part  of  Mexico,  Central  America, 
or  Andean  South  America.  It  is  quoted  from  Brazil,  but  no  one 
has  identified  it  in  any  part  of  vhe  West  Indies,  the  only  assigned 
locality — Cuba — being  occupied  by  quite  another  and  a  different 
species  (P.  cryptoleuca).  If,  therefore,  found  in  South  America  at 
all,  it  must  make  a  long  flight  across  the  Caribbean  Sea,  without 
stopping  by  the  way.  In  any  case  I  am  inclined  to  believe  that  the 
supposed  specimens  of  this  bird  breeding  in  South  America  belong 
to  allied  species,  and  if  a  visitor  at  all,  the  present  bird  is  only  as  a 
winter  migrant  , 

In  a  foot-nott  *  I  give  the  description  of  certain  specimens  from 


'  Frogne  elegans. 

Progne  elegans,  BAiRn,  n.  s. 

fProgne  purpurea,  Darwin,  Birds  of  Beagle,  38  (Monte  Video  (Novem- 
ber) ;  Bahia  Blanca,  Buenos  Ayres  (September),  breeding  in  holes 
in  an  earth  cliff). 
Eab.  Buenos  Ayres?  Vermejo  River;  Brazil. (?) 

Adult,  steel  blue  all  over. 

(Young  male.  No.  21,009.)  Above  of  a  blackish-bronze  color,  with  metallio 
lustre ;  beneath  uniform  dull  dark  brown,  all  the  feathers  edged  or  squarau- 
lated  with  paler.  A  few  steel  blue  feathers  iu  different  parts  of  the  body  show 
that  tha  .idnlt  male  is  entirely  steel  blue. 

Another  specimen,  marked  female,(?)  has  the  edges  of  the  feathers  still 
lighter,  those  of  the  crissal  feathers  nearly  white.  The  steel  blue  feathers  are 
in  greater  number.     A  third,  also  marked  female,  and  probably  of  that  sex, 


'^^^^^•1 


m  w-vi   m   r 


2T6 


REVIEW  OP  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


-W: 


[part  I. 


m 


i 


the  Yermejo  River,  Paraguay,  which  may  belong  to  the  species  usu- 
ally considered  as  the  resident  "P.  purpurea'''  of  South  America, 
but  belonging  clearly  to  a  different  and  apparently  unnamed  species. 
Specimens  are  in  the  collection  from  the  entire  United  Slates 


is  similarly  marked  below  ;  dark  brown  above,  with  only  faint  metallic  gloss 
towards  the  ends  of  the  feathers,  all  the  feathers  narrowly  margined  with 
light  grayish. 

(No.  21,009,  Paraguay.)  Total  length,  7.50  ;  wing,  5.40  ;  tail,  3.40  ;  depth 
of  fork,  .84;  distance  between  1st  and  9th  primary,  2.3i; ;  length  of  bill  from 
forehead,  .52,  from  nostril,  .32,  along  gape,  .G7,  width,  .62;  tarsus,  .57; 
middle  toe  and  claw,  .85  ;  claw  alone,  .26 ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .54 ;  claw 
alone,  .27. 

A  specimen  in  Mr.  Lawrence's  collection,  from  Bahia  (No.  146),  and  probably 
of  this  species,  has  nearly  attained  its  full  plumage.  The  color  is  a  steel  blue, 
with  less  purple  than  in  P.  xulns,  except  about  the  head  and  neck,  the 
lower  part  of  the  back  showing  a  good  many  of  the  blackish-bronze  feathers 
just  described.  The  feathers  of  the  under  parts  posteriorly,  although  steel 
blue,  have  yet  a  very  narrow  border  of  dull  gray.  The  tibial  feathers  are  gray 
at  base,  tipped  with  whitish,  and  there  is  a  good  deal  of  concealed  white  in 
the  middle  of  the  feathers  of  the  anal  region,  less,  however,  than  in  the  Cuban 
species.  As  in  that  bird  there  is  also  more  lustre  on  the  quills  and  tail 
feathers  than  in  subis ;  but,  owing  to  these  being  in  moult,  I  cannot  make 
any  comparison  of  proportions. 

.  The  great  difference  in  the  coloration  of  the  young  bird  distinguishes  this 
species  very  satisfactorily  from  the  P.  subin,  in  which,  as  far  as  the  examina- 
tion of  many  specimens  goes,  the  under  parts  are  never  of  that  peculiar  uni- 
form dark  brown  just  described.  Of  this  stage  of  plumage,  so  marked  in  the 
three  specimens  from  the  Vermejo,  and  in  a  specimen  belonging  to  the  Phila- 
delphia Academy,  I  find  no  mention  by  authors. 

It  is  very  probable  that  this  is  the  species  usually  considered  as  the  P. 
euhis  (purpurea),  of  South  America.  That  this  is  not  the  fact  is  easily  shown 
by  the  difference  in  size  and  proportion,  as  well  as  in  the  coloration  of  the 
young  birds.  It  cannot  be  chalybea,  even  if  this,  when  adult,  be  entirely 
blue,  as  it  is  much  larger  than  as  described  by  Buffon  and  Brisson,  and  is 
dark  fuscous  brown  beneath,  and  neither  reddish-gray  nor  grayish-brown.  It 
of  course  is  none  of  the  white-bellied  species,  and  as  far  as  I  can  see,  lacks  a 
name. 

The  "Progne  purpurea,"  which  Darwin  found  breeding  at  Bahia  Blanoa, 
Buenos  Ayres,  in  holes  excavated  in  the  earth,  probably  belongs  to  this  species. 
This  habit  I  have  not  heard  mentioned  in  reference  to  the  North  American  bird. 


Smith-  CoUeo- 

soaian    tor's 

No.    1    No. 

Sex 

SDd 

Age. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

21,009 
21,010 
21,011 

32 
32 
32 

Veimejo  Kiver. 
11 

Feb.  1860. 

(4 
11 

Capt.  T.  J.  Vago.  Pa- 

"  [rauaExpl. 
11 

Chr.  Wool 

14 
It 

''fj 


.•er.t,4!0  •      pROGNE.      '"^-tTvaix 


2n 


from  Atlantic  to  Pacific,  as  well  as  from  Cape  St.  Lucas.     Some 
special  localities  are  as  follows  : —     •  •    -    >       t  .  w    .  (■    ,jii> 


Smith-  Collec- 

Sex 

When 
Collected. 

gunian    tor's 

aud 

Locality. 

Received  f.om 

Collected  by 

So.    ,    Nu. 

Age. 

l,5til 

i 

CurliHle,  Pa. 

MKyi!2,'44. 

8.  F.  Baird. 

i,ia) 

** 

July  18,  '4.3. 

«i 

. « . . . 

1,M6  1      .. 

rT 

It 

June  .0,  '44. 

s,m 

? 

Mo.  of  YellowHtone. 

July,  18.')b. 

Lt.  Warren. 

Dr.  Hayden. 

.\m 

607 

Petulumu,  Cal. 

April,  1856. 

K.  SamuolH. 

i,m 

flre 

-^ 

*' 

" 

** 

S,n4!i 

rf 

Inilianola,  Tex. 

Mar.  12,  '55 

Capt.  J.  Pope. 

,-p-.2 

231 

<f 

Cuatiiiila,  Mex. 

May,  185.3. 

Lt.  Couch. 

>' 

12,!U' 

4.-.0 

rr 

Cape  St.  Lucas. 

J.  XauiuH 

26.44S  '3,339 

rf 

Nov.  5,  '59. 

"       [U.S.A. 

37,m):l       349 

,-r 

Fi.rt  Wliipple,  Ariz. 

Auif.ll, '64. 

Dr.  E.  Coues, 

11,611 

Uiceboro',  Oa. 

May  22,  '49. 

Jos,  LecoDte. 

(1,12,1.)  7.80;  16.00;  5.92.     (1,596.)   8.16;  16.60;  6.00. 


Progne  cryptoleiica.  ■' 

Prngne  cri/i>toleura,  Baird. 

llinmdn  purpurea,  D'Orb,  Sagra'a  Culia,  Ois.  1840,  94  (excl.  syn.). — 
Progne  purpurea,  Cab.  Jour.  ISMJ,  3. — Gpndlach,  Cab.  Jour.  18G1. 

fla6.  Cuba,  and  Florida  Keys  ?     (Perbaps  Bahamas.) 

(No.  34,242,  % .)  Color  much  as  in  P,  suhls — rich  stsel  blue,  with  purple 
or  violet  gloss  ;  the  wings  and  tail,  however,  much  more  decidedly  glossed,  and 
with  a  shade  of  greenish.  The  feathers  around  the  anus  and  in  the  anterior 
portion  of  crissum  with  dark  bluish  down  at  base,  pure  snowy  white  in  the 
midiile,  and  then  blackish,  passing  into  the  usual  steel  blue.  The  white  is 
entirely  tioncealed,  and  its  amount  and  purity  diminish  as  the  feathers  are 
more  aud  more  di:<tant,  until  it  fades  into  the  usual  gray  median  portion  of 
the  feather.     The  usual  concealed  white  patch  on  the  sides  under  the  wings. 

(No.  34,242.)  Total  length,  7.60;  wing,  5M;  tail,  3.40;  perpendicular 
depth  of  fork,  .86;  difference  between  1st  and  flth  primary,  2.75;  length  of 
bill  fiom  forehead,  .5f),  from  nostril,  .34;  along  gape,  .86  ;  width,  .58  ;  tarsus, 
.53;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .79  ;  claw  alone,  .24  ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .52 ;  claw 
alone,  .25. 

Tills  species  has  a  close  external  resemblance  to  P.  subis,  for 
wliich  it  has  usually  been  mistaken.  It  is  of  nearly  the  same  size, 
but  tlip  feet  are  disproportionately  smaller  and  weaker ;  while  the 
wings  are  shorter,  ihe  tail  is  as  long  and  more  deeply  forked ;  the 
feathers  considerably  narrower,  and  more  attenuated  (the  outer  .40 
wido,  instead  of  .40).  The  colors  above  are  more  brilliant,  and  ex- 
tend more  over  tlie  greater  wing  coverts  and  lining  of  wings,  while 
the  ([uillf;  and  tail  feathers  have  a  richer  gloss  of  purplish,  changing 
to  greeiii.sh.  An  apparently  good  diagnostic  feature  is  the  concealed 
pure  white  of  the  feathers  about  the  anal  region,  replaced  iu  subis  by 
grayish,  rarely  approximating  to  whitish.       -  •      ;   ,  *• 


.     ■■'*„v 


2^8 


REVIEW  OP  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


t 


This  is  a  smaller  species  than  the  P.-ogne  f areata,*  from  Chile 
(9,112),  with  the  tail,  however,  nearly  as  long  and  proportionately 
almost  as  much  forked.  It  is  mucR  more  richly  colored,  however; 
the  concealed  middle  portion  of  the  anal  feathers  white,  not  dark 
brown,  e^c.     The  feet  are  much  smaller. 

A  Progne  collected  by  Mr.  Wright,  at  Monte  Verde,  is  duller  in 
color  than  that  from  Remedios,  but  has  still  more  concealed  white 
below,  in  the  median  portion,  not  only  of  the  anal  feathers,  but  of 
tho.se  of  the  entire  crissum  and  of  the  belly.  A  female  bird,  which 
I  presume  to  be  the  same  species,  can  scarcely  be  distinguished  froui 

'  Progne  farcata. 

Prague  furcata,  Baird,  n.  8. 
Hab,  Chile  (and  other  parts  of  western  South  America  ?). 

(No.  9,112,  ■£ .)  Color  as  in  P.  subis,  with  rather  more  of  a  pnrple  gloss. 
Basal  I  ortion  of  the  feathers  in  the  anal  region  dark  brownish,  without  trace 
of  the  whitish  of  P.  subin.     Tail  deeply  forked  (for  over  ai;  ^nch). 

Measurements:  Total  length,  8.30;  wing,  5.80 ;  tail,  3.60;  perpendicnlar 
depth  of  fork,  1.06 ;  difference  between  primaries,  2.70  ;  length  of  bill  from 
forehead,  .50,  from  nostril,  .32 ;  along  gape,  .90 ;  width,  .60;  tarsus,  .CO ;  middle 
toe  and  claw,  .90;  claw  alone,  .25  ;  bind  toe  and  claw,  .51 ;  claw  alone,  .24. 

This  species  is  like  P.  subis,  but  differs  appreciably  from  a  large  series  of 
specimens  in  a  considerably  longer  tail  (3.60,  instead  of  3.40),  and  a  much 
deeper  fork  (l.,06,  instead  of  .75.)  The  bill  is  considerably  narrower  than  the 
average  of  subis,  though  not  more  so  than  in  one  specimen  (4,773)  from  the 
upper  Missouri.  The  concealed  portion  of  the  feathers  about  the  anal  region 
is  much  darker  than  in  subis.     The  size,  except  of  tail,  ia  about  the  same. 

This  is  probably  the  species  to  which  Gray  (Cat.  Br.  Mas.)  refers  as  P. 
moJesta  (concolor),  from  Chile.  The  P.  concolor,  the  synonyms  of  which  I 
give  below,  is  a  very  much  smaller  species,  with  the  tail  less  forked  than  in 
subis,  instead  of  much  more  so,  and  is  probably  peculiar  to  the  Galapagos. 


m  ■; " 


M' 


Smith- 

suuiau 

No. 

CoUec- 

toi'a 
No. 

Sex 
mid 
Age. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  /rem 

Remarks. 

0,112 

4,891 
9,613 

cfad. 

Chile. 

•• 

Verreaux. 

t. 


Progne  concolor. 

Hirundo  concolor,  Gould,  P.  Z.  S.  1837,  22  (James  Is!.,  Galapagos). 
Proijne  modesta,  Godld,  Birds  Beagle,  39,  pi.  t.     (Same  specimen.) 

Hah.  Galapagos  Islands. 

Length,  6'' ;  wings,  5^ ;  '.ail,  2J  ;  tarsus,  }  ;  middle  toe  (without  claw?),  .35. 
Less  purple  than  purpurra.     Tail  less  forked.     Nostrils  less ;  bill  much  the 
same.     Feet  much  less  strong. 


,  I- 


PnOGNE. 


2T9 


the  female  of  dominiccnsia,  except  in  the  brownish  shafts  of  the 
longer  crissal  feathers,  and  an  almost  imperceptible  tinge  of  brown- 
ish in  the  webs  of  the  same  feathers.  It  is  almost  exactly  like  the  P. 
leucoijastcr,  of  Mexico  and  Central  America. 

A  fuller  series  of  specimens  than  is  at  present  at  iny  command 
will  be  required  to  determine  all  the  relationships  of  this  species  to 
its  allies. 

A  Progne,  male  (10,368),  of  the  second  year,  from  Cape  Florida, 
I  somewhat  hesitatingly  refer  to  the  same  species,  as  having  the 
game  proportions  and  dimensions.  This  is  the  specimen  referred  to 
in  the  Smithsonian  Catalogue,  and  Birds  N.  Am.  923,  as  Progne . 


Stnlth- 

CoUec 

Sex 

BODian 

tor's 

and 

No. 

No. 

Atre- 

34,24-2 

, , 

•  d 

17.729 

<f 

I7.7.'tn 

. , 

V 

?10,3U,'' 

•• 

O.cf 

Locality. 


KemmliuH,  Cuba. 
Monte  Verde,  Cuba. 

Ciipe  Florida,  Kla. 


When 
Collected. 


May,  1SG4. 
May  2. 

May  18,  '58. 


Received  from 


Remarks, 


N.  H.  Bishop. 
Clias.  Wright. 

0.  Wurdemaun. 


Iria  browu. 


7.fiO;  10.;  8.80. 


Progne  dominicensis. 

Hirundo  dominirensis,  Gm.  S.  N.  I,  1788,  1025  {Hirundo  doniinicensis, 
Briss.  II,  493 ;  Buff.  PI.  eiil.  545,  fig.  1).— Vieill.  Ois.  Am.  Sept. 
I,  1807,  59,  pi.  28,  29  (St.  Domingo).— ?Jardine,  Ann.  Mag.  XVIII, 
1846,  120.  ;'obago  (breeds).— Taylor,  Ibis,  18(j4,  lt)6  (Porto  Rico). 
— Progne  domlnicensis,  March,  Pr.  A.  N.  So.  1863,295  (uestiug). — 
GossE,  Birds  Jam.  G9. 

Hirundo  albiventris,  Vieill.  Nouv.  Diet.  XIV,  1817,  533  (St.  Domiugo?). 

Ilab,  Jamaica,  Porto  Rico,  and  St.  Domingo  ? 

(No.  30,278,  adult  male,  Jamaica.)  General  color  lustrous  steel  blu3,  with 
purplish  reflections  ;  the  median  region  only  of  the  under  parts,  from  the 
breast  to  and  including  crissum,  pure  white.  Feathor""  of  tibia  gray  at  base, 
white  at  tip.  Wings  and  tail  blackish  above,  scarcely  glossed,  except  on 
lesser  and  middle  coverts.  A  concealed  white  streak  in  the  sides,  hidden  by 
tbe  wing — this  color  at  the  base  of  the  feathers,  and  not  extending  to  the 
ends.  Bill  black ;  feet  dusky,  perhaps  dark  fiesh-uolor  in  life.  "  iris  hazel" 
{Gtisse). 

(No.  26,815,  female.)  Much  duller  in  plumage.  Above  dark  brown,  or 
flmoky  brown,  glossed  with  dull  steel  blue  ;  the  quills,  rectrices  and  head  brown, 
almost  without  gloss.  Sides  of  head  neck  and  body,  chin,  throat,  jugulum, 
and  inside  of  wings  dull  wood  brown,  without  gloss  :  the  median  line  of  chin 
and  throat  rather  paler ;  rest  of  under  parts  white,  as  in  male,  and  quite 
abruptly  defined  ;  tibia  gray,  the  feathers  tipped  with  wliitish. 

The  young  male  is  like  the  female,  with  more  steel  blue  on  the  head,  the 
throat  with  blue  feathers  interspersed.  Very  yoiinc;  birds  art*  ]ike  the  ft-mal**, 
and  exhibit  the  same  quite  abruptly  deflued  white  below,  with  well  marked 


^1 

^'1 


280 


REVIEW  OP  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


r- 


[PAHT  I. 


fi^; 


i 


it 


(fi 


H 


paler  streak  on  throat.     In  all  stagdfl  of  plumage  the  feathers  of  urissum  are 
8uowy  white  to  tlieir  roots,  including  the  uhafts. 

(No.  30,278.)  Total  length,  7.00;  wing,  5.60;  tail,  3.15;  difference  Is- 
tween  outer  and  inner  feather,  .78  ;  difference  between  lat  and  9th  primary, 
2.88;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .55,  from  nostril,  .34,  along  g(i{)e,  .88; 
wi(ith  of  gaj)e,  .68;  tarsus,  .55  ;  middle  toe  and  olaw,  .78;  claw  alone,  .26; 
hind  toe  and  claw,  .48  ;  claw  alone,  .23. 

The  pure  white  of  the  belly  and  crissura,  in  all  stages,  will  readily 
distinguish  females  and  young  of  this  species  from  those  of  mhi%, 
in  which  the  white  is  not  pure,  and  the  feathers  of  the  crissum  always 
clouded  with  gray  in  the  centres.  The  adult  male  is  of  course 
readily  distinguished  by  the  snowy  white  belly,  etc. 

In  size  the  two  birds  are  not  materially  different — the  dominieenm 
rather  the  smaller.  The  tail  feathers  appear  disproportionately 
narrower  and  more  attenuated — the  outer  being  .40  of  an  inch  wide, 
iHstead  of  .48.  The  feet,  too,  are  disproportionately  smaller,  the 
hind  toe  and  claw  especially,  which  measure  .48,  instead  of  .54. 

I  cannot  detect  any  difference  between  the  Jamaica  bird  and  a  Porto 
Rican  skin  in  Mr.  Lawrence's  collection,  except  that  the  latter  has 
a  patch  of  blackish  on  the  outer  web  of  the  longest  crissal  feather. 
I  am,  however,  by  no  means  sure  that  the  Cuban  and  Porto  Rioaii 
birds,  either  or  both,  belong  to  the  true  dominicensis,  of  St.  Domingo. 
They  are,  at  any  rate,  very  different  from  the  species  of  continental 
Middle,  or  of  South  America,  usually  considered  as  identical. 


Smith- 
soniaa 

No. 

Collec- 
tor's 
No. 

Sex 
and 
Age. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

30,278 
30,279 
30,280 
26,815 
24,378 

18 
U 

143 

ad.cf 

SiianUbtowD,  Jam. 

II 

II 
11 

Porto  Rico. 

May.  1863. 

•July,  186.S. 
July,  186-2. 
July,  1861. 

W.  T.  i.'arch. 

1* 

11 
11 
It 

Cab.  Lawrence. 

::::::  'fi 

»;k-.- 


Progne  leucogaster.  -:'!■.'; 

Progne  teucognster,  BkitiT),  '  ■•  '  ''"iv  •  •    :    ••   •/•» 

Progne  dominicensis,  Sclateb,  P.  Z.  S.  1857,  201  (Vera  Cruz) ;  1859, 

364  (Xakpa). — Sclatbr  &  Salvin,  Ibis,  ]8r)9,  13  (Guatemala).— 

Salv.  Ibis,  1859, 466  (Belize).— Taylor,  Ibis,  1860, 110  (Honduras). 

Progne  chalybea,  C abanis.  Jour.  1860, 402,  (San  .lose,  Costa  Rica ;  .July) 

(not  //.  chnl.  of  Qmelkv  ?).— Lawrence,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.  1861,318 

(Panama  R.  R.) — Cassik,  Pr.  A.  N.  Sc.  1860, 133  (Cart'xagena). 

Bab.    From  Southern  Mexico  to  Isthmus  of  Darien,  and  Carthagena.     (N. 

eastern  South  America  ?) 

(No.  30,718,  %  .)    Upper  parts  glossy  steel  blue,  as  in  P.  stthi.i ;  the  qnills, 
greater  coverts,  and  tail  feathers  blackish,  scarcely  glossed,  with  the  color  of 


nil 


.ii'jn\if    PROONE.  %     :> 


■*?■'"■ 


2Sl 


the  back ;  chin,  throat,  jugulutn,  and  sides  of  head  (below  the  tentre  of  ten 
eye)  neck  and  body,  with  in8i()e  of  wings,  gniyish-brown,  witliout  gIo«s  or 
lustre  (as  in  Cottjle  ri/iuria'),  rather  lighter  along  the  median  line.  Rest  of 
under  parla  dull  white,  not  very  sharply  defined,  passing  behind  into  pure 
white  on  the  anal  region  and  crissuni — the  latter  having  the  shafts  of  the 
longer  feathers  dusky,  in  conirast  wHh  the  snowy  white  of  the  plume.  A 
loiicealed  white  stripe  on  the  sides  under  the  wings,  as  in  other  Proyne.  Tibia 
gray,  the  feathers  tipped  with  whitish. 

The  female  (30,717)  is  -luite  similar,  with  much  less  gloss  above,  the  white 
of  the  belly  apparently  passing  further  forward,  and  still  less  sharply  defined; 
the  throat  a  little  lighter. 

(i\o.  3(1,718,  -£,  Guatemala.)  Total  length,  6.30;  wing,  5.10;  tail,  2.70; 
perpendicular  depth  of  fork,  .53  ;  difference  between  1st  and  9th  primary, 
2.55;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .50,  from  nostril,  .28,  along  gape,  .84; 
width  of  gape,  .62 ;  tarsus,  .49  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .73 ;  claw  alone,  .23 ; 
bind  toe  and  claw,  .46  ;  claw  alone,  .22.  , 

This  Mexican  and  Central  American  species  has  generally  been 
considered  to  be  identical  with  the  West  Indian  P.  dominicensis, 
but  a  comparison  of  large  series  of  specimens  shows  considerable 
(lifforences.  It  is  decidedly  smaller,  and  the  depth  of  fork  of  tail 
only  two-thirds  as  great.  As  to  color,  none  of  the  specimens  before 
me  exhibit  any  trace,  on  the  under  surface  of  the  body,  ot  the 
glossy  steel  blue  of  the  back,  found  in  males  of  domit}iccni<is ;  in 
this  respect  resembling  fenmles  and  immature  males  of  the  latter 
species.  From  these,  however,  it  may  be  distinguished  by  smaller 
size — even  in  the  males — and  by  having  the  shafts  of  the  longer 
erissal  feathers  dusky,  instead  of  being  pure  white.  T!ie  white  of 
the  belly  is  less  abruptly  defined  against  the  gray  of  the  breast 
(whieli  is  darker  also),  and  apparently  occupies  a  wider  space. 

Tiie  male  bird  (No.  30,718),  the  measurements  of  which  I  have 
piven,  appears  to  have  a  disproportionately  short  foot.  In  No. 
30,Tn,  supposed  female,  from  Ducfias,  the  dimensions  of  the  leg  are 
as  follows:  Tarsus,  .56  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .81 ;  claw  alone,  .27  ; 
hind  toe  and  ciavv,  .51 ;  claw  alone,  .26,  or  nearly  the  size  of  P. 
ah/h's  with  longer  middle  toe  and  claw.  Other  specimens  are  inter- 
mediate somewhat  in  this  respect.  It  may  be  that  the  differences 
indicate  a  second  species,  but  I  cannot  define  it  from  the  materials 
at  my  command.  The  only  other  difference  I  note  is  a  greener  or 
less  piiri)le  gloss  to  thr  back. 

It  is  barely  possible  that  fully  adult  males  of  this  species  may- 
have  steel  blue  throats,  as  in  true  domivicenHis,  although  I  find  no 
aiiusiou  to  the  fact  in  any  description.  Even  in  this  case,  however, 
the  smaller  size,  less  deeply  forked  tail,  and  dusky  shafts  of  the  longer 
erissal  feathers  will  distinguish  them. 


ttT^ 


282 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


|!i 


m 


So  far  as  I  can  ascertain,  this  species  has  never  received  a  dis- 
tinctive 1  npellation.  Specimens  from  ranuma,  aj)parontly  identical, 
liave  been  labelled  P.  chalybea,  by  Mr.  Cassin  and  Mr.  Lawrence; 
but  as  explained  below,*  1  cannot  agree  with  their  conclusions,  or 
those  of  Cabanis. 

There  are  in  the  collection  specimens  of  a  closely  allied,  though 
larger  species,  from  Bolivia,  which  I  have  referred  to  the  F,  do- 
viestica,  named  from  Azara.' 

•  '  •  ■  ■  ■ 

'  Progne  chalybea. 

Ilirundo  chalybea,  Gmei,in,  S.  N.  1, 1788, 1026  {Ilirundo  cayanensis,  Bms- 
soN.II,495,tab.4G,flg.l;B(JFi'.VI,675;Pl.eul.645,fig.2,Cayeuue). 
Hab.  Cayenne. 

Of  this  species  I  have  never  seen  a  speolmen,  or  one  agreeing  nnmistakably 
with  the  minute  accouut  of  the  above  mentioned  authors. 

As  described  by  Brisson  (L'Hirondelle  de  Cayenne),  it  is  steel  black  above, 

with  the  entire  under  parts  grayiih-browu.     Tlie  lateral  tail  featlier  exceeds 

the  middle  by  six  lines.     Length,  6  inches;  bill,  9.J  lines;  tarsus,  5  lines; 

middle  toe  and  claw,  7  lines.    Buffon  speaks  c/  it  as  lustrous  violet  black  above, 

beneath  reddish-gray,  veined  with  brown  ;  lighter  on  the  lower  parts  of  bell/ 

and  crissura.     Length,  6  inches  ;  bill,  9J  lines  ;  tarsus,  5  or  0  lines,  etc.    The 

size  is  tbus  much  as  in  Brisson's  bird  ;  the  lower  parts  reddish-gray,  varied 

with  I  ^wn,  paler  behind,  instead  of  grayish-brown.     Neither  author  refers 

to  any  white  whatever  on  under  parts.     In  size  the  species  agrees  better  with 

leucogaster  than  any  other  true  Progne,  and  it  is  barely  possil)le  the  two 

may  be  the  same,  but  I  cannot  reconcile  the  apparent  differences.     It  would, 

at  any  rate,  be  strictly  in  accordance  with  tlie  usual  law  of  distribution  of 

South  American  birds  to  dud  the  Cayenne  species  specifically  diiTerent  from 

the  Central  American. 

.    ,  y.r.:  ,:■  .i  .       ;:"-•.-      ,  ■,  :  .    .,,    ,  m- 

'  Progne  domestica. 

Ilirundo  domestica,  Vieill.  Nouv.  Diet.  XIV,  181 Y,  521  (^Golondrina do- 
mestica, D'AzABA,  Apunt.  II,  1805, 502,  no.  300,  Paraguay). — Vieill. 
Encycl.  M6th.  11,1823,527. — ? Progne  domestica,  Gray,  Genera- 
'.'  V  ,  Ib.  Catal.  Fiss.  Br.  Mus.  1848,  28  (Bolivia).— Cabanis,  Mus.  Hein. 
I,  1850-1,  51  (Rio  Grande  do  Sul).— Birmeibteb,  Ueb.  Ill,  142.- 
In.  Reise  La  Plata,  II,  18U1,  477  (La  Plata).  ■.     .    ;  ..^V? 


Hab.  Paraguay  and  Bolivia. 


'r^   yi-,4   (-iji  "«.., 


i>f> 


(No.  16,834,  young  male,  Bolivia.)  Above  steel  blue,  much  as  in  P.  stihls. 
Beneath,  from  chin  to  breast,  and  on  sides,  smoky  brown.  Rest  of  under 
parts  white,  the  shafts  mostly  dusky.  Feathers  tipped  with  steel  blue,  form- 
ing as  a  kind  t>f  collar  across  the  jugnium  and  along  the  sides  of  body;  no 
trace  of  them  ou  the  chin,  throat,  and  abdominal  region,  not  even  in  the  pin 
feathers. 

A  second  specimen,  also  probably  young  male,  is  still  lighter  on  the  throat 
and  breast,  almost  white  ou  the  latter,  although  clouded  with  brown,  aud  witk 


T  •■If^'f 


PROONE. 


2S3 


Imltli-  Collec- 

Sex 

When 
Culluciud. 

luDlaa    li'i''» 

and 

Locality. 

liocei'ed  from 

ColIectfUby 

Nu.   1   No. 

ak«- 

i(,7(H 

•• 

•• 

Sail  Acid  IRK,  ueur 
Vorii  Ci'ui. 

Jnno  lS.i6. 

A.  Sftllfc. 

12,S()^ 

., 

9 

Tfiliiiaiiit'pi'O. 

T.  C.  Miiitln. 

A   .1   (irayHiin. 

Jl.TlS 

.i();j 

rf 

Oulial>i)U,  VeraPai. 

Mar.  1802. 

O.  Salviu, 

Saiv.  ii  (iodiuau. 

3n,717 

4,480 

UiiPniis,  (J nut. 

Oct.  1K61. 

" 

. 

i!li,«l 

.  , 

V 

Aoujutia,  8alv. 

Mar.  11, 'U3 

Capt.  J.  M.  Dow 

29,4112 

cf 

*' 

*' 

S.1,'iS:i 

146 

San  JoHft,  C.  R. 

•  • . 

Dr.  T.  FraDlzluH. 

17,791? 

,  , 

,  , 

Cui'tlia^'f im.  If,  0. 

• .  * 

lit.  Mlfhler. 

A    Kcliott. 

..? 

14:) 

rf 

I'auaaiii  U.  It. 

Cab.  Litwreuve. 

MLe.iii  k  Oalb. 

..  f 

144 

9 

^ 

It 

tt 

ii 


Pii^opROGNE,  Baird. 

...  » 

Similar  to  Progne:  the  bill  and  legs  weaker.  Tail  sliglitly  forked,  the 
lateral  feathers  not  attenuated,  and  tlio  wing  not  reaching  beyond  its  tip. 
Plumage  without  the  metallic  luHtre  of  true  Proijne.  A  narrow  line  of  foathera 
attached  along  basal  half  or  twu-tliirds  of  the  inner  side  of  tarsus. 

The  species  of  this  group  have  been  assigned  by  authors  both  to 
Progne  and   Gotxjle,  but  dififer  in  som-)  respects  from  both.     To 


scattered  blue-tipped  feathers.  A  third,  perhaps  female,  has  no  blue  feathers 
beneath. 

It  is  difficult  to  say  what  may  be  the  color  of  the  under  parts  in  tlie  adult  male 
bird.  It  seems  as  if  a  jugular  or  pectoral  collar  and  the  sides  of  body  might 
be  «teel  lilue,  the  chin  and  throat  smoky  brown,  and  the  beliy  nw\  ciissum 
white,  with  more  or  less  concealed  dusky  shafts  to  the  feathers.  Nothing  like 
this,  ill  adult  plumage,  however,  is  deaeribeii  or  known. 

Closely  allied  to  the  P,  leucoyasler,  this  species  diHers  in  considerably  larger 
size;  paler,  almost  whitish  chin  and  th-oat,  tendency  to  steel  baie  on  the 
sides  of  breast  and  sides  of  body,  etc. 

(No.  "'  834.)  Total  length,  7.70  •  wing,  5.40  ;  tail,  3.20  ;  depth  of  fork,  .70 ; 
differeiiCB  between  1st  and  9th  primary,  2..')0  ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead, 
.49,  from  nostril,  .34;  along  gape,  .90;  width,  .60;  tarsus,  .58;  middle  toa 
and  claw,  .84;  claw  alone,  .26;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .50;  claw  alone,  .25. 

This  is  probably  the  same  species  as  that  referred  to  by  Gray  as  P.  doiwsiica ; 
but  without  specimens  from  Paraguay,  for  comparison,  I  am  unable  to  say 
whether  it  is  the  true  "  doviestica,"  as  based  upon  a  description  by  Azara. 
Burnieister  (Reise  La  Plata,  II,  477),  in  saying  that  the  adult  of  domrstica, 
from  Paraguay,  is  entirely  steel  blue,  has  possibly  confounded  with  ii  the  P. 
eleyans,  described  on  a  previous  page.  I  see  no  reason  to  believe  that  the' 
white  belly  and  crissum  are  ever  wanting. 


Sraitli-  Oollec- 

soniao    tor's 

So        No. 

Sex 
and 
AK'e. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  b,' 

18,8.14 
Hi,8.16 
16,839 

•• 

Bolivia. 

4. 

Walter  Evans, 
it 

J,;.;.'. 

it 


th 


-1 

jrV 

1 

9^.^^J:..~'-.  '} 

M      /] 

984 


REVIKW  OP  AMERICAN  UUIDS. 


[taut  F. 


Colyle,  however,  the  relationship,  except  in  eoh)ration,  is  very  slight, 
as  the  nostrils  are  superior,  without  overhuuginf?  uieuibrane  ii,s  in 
Cotijli',;  tlie  lower  end  of  tarsus  destitute  of  leathers  (llie  upper,  on 
the  contrary,  being  provided  with  them) ;  the  lateral  claws  hiiort, 
much  curved,  and  not  reaching  beyond  the  base  of  the  middle.  The 
bill  is  much  stouter,  and  the  body  more  robust ;  the  edge  of  wing 
without  hooks,  in  these  respects  ditl'ering  from  Ste.UjUhiitmj^r. 

With  somewhat  the  fuiness  of  form  of  Procfue,  the  bill  resembles 
the  latter  in  having  the  nostrils  superior,  exposed,  and  vwthout  over- 
hanging membrane.  The  frontal  feathers  are  soft,  but  with  short 
bristles  lining  the  base  (.''  the  upper  jaw,  and  a  few  on  the  side  of  the 
lower,  but  none  in  the  chin.  The  bill  is  more  depressed  than  in 
Prague,  but  similarly  shaped  ;  the  lower  edgt;  of  the  upper  niiUKlibk' 
much  sinuated,  or  quite  convex  to  the  anterior  extremity  o'"  the 
nostril,  and  then  passing  into  an  equally  concave  curve  to  the  tip. 
Both  jaws  are  more  depressed,  and  their  upper  outlines  less  conve.x, 
especially  towards  the  base,  than  in  Progne.  The  feet  are  weaker, 
but  the  adhesion  of  the  toes  much  as  in  Progne — the  basal  joint  of 
the  median  being  free  for  about  hulf  internally,  a  little  less  extoiiially. 
The  upper  joint  of  the  tarsus  is  covered  with  feathers,  which  are 
attached  along  the  inner  edge  in  a  narrow  line  for  half  the  length, 
or  more  than  half  the  length  (even  three-fourths).  This  feature  is 
quite  peculiar  to  Phseoprogne,  not  existing  at  all  in  Progne,  nor  to 
anything  like  the  same  extent  in  any  other  American  Swallows.  The 
tarsal  scutella;  are  so  much  fused  as  to  be  almost  undistingui.«!iable. 
The  wings  are  more  falcate,  the  feathers  broader  and  less  curved 
than  in  Progne ;  the  tail  but  slightly  forked  ;  the  lateral  feathers 
without  the  gradual  attenuation  of  Progne. 

The  species  of  this  group  belong  strictly  to  South  America,  but 
are  not  well  determined.  I  give  below  the  two  which  seem  to  be 
contained  in  the  specimens  which  I  have  examined.  None  have 
any  metallic  gloss,  as  in  Progne — resembling  in  color  Cotyle  and 
Slelgidoplerijx  more  than  any  other  genera.  The  form  is  more  that 
of  Petrochelidon,  the  nostrils  being  equally  superior  and  uncovered, 
and  the  tail  is  somewhat  similar.  The  bill  is,  however,  much  stouter, 
long''r,  and  the  commissure  is  sinuated,  not  nearly  straight. 

Synopsis  of  Species. 

Common  CnARACXERS. — Above  and  along  sides  dull  smoky  brown, 
without  metallic  lustre ;  a  fainttr  pectoral  band  of  the  same. 
Rest  of  under  parts  white. 

Sides  of  neck  white,  passing  around  on  the  nape  into  a  narrow 


PROONE. 
lioary  oollar.     Epigastrium  witli  a  median  line  of  rounded 


285 


brown  spot* 


fuica.^ 


'  Progne  fusoa. 

Uirundo J'lixva,  ViKiLL.  Nouv.  Diet.  XIV,  1817,  510.-  'n.  Encyol.  Moth. 

II,  529  (biiHed  on  Golondrinn  dn  la  i>unlii,  Azaha,  Apunt.  II,  1805, 

"'  505,  no.  301,  I'liraguuy). — J\oyue/u6ca,  Cab.  Mud.  lleiu.  1, 1850-1 

'"^'         (not  of  Gray?). 


I   i,i. 


Ilah.  Region  of  the  ParPua. 


:/ 


(No.  12,042,  %  .)  In  coloration  and  markin((9  an  al nio:.t  exact  reproduction 
of  Cotiile  riparia,  although  much  larger.  Aliovo  rather  light  suioky  brown, 
witliout  metallic  lustre ;  the  rump  not  paler  than  the  back ;  the  (IuiIIh  and 
tail  feathers  considerably  darker,  their  upper  surfaces  with  a  faint  greenish 
gloss.  All  the  smaller  feathers  above  with  paler  edges.  Beneath  pure  white  ; 
the  sides  of  body  and  breast,  lining  of  wings,  tibiaa,  and  a  jn-ctorai  band, 
brown  li  ■  the  back,  the  latter  glosaed  with  whitish.  Featliers  along  median 
line  of  belly,  from  pectoral  band  almost  to  vent,  with  large,  somewhat  con- 
cealed rounded  blotches  of  brown,  especially  on  the  inner  webs.  Side  of  the 
neck,  with  its  lower  half  hoary  white,  this  color  extending  round  above  so  as 
to  form  a  nuclial ..  .nd,  but  narrower,  and  much  obscured  wit  <>  brown.  Feathers 
of  crisHuni  and  oh.in,  including  their  shaft,  pure  white  from  base.  Bill  and 
legs  apparently  dark  brown. 

The  boundary  between  the  white  and  brown  on  the  side  of  head  is  in  a  line 
with  the  commissure,  though  even  below  this  and  on  the  side  of  lower  jew 
the  feathers  are  tinged  with  brown.  The  smaller  under  wing  coverts,  and  thu 
feathers  along  the  edge  of  the  wing  inside,  are  rather  broadly  margined  with 
white. 

(No.  16,341.)  Total  length,  6.50  ;  wing, 4.85  ;  tall,  3.00  ;  dopth  of  fork,  .32  ; 
difference  of  primaries,  2.35  ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .61,  from  nostiil, 
.34;  along  gape,  .85  ;  tarsus,  .54:  middle  toe  and  claw,  .75  ;  claw  alone,  .25  ; 
hind  toe  and  claw,  .50 ;  claw  alone,  .24. 

The  specimens  here  described,  from  Capt.  Page's  collection,  are  labelled 
"  Brazils,"  but  were  probably  taken  on  the  Parana  River,  in  the  interior  of 
the  country,  anu  in  the  region  of  Azara's  species.  It  is,  however,  possible 
that  the  species  may  be  the  tapera,  as  restricted  by  authors,  and  the  bird  I 
have  considered  as  tapera,  true /usca,  if  not  an  unnamed  species. 

A  specimen  from  the  Vermejo  (21,012)  differs  in  lacking  almost  entirely  V.ie 
paler  edges  of  the  feathers  of  upper  parts,  and  in  having  the  sides  of  the  neck 
much  less  hoary.     The  inside  of  the  wing  is  less  varied  with  white.  >,  ,p 


Smith,  i  Col  lec-  Sex 
sonianj  tor's  j  and 
No.    I  Asre. 


No, 


16.341  120 

16,:t4,3  la) 

12,iM2  120 

'21,012  38 


? 


Locality. 


Brazil. 


Vermejo  River. 


When 
Collected. 


Oct.  1839. 
It 

II 
Feb.  1860. 


Received  from 


Capt.  Pace,  Expl. 
"  [Parana  R. 


Collected  by 


Chr.  Wood. 


I'    • 


m 


t:         ,  < 


-^       " 


,!'        «■ 


2S6 


'» >  I'.  - 


REVIEW  OF  AMERIC  .N  BIRDS. 


[PAUT  I. 


Sides  of  neck  and  nape  brown,  like  (lie  Imok,  or  the  former 
only  slightly  hoary.     No  djstiuot  spots  along  the  miuMle 
I'     of  epigastrium  .         ,         .        •        .         .         .         .  taptra,* 


PETROCHELIDON,  Cabanis. 


iiiif? 


;! 


■»^i>H>  ' 


Petrorheluhn,  Cab.  Mas.  Hein.  1860-1, 47.    (Type  Uirundo  melanogoiier, 
Swains.  ^  P.  swatnsoni,  ScL.) 

Bill  Btont  and  deep,  somewhat  as  in  Progne.  Nostrils  entirely  superior, 
open,  without  overhanging  membrane  on  the  inner  (or  upper)  side,  but  some- 
what overhung  by  short  bristles,  seen  also  along  base  of  inner  mandible  and 
in  chin.  Legs  stout ;  the  tarsi  short,  not  exceeding  the  middle  toe  exclusive  of 
its  claw  ;  feathered  all  round  for  basal  third  or  fourth,  though  no  feathers  are 
inserted  on  the  posterior  face.  Tail  falling  short  of  the  closed  wings,  nearly 
square,  or  slightly  emarginate ;  the  lateral  feathers  broad  to  near  the  ends, 
and  not  attenuated.      ^     ,     .-     »i       .,  i       .       v*,iA,,.,,,      ,:  ■ 

Tho  claws  of  Petrochelidon  are  large,  and  considerably  curved. 
In  posciloma  there  is  a  distinct,  thougjj  short  web  connecting  the 

'  Progne  tapera. "■■"-'"""*•*'•'  '•^'  "•"•"  '  ' 

Uirundo  tapera,  LiNN.  S.  N.  12th  ed.  1766,  345,  Brazil  {DlHron.klk 
d^Am^rique,  Brisron,  II,  502,  tab.  45,  fig.  3). — Progne  tapera,  Car. 
Schomburgh's  Reise  Guiana,  III,  672. — Sclater,  Catal.  18G1.— 
Coti/le  tapera,  Bdrm.  Uebers.  Ill,  1857,  143  (Brazil). 
fJTirundo  pascuum,  Max.  Beit.  Ill,  1830,  360. 
llah.  Brazil  ?  Bolivia  ?  Bogota  f 

Specimens  in  the  museum  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy,  supposed  to  belong 
to  this  sjHJcies,  though  from  Bolivia  and  Bogota,  resemble  f'tsca  very  closely, 
but  dilFer  in  larger  and  more  attenuated  bill,  shorter  toes,  and  fewer  feathers 
on  tarsus.  The  size  and  color  are  much  the  same ;  but  the  sides  of  neck  and 
nape  lack  the  hoary  white  collar  obscured  behind,  nor  do  I  observe  the  line 
of  elongated  rounded,  partially  concealed  large  brown  spots  along  the  median 
line  of  the  belly.     The  white  of  the  under  parts  is  not  so  pure. 

Whether  this  be  the  same  with  the  Brazilian  tapera,  o{  authors,  I  have  not 
had  the  opportunity  of  determining,  but  would  not  be  surprised  to  find  that 
it  was  distinct.  It  is  also  quite  possible  that,  in  the  absence  of  .s{)eeinieiia 
actually  from  I'araguay,  I  have  Incorrectly  ideutiiied  Capt.  Page'b  speoimeua 
as y'Msc>«,  and  mat  they  are  really  tM/jcra. 

Total  length,  6.60;  wing,  6."30;  tail,  2.85;  depth  of  fork,  .45;  difference 
of  primaries,  2.55  ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .65,  from  nostril,  .38 ;  along 
gape,  .88;  tarsus,  .54;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .72;  claw  alone,  20;  bind  toe 
and  claje,  .48  ;  claw  alone,  .22. 

The  Uirundo  americana  tapera,  of  Slonne  (Jamaica,  IT,  212),  the  first  reference 
quoted  by  Linnraus,  cannot  be  the  present  species,  as  it  refers  to  a  Jamaican 
bird  which  Sloane  compares  with  the  Kuropean  Swift ;  it  may  be  either  I'roiine 
dominicensis  or  Chaetura  zonaris,  quit  possibly  tho  latter.  It  is,  therefore  a 
question  how  far  the  name  tapera  can  be  retained  for  tho  species. 


fiV. 


rETROCIIELIDON. 


2S7 


hoses  cf  the  inner  and  niijldle  toes.  The  lateral  toes  are  nearly 
t'(|iial,  the  outer,  if  anything,  slightly  longer;  the  entire  basal  joint 
of  the  outer  adherent  to  niiddle  |  the  membrane  just  referred  to  ex- 
tomliiig  along  the  basal  joint  of  the  inner.  The  basal  joint  of  the 
middle  is  free  cxterinilly  at  extreme  end.  The  feathers  of  crissum  are 
very  full,  and  reaeh  nearly  to  end  of  tail. 

This  is  one  of  the  most  natural  genera  of  American  Swallows,  cm- 
hracing  a  con.siderable  number  of  speeies,  all  characterized  by  the 
rufous  rump.  H.  nigj'icaus,  Vieill.  {Collocalia  arbon-a  oi  Gould), 
from  Australia,  appears  to  be  strictly  congeneric,  as  first  suggested 
by  Cttbanis.  The  development  of  bristles  in  the  chin  and  among 
the  frontal  feathers  npi.>.ars  quite  characteristic,  giving  a  roughness 
to  the  forehead  very  different  from  the  softness  and  smoothness  of 
Attk'ora  and  other  genera. 

The  diagnostic  characters  of  the  principal  American  species  of 
Petrochclidon  are  as  follows: —  ;       •  J  ;     ' 

Common  Chauactkrs. — Above  steel  blue ;  the  feathers  of  the  Inter-  * 

scapulnm  with  concealed  wlivtish  edgeH;  no  whitish  median 
or  basal  down.  Rump  and  narrow  nuchal  band  chestnut; 
crii<siin»  gray  hrowu,  tinged  anteriorly  at  least  with  chestnut ; 
the  longer  feathers  and  inner  side  of  lateral  tail  feathers  edged 
with  wiiitish.  Middle  region  of  belly  white.  Usually  with 
a  wiiilish  or  reddish  frontal  band.  '  • 

Chin  and  throat,  ti'ith  side  of  head,  and  continuous  with 
nuuhal  band,  chestnut  brown. 

Jugulum  with  large  blue-black  pnich.  Chestnut  of 
throat  darker  than  that  of  rump. 

Frontlet  reddish-white,  with  narrow  band  of 

black  along  upper  mandible  .         .         .  lunifrons.    , 
,  Frontlet  chestnut  brown,  without  black  at 

base  of  upper  man(iible  .         .         .  swainsoni.  , 

Jugulum  plain,  witliout  black  spot.  Chestnut  of 
throat  lighter  than  that  of  rump.  Frontlet 
chestnut  brown.  •.'.'. 

Sides  of  body  only  slightly  tinged  with  chest- 

"at fulva 

'  :  Sides  deep  chestnut,  continuous  with  that  of 

breast  and  crissum.     Size  smaller  .  paciloma. 

Chin,  throat,  and  sides  of  head  white.  i 

Fore  part  of  breast  chestnut,  without  black  spot. 
Sides  faintly  tinged  with  same. 

Frontal  band  obsolete ri^ficolhris. 

P.  nigricans,  of  Australia,  lacks  the  nuchal  band  ;  the  sides  of 


rrTTT-TTTT-TT^ 


I 


II 


:■:     t 


li. 

In. 


■  H 


238 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


Iiuad  arc  blackish  ;  the  throat  grayish-white  ;  the  breast  pale  chest- 
nut, both  with  dusky  shaft  streaks.  The  chestnut  of  front  and  rump 
is  quite  pale.  ,'       .      V  V .  ■ 

Petrochelidon  liinifrons. 

Ilirunih  luni/rons,  Say,  Long's  Exp.  II,  1823,47  (Rocky  Mts.). — Cassin; 
Brbwkb,  N.  a.  Ool.  I,  1857,  H  pi.  v,  iio.  68-73  (eggs).— Baikd, 
Birds  N.  Am.  18r>8,  309,— Lawrknck,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.  18(il,  317 
(Panama  R.  R. ;  winter).— Verkill,  Tr.  Host.  N.  H.  Soc.  1864,  27t; 
})■■■'■:;■"  (migration  and  history). — Lord,  Pr.  R.  A.  Inst.  Woolwich,  IV, 
1864,  16  (Br.  Col. ;  nesting). — Cooper  6l  Sucklby,  P.  R.  R.  XII,  n, 
184  (Wash.  Terr.). 

//.  o/jj'/ea;,  Clinto.n,  1824. — H.  respublicana,  Avu.  1824.  "'*  ' 

.jj,,<    H.fulvn,  Bon.  (not  of  Vikillot). — Aud.  Orn.  Biog.  I,  pi.  58. — Ib.  B.  A, 
I,  pL  47.— Maxim.  Cab.  Jour.  VI,  1858.  100.       .5.. 

Hab.  Entire  United  States  from  Atlantic  to  Pacific,  and  along  central 
region  to  Arctic  Ocean  and  Fort  Yukon ;  Panama,  iu  winter.  Not  nottsd  at 
Cape  St.  Lucas,  iu  Mexico,  or  West  Indies. 

(No.  18,322,  %.)  Top  of  head  glossy  black,  with  greenish  lustre;  back 
and  scapulars  similar,  but  rather  duller,  and  somewhat  streaked  by  the 
appearance  of  the  white  sides  of  the  feathers — the  bases  of  the  ffathew, 
however,  being  plumbeous.  Chin,  throat,  and  sides  of  head  chestnut  brown, 
this  extending  round  on  the  nape  as  a  distinct  continuous  collar,  which  is 
bounded  posteriorly  by  dull  grayish  ;  the  chestnut  darkest  on  the  chin,  with 
a  rich  purplish  tinge.  Rump  above  and  on  sides  paler  chestnut  (sometimes 
fading  .;ito  whitish).  Upper  tail  coverts  grayish-b  own,  edged  with  paler, 
lighter  than  the  plain  brown  of  the  wings  and  tail.  Torehead,  for  the  length 
of  the  bill,  creamy  white,  uomewhat  lunate,  or  exter.'^ing  in  an  acute  angle  a 
little  over  the  eye;  a  very  narrow  blackish  frontlet;  loral  region  dnskyto 
the  bill.  A  patch  of  glossy  black  in  the  lower  part  of  the  breast,  and  a  few 
black  feathers  in  the  extreme  chin,  the  latter  sometimes  scarcely  appreciable. 
Under  parts  dul'  white,  tinged  with  reddish-gray  on  the  sides  and  inside  of  the 
wings.  Feathers  of  crissum  brownish-gray,  edged  with  whitish,  with  a  tinge 
of  rufous  anteriorly  (sometimes  almost  inappreciable). 

(No.  18,322.)  Total  length,  5.10;  wing,  4.50;  tail,  2.40,  nearly  even; 
difference  of  primary  quills,  2  10 ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .38,  from 
nostril,  .25,  along  gape,  .60,  width,  .50;  tarsus,  .48  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,.72, 
claw  alone,  .22;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .44,  claw  alone,  .20. 

There  is  some  variation  in  amount  and  .shade  of  rufous  in  difTerent 
specimens.  Usually  there  is  none  on  the  sides  of  body,  and  very 
little  at  the  base  of  the  crissum.  The  rufous  of  the  rump  is  always 
lighter  than  that  of  the  throat,  where  this  color  extends  dowji  (in 
the  jugulum,  with  indistinct  rounded  outline  behind,  shading  into 
the  smoky,  reddish-gray  of  the  sides  of  the  breast. 

As  in  its  allies?,  immaturity  is  shown  longest  in  the  absence  or 


'mh'tj 


PETROCHELIDON. 


289 


(lulness  of  tho  frontal  band.  There  is  no  appreciable  difference  in 
the  sexes?. 

A  specimen  in  Mr.  Lawrence's  collection,  from  Panama,  I  cannot 
distiiigui.sli,  except  in  being  sm, Her.  Length,  4.80;  wing,  4.10; 
tail,  2.10.     The  forehead  is  nearly  white,  as  usual  in  lunifrons.* 

Summer  specimens  from  the  souther".  Rocky  Mts.  (Los  Pines, 
N.  M.)  and  Carlisle  are  considerably  smaller  than  those  from  Fort 
Bridger. 

Specimens  in  the  collection  from  throughout  the  whole  United 
States  to  northern  border,  as  also — 


'  Petrochelidon . 

fHirumlo  americann,  Gmbun,  S.  N.  I,  1788,  10i7  (from  Baffon,  VI,  65^8, 
La  Plata). — Petrochelidon  americann,  Cab.  Mus.  Hein.  1850-1,  47. 

fHirundo  pyrrhonota,  Vieill.   Encycl,  Meth.  II,  524  (Azara,  Apuiit.  II, 
511,  no.  305,  Paraguay). —  Cuiyle  p.  Buum.  Reiae  La  Plata,  II,  1861, 
477  (Tucuman). 
Hah.  Brazil  ?    Paraguay  f     - 

In  Mr.  Lawrence's  collection  is  an  immature  bird  (No.  148,  from  Brazil), 
much  like  corresponding  stages  of  P.  lunifrons,  but  differing  in  considerably 
smaller  bill,  and  in  the  lower  tail  coverts  being  much  shorter  (falling  three- 
quarters  of  an  inch  short  of  the  tip).  The  rufous  of  the  rump  extends  further 
up  the  back,  and  there  is  a  decided  wash  of  reddish  over  the  bre&at  and  belly, 
sides  and  crissum,  leaving  only  the  abdominal  region  pure  white.  The  frontal 
band  is  not  fully  developed,  but  seems  as  if  it  might  be  whitish  ;  there  is  a 
blackish  spot  on  the  lower  throat,  and  a  few  whitish  feathers  in  the  chin.  The 
chestnut  of  the  throat  is  lighter  than  in  lunifrons,  or  of  about  the  same  shade 
as  that  of  rump.  I  think  there  is  no  doubt  of  its  being  quite  distinct  from 
luiiifroui  or  swaimoni,  but  in  its  still  immature  condition  cannot  venture  to 
identify  it.  There  are  two  names  to  which  it  might  be  referred,  the  //.  ameri- 
cana,  of  Gmelin — P.  americann.  Cab.  M.  Hein.  I,  47 — (based  on  Ilirondelle  a 
cmtplon  roiix,  etc.  (from  the  La  Plata),  Bdffon,  Ois.  VI,  698,  La  Plata) — 
which,  however,  appeal's  much  too  large — and  llirundo  pyrrhonota,  Vieill. 
Encycl.  II,  524;  Azara,  Apunt.  II,  511,  Bonnine  ed.  104;  Cotyle  pyrrhonota, 
Burm.  La  Plata,  II,  477.  This  is  de8cribe4  by  Azara  as  having  black  crissum  ; 
Bnrmeister,  however,  says  this  is  grayish,  edged  with  rusty  whitish  ;  the  fore- 
head, lores,  cheeks,  and  rump  rusty  brownish-red  ;  fore-neck,  breast,  and  belly 
ash  gray,  washed  with  yellowish,  and  tinged  with  reddish  about  the  anus. 
Length,  5".     Wings,  4". 

Buffon  speaking  of  his  Ilirondelle.  a  croupion  roux  et  queue  ca,  '■>.  describes 
it  as  brownihh-black  above,  with  green  and  blue  reflections ;  ruu  ifous,  the 
feathers  edged  with  whitish ;  under  parts  dull  white,  the  lower  tail  coverts 
rufous.  Another  specimen  is  said  to  have  a  rufous  throat.  No  meution  is 
made  of  a  black  spot  on  the  Jugulum,  or  of  a  frontal  band. 

19    ^May,  1865. 


•^. 


290 


REVIEW  OP  AMERICAN  BIRDS 


[I'ART  I. 


\u. 


t;t 


llf 


,i| 


Kmlth- 

woriiHU 
No. 

CoUec- 
tMl'8 

No. 

Sex 
Hud 

Locality. 

W      n 

CoUcsted. 

May  17,  '60. 
J   ne'ssi. 

J         ^0,  '64. 
Oct.  20,  63. 

Received  from 

Collector;  hy 

a),639 

27,208 
l!)..')^ 

27.297 
27. 290 

1,324 

l,2i2 
216 

589 
183 

'i 

i 

Moose  Factory.  H.B. 
CailiKlo,  Pa.  [Lake. 
Fort  Resolution,  8. 

Biff  IslaDd,  S.  i^ake. 
^)rf7nBoir.- 

C.  Orexler. 
8.  F   Balrd, 
A.  M-Keniie. 
R.  Kciiiilcutt. 
J.  Reid. 
J.  Iiocktiart. 

R.  McFarlHiie. 
Dr.  E.  Ci>ues. 

i. 

Capt.  J.  M.  Dow. 
Cab.  Lawreuce 

■  •..,.. 

28,l.")(l 

u;j,2is 

\'ai^  Good  Hope. 

.34,3.12 

:«,3-.4 

30,556 

bos  plno»,  IN.  M. 

"  [C.  Am. 
At  sea,  W.  coast, 
Panama  R.  R. 

M'Lean.  &  Oalb. 

(34,332.)  3.90;  12.10.     (34,354.)  6.00;  11.80. 

.   ,    .       .     '  ..,^-; 

Petrochelidon  si^vainsoni. 

Ilirundo  melanogaster,  Svainson,  Phil.  Mag.  I,  1827,  3G6  (Mexico).— 
Petrochelidon  melonoyaster,  Cab.  Mus.  Hein,  I,  1850,  47. 

Petrochelidon  mvainsoni,  Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1858,  296  ;  1859,  376.— Ir. 
Catal.  1861,  40,  no.  244.  (Swainson's  name  changed  as  inappro- 
priate.) 

Hab,  Highlands  of  Mexico.  ,,  ..,■"..  ,-.  ;■ 

This  species  is  almost  precisely  like  P.  Junifrons,  but  is  smaller,  and  the 
frontlet,  instead  of  being  creamy  or  rosy  white,  is  chestnut  brown  like  the 
throat ;  the  lores  are  less  dusky,  and  there  is  no  dusky  at  base  of  upper 
mandible.  In  these  respects  it  resembles  P.  fulva,  but  will  be  readily  dis- 
tinguished by  the  large  glossy  black  spot  on  the  throat,  and  blackish  chin,  as 
well  as  comparative  absence  of  reddish  on  crissum  and  sides. 

Two  specimens,  both  marked  males,  differ  con,siderably  in  size,  as 
shown  by  the  following  measurements.  In  one  (22,376)  the  forehead 
is  of  the  same  shade  of  rufous  as  the  throat,  and  the  black  spot  on 
the  throat  very  small ;  in  the  other,  which  is  decidedly  larger,  the 
forehead  is  considerably  paler  than  the  throat,  and  the  throat  spot 
more  distinct,  the  chestnut  of  throat  and  sides  of  head  much  darker. 

(No. '22,376,  %.)  Total  length,  4.50;  wing,  3.90;  tail,  2,25  ;  difference  of 
quills,  1.90;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .35,  from  nostril,  .21,  along  gape, 
.55;  tarsus,  .48;  middle  toe  and  olaw,  .60,  claw  alone,  .20;  hind  toe  and 
claw,  .37,  claw  alone,  .19. 

(No,  33,572. )  Total  length.  90  •  wing,  4.30 ;  tail,  2.20 ;  length  of  bill  from 
forehead,  .41,  from  nostril,  .2..,  along  gape,  .60;  tarsus,  .53;  middle  toe  and 
claw,  .66,  claw  alone,  .21 ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .38,  claw  alone,  .21. 


¥ 


Smlth- 

suuian 
No. 

Collec- 
tor's 
No. 

Sex 
and 
Age. 

Locality. 

1 
cZenlA.   1      R^^elvedfrom 

Collected  by 

22.376 
33.672 

40,745       cf 
136       .. 

Mexico. 
Miradur,  Mex. 

Verreaiix                          

Aug.  1S6.3.  ;       Dr.  Sarti)rlu.s.                   

: .'   m - — 

''V 


J  X«A"IJ 


JCiHT! 


PETROCIIELIDON. 


2J1 


Petrochelidon  fulTa. 

ilirundo  J'Jca,  Vieill.  Ois.  Am.  Sept.  I,  1807,  62,  pi.  xxx  (St.  Do- 
"  '."         mingo).— Ib.  Nouv.  Diet.  XIV,  1817,  521.— Ib.  Encyc.  M6th.  II, 
1823,  b2Q.— Petrochelidon  fulva,  Cab.   Mus.   Hein.   1860,  47.— Ib. 
Jour.  Orn.  IV,  1856,  3  (Cuba).  ,  .      .^ 

Ilirundo  coronata,  Lembbyb,  Avea  de  Cuba,  1850,  45,  "',f  .".- 

F06.  Cuba  and  St.  Domingo  ?  '  t    . 

(No.  34,238,  9.)  Top  ot  head,  back,  and  scapulars  steel  blue,  with  a 
greenish  gloss,  more  violet  in  some  specimens.  Forebead  from  the  eyes  (not 
strictly  defined),  nuchal  bands  and  rump  (but  not  tail  coverts),  dark  chestnut 
brown;  chin,  throat,  sides  of  breast  and  crissum,  especially  near  anus,  lighter 
chestnut  brown  ;  the  sides  of  body  and  inside  of  wings  smoky  brown,  tinged 
with  the  color  just  mentioned  ;  median  region  of  the  body  white.  No  blackish 
on  the  breast  or  on  forehead.  Wings  and  tail  with  their  upper  coverts  lustrous 
brown.    A  dusky  spot  in  the  loral  region. 

(No.  34,238,  9  .)  Total  length,  5.00  ;  wing,  4.20 ;  tail,  2.10 ;  perpendicular 
depth  of  fork,  .15  ;  diflference  between  1st  and  9th  quills,  2.00 ;  length  of  bill 
from  forehead,  .36,  from  nostril,  .21,  along  gape,  .56,  width,  .45  ;  tarsus,  .47  ; 
middle  toe  and  claw,  .65,  claw  alone,  .19 ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .37,  claw 
alone,  .20. 

The  feathers  of  the  back  have  a  white  patch  on  each  sido  the  shaft, 
about  the  middle,  causing  white  streaks  when  visible  among  the 
feathers.  The  forehead  and  rump  are  quite  dark  chestnut;  the 
chin  and  throat,  with  crissum  just  behind  anus,  come  next  in  shar"e, 
this  color  fading  still  more  on  jugulum  and  sides  (the  jugulura  some- 
times darker  than  chin),  and  scarcely  appreciable  posteriorly  on  the 
side  of  the  abdomen.  The  longer  feathers  of  crissum  are  dark  brown, 
with  reddish-white  edges,  much  paler  than  near  the  vent.  The  white 
of  the  belly  is  sometimes  glossed  faintly  with  chestnut,  especially 
along  the  shafts  of  the  feathers.  The  axillars  and  lining  of  wings, 
with  tibia,  are  of  a  smoky  gray,  with  a  rufous  tinge.  The  chestnut 
nape  is  narrow,  and  sometimes  quite  obsolete  ;  the  color  of  the  neck 
behind  it  is  dull  and  lustreless.  The  dark  chestnut  of  the  rump 
extends  round  on  the  sides  as  well  as  above,  continuous  with  the 
paler  tinge  of  the  anterior  portion  of  the  crissum.  The  inner  web 
of  the  lateral  tail  feather  is  edged  with  whitish  near  the  end. 

There  is  no  black  band  along  base  of  upper  mandible,  as  in  luni- 
frons.  The  chestnut  feathers  of  the  front  exhibit  a  tendency  to 
dusky  centres,  except  near  the  bill,  a  feature  not  noticed  in  other 
species. 

This  bird  is  much  smaller  than  the  North  American  lunifrons, 
and  differs  in  the  rufous  chestnut  (not  whitish)  front,  the  absence 
of  black  patch  on  throat,  much  lighter  rufous  of  the  throat  (paler 


293 


REVIEW  OF  AMEIUCAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


conside/ably  than  the  front),  etc.  The  tarsi  are  longer  Ja  proportidti, 
being  absolul^oly  of  the  same  length,  while  the  feet  are  much  weaker 
and  the  toes  shorter. 


W'  i 


U>  ' 


'h 


I  1  :/ 


J.    '  1 


IK 


Smith-  Conec- 

siiiiiuQ     tor's 

No.     1     No. 

Sex 
Hiul 

Aje, 

liOoalUx. 

When 
rolkofed. 

Received  from 

CoMetled  bjr 

34,2.18 
34,2.')« 
34,490 
84,491 

9 

HemedluH,  Cuba. 

Cuba, 
ti 

April  4,  '(i4. 
May,  1863. 

M.  H.  BlHhop. 
Dr.  J.  Ooudlach. 
Cab.  Lawrence. 

Fetrochelidon  pceciloma. 

Hirundo  pceciloma,  Gobsb,  Birds  Jamaica,  1847,  64. 

Fetrochelidon  fulva,  Sclater,  P.  Z.  8. 1861,  72.— Ib.  Catal.  1861,  40,  no. 

245  (Jamaica).— Z/jrunrfo  fuloa,  March,  Pr.  A.  N.   8c.  1803,  295 

(nefititig). 

'    Hab,  Jamaica. 

i  ■ 

Similar  to  preceding,  bnt  smaller ;  chestnnt  color  darker.  Chestnut  of 
sides  very  decided,  and  continuous  witli  that  on  breast  and  crissum. 

(No.  24,381.)  Total  length,  4.50;  wing,  4.15;  tail,  2.05;  fork,  .10;  differ- 
ent >  between  Ist  and  9th  quills,  1.95  ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .35,  from 
nostr.'l,  .20,  along  gape,  .56  ;  tarsus,  .48  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .64 ;  hind  toe 
and  claw,  .38. 

■  A  series  of  specimens  from  Jamaica  differs  from  Cuban  in  being 
rather  smaller  in  size,  and  in  having  the  chestnut  brown  of  the  under 
parts  considerably  deeper  and  more  marked,  extending  along  the 
sides  of  the  body  so  as  to  be  continuous  with  that  of  the  sides  of  the 
rump.  The  chestnut  nuchal  collar,  also,  is  more  distinct.  A  young 
bird  from  Jamaica  differs  from  the  adult  in  lacking  the  frontal  band 
almost  entirely,  and  in  having  a  whitish  chin.  I  have  not  had  an 
opportunity  of  examining  the  St.  Domingan  species,  but  would  not 
be  surprised  if  it  proved  different  from  those  of  Cuba  and  Jamaica. 

A  closely  allied  species  is  the  P.  ruficollaris,  of  Peale.' 

■  Petroohelidon  rnficollaris. 

Hirundo  ruficollaris,  Pealk,  Mammals  and  Birds  U.  8.  Expl.  Ezped. 

1848, 175. 
Hah.  Peru. 

Head  above  and  back  glossy  blue-black.  Rtti.it)  above  and  on  sides,  fore 
part  of  the  breast,  and  sides  of  body  bene.th  th-  .rings,  chestnut,  as  also  an 
indistinct  nuchal  half  collar.  Chin,  throat,  sides  of  head  below  the  eyes,  irnd 
rest  of  under  parts,  white  ;  the  crissum  tinged  with  r.jf<  as  anteriorly,  the  long 
feathers  grayish-brown,  edged  with  whitish.     Wings  and  tail  dull  brown,  the 


iflAl] 


HIRUNDO. 


■.ilt 


293 


8mllh- 

•oumii 
Mil. 

i.ir'x 
Nil 

Hud 

AKe. 

Locality. 

Wh«n 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  bj 

24.3S1 

21.:b:l 
2t,.l'<. 
3fl.M 

3i),2i>l 

Hi 
l(i 
11) 

0. 

SpiDishtowu,  J»ia. 

II 
II 

II 

Dec.  ladl. 

H 

(1 
1* 

1863. 

II 

W.  T.  March. 

(1 
It 
t* 
(( 
It 
tl 

1 

1 

1 

1 

■  HIRUNDO,  Linn.  ,     ,     ; 

nirundo,  Linn.  Sjrst.  Nat.  I,  lOtU  ed.  1758, 191.     (Type  11.  rustica,  Linn.) 

Under  the  generic  head  of  Hirundo  I  propose  to  combine  several 
groups  of  American  Swallows  agreeing' in  moderate,  depressed  bill, 
with  straight  commissure,  and  lateral  nostrils  overhung  by  mom- 
brane ;  the  tarsi  feathered  only  at  the  upper  end,  or  else  entirely 
bare ;  the  lateral  claws  moderate,  not  extending  beyond  the  base  of 
the  median  ;  the  edge  of  the  outer  primary  without  hooks  ;  the  tail 
variable  in  character,  from  a  very  deep  fork  to  a  slight  emarginatir  a 
only.  The  relationships  to  the  other  genera  have  already  been  ex- 
pressed in  the  diagnosis  presented  in  the  beginning  of  the  article  ou 
the  family. 

The  following  characters  express  the  peculiarities  of  the  different 
sections  or  subgenera  of  Hirundo : — 

latter  with  lateral  feathers  edged  internally  near  end  with  whitish.    Forehead  > 
without  frontal  band,  other  than  an  almost  inappreciable  gloss  of  chestnut. 

Total  length,  4.55  ;  wing,  4.00;  tail,  2.15  ;  difference  between  quills,  1.80  ; 
length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .30,  ftom  nostril,  .17,  along  gape,  .54,  width,  .43. 
F««t  mutilated. 

The  well-marked  jugular  or  pectoral  band,  white  throat  and  cheeks,  and 
absence  of  distinct  frontlet  will  readily  distinguish  this  species  from  lunifromt 
and  its  allies.  It  may  be  that  a  more  decided  frontlet  exists  in  more  perfect 
plnmage,  although  there  is  nothing  to  indicate  that  this  has  not  been  attained 
in  the  specimen. 

This  species  appears  to  have  been  overlooked  by  all  writers  subsequent  to 
Mr.  Peale. 


••  t» 


Smlth- 

(oniaD 

No. 


Collec 
tor's 
No. 


C  .177 


aad 
Age. 


Locality. 


When 
Collected. 


Callao,  Peru.        |  July  12,  '39. 


Received  frotQ 


U.S.  Expl.  Exped. 


Collected  by 


T.  R  Peale. 


(14,999.)  Type.    Irids  brown. 


4': 


«» 


IffMiOJ'F' 


I 


291 


REVIEW  OF  AMEttlCAX  llIUDS. 


frAIlT 


I, 

'lii 


1 


la  . 


;  ,1 


■«> 


-  •    .if 


Tarsi  slightly  featherbd  on  inner  face  at  npper  end ;  equal  in 
length  to  middle  too  without  claw. 

'  Tail  very  ddrply  forked Hirundo. 

Tail  tlightly  forked  or  einaiginate       ....   Tachi/cintta. 
Tirsi  ontirely  naked;  lengthened,  equal  to  middle  toe  and 
half  itd  uli.w. 
Tail  coudiderably  forked CalUthtlidon, 

'  ''  '  Hirundo,  Linn. 

Nostrils  lateral.  Tarsi  short,  not  exceeding  middle  toe  without  its  claw ; 
the  upper  joint  covered  with  feathers,  which  extend  a  short  distance  along 
the  innfci-  face  of  tarsus.  Tail  very  deeply  forked  ;  the  lateral  feather  mnch 
attenuated,  twice  as  long  as  tli*)  middle.  Basal  joint  of  middle  toe  fr«e  for 
terminal  fourth  on  outside,  for  half  on  inside. 

In  type,  and  in  American  species,  forehead  and  throat  rufous ;  a  black 
pectoral  collar ;  tail  feathers  with  large  light  spots  on  inner  webs. 

But  two  species,  perhaps  only  one  of  this  subgenus,  as  restricted, 
belong  to  America.  There  are,  however,  quite  a  number  found  in 
the  old  world. 

Hirundo  taorreorum.    v.! 

Hirundo  horreorum,  Barton,  Fragments  N.  H.  Penna.  1799, 17. — Baird, 

V/ri  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  308.— A.  &  E.  Newton,  Ibis,  1859,  66  (Sta. 

.  ■  ^      ,       Cruz  ;  transient). — Sclatkb  &  Salvin,  Ibis,  1859,  13  (Guatemala). 

,    ..         — ScLATER,  p.  Z.  S.  1864,  173  (City  of  Mex.).— Lawrence,  Aim. 

'    ;    ^  N.  Y.  Lye.  1861,  316  (Panama).— Cooper  &  Suckley,  P.  R.  R,  Rep. 

''"'  XIJ,  II,  184  (south  of  Columbia  River). 

Elruni^o  rufa,  Vieill. — Cassin,  111. — Brewer.  N.  Am.  Ool.  I,  1857,91, 
pi.  V,  fig.  63-67  (eggs).— Cab.  Jour.  IV,  1856,  3  (Cuba;  spring 
and  autumn). — Reinhardt,  Ibis,  1861,  5  (Greenland;  two  speci- 
mens).— Gu^l^I.ACH,  Cab.  Jour.  1861,  328  (Cuba;  common). 
Hirundo  americana,  Wilson,  Am.  Orn.  pi.  38,  fig.  1, 2. — Rich. — Lembkye, 

Aves  de  Cuba,  1850,  44,  lam.  vii,  fig.  2. 
Hirundo  rustica,  AoD.  Orn.  Biog.  II,  pi.  173. — In.  Birds  Am.  I,  pi.  48.— 
Jones,  Nat.  Hist.  Bermuda,  34  (Bermudas  ;  Aug.  and  Sept.). 

Hab.  Whole  of  United  States  ;  north  to  Fort  Rae,  Slave  Lake  ;  Greenland ; 
Bouth  in  winter  to  Central  America  and  West  Indies.  Not  found  at  Cape  St. 
Lucas. 

The  steel  blue  of  the  upper  parts  of  this  species  has  a  docided 
violet  tinge,  sonnetimes  purplish.  The  black  or  steel  blue  pectoral 
collar  is  very  rarely  continuous  below  in  adults ;  when  it  is,  it  is 
usually  formed  in  the  centre  by  only  one  or  two  series  of  featlierS, 
which  are  black  to  the  down.     The  rufous  of  throat  is  a  little  darker 


^  'laAM  I 


aurfiH     niauNDO.     wMtVia 


295 


than  that  of  under  parts,  and  more  continuous,  though  sometimes 
there  is  but  littlu  diflurencc  in  the  8ltade.  The  space  just  posterior 
to  the  collar  generally  appears  lighter  than  on  the  belly.  Usually, 
however,  the  rufous  wash  of  'uidor  parts  i  i  decidedly  paler  than  that 
of  throat  and  forehead  ;  sometimes  quita  pale  ;  in  only  ono  or  two 
instances  as  light  as  European  specimens  (as  6,020  and  29,294).  In 
such  cases,  however,  the  absence  of  broad  jugular  band  of  continuous 
black,  and  the  shorter  tail,  will  distinguish  from  the  European  bird. 

There  is  an  occasional  tendency  to  a  widening  of  the  jugular 
colliir,  especially  in  young  birds,  but  this  is  so  much  mixed  with 
rufous  feathers  as  to  be  easily  understocd. 

In  young  birds  the  frontal  chestnut  band  is  considerably  reduced 
in  size,  and  generally  paler  and  duller  in  color. 

The  largest  specimen  of  U.  hor  "oruvi  I  have  seen  is  No.  19,542, 
from  Fort  Ilae.  Here  the  wing  measures  4.90,  and  the  tail  4.50 
(the  usual  length  of  tail  is  under  4.00)  ;  the  next  largest  specimen 
being  No.  34,349,  from  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  maximum  length 
of  tail  in  specimens  of  H.  rustica,  of  Europe,  befou  me,  is  5.00 — 
the  average  being  perhaps  4.50. 

The  series  of  specimens  from  western  America  is  not  sufficient  to 
determine  whether  there  is  any  essential  difiference ;  the  bill,  however, 
appears  decidedly  smaller. 

I  regret  very  much  that  the  specimens  from  South  America*  at  my 
command  are  too  few  to  make  a  satisfactory  comparison  with  tho 
North  American  bird.  There  appears,  however,  to  be  a  difference 
in  a  rather  smaller  bill,  and  in  having  the  gloss  of  the  upper  parts 
steel  green,  rather  than  purple  or  violet.  I  am,  however,  much 
inclined  to  doubt  whether  there  is  auy  specific  difference.  The 
chestnut  brown  of  the  forehead  is  quite  as  deep  and  extensive  as  in 
the  northern  bird,  although  Burmeister  describes  it  as  whitish,  pass- 
ing behind  into  rust-yellow,  and  speaks  of  the  whole  under  parts 

'  Hirundo  erythrogaater. 

Uirundo  ery  thro  (faster,  BoDD.  Tabl.  PI.  enl.  (724,  fig.  1),  1783,  45  (Cay- 

eniie).— ScLATER,  Catal.  1861,  39  (Brazil). 
Hmtndo  tufa,  Gm.  S.  Nat.  I,  1788,  1018  (PI.  enl.  724,  fig.  1).— Burm. 

Ueb.  Ill,  148  (Brazil). 
Hirundo  cyanopyrrha,  Vieill.  Nouv.  Diet.  XIV,  1817,  510. 


Smith-  CoUec-    Sex 

soDiaQ,  t()r'g     and 

No.    !   No.     Age. 

Locality. 

When 
CoUected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

21,007  j     33 
lil.OOS        35 

i 

Vermejo  River. 

Feb.  1860. 
It 

Capt.  Page,  Expl.of 
"    [Parana. 

Chr.  Wood. 

■  li 


ii 


;«:„ 


in 


RKVIRW  OF  AMERICAN  lilllDS. 


[taut  I. 


n ' 


heing  nisty  yellowiBh-red,  without  distinguiBhing  the  throut  m 
darker.  These  characterH  certainly  do  not  apply  to  tho  rmu/uay 
skins  in  Capt.  Page's  collection,  whatever  they  may  to  Bruziliaii 
specimenB.     These  are  moulting  the  large  feathers  of  wing  and  tail. 

The  characters  given  by  Burmeister  to  the  North  American  bird, 
viz.,  "under  parts  white,  the  anal  and  crissal  feathers  aloue  rusty 
yellowish-red,"  do  not  belong  to  it,  as  shown  above. 

In  this  connection  I  may  state  that  in  the  collection  is  a  specimea 
of  //  riistica,  of  Europe,  taken  at  sea  during  a  voyage  from  Norfolk 
to  Rio  Janeiro,  probably  carried  westward  by  the  prevailing  winds 
in  the  eecpiatorial  region. 

Should,  as  is  very  probable,  the  South  American  bird  prove  identi- 
cal with  the  more  northern  one,  the  name  ru/a  must  be  adopted  m 
having  the  priority.  •,  .       .■    ,     ,    ,  ^ ,  • 

Specimens  in  the  collection  from  the  whole  United  States  from 
Atlantic  to  Pacific,  and  north 'to  the  boundary  ;  also — 


Smlth- 

CoUec- 

Sex 

When 
Collected. 

BuuiaD 

No. 

tor's 
No. 

and 
AKe. 

Localltjr. 

Received  from 

Collected  hj 

19,342 

Ft.  Kae,  Slave  Lake. 

L  Clarke,  Jr. 

22,6fl6 
34,349 

14 

1861 

14 

.. 

9 

Lou  PInoB,  N.  M. 

June  19. '64 

Pr.  K  Couei. 

3,936 

124 

San  DleKo,  N.  Ijeon. 

18.')3. 

Lt.  ('ourh. 

8,640 

,  , 

,  , 

Indian  Key.  Fla. 

Auk.  28i  'AT. 

0.  Wurdemann. 

S3.  .386 

,  , 

,  , 

Otr  eoaRt  Calx 

April  1,  'M. 

Ur.  H.  Bereodt. 

32,740 

17,4»3 

,  , 

Mexico. 

VerrcHUX. 

30,708 

i47 

•• 

Daeiiao.  Ouat. 
Oiiateinala 

1862. 

O.  Salvln. 
Cab.  Lawrence. 

SaWin  &  Uudm. 

30,657 

•• 

? 

At  Ma,  W.  C.  Central 
America 

Oct.  a»,  '68. 

Capt.  J.  M.  Uow. 

i 


It 


fr.   '  ■ 


•J ,! ,:    V     r,    Tachycineta,  Cab. 

Tichycineta,  Cab.  Mas.  Hein.  1850-1,  48.     (Type  //.  thalaggina,  Sw.) 

Nostr'U  lateral,  overhung  or  bordered  internally  by  innumbent  membrane. 
Tarsi  with  the  tibial  joint  covered  by  overhanging  feathers,  adherent  a  nhort 
distance  along  inner  face,  about  equal  to  middle  toe  without  claw.  Lateral 
toes  equal.  Adhesion  of  basal  joint  of  middle  toe  variable.  Tail  etnarginate 
only,  or  slightly  forked ;  fork  not  exceeding  half  an  inch  in  deptli.  Color 
blue  or  green  above,  with  or  without  metallic  gloss ;  with  or  without  woite 
rump.     Entirely  white  beneath. 

Under  this  head  I  combine  several  variations  of  form  which  shade 
BO  gradually  into  each  other  that  I  can  scarcely  define  them  even  as 
(subgenera.  The  type  (thalansina)  diifers  from  all  the  others  iu  a 
small,  narrow  bill,  weak  feet,  more  extensively  feathered  tansu.s,  and 
iu  a  peculiar  softness  of  the  plumage  without  metallic  gluss,  seen 


.MfnU       HIRUNDO.      v;4l'/'<i- 


297 


.1  THtM] 

ncrlwps  only  elsewhere  in  Callivhelidon  cyanecnnndia.  The  buwul 
joint  of  n»i(J<lIe  toe  is  entirely  adhifrent  externally,  and  for  more  thuu 
halt  internally,  and  in  this  respect  agrees  with  leucojdera  and  allii- 
lined,  while  in  hivolor  and  leucorrhoa  it  is  adherent  for  only  three- 
fourths  externally,  and  about  half  internally. 

The  feet  of  //.  leucorrhoa  appear  proportionally  more  robuHt  than 
in  other  Hpecies,  differing  in  this  respect  from  its  miniature,  albilineaj 
which  agrees  better  with  the  rest. 

The  following  is  a  nynopsis  of  the  American  speei'  -! ;  all  of  which, 
as  stated,  are  green  above,  with  or  without  white  rini-|)j  white 
beneath : —  ■,  •   .  :. 

.a.    Tachycineta, 
Plumage  Hoft  ftnd  velvety,  witbont  uietallio  gloss.     Sides  of  head,      '     ' 

space  around  eyes,  and  whole  under  parta  white ;  with  the         :  r     ,  it 
fuatUers  all  plumbenuH  at  base.     Female  duller  in  plumage.     .^  , 
Above  greeu,  with  various  shades  aud  tinges  of  violet  and     .       .      ' 
purple thalauina. 


i;'(V 


Plumage  above  compact,  and  with  rich  (usually  gieen)  metallio  ;  ' 

gloss.     Siiles  of  head  to  line  with  eyes  like  its  upper  part. 
Beneath  white,  sometimes  with  ashy  tinge  across  breast ;  the  -, ;,  :^ 

feathers  of  chin  and  throat,  and  generally  of  crissum,  white  ':•':.    . 

to  base.     A  concealed  spot  in  jugulum.  •!< 

Entire  upper  parts  uniform  In  color.  ] 

Inside  of  wings  and  axillars  ash  color.    No  concealed 

basal  white  on  the  upper  parts  .         ,         .   hicolor. 

Ramp  wbite.     No  white  loral  line. 

Back  green.     Pure  white  beneath.    Peathe"  a  of  back 

and  forehead  with  much  concealed  white  at  base. 

Edges  of  secondaries  and  greater  coverts  white  albiventria. 

"Back  bluish  or  purple.      A    grayish  band  across 

.   >       breast.     No  white  on  wing.      Feathers  of  back 

— — ^ —  ?  at  base'' meytni. 

Bump  white.     A  distinct  whit«»  loral  line. 
'"'*"■     "  '    Rump  plain  white.     Bases  of  dorsal  feathers  ashy. 
No  shaft  streaks  beneath.     Length,  5.60;  wing, 
4.50;  tail,  4.40 leucorrhoa. 

Rump  and  under  parts  with  more  or  less  distinct 
I  dusky  shaft  streaks.     Breast  and  sides  with  an 

ashy  tinge.    Length,  4.50  ;  wing,  3.75  ;  tail,  2.00  aUnlinea. 

Hirundo  btcolor. 

Ilduiido  hirnlor,  ViEiLL.  0,3.  Am.  Sept.  I,  1807,  61,  pi.  xxxl. — Aud. 
Oru.  Biog.  I,  pi.  98. — In.  B.  A.  I,  pi.  46.— Cassin.— Brewkk,  N.  Am. 


J.,;. 


298 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  niUDS. 


[part  I. 


I'    I' 


Ool.  I,  1857,  100,  pi.  iv,  fig.  47  (egga).— Lkmiiktr,  Avt>R  lU  Caba, 
1850,  4U,  lam.  vii,  flg.  2.— UArKD,  Uinia  N.  Am.  1858,  310.— Lobd, 
Pr.  R.  A.  hiHt.  Woolwiuh,  IV  18U4, 15  (Hr.  Columbia  ;  nextiiiK).- 
Jo.NKH,  Bnrmudas,  34  (8ept.  22,  1849). — Cuopkh  &  Si'cklky,  i*.  R, 
R.  Rep.  XII,  II,  l»4.—Pelrochelidon  bicolor,  Bclatkh,  I'.  Z.  S.  1857, 

201 Ih.   1859,  3U4  (Xalai>a).— Iii.   Catal.   18B1,  40.— H<  latkr  & 

Salvin,  Ibis,  1859,  13  (Guatemala). — Tuchyrttirla  bicolor,  Cab. 
MuH.  Uein.  1850,  48  ;  Jour.  Orti.  185(j,  4  (Cuba) — Uu.nulacu,  Jour. 
Orn.  18U1,  330  (common  in  Cnua).  , 

Ilirxmdo  viridia,  WiLH.  Am.  Orn.   f,  1812,  pi.  38. 

Ilirundo  leucogatter,  Stepurnh,  SLaw,  Qen.  Zool.  X,  1817,  105. 

Ilab.  Whole  United  States,  and  north  to  Slave  Lake,  sonth  to  Gunt»'mala ; 
Vermudau  ;  Cuba,  common  in  winter.     In  summer  on  table-landd  of  Mexiuo, 

I  find  no  essential  difference  in  coloration  in  a  larf^e  series  from 
different  parts  of  North  America,  Mexico,  and  Guatemala.  A  skin 
from  Fort  Kae  is  larger  than  the  rest,  measuring — wing,  4.90  ;  tail, 
2.65.  Carlisle  specimens  measure  4.75  and  2.50,  respectively.  In 
a  single  specimen  in  the  museum  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences,  from  California,  the  back  and  rump  have  a  steel 
blue  gloss,  rather  than  green — seen  to  less  extent  in  some  Smith- 
sonian skins  from  the  West  Coast— while  others  exhibit  nothing  of 
the  kind,  and  I  cannot  think  that  there  is  any  good  reason  for  sup- 
posing that  there  may  be  a  western  species  as  distinguished  from 
an  eastern.  Western  and  Mexican  skins  have  perhaps  a  nillur 
smaller  bill,  and  the  feathers  of  the  tarsus  appear  to  extend  further 
along  the  inner  side. 

The  occurrence  of  this  species  in  the  high  region  between  Orizaba 
and  City  of  Mexico,  in  Juno,  as  recorded  below,  is  a  fact  of  great 
iuterest. 

Specimens  from  the  whole  United  States  from  east  to  west,  and 
north  to  boundary  ;  also — 


8m\th- 

Collec- 

Sex 

When 
Collected. 

■oiiiaD 
No. 

tor  ^ 
No. 

Hnd 
AKe. 

Locality. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

20  040 

,  , 

? 

Moone  Factory,  H.B. 

May  28,  '60. 

C.  Drexler. 

a'lM'i 

,  , 

ti 

.  •  . 

J.  M'Keuzle. 

27,'299 

1,298 

,  , 

isig  Uland,  S.  Lake. 

J.  Reed. 

,"«1,22.J 

.  .  • 

«i 

2.1.134 

,  , 

Fort  Simpson, 
fort  TouKOD. 

>  •  • 

B.  R.  Rof>«. 

27,:!iiO 

1,331 

? 

June. 

R  Kennlcott. 

4.06.3 

,  , 

rf 

Matamoran.  Mex. 

>  *  • 

Lt.  Coucli, 

Dr.  Berlaudler. 

2»,203 

^  , 

Orizaba,  Mox. 

Prof.  Suinlchrast. 

30,711 

3S8 

. . 

Vera  Paz,  Ouat. 

O.  Salvin. 

Salvia  &  Godm. 

3r).134 

18.) 

.. 

Flue  region  above 

June,  l'«64. 

Dr.  Siirt'-rluH. 

8d,13A 

19J 

•• 

"[Mirador.Mex. 

iV-' 


AS) 


»I(UH»  VI   HIRUNDO.       'iAVrUft 


209 


Hlruntlo  thalasslna. 

Uirundo  thala»»ina,  tivrxinmv,  Plill.  Mag.  1, 1827,  3(J5  (Mexico). — Am. 
r  ■'  Orn.  Blog.  IV,  pi.  3Hr).— In.  IJ.  A.  I,  pi.  4«.— Uukwku,  N.  A.  Ool. 
-'"  °  1, 1857, 102  (the  flg.  pi.  t,  flg.  74  of  egg  belongH  to  another  HpeoleH). 

— Baikd,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  311.— Maxam.  Cab.  Jour.  1858,  101. 

—  Lord,  Pr.  R.  A.  Innt.  Woolw.  IV.  18t)4, 115  (Vancouver  M. ;  nents 

■  *'  In  holes  of  trees).— Coopkr  &  SnrKLKV,  F.  R.  R.  R»'p.  XII,  ii,  185 

''  (W.  T.).—Chelidon  thalamina,  Boib,  IhIh,  1844,  \1\.—  Tarhiirineta 

thulasiitKt,  Cab.   Mus.    Ilein.    1850,  48. — Petrnchelidon  thalnmua, 

BcLATKR  &  Salvin,  Ibls,  1H59,  13  (Guatemala). — Sclatku,  Catal. 

1861,  39,  no.  239.— Ib.  V.  Z.  S.  1804,  173  (City  Mex.) 

i7jft.  Western  and  middle  provinces  of  United  States,  south  to  Guatemala. 

SpofMiiens  from  dilTcrcnt  locnlititis,  as  well  as  from  tljc  huiiic  i)lace, 
vary  Honiewhat  in  the  shade  of  coloration.  Sonietimos,  as  in  other 
Swallows,  the  innermost  secondariea  aro  edged  and  tipped  with 
wliite,  more  or  less  conspicuously.  Young  birds  are  uniform  lustre- 
less grayish-brown  above,  something  like  Cotyle  ri[)aria,  white 
below,  with  perhaps  a  tinge  of  ashy  across  breast ;  the  upper  sur- 
face of  wings  and  tail  with  a  greenish  gloss ;  the  whole  side  of 
head,  including  loral  region  and  around  the  eye,  dusky,  not  white  as 
ill  the  adult.  The  white  feathers  on  the  posterior  inner  face  of  the 
tarsus  are  more  conspicuous  than  in  the  adult,  and  reach  nearly  two- 
thirds  the  way  to  the  toes,  but  do  not  exist  at  tiie  lower  end  as  in 
CoUjle  riparia,  which  at  once  distinguishes  them.  All  the  feathers 
of  under  parts,  even  of  chin  and  throat,  are  gray  at  base,  not  white; 
those  of  breast  plumbeous  to  near  tips,  with  a  central  stripe  of  lighter 
(concealed). 

Specimens  (probably  resident)  from  Cape  St.  Lucas  are  much 
smaller  than  from  Upper  California,  the  wing  measuring  3.95,  the 
tail  l.flO  inches,  while  1,89.5  measures  4.50  and  2.20,  respectively. 
No.  29,204,  from  a  typical  locality  (Orizaba),  measures  4.70  and 
2.40. 

Tiio  fully  fledged  young  bird  differs  so  much  in  appearance  from 
the  iidult,  that  I  was  at  one  time  inclined  to  consider  them  as  differ- 
ent species.  The  female  is  duller  than  the  male,  especially  on  the 
head  and  rump.  ; 


.1,- 


'^^'-'^m 


\ 


M 


•»:..., 


'^TT^ 


1           '    *        -**** 

* 

{ 

■*    • 

l- 


k . 


n;  " 


300 


REVIEW  OF  AMEP' J  BIRbS. 


[I'AUT  I. 


Smith- 

Colloe- 

Sex 

• 

Whon 

suuiuu 

tnr'» 

nod 

Looallty. 

Received  f'ora 

Collected  by 

No. 

No. 

ARe. 

l»,;t.)() 

Gray  BullCr'k.NoJ. 

June  7,  '()i> 

Capt.  KuyuoldH. 

G.  H.  Tniuk. 

19,20!) 

i 

Wind  Uivm',  Nel). 

.May  '2»),  'lH) 

" 

Dr.  lliiyilea. 

6,»6.-> 

aio 

Medicine  B»w  Cr. 

Jnly2.1, '.'.7, 

Lt  F.  T  Bryan. 

W.  8.  Wood. 

11,038 

•  • 

d 

Fort  Bridgor. 

Viotoiitt. 

May  21,  'fili. 

C.  Drexler. 
J.  Hepburn. 

1,89.-1 
1,04.1 

•• 

i 

Columbia  Klver. 

4t 

July  12, '30. 

8.  F.  Baird. 

t4 

J.  K.  Townsend. 

12.8S5 

, , 

Napa  Valley,  Cal. 

..-. 

A.  J.  OrayHon. 

12,949 

fi.'i? 

, , 

Sau  Jose,  Cape  St. 

J.  XantUH. 

12,9.W 

667 

, , 

"      [Lucas. 

•  •  ■ 

" 

3,934 

229 

rf 

Saltlllo,  ilex. 

■  •  • 

Lt.  Couch. 

13,890 

,  , 

Mexico. 

.  ■ . 

J.  Oould. 

J.  Taylor. 

1.-51 

^  ^ 

tt 

•  • . 

Cab.  Lanreiioe. 

29,204 

2S.'5 

,  , 

Orizaba,  Mex. 

*  * . 

Prof.  Niimlchragt. 

.•;o,7io 

383 

9 

Sau  Qeronioio,  Vera 

■  f  • 

0.  Stilvlu. 

80,712 

3,716 

d- 

[Paz. 

Jan.  )^e2. 

41 

(1,899.)  Typ«  of  Mr.  Audubon's  figure r 

Hirundo  alMlinea. 

.. .  ^      Petrochelidon  leucoptera,  Lawrence,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lyo.  1861,  317,  no.  15J 

i;  'J  ,1 

(Panama)  (not  of  Gmelin). 
Petrochtlidon  albHinea,  Lawhkncb,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.  VIII  (read  April  27), 
"'  '  May,  1863  (Panama). 

Petrochelidon  lUtorea,  Salvin,  P.  Z.  S.  (read  May  21)  1863,  189  (both 
coasts  of  Central  America). 

'    Hab.  Line  of  Panama  R.  R.,  northward  along  coast  of  Central  America; 
Mazatlanf  '■!,'-'■■<,:■>■•■''"      '■-  ij-.*'.'". *.'';'■:■' ".'.A 

(No.  35,049,  % .)  Above  glossy  compact  green,  including  head,  back, 
upper  tail  coverts,  and  sides  of  head  to  the  level  of  the  gape  and  below  the 
eye ;  wings  and  tail  similar,  but  less  brilliant.  Rump  all  round,  external 
edges  of  the  central  secondaries,  entire  under  parts,  including  lining  of  wings 
and  axillars,  white,  with  perhaps  a  faint  ashy  tinge,  especially  across  tlie 
breast ;  the  shafts  inclined  to  be  dusky,  especially  on  the  rump.  Lores 
gret-ni-sh  dusky,  bordered  above  by  an  obscure  white  line  from  base  of  bill; 
the  feathers  of  the  hind  neck  and  upper  part  of  back,  as  well  as  those  of  thtt 
forehead,  with  much  concealed  white.  There  is  a  trace  of  a  narrow  pectoral 
collar  of  green  on  the  sides  of  the  breast,  entirely  interrupted  below,  however. 
The  feathers  of  chin  and  throat  entirely  white,  of  crissum  white,  except  at 
extreme  base».  ''    '•  "vit.'.ji,  /.n-j  ■,-.■■''  --^  ;,:-.,..•  ;lv.j,«.v':',_  ■-■.« 

The  white  of  under  parts  appears  perfectly  pure  on  throat,  middle 
of  belly,  and  crissum ;  across  the  breast  there  is  a  shade  of  nsliy,  a,s 
al.so  in  the  sides,  most  appreciable  when  the  feathers  are  raised.  On 
the  rump  the  dusky  shaft  streaks  are  most  decided,  and  towards  the 
end  involve  the  adjacent  webs  to  some  extent ;  below  they  are 
appreciable  to  a  careful  examination,  except  perhaps  on  the  chin 
and  throat.  There  is  a  good  deal  of  white  at  the  base  of  tlie  tail 
feathers  on  ihe  inner  webs.  There  is  also  a  gloss  of  violet,  in  some 
aspects,  on  the  wings  and  tail. 


^^m 


I  'M//1 


HIRUNDO. 


301 


(JJo.  35,049,  %  .)  Total  length,  4.25  ;  wing,  3  Tf) ;  tail,  1.90  ;  <lepth  of  ioik, 
.25;  (inference  of  primaries,  1.80;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .35,  from 
nostril,  .22,  along  gape  .55,  width  of  gape,  .45  ;  taraua,  .42 ;  middle  toe  and 
chv,  .ri5,  claw  alone,  .18 ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .33,  claw  alone,  .15. 

Tlio  above  description  is  taken  from  a  type  of  Mr.  Salvin's  P. 
littoi'ea.  Mr.  Lawrence'a  type  of  albilinea  is  alinont  precisely  like 
it— a  little  larger,  and  with  patches  of  a  more  bluish  gloss  on  the 
back.   '  '      '  '-  '^   "'"•■""'  '"":■■ 

This  species  is  very  similar  to  P.  leucorrhoa,*  of  iJufiios  Ayres, 
which  is,  however,  much  ldr}.rer,  and  lacks  the  concealed  white  of  the 
forehead  and  hind  neck.  The  greenish-black  collar  margining  the 
jugulum  in  leucorrhoa  is  more  nearly  continuous  below,  and  is  in  a 
measure  completed  by  concealed  dusky  edges  to  the  feathers  across 
the  breast.  There  is  no  dusky  appreciable  on  the  shafts  of  the 
feathers  of  the  under  parts,  and  almost  none  on  the  rump,  and  there 
is  no  distinct  white  at  the  base  of  the  tail  feathers.  The  outer  tail 
feather  is  narrowly  edged  with  whitish. 

An  albino  '^.vallow,  collected  by  Col.  Grayson,  at  Mazatlan, 
heloiigs,  as  nearly  as  I  can  ascertain,  to  H.  albilinea. 

Both  these  species  are  distinguished  from  P.  leucoptera  of  eastern, 
and  P.  meyeni  of  western  South  America,  by  their  white  loral  stripo 
or  line.  I  add  description  of  these  two  species  in  order  to  complete 
the  history  of  the  genus. 


'  Hirundo  leucorrhoa. 

Jlirundo  leucorrhoa,  Vieill.  Nonv.  Diet.  XI «',  1817,  519,  and  Encycl. 
Meth.  1823,  523,  Paraguay  (Azara,  Apant.  II,  b09).—Pelrochc.li(lon 
hue.  Cab.  Mus.  Hein.  1850,  48. —  Cotyle  leuc.  Bdrm.  Uebers.  Ill, 
1856,  144.— Ib.  La  Plata  Reiae,  18(51,  478  (Parana). 

Hirundo  frontalis,  Gould,  Pr.  Zool.  Soo.  1837,  22. — Id.  Birds  Peagle, 
1841,  40  (Monte  Video). 

"Hirundo  leucnpyga,"  Light.  Mus.  Berol. — Cabanis,  Kus.  Hein.  48. 

Hirundo  gouldii   "A8SIN,  Pr.  A.  N.  So.  1850,  09  ("H.  frontalis,"  Goold). 

Hab,  Paragaay  and  adjacent  regions.     Tresis  in  hollow  trees  or  boles  in 

ground. 

(No.  12,351.)  Total  length,  6.20 ;  wing,  4.45  ;  tail,  2.40 ;  depth  of  fork,  .20 ; 
difference  of  quills,  2.10  f  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .40,  from  noatril,  .25, 
along  gape,  .61 ;  tarsus,  .50  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .70,  claw  alone,  .20  ;  hind 
toe  and  claw,  .46,  oiaw  alone,  .21. 


Smit))- 

eoaiaii 

No, 

Cnllec-  Sex 
tiir'g  1  and 
No.    1  Age. 

ooallty. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  bf" 

12,S51 

27 

•• 

Bo6Doi  Ayrei. 

... 

C»pt.  Paer«,  U.  S.  8. 
Argentina. 

'f 


'•Ill    l^lfk^: 


;      ■: 


^■ 


ii.ii'' 

1 

,    ' 

'■ 

i  >¥"  r  ■ ' 

1  h  '■  '■'  - 

¥  ' 

Ir: 

):' 


*,■■ 


302 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


Smtth- 

Biiniau 

No. 

Collec- 
tor's 
No. 

Sex 

HOd 

Age. 

'..f 

Wheo 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

34,026? 

3.-«,049 

393 
155 

Maiatlan. 

San  .loKe,  Oiiat. 

PHUHiim  K.  K. 

Jan.  1863. 

Col.  OrayHon. 
0.  Salvin. 
Cab.  Lawrence. 

Salvin  &Goilman, 
M'Leau.  &  Galb. 

(34,026?)  Albino.    (35.049.)  Type  of  PetrocAeticion  iiUorea.    (155.)  Type  of  speclei. 

Hirundo  albiventris. 

Hirundo  albiventrts,  Bonn.  1782  (Bdfp.  PI.  enl.  546, 2,  Cayenne). — Pelro- 
a'  chelidon  alb.  Sclatkr,  Catal.  1861,  41,  no.  247. 

V  Hirundo  leucoptera,  Qm.  S.  N.  II,  1788, 1022  (based  on  PI.  enl.  as  above). 

'i.    ,w  i        — Cab.  Schomb.  Quiana,  III,  672. — Petrochelidon  leuc,  Cah.  Mus. 
^,5;,,,,    ,,       Hein.  I,  48.—  Coti/le  leuc.  Bukm.  Uebers.  Ill,  1856,  143  (Brazil).— 
Ib.  Reise  La  Plata,  II,  1861,  478  (Banda  Oriental). 

Bill  very  large ;  tail  much  emarginated.  Above  glossy  metallic  greenish- 
blue  on  the  head,  more  bluish-green  on  the  back.  Rump  white  (but  not  tail 
coverts,  wliich  are  like  the  back)  all  round,  as  also  entire  under  parts,  in- 
cluding inside  of  wings.  Outer  edges  of  the  inner  secondaries  'nd  inner 
great  coverts,  most  of  inner  webs  of  lateral  tail  feathers  and  portion 

of  feathers  of  whole  back,  hind  neck,  and  forehead  also  white.  1..  ace  of  an 
interrupted  pectoral  collar,  except  concealed  basal  gray  across  the  breast, 
darkest  in  a  median  spot.  Only  occasional  and  almost  inappreciable  dusky 
shaft  streaks.  Feathers  of  chin  and  throat  entirely  white,  those  of  the  crissum 
with  the  extreme  root  only  plumbeous.  -jrr,       .^  •     1       , 

Young  birds  appear  to  have  more  white  on  the  wings. 

(No.  35,056.)  Total  length,  5.40 ;  wing,  4.20  ;  tail,  2.25  ;  fork,  .34  ;  difference 
between  quills,  2.10;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .50,  from  nostril,  .27,  along 
gape,  .68;  width  of  gape,  .50;  tarsus,  .44;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .60,  claw 
alone,  .19 ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .36,  claw  alone,  .19. 

P.  meyeni^  (leucopyga,  Meyen,  nee  Licht.)  I  have  not  seen,  though 
it  is  said  to  be  closely  allied,  but  to  diflFer  in  a  steel  blue  back,  a 
grayish  band  across  the  breast,  and  the  absence  of  white  edges  to 
the  wing  feathers,  thus  probably  more  like  leucorrhoa,  but  without 
the  white  loral  line,  and  with  a  decided  grayish  pectoral  band. 

'  Hirundo  xneyeni  (leucopyga). 

Hirundo  leucopyga,  Meyen,  Nova  acta  Ac.  L.  C.  XVI,  II,  1834,  snppl. 

73,  pi.  X  (Chile).  — Co/y*  leu.  Bdrm.  Uebers.  Ill,  1856,  144.- 

Hirundo  leucopygia,  Gould,  Birds  Beagle,  1841,  40  (Valparaiso  and 

Tierra  del  Fuego). 
Petrochelidon  meyeni,  Cab.  Mus.  Hein.   I,  1850,  48. — Sclatek,  Catal. 

1861,  40,  no.  246.— Cassin,  Catal.  Hir.  1853. 

Hah.  Coast  of  Chile  and  Patagonia. 

Note. — If  leucopyga,  as  used  by  Lichtenstein  for  77.  leucorrhoa,  be  merely  a 
museum  name,  as  appears  probable,  it  should  stand  for  the  present  species. 


HIRUNDO. 


303 


gmith-  Collec- 

•floUn'  tor's 

»o.       No 


I 


«,048 


Sex 
and 
Age. 


342 


Locality. 


Brazil. 
Bab  la. 


When 
Collected. 


Received  from 


Acad.  Nat.  Sciences. 
Cab.  Lawrence. 


Collected  by 


Callichelidon,  Bryant. 

Cdllichelidon,  Bryant,  MSS.     (Type  H.  cyaneoviridis,  Bryant.) 

Nostrils  lateral ;  overhung  by  membrane.  Tarsi  lengthened ;  equal  to  middle 
toe  and  more  than  half  the  claw  ;  entirely  bare  of  feathers.  Basal  joint  of 
middle  toe  entirely  adherent  externally,  for  more  than  half  internally.  Lateral 
toes  equal,  or  outer  a  little  the  longer.  Tail  deeply  forked  ;  the  feathers  some- 
vhat  attenuated  ;  as  long  as  the  wings. 

Above  green,  beneath  white. 

The  tj'pe  of  this  new  subgenus,  perhaps  entitled  to  rank  as  a  full 
genus,  has  tiie  same  soft  velvety  condition  of  the  dorsal  plumage, 
witiiout  metallic  lustre,  as  in  thalassina.  The  tail  is  deeply  forked 
and  the  lateral  feathers  narrow  and  tapering  from  the  base.  The 
second  species,  placed  here  provisionally  on  account  of  the  long 
bare  tarsi,  exhibi'.d  on  the  back  a  strong  metallic  lustre,  and  the  tail 
is  le.ss  deeply  forked. 

The  legs  are  longer  and  more  naked  than  in  other  American 
Swallows — in  this  respect  approaching  Cheramceca,  of  Cab.  (C.  leii- 
costei'na,  of  Australia).  Here,  however,  the  outer  toe  is  said  to  be 
shorter  than  inner ;  the  claws  very  large,  the  outer  toe  but  little 
adherent  at  base. 

'  -'t  'r  Si/nop.iis  of  Species. 

Above  soft  velvety  grass  green,  changing  to  blue  on  mmp. 
Beneath  pure  white.  Feathers  of  chin  and  throat  white 
to  base cyaneoviridis. 

Above  metallic  golden  green.  Beneath  white  ;  the  chin  dusky. 
Feathers  of  chin  and  throat  plumbeous  at  base  ;  of  breast 
with  large  greenish  spots,  somewhat  concealed        .         .  euchrysea. 

Rinindo  cyaneoTiridia. 

Hirundo  cyaneoviridis,  Bryant,  Pr.  Boat.  N.  H.  Soc.  VII,  1859,  111 
(Nassau,  N.  P.,  Bahamas;  very  abundant). — Callichelidon  cyaneo- 
viridis, Bryant,  MSS. 

flfjfc.  Island  of  New  Providence,  Bahamas. 

(No.  11,1)46.)  Upper  parts  soft  velvety  green,  with  a  slight  occasional 
gleam  of  golden,  passing  on  the  wings  iirto  greenish-blue,  and  on  ti^j  rump 


K 


304 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


and  upper  tail  coverts  into  greenish  blue  and  violet.  Beneath  pure  white, 
tiie  sides  and  linings  of  wings  faintly  tinged  with  a!»hy.  Ear  ooverts  wliite, 
tinged  at  ends  with  dusky  ;  traces  of  a  narrow  dusky  collar  on  the  sides  of  the 
jtigulum.  Feathers  of  chin  and  throat  white  to  very  base,  those  of  jugulum 
and  rest  of  under  parts  lead  color  towards  roots.  The  lateral  tail  featliem 
externally  are  edged  narrowly  with  whitish.  Tie  ends  of  the  quills  have  a 
violet  tinge.  The  bases  of  the  feathers  of  nape  and  forehead  light  gray,  but 
not  white. 

Total  length,  5.80;  wing,  4.60;  tail,  3.00;  depth  of  fork,  l.OO;  difference 
between  primarie.s,  2.35  ;  length  of  l)ill  from  forehead,  .44,  from  nostril,  ,23, 
along  gape,  .57,  width,  .47  ;  tarsus,  .49  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .56,  claw  alone, 
.20 ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .3(3,  claw  alone,  .20. 


I 


'  ■■:■,-•  i;>. 


'B  si  '■■ 


■0' 


i..:.-L.:.l„ 
ft-     ■  '   (■ 


1 
Smith-  Collec-  Sex 
Biiiilan    tor's   '  iiud 
No.        No.     '  A«e. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from            Collected  by 

11,946  ;     .. 

•• 

NaHNau,  Bahamas. 

April,  18.)9. 

Dr.  H.  Bryant,      \            

(11,940,)  Typa. 


Hirundo  enchrysea. 


>■•« 


>-iC« 


Hirundo  euchrysea,  GossE,  Birds  Jamaica,  1847,  68  (.Tam.). — In.  Ill,  tab. 
xii. — March,  Pr.  A.  N.  Sc.  1863,295. — Ilerne  euchrysea,  Bp,  Consp. 
,-,.     341.— PetrochelidoH  eu.  Sclatbk,  P.  Z.  S.  1861,  72.— Ib.  Catal.  ISGI, 
/,     39,  no.  240  (Jam.).      ^^     .  ,/  / 


!  ffab.  Jamaica.  '■    ■  ; 

(No.  23,333,  9  •)  Above  bright  and  lustrous  metallic  green  and  golden, 
variously  blended ;  the  quills  and  tail  feathers,  with  lining  of  wings  and 
axillars,  similar,  but  duller.  Beneath  white  ;  the  metallic  green  of  the  head 
extending  on  the  edge  of  the  chin,  the  middle  part  of  which  is  grayish ;  the 
jugulum  and  breast  with  large  dull  spots  somewhat  like  the  back.  Down  of 
the  back  of  neck  and  of  the  back  rather  dark  ashy.  Tibiae  brown.  Quill 
and  tail  feathers  blackish-brown,  glossed  as  described.  Feathers  of  chin  and 
throat  gray  at  extreme  base. 

(No.  23,333,  9.)  Total  length,  4.70;  wing,  4.35  ;  tail,  2.30;  difference  of 
primaries,  2.10?  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .37,  from' nostril,  .20,  along 
gape,  .47,  width,  .35  ;  tarsus,  .42;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .48,  claw  aloue,  .15; 
hind  toe  s,nd  claw,  .28,  claw  alone,  .14.  >'- 


Smlth- 

Nonian 

No. 

Collec- 
tor's 
No. 

Sex 

and- 

Age. 

LocftUty. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

a.'i.&w 

80,284 

77 

¥ 

Trelswoey,  Jam. 
Spanishtown,  Jam. 

JnnelB, 'fi9. 
Jan.  1863. 

P.  L.  Sclater. 
W,  T.  March. 

W.  Osburu. 

:.^  ■  '*K*.i  a--i 


Wf 


My 


ATTICOUA. 


41VSU*. 


806 


ATTICORA,  BoiB. 
Atticora,  Boih,  Isis,  1844.     (Type  Ilirundo  fasciata,  Gm.) 

Atticora,  in  its  more  extended  sense,  includes  a  series  of  small 
spficies  (the  least  of  the  American  members  of  the  family)  with 
diminutive  bills,  the  nostrils  superior  and  broadly  open,  bordered 
behind  by  membrane,  but  not  overhung  laterally.  The  tarsi  long 
in  proportion,  equalling  the  middle  toe  and  half  the  claw ;  either 
slightly  feathered  above,  or  entirely  bare ;  the  adhesion  of  the  middle 
toe  to  the  outer  variable,  but  carried  to  its  maximum  extent  in  some 
forms.  Tail  forked,  sometimes  very  deeply.  The  subdivisions  are 
as  follows : — 

Pyoociielidon. — Basal  joint  of  middle  toe  adherent,  except  at  extreme  end. 
Tarsus  feathered  at  upper  end  on  inner  face.  Dusky,  or  else  lustroua 
black  above  and  on  orissum. 

Atticora. — Basal  and  middle  joints  of  middle  toe  adherent  externally.  Taraua 
feathered  above.  Tail  very  deeply  forked.  Lustrous  black,  with  pectoral 
band  and  tibia  white.     »/: 

NoTiocHELiDON. — Basal  and  half  of  middle  joints  of  middle  toe  adherent  ex- 
ternally ;  tarsi  entirely  bare.  Top  of  head,  wings,  and  tail  black  ;  brown 
on  back  and  crissum. 

Neochelidok. — Toes  as  in  last ;  tarsus  feathered  above.    Dull  lustreless  brown. 

In  all  the  species  the  feathers  of  chin  and  throat  are  plumbeous 

at  base.  ''  ^^  t.;^-  ■':<'■  '-.■:'. 


'•  .  a;  -r.  s^'       Atticora,  Boie. 

Nostrils  superior,  broadly  open  and  circular ;  bounded  for  posterior  half  by 
membrane  ;  not  overhung,  however,  on  the  inner  side.  Frontal  feathers  soft, 
fimooth,  without  any  bristles,  neitlier  at  base  of  upper  mandible  nor  on  chin. 
Bill  small  and  delicate.  Legs  rather  large  an  stout,  the  toes  shorter  than 
usual ;  tarsus  nearly  equal  to  middle  toe  and  claw,  the  tibial  joint  with 
feathers  attached,  and  slightly  invading  and  overhanging  upper  end,  but  not 
extending  ulong  inner  face.  Outer  and  middle  toes  connate  for  half  the  length 
of  the  lattiir,  leaving  only  tl\e  terminal  joints  of  each  (exclusive  of  claws) 
free ;  the  basal  joint  of  middle  toe  adherent  to  the  outer  toe.  The  claws 
sharp  and  curved  ;  the  lateral  toes  equal. 

Tail  deeply  forked,  extending  beyond  wings  ;  lateral  feathers  tapering,  but 
not  attenuated,  one-half  longer  than  the  middle. 

Color  entirely  lustrous  black,  with  white  abdominal  band  and  tibia. 

The  great  amount  of  adhesion  of  the  toes  characterizes  this  sub- 
20     May,  186B. 


"fe"?/' J^.  • ' 


-■«* 


306 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


: 


genus  among  American  Swallows.  In  two  specimens  before  me  I 
can  make  out  only  ten  tail  feathers,  and  cannot  say  whether  more 
exist.  Neither  has  the  wings  perfect,  so  that  I  cannot  indicate  the 
number  of  primaries.  The  type,  and  hitherto  single  representative 
of  the  section,  is  A.  fasciata,  of  Cayouue.* 


NoTiocHELiDON,  Baird. 
Notiochelidon,  BkitLD.     (Type  Atticora  pileata,  Qovvo,') 

Bill  small ;  nostrils  superior,  as  in  Atticora,  but  less  perfectly  circular. 
Tarsi  entirely  bare,  even  on  the  joint  of  tibia,  rather  long — equal  to  middle 
toe  and  half  claw.  Lateral  toes  short ;  about  equal,  or  the  outer  a  little  the 
longer ;  the  claws  all  stout,  sharp,  much  curved.  Outer  toe  adherent  for 
nearly  half  its  length  (two  terminal  joints  free)  ;  the  terminal  one  and  a  half 
joints,  or  three-fifths  of  middle  toe  free.  Inner  toe  united  to  basal  two-thirds 
of  middle.  Tail  deeply  forked  for  about  one-third  the  length,  the  branches 
divaricated. 

No  metallic  lustre,  except  upon  the  top  of  head.  Beneath  white ;  the 
crissum  blackish. 

This  form  differs  from  typical  Atticora  in  less  deeply  forked  tail, 
and  in  less  adhesion  of  toes — the  middle  toe  being  free  externally 
for  one  and  a  half  joints,  instead  of  only  one,  and  internally  in  pro- 
portion. The  feet  are  more  slender,  and  the  claws  less  curved ;  the 
tarsus  entirely  bare,  even  to  the  joint. 

'  Atticora  fasciata. 

Uirundo  fasciata,  Gm.  S.  N.  I,  1788,  1022  (based  on  PI.  enl.  724,  fig.  2, 
■  (Cayenne). — S\v.  Zool.   111.  2d  ser.  pi.   xvii. — Atticora  fasciata, 
BoiK,  Isis,  1844,  172.— Bpem.  Ueb.  Ill,  1857,  146.— Sclater,  Catal. 
1861,  39,  no.  236. 

iff  Hab.  Brazil  and  Cayenne. 

Entirely  glossy  black,  with  faint  dark  steel  blue  lustre ;  wings  and  tail 
duller.  A  sharply  defiued  white  band  across  the  sides  and  middle  of  breast; 
tibiae  white.     The  claws  very  sharp. 

(No.  149.)  Total  length,  5.40  ;  wing,  3.90  ;  tail,  3.20  ;  depth  of  fork,  1.20; 
length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .37,  from  nostril,  .20,  along  gape,  .46,  .width,  .38; 
tarsus,  .50;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .50,  claw  alone,  .19;  hind  toe  and  claw, 
.34,  claw  alone,  .19. 


Smith-  Collec- 
•iDDlan    ti>r'H 

No.    i    No. 

Sex 
aod 

Age. 

Locality. 

Wheu 
Collocled. 

Received  from            Collected  by 

1 

3J,0S>7 

8i:j 
149 

d" 

Cay  e  one. 

... 

APHd.  Nut.  Seiniices.               

Cub.  Lawrence.        i            

^Pip 


ATTICORA. 


807 


Attlcora  pileata. 

Atiicora  pileata,  Gould,  Pr.  Z.  S.  1858,  355  (Qaatemala). — Sclateb  & 
Salvin.  Ibia,  I,  1859,  13. 

llah,  Ouatemala. 

(No.  30,714,  %  .)  Top  and  sides  of  head  and  neck  black,  with  dull  bluish 
glo»s.  Interscapular  region  and  sides  of  body  smoky  brown  ;  above  passing 
nuuer  gradually  into  blackish-brown  of  rump,  wings,  and  tail;  beneath  ab- 
ruptly defined  against  blackiih-brown  of  crissuni.  Rest  of  under  parts  and 
tibiiE  white;  this  color,  however,  on  the  chin,  throat,  and  jugulum  (the  former 
two  especially)  margining  the  feathers  narrowly  only,  and  exposing  much  of 
the  suioky  brown  bases.     Tibial  feathers  brown  at  base. 

(No.  30,714,  %  .)  To'al  length,  4.75  ;  wing,  3.75  ;  tail,  2.45  ;  depth  of  fork, 
.75;  difference  of  primaries,  1.75 ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .33,  from 
nostril,  .17,  along  gape,  .43,  width,  .35  ;  tarsus,  .43  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .50, 
claw  alone,  .20 ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .35,  claw  alone,  .17. 

This  species  is  totally  different  in  appearance  from  any  other  known 
American  Swallow.  Cabaais  is  in  error  in  suggesting  that  it  may 
be  the  young  of  cyanoleuca. 


,1  >    ..  .i; 


Smith- 

eoDian 
No. 

CoH««- 
tur's 
No. 

Sex 
and 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

30,713 
30,714 

3,704 
377 

Cubna,  Vera  Paz. 

Feb.  1862. 

0.  Salvin. 

aalvin&Ouduiau. 

,>.;-.'];i".r!<j 


Neochelidon,  Sclater. 

Neochelidon,  Sclater,  Catal.  Am.  Birds,  1862,  xvi.  (Type  Ilirumio 
tibialis,  Cass  in.) 

Microrhelidov  Sclater,  Catal.  1861,  39.  (Same  type ;  name  pre- 
occupied.) 

Similar  to  preceding  in  hill  and  toes;  the  tarsus,  however,  with  the  joint 
covered  with  feathers,  which  invade  the  inner  face  at  the  upper  end.  Tail 
less  forked ;  fork  one-fourth  the  length. 

Atticora  tibialis. 

Pelrochelidon  tibialis,  Cass.  Pr.  A.  N.  So.  1853,  370  (Brazil).— A/icro- 
chelidon  tibialis,  Sclater,  Catal.  1861,  39,  no.  238. — Neochelidon 
tibialis,  Sclater,  Catal.  1862,  xvi  (Errata). 

Hab.  Isthmus  of  Panama  to  Brazil. 

The  type  of  the  section  is  the  H.  tibialis,  of  Cassin.  This  species 
is  the  lea.st  of  our  Swallows,  and  resembles  a  Swift  rather  than  a 
Swallow.     It  is  dark  smoky  or  sooty  brown  above  and  on  crissuni. 


.'f 


808 


UEVIEAV  OP  AMERICAN  BlUDS. 


[part  I. 


the  rump  and  under  parts  paler,  the  tibia  white.     A  second  specieg 
appears  to  be  N.  fucata.^  ;  •«-jrf 

(No.  150,  Panama.)  Total  length  4.00;  wing,  3.46;  tail,  2.00 ;  depth  of 
fork,  .45  ;  diflferenoe  between  Ist  and  9th  ijuillH,  1.60;  length  of  bill  from  fore- 
head, .27,  from  nostril,  .17,  along  ga)>e,  .43;  width  at  baue,  .32;  tarsns,  .35; 
middle  toe  and  olaw,  .45,  claw  alone,  .17 ,  hind  too  ftnd  ^law,  .2b,  claw 
alone,  .11.  .*.,iwi    v^ ■■..;. i    :       -;./, 


Smith-  Collee- 


nonian 
No. 


tor'» 
No. 


130 


S«x 
and 
Age. 


Locality. 


Pauama  K.  R. 


When 
Collected. 


Received  from 


Cab.  Lawreuce. 


Collected  \>y 


M'Lean.  k  Oalb. 


PYaocHELiDON,  Baird. 

Pygochelidon,  Baibd.     (Type  Hirundo  cyanoUuca.) 

Bill  minnte.  Nostrils  broadly  oval,  nearly  snperior ;  t\.t-  plane  of  their  ont- 
liue  directed  obliquely  forwards  and  inwards;  nor  rerhnng  anteriorly  on 
inner  edge  by  membrane.  Tarsi  rather  long,  eqaal  to  middle  toe  and  half 
claw  ;  the  joint  and  upper  end  on  inner  face  with  adherent  feathers.  Inner 
toe  slightly  longer.  Basal  joint  of  middle  toe  adherent  externally,  except 
just  at  the  end ;  internally  for  half  the  length.  Tail  forked  for  about  oue- 
fourth  the  leu|;th. 

This  subgenus  differs  from  its  other  allies  with  the  nostrils  superior, 

'  ii.tticora  fnoata. 

Hirundo  fucata,  Temm.  PI.  col.  161,  fig.  1  (Paraguay). — Bcrm.  Uebers. 
Ill,  H5.—  Cotyle/uca(a,  BoiE,  Isis,  1844.— Cab.  M.  H.  I,  49.— Bdkii. 
Uebers.  Ill,  1856, 145.— Ib.  Reise  La  Plata,  II,  1861, 478  (Mendoza). 
Hab.  Paraguay,  Argentina,  and  La  Plata  basin  generally  ? 

This  species  has  usually  been  placed  in  Cotyle,  but  probably  on  account  of 
the  dull  brown  color  of  upper  parts,  somewhat  like  that  of  C.  riparia.  The 
head  and  neck  all  round,  with  the  jugulum,  are  reddish  fulvous,  above,  how- 
ever, only  tinging  the  dark  brown  of  the  head.  The  breast  and  sides  are 
brownish,  the  belly  and  crissum  white,  all  tinged  with  reddish ;  in  general 
aspect,  except  the  reddish  color,  much  like  C  riparia.  It  differs,  however, 
in  exposed  nostrils,  more  connate  and  shorter  toes,  short  claws,  and  absence 
of  tuft  of  feathers  at  lower  end  of  tarsus. 

In  some  respects,  however,  it  differs  decidedly  from  Neochelidon,  as  in  having 
some  bristles  in  the  chin  and  along  the  base  of  commissure.  The  outer  toe 
is  a  little  shorter  than  inner,  not  a  little  longer ;  the  fork  of  the  tail  is  shallower, 
the  feathers  broader  and  more  rounded  at  tip.  In  many  respects  there  is  quite 
a  close  relationship  to  Petrochelidon,  differing  chiefly  in  the  shoitor  and  more 
adherent  toes.     The  style  of  coloration  is  quite  similar. 


mv^ 


'■•>■-' 


ATTICORA. 


309 


in  having  the  toes  more  deeply  cleft — the  basal  joint  of  the  median 
being  free  at  its  extremity  on  the  outer  side,  instead  of  being  adiie- 
rent  to  the  middle,  or  even  the  end  of  the  middle  joint.  From  Pelro- 
chelulon  it  differs  in  the  longer  tarsi,  which  equal  the  middle  too 
and  half  its  claw,  not  the  middle  toe  alone  ;  less  completely  feathered 
tarsi  at  upper  end ;  and  in  wanting  the  bristles  in  the  chin  and  at 
base  of  bill  above,  which  are  soft  and  smooth.  While  the  nostrils 
in  Petrochelidon  appear  in  the  dried  e'dn  to  be  entirely  without 
membrane,  in  Pygochelidon  they  are  bordered  behind  and  internally 
for  a  short  distance,  without,  however,  being  overhung. 

.'■1'' I   <    \ ,' '•'  ^        ■■ . 

'   ■•  ■  Synopsis  of  Species. 

Above  and  on  criasum  uniform  lustrous  blue-black.     Beneath 

white ;  the  feathers  of  chin  and  throat  dark  plumbeous  at 

base. 

Breast  with  a  black  pectoral  band.     Feathern  of  back 

scarcely  white  towards  their  middle  portion.     Cris- 

sum  entirely  black melanoleuca. 

Breast  without  pectoral  band.     Feathers  or  upper  back 

white  in  middle.     Crissum  with  all  feathers  ehtirelj 

black cyanoleuca, 

(Van  montana  with  larger  bill.)  , 

Breast  without  band.    Crissum  white  towards  anus ;  long 
feathers  only  black,  and  towards  their  tips.    Feathers 
of  upp«r  part  of  back  ash-colored,  not  white  in  middle  patof/ontco. 
Above  and  on  crissum  greenish-black.    Beneath  dark  ashy  ;  the 
feathers  of  chin  and  throat  plumbeous  at  base. 

Feathers  of  upper  part  of  back  cinereous,  not  whitish  in 

the  middle         ....  ...  murina, 

Atticora  cyanoleuca. 

Hirundo  cyanoleHca,  Vieill,  Nouv.  Diet.  XIV,  549,  and  Encycl.  M6th. 

1823, 521  (based  on  Golondrina  de  la  timoneUs  negros,  Aeaka,  Apunt. 

Pajaros  Par.  II,  1805,  508).— ^«icora  c.  Cab.  Mus.  Hein.  1850,47. 

— Bdrm.  Uebers.  Ill,  1857,  146.— Ib.  La  Plata  Reise,  II,  1861,  479 

'' '. ' ;  (very  common  in  the  La  Plata  country;  nests  under  eaves  and 

":''  roofs  of  houses). 

Himndo  melampyija,  Light.  Vera.  1823,  57  (Bahia). 
Hirundo  minutu,  Max.  Beit,  III,  369.— Tbmm.  PI.  Col.  209,  fig.  1. 
Hab.  La  Plata  basin  f  Brazil. 

(No.  35,050.)  Above  and  on  sides  of  head  and  reck  to  line  of  gape,  steel 
blue,  including  tail-  and  lesser  wing  coverts,  as  well  as  a  patch  on  side  of 
breast;  wings  and  tail  feathers  dark  blackish-brown,  with  faint  gloss. 
Feathers  of  hind  neck  and  interscapulum  with  concealed  white  in  their  middle 
portion.    Beneath  white,  all  the  feathers  blackish  plumbeous  at  the  base,  ex- 


r  ■ . 


frnjTfr 


1:^ 


,....^..- 


'-■iWi 


810 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


tending  rather  fiirtlier  along  on  the  breaHt ;  thH  f«nth«rri  in  tlie  niitldlu  of  tli« 
lireftHt  witli  a  darker  patcii  on  tlieir  iimer  wobK,  only  vi«il>le  on  raiHiiii;  i\m 
fHatlierrt.  Entire  crisKuin  from  anuo  hlauk,  glossed  on  Hurface  with  Htet-I  IjIuh, 
the  haHea  all  dark  pluuibeouD.  Lining  of  wingH  and  axillartt  dark  Hinoky 
brown  ;  side  of  body  under  wings  waxhed  with  grayish  browu.  Tibia  biuwii, 
the  feathers  slightly  tipped  with  whitish. 

Ininiature  specimens  show  traces  of  a  fulvous  or  rusty  yellowish  waxh  on 
the  under  parts. 

(No.  35,050.)  Total  length, 4.80  ;  -wing,  3.86  ;  tail,  2.40,  fork,  .45  ;  diffpreiice 
of  quills,  l.()8  ;  lengtli  of  bill  from  forehead,  .31,  from  nostril,  .1(5,  along  i^ape, 
.45,  width,  .32;  tarsus,  .41 ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .53,  olaw  alone,  .15  ;  hind 
toe  and  olaw,  .35,  claw  alone,  .l.U.  ■>  .     /<  -  .. 

A.  melanoleuca*  appears  to  differ  principally  in  having  a  Mack 
pectoral  band.  A.  patayonica  has  the  base  of  crissum  white ;  the 
interncapular  featheru  gray  in  the  middle,  not  white. 


Smith- 

Conec-  Sex 

Koniau 

tor'B  I  aod 

No. 

No. 

Age. 

.1V0.V1 

85 

9 

32,743 

10,140 

rf 

].7,()0H 

,  , 

13,002 

iao 

•• 

Locality. 


When 

Collected. 


Bahia  Negra. 
Brazil. 


Bahia. 


June,  1830. 


Received  from 


Collected  hj 


Cupt.  I'aKo,  Expl. 
Verreanx.  [Parana. 
U.  S.  Expl.  Exped. 

Cab.  Lanreuce. 


Cbr.  W(Pod. 
T.  E.  PeMe. 


tw  ■ 


■■'I!  ■• 


«l' 


Atticora  cyanoleuca,  var.  moutana. 

Aiticora  cyanoleuca,  var.  montana,  Baird. — fPetrochelidon  cyanoleucus, 
ScLATER,  P.  Z.  S.  1858,  551  (Riobamba).— Ib.  1859,  138.— Ib.  1860, 
•  '  '  75  (Quito)  ;  85  (Nanegal).— Ib.  Catal.  1861,  40,  no.  241.— ^«icor(i 
cyanoleuca,  Cab.  Jour.  f.  Orn.  1861,  91. 

Uirundo  vielampyga,  Tschddi,  F.  Peruana,  133  (not  of  Licht.). 

iHirundo  cyanoleuca,  Darwin,  Birds  Beagle,  41  (Valparaiso ;  builds  in 
holes  in  banks). 

Hah.  Costa  Rica :  south  along  Andes  to  Chile  ? 
,t 

(No.  34,676,  90    Very  similar  to  A.  cyanoleuca,  of  Brazil,  in  color  and  size, 

although  rather  smaller,  except  that  the  tail  is  more  deeply  forked  (.60  deep, 

instead  of  .45)  ;  the  bill  larger,  broader,  and  more  depressed  (from  nostril 

.18,  instead  of  .16)  ;  the  sides  of  the  body  under  the  wings  blackish,  with 

Blight  steel  blue  gloss  (in  true  cyanoleuca  merely  brownish  dusky,  without 

gloss).     Upper  parts  glossed  with  violet,  instead  of  nniform  steel  blue,  having 

a  tinge  of  greenish.     A  slight,  almost  inappreciable  wash  of  rusty  yellowish 

beneath. 

'  Atticora  melanoleuca. 

Hirundo  melanoleuca,  Max.  Beit.  Ill,  371  (Brazil).— Temm.  PI.  Col.  209, 

2. — Atticora  m.  Bormeister,  Uebers.  Ill,  1856, 146  (Central  Brazil). 

Middle  of  dorsal  feathers  white  ;  tail  3J. 
'     Hah.  Brazil. 


II: 


». 


ATTICORA. 


811 


(No.  34,G7tf,  9.)  Total  length,  4.6r. ;  wing,  3.75  ;  tall,  2.40,  A*^i>{\\  of  fork, 
,60;  (litr«r«nfe  between  primaries,  l.tiS  ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .32, 
from  niistril,  .18,  along  ga|)e,  .4i) ;  tarHiia,  .40;  miildle  toe  and  utaw,  .r)0,  c-law 
alone,  .10,  hind  toe  and  claw,  .34,  olaw  alone,  .17. 

A  young  bird  has  tho  upper  parts  dull  dark  smoky-brown,  with  a 
greonish-blue  gloss  on  the  middle  of  the  back  only.  The  undor 
j)iirt8  are  whito,  tinged  with  browniHh-yellow  on  the  chin,  becoming 
palur  onitiio  threat ;  a  jugular  band  and  the  sides,  especially  behind, 
strongly  tinged  with  the  bame.  Tho  feathers  of  the  crissum  are 
(lark  brown,  without  gloss,  and  margined  with  paler.  A  still 
younger  specimen  (33,289)  has  only  the  faintest  possible  trace  of 
blue  gloss  on  the  back  ;  the  rump  is  smoky  brown,  lighter  than  the 
wings  and  tail ;  the  brownish  tinge  of  under  parts  deeper  and  more 
extended. 

The  characters  assigned  to  this  variety,  although  apparently  slight 
and  untangible,  are  yet  quite  appreciable  on  a  comparison  with  a 
large  series  of  Brazilian  specimens  The  larger  bill  and  deeper  fork 
of  the  tail  are  especially  noticeable.  The  supposed  difference  in 
amount  of  black  on  the  sides  may  be  more  apparent  than  real. 

I  am  inclined  to  refer  to  this  variety  all  the  specimens  I  have  seen 
from  Bogota,  and  one  from  Peru — these  agree  in  the  larger  and  more 
depressed  bill ;  one  of  the  former,  however  (No.  24,953),  has  the 
upper  parts  with  a  green  lustre,  as  in  bicolor,  not  blue. 


Smith- 

CoUec- 

B«x 

Honiau 

tor'g 

and 

Xo. 

No. 

Age. 

:u,67fl 

? 

■Mfi-i 

of 

34,07.) 

at.MH 

in 

24.!).).i 

,  , 

32,739 

40,ftM 

rf 

li948 

379 

d 

Locality. 


When 
CoUected. 


Barranca,  C.  K. 
San  JoHe,  C.  R. 


Bogota. 
(I 

Peru. 


April  16,'64. 
May  29,  '64 

1858. 


Received  from 


J.  Carnilol. 


Berlin  Mux. 

L.  de  Oeofroy. 

VerreHUX. 

U.  S.  Expl.  Exped. 


Collected  by 


T.  R.  Peale. 


(24,933.)  Green  lustre. 

The  two  species  of  the  subjoined  foot-note  are  introduced  to  com- 
plete the  history  of  the  subgenus.* 

'  Atticora  patagonioa. 

Jlirundo  patagonica,  D'Orb.  &  Lafr.  Syn.  Av.  1837  (Chile  and  Pata- 
gonia). 
Atticora  hemipijfin,  BuRM.  Reise  La  Plata,  II,  1861,  479  (Mendoza). 
JIah.  Uruguay  and  Patagonia. 

(No.  21,039.)  Above,  and  on  sides  of  head  and  neck  to  line  of  commissure, 
glossy  steel  blu« ;  the  wings  and  their  coverts,  with  tail,  dull  dark  brown, 
the  lesser  coverts  only  slightly  glossed  at  ends.     None  of  the  feathers  with 


t 


.•*' , 


.■  ."'  ss 


;^- 


812 


REVIKW  OF  AMERICAN  UIKDH. 


[I'AHT  I. 


t .  i  ■■ 


■■;?"•  \-i 


STELOIDOPTBRYX,   Haikd. 

StelgUhpteryx,  Ba'kd,  Birds  N.  Am.  !»{»>*,  312.     (Typ«  Iliruudo  mrri. 
liennu,  Aui>.) 

Kill  ratliHr  Btnall ;  nnntriiri  oval,  nuperlor,  niArginod  Itohlnd,  but  HcarcKljr 
latfrully  hy  lueuibraue,  but  not  at  all  overhung ;  tliu  axeii  of  the  outlinii  cod- 

oonounled  white,  but  dark  gray  In  the  middle,  neiieath  wlilte,  all  tlio 
fttatht^rH  dark  pluinlxtouH  at  baHH ;  the  breaHt  with  a  grayiith  Hhade  acromi  it 
owing  to  the  fact  that  tht«  fuatherH  there  are  grHyiHh-brown,  rather  narrowly 
t^ilged  with  white,  leHH  pure  than  on  the  throat,  and  allowing  this  gray  to  ttliow 
through  as  well  as  among  the  whitish.  The  urissal  feathers  immediately 
ItHhind  the  anus  are  white;  the  longer  ones  are  white,  or  grayish-white  at 
base,  and  then  blackish,  glossed  with  steel  blue  at  the  eml.  The  axillarHamt 
inside  of  wlng<  are  brownish-gray.  The  sides  of  body  under  the  wiugs  are 
ellghtly  soiled  with  gray.     Hill  black  ;  feet  apparently  llesh  color. 

(No.  21,03!l  )  Total  length,  1).0(»;  wing,  3.J)(l;  tail,  a.-'if),  i>erpendiculardeiith 
of  fork,  .40 ;  (iiu^vt^nce  of  (|uills,  1.U3  ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .40,  from 
nostril,  .19,  along  ga^  >,  Jtl,  width,  .40 ;  tarsus,  JtO  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .W, 
claw  alone,  .16 ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .38,  claw  alone,  .17. 

This  species  appears  quite  distinct  from  the  njnnoif.um  of  Brazil,  in  slightly 
larger  size,  much  larger  bill  and  f^et,  absence  of  white  in  the  interscapular 
ffathers,  and  of  bluish  gloss  on  the  lesser  wing  coverts  ;  lighter  color  of  baHcs 
of  feathers  below  ;  grayish  breast,  the  feathers  less  tipped  with  white  ;  wliito 
feathers  behind  the  anus,  and  whitish  bases  of  the  rest  ( f  crissal  feathers  (not 
black) ;  lighter  tibiae,  etc.  The  lateral  tail  feathers  are  rather  narrower,  and 
not  acuminated  or  attenuated  at  the  end — the  outline  of  inner  web  towardB 
the  end  being  convex,  not  concave. 

It  is  a  (juestion  wliether  this  is  not  the  real  U.  cynnoleuen,  of  Vieillot,  as 
based  on  Azara's  description.  If  ao,  the  Brazilian  cyunoleuca  will  take  for 
name  one  of  its  synonyms. 


Bmlth- 

Monlsn 
No. 

Collec- 
tor's 
No. 

8.x 
and 
A((e. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Kemarkfi. 

21.039 
21,040 

108 
108 

i 

UruKuay. 

Sept.  1860. 

Capt.  T.  J.  l>ttK«.  Pa- 
"  [rauaBxpl. 

Chr.  Wood. 

it 

* 


Attioora  mnrlna. 

ffUirundo  cinerea,  (in.  S.  N.  I,  1788,  ]02(j  (based  on  L' Hirondelle  de 
Perou,  Briss.  II,  17(jO,  498,  ex  Peuillfi  Journ.  Obs.  1725).— .^IWicoru 
cinerea,  Sclateh,  ^atal.  1861,  39,  no.  237. 

Petrochelidon  murina,  Casbfn,  I'r.  A.  N.  Sc.  1853,  370  (Ecuador).— 
Sclateh,  P.  Z.  8,  18(50,  74. 

fAtticorn  cyntiophmn,  Cahanis,  Jour.  Om.  1861,  92  (Bogota). 
Hah.  Andes  of  South  America. 

I  am  by  no  means  satisfied  that  the  bird  of  Brisson  is  the  present  species, 


Ji£M'.:: 


BTEI.OinOI'TF.nYX. 


313 


Torr'i'.  Frontal  ffathi^rfi  noft,  ntul,  llk«  chin,  without  hriHtlnH.  TnrHt  equal 
;o  mtddle  toe  witliout  claw  ;  the  iipimr  t^iid  covertiil  with  f<mtht<r<i  all  roan<i, 
noiiH  At  lower  t-iid.  Hanal  Joint  of  middle  toe  adht^rent  externally  nearly  to 
end;  intHrnaily,  Hoarcoly  half.  Lateral  toeH  about  ciiual,  their  clawrt  not 
reaoliiiig  beyond  haHe  of  middle  claw.  Tail  nlightly  eniar^inBte;  the  feathers 
broad,  itiid  ohli(iuely  rounded  at  end.  Kdge  of  wing  rough  to  the  touuh  ;  the 
RliaftK  of  the  flhrilln  of  outer  web  of  outer  priiuary  prolonged  and  bent  at 
riglit  anglen  into  a  Hhort  Htttf  hook. 
Color  d  U  brown  abova. 

The  f^rc-at  peculiarity  in  this  genua  consists  in  the  remarkable 
roughness  of  the  edge  of  the  wing,  Haid  to  oc(!nr  also  in  PHulido- 
prucne,  Cab.  The  object  is  uncertain,  but  is  proljably  to  enable  tho 
bird  to  secure  a  foothold  on  vortical  or  inclined  rocks,  among  or 
on  wiiich  it  makes  its  nest.  A  favorite  breeding  place  of  H.  aerri' 
penniH  is  in  the  piers  and  abutments  of  bridges,  and  these  hooks 
might  render  essential  aid  in  entering  into  tli(*ir  holes. 

Tho  birds  of  this  genus  have  usually  been  referred  to  Cofyle, 
which,  however,  they  resemble  only  in  color.  The  nostrils  are  ox- 
jmsed,  inHtend  of  being  overlmng ;  the  tursuH  is  bare  below,  not 
foathercd,  and  tho  lateral  claws  are  considerably  curved,*  and  not 
rcacliing  iM'yond  the  base  of  the  lat<!ral,  as  in  Cotyle.  The  structure 
of  the  wing  is  very  different. 

According  to  Cabanis,  Paaadoprocne  {P.  rypnelina,  Cab.  of 
Africa)  has  the  same  structure  of  wing,  but  it  seems  to  dilTei  in 
having  the  tail  deeply  forked,  as  in  Alticora  ;  the  toes  and  nails  oven 
shorter  than  in  Alticora,  not  longer;  and  in  having  the  outer  toe 
shorter  than  the  iimer,  instead  of  equal  to  it. 

The  genus  has  a  wide  range,  extending  from  British  America  to 
Brazil,  and  probably  Ecuador. 

as  his  description  of  the  tail  and  Its  under  coverts,  at  least,  does  not  apply  at 
all.  HriswonV  article  ia  evidently  copied  from  Feuillfi  (172.')),  a  very  vague 
author,  as  likely  to  call  a  Cuckoo  or  Flycatcher  "IJirundo"  as  anything  else. 
This  species  is  much  in  form  like  A.  ryauoleura,  but  considerably  larger. 
I  have  little  doubt  that  the  A.  ryiinojih<rn,  of  Cabanis,  is  the  young  bird  of  this 
species,  as  a  specimen  in  the  museum  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy,  from 
Hogota,  agrees  exactly  with  Cabanis's  description,  and  is  hardly  to  be  distin- 
fuisilieJ,  except  in  its  evident  immaturity,  from  the  Academy-typeof  Cassin's 
Petrochelidon  mtirtna,  from  Ecuador.  It  is  probably  closely  related  to  tlie  //. 
andecola,  of  D'Orb.  &  Lafr.  Syn.  Av.  1837,  69  (La  Paz),  but  differs  somewhat. 


■  '■■  ,■  <-"\  '-y  '^ ,:%  ■-■  IJ 

...'-If'        h'"'.  '.if 

' .  ■'■4 . 


-.     -•   '< 


l'''ll 

r . «  ' 

p  '^ " 

5 

i-.;-'t;/-: 

j'    .^  ,  • 

:      -      '■■i--'   ',     ■                     ■      ■   ■ 

.        ■-      .,",.,'.' 

;i  ■■ 

I 

*\  ■ 

.'    ■-    ''  ^ '„--.>  ■'.,■■ 

\  ■ 

-:    .  _ ,» *<  ■/ 

.      ^'.-^--^    ,-:r,J.          -...     . 

If.;.  .. 

.  .. ,.  .J, TV,  ;;.:■.  ^":- 

314 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I 


Synopsis  of  Species, 
Chin,  throat,  and  breast  nearly  uniform  mouse  gray. 

Above  uniform  smoky  brown.     Under  parts  white,  except 

as  described.     Crissum  white,  not  banded  .         .         .  serripennis 
Chin  and  throat  reddish  fulvous,  in  strong  contrast  with  gray  of 
breast  and  sides.    Belly  tinged  with  sulphur  yellow.    Crissum 
white. 

Above  uniform  brown,  or  with  rump  gradually  paler,  but 
not  contrasted  with  back. 

Crissum  banded  at  end  with  blackish  ;  sulphur  yel- 
low of  belly  well  marked  ....  ruJicolUs, 
Crissum  plain  white  ;  belly  scarcely  yellow     .         .  fulvipeimis. 
Ab  ve  brown  ;  the  rump  appreciably  and  abruptly  paler   ^ 
,   ,r;.             (light  gray). 

Crissum  banded  at  end  with  black  .         .         .  uropygialis 

Crissum  plain  white(?).     Color  much  darker  and 

size  smaller  than  preceding      ....  gutturalii. 

Stelgi^pteryx  serripennis. 

Hirundo  serripennis,  AuD.  Orn.  Biog.  IV,  1838,  .'503.— Ib.  B.  Am.  1, 1840, 
193,  pi.  bL—Cotyle  s.  Bon.  Consp.  1850,  .342.— Cassis.— Bkeweb, 
N.  Am.  Ool.  I,  1857,  106,  pi.  iv,  fig.  50  (ei,'g8).— Baikd,  Birds  N. 
Am.  1858, 313.— Lord  Pr.  R.  A.  Inst.  IV,  1864, 116  (Br.  Columbia). 
'  —Cooper  &  Sucklkt,  P.  R.  R.  Rep.  XII,  11, 186  (W.  Terr.)- Hkek- 

MANN,  P.   R.   R.  X ;    Williamson's   Rep.  36   (San  Antonio,  Tex.; 
breeding). — SteUjidopteryx  a.  Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  312. 

Hah.  Whole  United  States  (exclusive  of  N.  E.  States?),  south  to  Central 
Mexi'io. 

(No.  32,269,  %  .)  Above  sm  :y  brown,  rather  deeper  on  the  head,  perhaps 
a  little  paler  on  the  rump.  Larger  quills  and  tail  feathers  dusky  brown  ;  the 
secondaries  and  greater  coverts  sometimes  lighter  along  their  external  edges. 
The  under  parts  (for  about  half  the  total  length)  from  bill  to  and  including 
breast,  with  the  sides  of  body  and  lining  of  wings,  mouse  gray,  rather  lighter 
along  tlie  throat ;  the  rest  of  under  parts,  including  crissum,  white,  the  latter 
with  the  shafts  sometimes  dusky,  and  very  rarely  with  dusky  blotches  at  the 
ends  of  the  longer  feathers. 

Young  birds  (as  1,120)  differ  in  a  tinge  of  reddish  fulvous  on  the  upper 
parts ;  the  wing  coverts,  secondaries,  and  inner  primaries  margined  ninre  or 
less  broadly  with  a  brighter  chade  of  the  same.  The  gray  of  the  under  parts 
is  also  washed  with  this  color,  especially  on  the  chin  and  across  the  breast. 
The  hooks  of  the  edge  of  the  wing  have  noi  yet  become  developed. 

(No.  32,269,  %f  fresh  speoiu  en  before  being  skinned.)  Total  length,  5.40; 
expanse  of  wings,  12.20;  wing  from  carpal  joint,  4.50. 

(No.  32,269,  %,  prepared  specimen.)    Total  length,  5.20;  wing,  4.50;  tail, 


'1' 


'ii^m  BTELOIDOPTERYX. 


315 


2.25,  depth  of  fork,  .15 ;  diffHience  of  primaries,  2.28  ;  length  of  bill  from 
forelieail,  .40,  from  nostril,  24,  along  gap«,  .5(5,  wiilth  of  gape,  .43 ;  tarsus,  .45 ; 
uiid.llH  toe  and  claw,  .57,  claw  alone,  .19  ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .41,  claw  alone,  .16. 

The  differences  between  this  species  and  rv.ficollis,  the  South 
Araericau  representative,  are  given  below.' 

I  stelgidopteryz  ruficollis. 

Hirundo  ruJicoUia,  Vieill.  Nouv.  Diet.  XIV,  1817,  523.— In.  Encycl. 

Meth.  II,  525   (Brazil).— Co/^/e  ruJicoUU,  Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1860, 

292.- In.  Catal.  1861,  41,  no.  249. 
Biriimlo  JluvitjuHlra,  Vikim,.  Nouv.  Diet.  XIV,  1817,  534.— Ih.  Encycl. 

Meih.  11,  531  (based  on  Azara,  as  below,  from  Paraguay). —  Coti/le 

fnviijastra,  Boik,  Isis,  1844,  170.— Bon.  "Consp.  1850,  312.— Bdrm. 

Uebeid.  Ill,  1S56,  144. 
Hirundo  hortensts,  Light.  Verz.  Doubl.  1823,  57  (Bahia).— Temm.  PI. 

Col.  161,  2. 
/riV«H«fyyi.'(7M'"»"(«,  Maxim.  Beit.  Ill,  365  (Brazil). 
IJirundo  Jlnviventer,  Lesson,  Traite  d'Orn.  I,  1831,  269  (Brazil). 
Uolondrina  de  la  vientre  amuriUazo,  Azaka,  Apuut.  II,  1805,  512. 
n»h.  La  Plata  region  and  Brazil.     (Farther  north  and  in  the  Andes  re- 
placed by  uropygialis  f) 

(No.  32,742,  9  .)  Above,  with  sides  of  head,  smoky  brown  ;  darker  on  the 
head,  becoming  bensibly  paler  on  rump,  especially  on  the  edges  of  the  featber.s, 
but  still  not  in  any  decided  contrast  with  the  lower  part  of  back  -^  the  primary 
quills  and  tail  feathers  dark  dusky  brown ;  the  secondaries  whitish  along 
their  outer  edges  towards  the  end  and  at  the  tip.  Chin  and  throat  reddish 
fulvous ;  breast  and  sides  of  body,  with  inside  of  wings,  brownish-gray  ;  the 
median  region  of  body  white,  tinged  with  sulphur  yellow.  Under  tail  coverts, 
fiom  vent,  pure  white,  with  a  alight  gloss  of  yellow  (less  than  on  belly),  the 
longes*  feathers  abruptly  tipped  with  the  color  of  the  tail  (for  nearly  half  an 
inch),  the  shafts  of  some  others  dusky.  Feathers  of  tibia  brown,  tipped  with 
yellowish-whita. 

(No.  32,742.)  Total  length,  6.50 ;  wing,  4.55  ;  tail,  2.50,  depth  of  fork,  .13  ; 
difference  of  primaries,  2.10 ;  length  of  bill  from  nostril,  .21,  along  gape,  .55, 
width,  .42;  tarsus,  .40;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .52,  claw  alone,  .18  ;  hind  toe 
aud  claw,  .32,  claw  alone,  .15. 

The  upper  parts  are  colored  much  as  in  C.  serripennis,  rather  darker  per- 
haps, and  the  rump  rather  paler,  forming  a  greater  contrast.  The  whitish 
edging  of  the  secondaries  is  more  decided.  Beneath,  however,  the  colors  are 
decidedly  dilfereut.     Tlie  tail  is  much  longer ;  the  feet  and  bill  smaller. 


il 


'  'I' 

-         5i 


..    'h: 


Smlth- 

Collec- 

Sex 

«oni«D 

tor's 

and 

No. 

No. 

Age. 

Vi.im 

.. 

■iXU2 

3.5,370 

? 

lti,!)44 

9-2 

Locality. 


Brazil. 


When 
Collected. 


Received  from 


July,  1*59. 


IT.  S   Expl.  Exped. 
Verrt'RUX. 
Capt.  T.  J.  Fame, 
Expl.  of  Parana. 


Collected  by 


T.  H.  Poalo. 


Clir.  Wood. 


316 


REVIEW  OP  AMEPvICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  l 


'   •  t 


-  u 


1  ,' 


,     » 


Specimens  in  the  collection  from  vario"3  points  in  United  States, 
especially — 


Sroith- 

'collec- 

Sex 

When 
Collected. 

Bunian 
No. 

tor's 
No. 

aud 
Age. 

Locality. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

32,269 

(f 

Macon,  Oa. 

Jos.  Lecoute. 

2,209 

,  , 

^ 

Carlisle,  Pa. 

May  3,  HIi. 

it 

3,370 

,  , 

May,  1847. 

i( 

10,120 

Waslilntfton,  D.  C. 

■  •  • 

J.  C.  McGulre. 

2.899 

,  , 

,  , 

Charleston,  S.  0. 

•  *  • 

S.  F.  Baird. 

J.  J.  Audubon. 

32,268 

,  , 

,  , 

Liberty  County,  Oa. 

Jo».  Lecoute. 

34,179 

11 

<f 

Sioux  City,  Neb.  [T. 
ShoalwatorBay,  W. 

May  4,  '60. 

Capt.  J  Feilner. 

6,034 

81 

June,  lS5i. 

Dr.  J.  G.  Cooper. 

6,0;»3 

82 

Stellacoom,  W.  T. 

.  •  . 

Dr.  Suckley. 

6,032 

,  , 

Sacramento,  Cal. 

.  •  . 

Lt.  Williamson. 

Dr.  Heennann. 

11,0.)2 

,  , 

,  , 

Fort  Bridger.Utah. 

June.3, '.W. 

C.  Drexler. 

.S,9.')7 

1.31 

,  , 

New  Leon,  Mex. 

April,  IS-).'!. 

Lt.  Couch. 

36,999 

704 

0 

Fort  Whiiiple,  Ar. 

Sept.  8,  '64. 

Dr.  E.  Cones. 

32,741 

46,971 

d 

Mexico. 

... 

Verreaux. 

Stelgidopteryx  fulTipennis. 

CotyJe  fulvipennis,  Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1859,  364  (immature  bird ;  Jalapa, 
Mex.). — Sclater  &  Salvin,  Ibis,  1860,  31  (Guatemala). 

f  Cotyle  serripennis,  Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1856,  285  (Cordova). — Sclater  & 
Salvin,  Ibis,  1859, 13, 126  (Guatemala).— Owen,  Ibis,  1861,  61  (San 
Geronimo,  Guat. ;  nesting  in  a  bank). 

f  Cotyle  Jlavigastra,  Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1857,  212  (Orizaba). 

ffab,  Mexico  and  Guatemala. 

(No.  30,716,  %  .)  Above  smoky  brown,  almost  inappreciably  lighter  on  the 
rump,  darker  on  the  head ;  quills  and  tail  feathers  smoky  brown,  the  secon- 
daries and  greater  coverts  edged  towards  their  ends  with  whitish.  Chin  and 
throat  pale  reddish  fulvous,  but  in  distinct  contrast  to  the  mouse  gray  of  the 
breast,  aides  of  body,  and  inside  of  wings.  Rest  of  under  parts  white,  with 
a  faint  trace  of  yellowish :  the  crissum  pure  white,  the  long  feathers  without 
brown  tips,  the  shafts  only  faintly  brownish  towards  the  end.  The  feathers 
of  axillara  and  inside  of  wings  slightly  edged  with  fulvous. 

In  young  birds  the  wing  coverts  and  quills  above  are  broadly  margined 
with  reddish  fulvous  ;  the  breast  as  well  as  the  throat  washed  with  the  same. 

(No.  30,716,  %.)  Total  length,  5.00;  wing,  4.20;  tail,  2.20,  depth,  .20; 
length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .40,  from  nostril,  .20,  along  gape,  .55,  width,  .45; 
tarsus,  .40 ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .55,  olaw  alone,  .19  ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  ,35, 
claw  alone,  .16. 

This  species,  originally  established  upon  a  young  bird,  appears 
perfectly  distinct,  and  is  intermediate  in  character  between  serri- 
pennis and  ruf.coUh.  The  only  adult  I  have  seen  is  in  autumnal 
plumage,  and  has  a  silky  gloss  that  I  hi  ve  not  noticed  in  spriug  speci- 
mens of  serripennis  (no  autumnal  ones  being  at  hand  for  compari- 
son). The  color  of  the  upper  parts,  back  as  well  a.s  wings,  appears  to 
be  decidedly  darker.     The  differences  of  the  under  parts  consist  iu 


7m, 

il "  ■■■■ 


BTELOIDOPTERYX. 


311 


the  faintly  rufous  throat,  contrasting,  not  uniform,  with  the  mouse 
brown  of  the  breast ;  this  brown  only  extends  over  the  front  of  the 
breast,  instead  of  reaching  to  the  belly,  which  is  faintly  yellowish, 
not  dull  white.  The  crissum  is  quite  the  same  in  both.  Young 
birds  of  the  two  species  are  so  similar  that  I  cannot  distinguish 
them  by  the  color. 

The  species  agrees  with  ruficollis,  and  differs  from  uropygialis, 
ill  the  want  of  contrast  of  a  pale  rump  and  dark  back.  The  size 
is  decidedly  less.  It  differs  from  both  in  much  paler  fulvous  of 
throat,  less  amount  of  sulphur  yellow  on  the  belly,  and  the  want 
of  the  dusky  brown  tips  of  the  longer  of  the  under  tail  coverts. 


8mUh- 

soniaa 

No. 

Collec- 
tor's 

No. 

Se'- 
a-v. 
Age. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  rrom 

Collected  by 

?38,154 
28,3:;! 
30,716 
35,090 

399 
40j 

Juv. 
ad.c^ 
Juv. 

Orizaba,  Blex. 

Xalapa. 

Due&as,  Quat. 
II 

Oct.  iV,  '39. 
July  17,  '59. 

M.  Botteri. 
J.  Krider. 
0.  Salvin. 

it 

D'Oca. 

Sulviu  &  Oodman. 

(33,096.)  "Compared  with  type." 

Stelgidopteryx  uropygialis. 

Cotyle  uropygialis,  Lawb.  Ibis,  April,  1863,  181. — Ib.  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye. 

(Panama). 
Cotyle  flavigantra  (Vjeill.),  Sclater,   P.  Z.  S.  1860,  274  (Babahoyo, 

Ecuador).— Co^j^Ze  ruficollis  (Vieill.),  Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1860,  292 

(Eaineraldas,  Ecaador). 

Hab.  Isthmus  Panama ;  southward  along  Andes. 

(No.  157,  %  ,  type.)  This  species,  if  really  distinct  from  ruficollis,  resembles 
it  very  closely  in  most  respects.  It  is,  however,  smaller,  and  the  rump  de- 
cidedly lighter,  or  pale  grayish,  in  prominent  contrast  to  the  brown  of  the  back. 
The  rufous  of  the  throat  seems  rather  deeper,  and  the  inside  of  wings  darker. 

A  specimen  (17,792)  differs  in  having  the  wings  longer  and  more  pointed, 
measuring  4.45,  the  extreme  difference  between  tips  of  primarie.s  2.1.5,  the 
tail  2.30.     It  may,  however,  be  that  the  wing  of  the  type  is  not  fully  grown. 

(Xo.  157.)  Total  length,  5.10;  wing,  4.15  ;  tail,  2.40,  fork,  .18  ;  dixTorence 
of  primaries,  1.96  ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .41,  from  nostril,  .20,  along 
gape,  .55,  width,  .40 ;  tarsus,  .39  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .52,  claw  alone,  .18  ; 
hind  toe  and  claw,  .35,  claw  alone,  .14. 


!                 1 

Smith-  Collec-    Sex 

simiuB    tor's  \  and 

N"    j   No,     Age. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

17,792 

17.'i 
137 

d 

iHtiiinus  Darien. 
Panaioa. 

... 

U.  Mich  lor. 
Cab.  Lawrence. 

A.  Sehott. 
M'Leaii.  JcOalb. 

(157.)  Typo. 


'  *   'I 

J 


.  J  J  '  t 


i: 


818 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[PAIIT  I. 


Stelgidopteryx  fulvigula. 

Stelyidopteri/x  fuloigula,  Daihd,  n.  B. 
Hah,  Costa  Rica. 

(No.  34,677,  %,  Costa  Rica.)   Above  smoky  brown.     Quills  and  tall 

feathers  almost  or  quite  black ;  rump  with  the  feathers  gray,  edged  with 
whitirth,  forming  a  conspicuous  contrast  to  the  back.  Chin,  throat,  and 
forepart  of  breast  reddish  fulvous ;  sides  under  the  wings  brown,  with  a 
decided  wash  of  fulvous;  axiUars  and  inside  of  wings  smoky  brown;  rest 
of  under  parts  dnll  white,  with  perhaps  a  tinge  of  yellowish  ;  crissuiu  pure 
white,  in  one  specimen  with  a  trace  of  a  dusky  spot  at  ends  of  longer  tealliers. 

The  edges  of  the  feathers  of  upper  parts,  especially  of  the  wing  coverts  and 
8eoondary  quills,  are  tinged  with  reddish  fulvous,  indicating  immaturity,  as 
does  also  the  absence  of  the  hooks  on  outer  web  of  first  primary.  Judging 
from  the  analogy  of  other  species,  these  edgings  probably  disappear  entirely 
in  full  dress. 

(No.  34,(!77,  %  .)  Total  length,4.50 ;  wing,  3.60 ;  tail,  2.00,  its  fork,  .12 ;  differ- 
ence  of  primaries,  1.50 ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .39,  from  nostril,  .20, 
along  gape,  .49  ;  gape,  .40 ;  tnisus,  .38  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .50,  claw  alone, 
.16 ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .33,  claw  alone,  .12. 

The  very  conspicuous  light  rump  will  readily  distinguish  this 
species  from  all  its  allies,  except  uropygialis.  It  is,  however,  con- 
siderably smaller  than  that  species  and  much  darker  above,  especially 
on  quills  and  tail  feathers  (on  both  surfaces  and  including  the  shafts), 
the  light  rump  more  conspicuous.  The  fulvous  red  of  throat  seems 
to  extend  further  on  the  breast,  the  white  of  the  belly  to  e.xtend 
farther  forward,  the  brown  of  the  sides  to  be  more  restricted.  The 
under  coverts  lack  the  conspicuous  dusky  band  at  tips  of  larger 
feathers.  The  conspicuous  wash  of  reddish  fulvous  on  the  side  may 
be  from  immaturity.  ■"'^'' 

It  is  barely  possible  that  this  may  be  the  immature  state  of  S. 
uropygialis ;  but  the  diflFerences  in  size  and  coloration  appear  of 
specific  value  and  not  dependent  on  ag«. 


fimith- 

HODiaa 

No. 

Collec- 
tor's 
No. 

Sex 
and 

Ase. 

o.<s 

Locality. 

When 
Collected, 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

84,077 
.H4,678 
34,679 

•  • 

AngOHtura,  C.  R. 

•  ( 

June  6,  '(J4. 
Aug.  7,  '64. 

J.  Carmiol. 

41 

(34,677.)  Type. 

COTYLB,  BoiH. 

Cotyle,  BoiE,  isis,  1822,  550.     (Type  Zlirundo  ripnria,  L.) 

Bill  small ;  nostrils  lateral,  overhung  by  a  straight-edged  membrane.    Tarsus 
about  equal  to  middle  toe  without  claw  ;  feathered  at  upper  end,  especially 


•H'^'i'i 


-i'l  -I  • 


COTYLE. 


319 


on  inner  face,  and  having  also  a  small  tuft  of  feathers  attached  to  posterior 
edge  uear  the  hind  toe.  Middle  toe  with  basal  joint  adherent  externally  to 
near  the  end,  half  way  internally,  the  claws  comparatively  little  curved,  the 
lateral  reaching  beyond  the  base  of  middle.  Tail  slightly  forked.  Color  dull 
lustreless  brown  above,  in  riparia  white  beneatli  with  gray  pectoral  band. 

Many  American  birds  have  been  referred  to  Cotyle,  but  the  only 
one  really  belonging  to  the  genua  is  the  cosmopolitan  C.  riparia. 
The  peculiarity  of  the  genus  consists  essentially  in  the  tuft  of  tarsal 
feathers  at  the  base  of  the  hind  toe,  and  the  uu  jal  length  of 
the  lateral  claws,  combined  with  the  lateral  nostrils  overhung  by 
membrane. 

Cotyle  riparia. 

Ilirmdo  riparia,  LiNN.  S.  N.  1, 1766,  344.— WiLS.  V,pl.  38.— Am.  Orn. 
Biog.  IV,  pi.  385. — Ib.  B.  Am.  I,  pi.  50. — Lbmbeye,  Avesde  Cuba, 
1850, 47,  lam.  vii,  fig  3. — Jones,  Nat.  Hist.  Bermuda,  34  (occasional, 
Aug.  and  Sept.) — Cotyle  riparia,  BoiE,  Isis,  1822,  550. — Cassin. — 
Brewer,  N.  A.  Ool.  I,  1857,  105,  pi.  iv,  fig.  49  (eggs).— Cab.  Jour. 
1856,  4  (Cuba).— Ib.  1861,  93  (Costa  Rica  (?)).— Gcndlach,  Cab. 
Jour.  1861,  330  (very  rare  in  Cuba).— March,  Pr.  A.  N.  Sc.  1863, 
297  (Jamaica;  very  rare). — Heermasn,  P.  R.  R.  X,  3()  (California; 
abundant?). 

IJirundo  cinerea,  ViEiLL.  Nouv.  Diet.  XIV,  1817,  *26. 

Hirundo  riparia  americana,  Max.  Cab.  Jour.  VI,  1858,  101. 

Hab.  The  whole  of  North  America;  Bermudas;  Greater  Antilles;  Costa 
Bica  ?    Also  found  in  northern  parts  of  the  old  world. 

A  careful  comparison  of  the  European  specimens  in  the  Smith- 
sonian collection  with  American  does  not  furnish  any  tangible 
grounds  for  separation  ;  although  the  former,  on  the  whole,  appear 
to  have  longer  wings,  and  more  deeply  forked  tail  witn  narrower 
feathers. 

Specimens  are  in  the  collection  from  many  localities  throughout 
eastern  and  middle  provinces  of  United  States.  Only  one  specimen 
from  western  province,  and  this  is  somewhat  doubtful. 


Bmilh- 

Collec- 

Spx 

«"man 

tor's 

nnd 

No. 

No. 

Kftei. 

6.030 

cf 

Si.tMl 

102 

22  66'* 

511 

i).2Hl 

31,120 

19,213 

64 

9 

Locality. 


y  SKcramento,  ,Cal. 
Hanuaby  River. 

Vnrt  Sim pwoD. 

Kort  OiDd  Hope. 
Bitf  Ulanif. 
"UttJlfin. 


Hirer. 


When 
Collected. 


June  ft, '60. 
1861. 


May  26,  '60 


Received  from 


Lt.  Williamson. 

C.  Dipxlnr. 

B.  R.  RosK. 

R   R.  McKarlane. 

J.  Roi'd. 

B.  Kennicott. 

Capt.  Kayuolds. 


Collected  by 


Dr.  Heermann. 


Dr  Hayden. 


(6,030.)  U  ilie  locality  eorreot  r 


it: 


<H 


4 


.  '■'{'t: 


f  ■  ■■  <:  iiii  f'-^''  "7^ 


■;    Ji' 


'■->>.r«?v;-:;;3 


S20 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


The  following  references  to  American  Swallows  I  have  not  suc- 
ceeded in  identifying : — 

Hirundo  unalaBchkensis,  Omelim,  Syst.  Nat.  1, 1788, 1025.  "  Nigra ;  subtog 
oinerea  ;  nropygio  exalbido,  rectricibua  luarginibus  rotundatis.  Long. 
4^  uno.     Hub.  Unalaschka." 

Hirundo  andecola,  D'Obb.  et  Lafr.  Mag.  de  Zool.  1837.  "AfBnis  prece- 
dunti  (//.  putagonica)  magnitudine  et  forma  rostri  sed  differt  alis  lougi- 
oribus,  Cauda  fere  recta  et  ooloribus.  Supra  nigra,  colore  viridi-niteiij, 
alis  caudaqne  vix  eiuarginata  iiigro-fuscis,  rectricibus  lat  '..libus  tres 
lineas  tantummodo  iuterniediis  Imigioribus.  Subtus  guttnre  colloqne 
plumbeis,  pectore  hypochondriinque  cinerascentibus,  abdomine  medio 
anoque  sordide  albisoentibus,  tectricibus  caudse  inferis  griaeo  maculatia. 
Long.  14  cent.  Habit,  in  Andibns,  La  Paz,  Bolivia." 
This  species  appears  related  to  Atticora  murina  or  cinerea,  bat  does  not  seem 

exactly  the  same. 

Hirundo  maculosa,  Kdbij  (based  on  Bdffon,  PI.  enl.  546,  1).  Above 
lustreless  brown  ;  beneath  white,  with  oval  brown  spots,  closest  ante^ 
riorly,  more  separated  towards  the  tail.    Hub.  Cayenne. 


-       >        .    '■:  -^ 


▼  Tj 


H  ■ 


:^: 


:.-i-i ; 


VIUEONID^. 


321 


'''he  three  strictly  dentlrostral  families  of  Oscine  birds  which  still 
remain  for  consideration — the  Vireonidae,  Ampelidse,  and  Laniadee — 
differ  from  those  just  described  in  certain  common  characters.  The 
1)111  is  usually  stouter  and  more  hooked,  in  some  forms  excessively 
so,  with  a  deep  notch  and  sometimes  a  prominent  tooth  behind  it ; 
the  tip  of  the  lower  mandible  is  also  more  or  less  notched.  The 
nostrils  are  lateral,  the  bristles  of  the  mouth  generally  well  de- 
veloped. Except  in  a  few  species  of  Vireo  and  in  Ampelis,  there 
are  ten  distinct  primaries,  the  outer  from  one-fourth  to  one-half  the 
second.  The  tail  is  sometimes  short  and  square,  sometimes  long 
and  graduated.  The  tarsus  is  always  scutellate*  anteriorly,  and 
exhibits  a  tendency  to  subdivision  in  the  lateral  plates,  very  unusual 
ill  the  families  already  considered.  The  basal  joints  of  the  toes 
are  also  more  adherent  than  in  the  preceding:  sometimes  attached 
throughout,  sometimes  more  free,  much  as  iu  Troglodytidse.  From 
the  typical  Turdidm  they  will  bo  known  by  the  scutellate  tarsi, 
from  all  of  the  family  by  the  greater  adhesion  of  toes,  and  peculiar 
bill;  from  the  Troglodytidse  by  the  notch  and  hook  of  bill  and  other 
characters.  The  only  form  resembling  Sylvicolidae  (^Hylophilux) 
has  ten  primaries  and  a  more  notched  bill,  as  well  as  more  united 
toes  and  very  large  claws. 

While  in  the  characters  referred  to,  the  three  families  differ  from 
those  previously  under  review,  their  precise  limitation  among  them- 
selves has  been  a  subject  of  much  difficulty.  The  proper  position 
of  Dulus,  especially,  has  been  a  matter  of  considerable  doubt, 
although  it  seems  more  properly  placed  among  the  Ampelidse,  being 
removed  from  the  Vireonidae  on  account  of  its  less  adherent  toes, 
longer  basal  phalanges  of  anterior  toes,  wider  gape,  etc.  In  various 
respects,  too,  Ampelis  can  hardly  be  combined  with  Ptilogonys,  as 
has  been  done.  It  may  also  be  a  question  whether  if  Ami)elis  bo 
united  into  the  same  family  with  Ptilogonys  and  its  allies,  Collurio 
may  not  be  appropriately  added  to  it.  The  Myiadestes  group  of 
what  has  usually  formed  the  subfamily  of  Ptilogonalinas,  differs  in 
the  longer  tarsi,  with  undivided  plates,  more  deeply  cleft  toes,  etc., 
from  PUlogonys,  and  should  more  properly  be  approximated  to  the 
Turdidm,  as  will  hereafter  be  explained. 

The  following  characters  will  serve  to  illustrate  the  peculiarities 
of  the  three  families  : — 

'  Except  iu  Afyiadeslinae,  which  reall/  belong  with,  or  at  least  uear,  the 
Turdidie. 

21     May.  1866. 


K* ' ' 

~ 

• 

■  'r'- 

''M 

' 

.<■'.• 

''''■:■' *i}. 

m 

Hi 

1 

.,,  *■ 

■    ■■',',      i 

-     -   ■  u 

■  '.■ 

■;■•■;  HI 


822 


REVIEW  OF  AMEKICAN  BIRDS, 


[part  I. 


'  ■  ':'*;;'H«-;'-:^  ' 


Iff   I-     &.   ; 


L.J!-_i.lir_,. 


Basal  phalanx  of  anterior  toes  abbreviated  ;  t}iat  of  median  toe  decidedly 
shorter  tlian  the  basal  of  inner,  or  the  two  basal  of  outer,  and  adliciint 
for  its  whole  length  on  both  sides  to  the  lateral  (<'.  e.,  not  free  at  all). 
Lateral  plates  of  tarsus  undivided,  except  at  extreme  lower  end. 

Vireonidae.  Qonys  more  than  half  the  length  of  lower  jaw  (from  tip  to 
angle  of  mouth),  usually  longer  than  width  of  mouth,  which  is  narrov. 
Bill  conical,  much  compressed,  decurved  at  end  and  notched,  but 
scarcely  toothed.  Frontal  feathers  bristly  and  erect,  or  bent  but  slightly 
forward.  Nostrils  overhung  by  membrane.  Tarsus  longer  than  middle 
toe  and  olaw.  Lateral  toes  generally  unequal ;  outer  claw  reaching 
half  way  along  middle  claw. 

Basal  phalanx  of  middle  toe  about  as  long  as  the  basal  of  inner,  or  the  two 
basal  of  outer;  free  externally,  at  least  for  about  one-third  its  length, 
internally  for  about  one-half.  Lateral  plates  of  tarsus  with  decided 
tendency  to  subdivision  (except  in  Afyiadeslinie). 

Ampelidae.  Gonys  decidedly  less  than  half  the  length  of  lower  jaw,  or 
than  width  of  mouth,  which  is  very  broad  and  deeply  cleft.  Bill  tri- 
angular, much  depressed,  decurved  at  end  and  notched,  with  moderate 
though  decided  tooth.  Frontal  feathers  rather  soft,  scarcely  bristly 
r.or  erect.  Nostrils  overhung  by  membrane.  Tarsus  equal  to  or  sliorter 
than  middle  toe  and  claw.  Lateral  toes  nearly  equ^l ;  outer  claw 
reaching  only  to  base  of  middle  claw. 

lianildas.  Gonys  about  half  length  of  lower  jaw ;  about  equal  to  width 
of  mouth.  Bill  very  powerful  and  raptorial,  much  compressed,  with  a 
fitrongly  marked  hook,  notch,  and  tooth  at  end.  Frontal  feathers  very 
bristly,  and  directed  forwards,  so  as  to  conceal  nostrils  and  base  of  bill. 
Nostrils  with  bony  walls,  except  behind.  Tarsus  longer  than  middle 
toe  and  claw,  sometimes  much  scutellate  on  sides.  Lateral  claws  nearly 
equal ;  outer  j.law  reaching  a  little  boyoud  base  of  middle  claw. 


»- 

is  * 


Pamily  YIREONID^. 

The  essential  features  of  this  family  appear  to  consist  in  the  com- 
bination of  the  dentirostral  bill,  notched  in  both  mandibles ;  the  ten 
primaries  (except  Vireosylvia),  of  which  the  outer  is  usually  from 
one-fourth  to  one-half  the  second  ;  the  rather  short,  nearly  even  tail, 
with  narrow  feathers,  and  the  great  amount  of  adhesion  of  tlie 
anterior  toes — the  whole  basal  joint  of  the  middle  being  gonerally 
united  on  both  sides  to  the  adjacent  joints,  and  decidedly  shorter 
than  the  basal  of  inner  or  two  basal  of  outer.  The  outer  lateral  toe 
\H  generally  appreciably  longer  than  the  inner,  reaching  considerabh' 
beyond  the  base  of  the  middle  claw.     The  tarsi  are  always  distinctly 


^m 


VIREONIDiB. 


823 


scutollftte  anteriorly.  The  young  are  never  spotted,  nor  strenketl  as 
in  tho  Thrushes  ;  nor  indeed  do  the  adultH  exhibit  such  markings. 

In  the  adhesion  of  the  toes  at  their  bases  there  is  some  resemblance 
to  the  Troglodylidse,  but  their  structure  is  different.  In  the  latter 
family  the  joints  are  lengthened,  the  basal  of  i.ie  middle,  about  as 
long  as  the  1st  and  2d  of  the  outer,  and  equal  to  or  a  little  longer 
than  the  basal  inner.  In  Vireonidae  the  basal  joints  are  abbreviated  ; 
the  basal  of  the  middle  equal  to  about  one  and  a  half  joints  of  the 
cater,  and  not  quite  as  long  as  the  basal  inner.  This  difference  is, 
perhaps,  related  to  the  more  or  less  terrestrial  habitat  of  the  one,  and 
the  strictly  arboreal  of  the  other.  In  Vireonidae,  too,  there  is  a 
greater  tendency  to  having  three  rows  of  scales  on  the  upper  part 
of  the  palm,  on  the  three  toes  respectively,  instead  of  having  tho 
outer  two  rows  united  more  into  a  single  series. 

The  young  of  VireovAdse,  before  the  first  full  moult — at  least 
those  of  Vireo,  Vireosylvia,  and  Hylophilus — are  not  spotted  as  in 
Turdidae  and  3ft/iade^tes,  but  closely  resemble  tho  adult. 

The  Vireonidae  are  peculiar  to  the  New  World,  and  are  generally 
distributed.  Laletes  and  soise  species  of  Vireo  and  Vireosylvia 
are  peculiar  to  the  islands ;  Hylophilus  extends  to  Trinidad  and 
Tobago ;  the  other  genera  are  confined  to  the  Continent. 

The  following  synopsis  of  the  genera  may  servo  to  facilitate  their 
determination — the  primary  division  being  based  on  the  character 
of  the  toes : — 

Legs  slender ;  claws  weak  ;  lateral  toes  nneqnal ;  the  inner  claw 

reaching  aboat  to  tlie  base  of  middle  one,  the  outer  nearlj 

half  way  towards  its  tip. 

Bill  slender ;  culmen  straight,  at  least  for  basal  half;  quite 

abruptly  and  considerably  decurved  at  the  end. 

.v^f.  Wings  pointed,  considerably  longer  than  the  nearly 

5.';:'.'.        :;  even  tail;  spurious  quill  either  wanting  or  very 

short,  not  one-third  the  second  .  .  .  Vireosylvia, 
Wings  rounded,  rather  longer  than  the  more  or 
less  rounded  tail ;  spurious  quill  lengthened, 
one-third  or  more  the  second ;  second  gener- 
ally, and  third  almost  always  longer  than 
secondaries;  third  or  fourth  quill  usually 
longest.  Bill  rather  compressed  .  .  .  Vireo. 
Wings  much  graduated,  shorter  than  the  consider- 
ably rounded  tail ;  the  sixth  quill  longest ; 
second  quill  much  shorter  than  secondaries; 
third  scarcely  longer.  Bill  short,  more  de- 
pressed, and  broader  between  angles  of  mouth 
than  in  Vireo Neochloe. 


i  .-/.nl 


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824 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  DIRD8. 


[par,"  I. 


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Bill  Htout,  tieep,  much  ooiupr«)88«d,  somewbat  reBeiubling 
(Ji/clorhis, 
Wiugs  pointed,  although  first  quill  ia  about  two- 
fifths  nucoud,  whiuh  about  equuU  Bocoiularies : 
the  fifih  loiigeHt ;  claws  stouter  than  Vireugylvia, 
although  proportions  much  the  satne.  13111 
with  fiue  longitudinal  furrows 

Legs  stouter ;  olawa  large  and  strong ;  the  lateral  toes  nearly 
equal ;  the  claws  of  both  reaching  nearly  to  or  beyond  the 
middle  of  the  central  claw.  Hind  toe  lengthened.  First 
quill  about  half  the  second,  w   ich  usually  equals  secou- 

,^       daries  ;  fourth  generally  longest. 

Q.         Bill  slender,  as  in    Viren,  but  more  qonical,  the  culmen 

;;  Btraighter,  not  convex  at  end,  and  but  little  decurved. 

1^.  Wings  about  equal  to  the  somewhat  rounded  tail  . 

Bill  very  stout  and  Shrike-like 

Bill  rather  more  slender  than  in  last        .... 


Laletet, 


IlylnphUns, 

C'l/clorltis, 

Vireoluniui, 


'  Having  thus  presented  the  characters  of  the  genera  of  Vireonidse, 
before  taking  them  up  in  detail  I  propose  to  present  some  general 
views  in  regard  to  tlie  typical  members  of  the  family,  or  Vireonyhia 
and  Vireo,  the  true  Vireoncs.  Few  groups  of  American  birds,  of 
the  same  extent,  exhibit  such  diversities  of  form,  there  being  scarcel)' 
any  two  that  agree  closely  in  the  shape  and  proportions  of  the  wings, 
tail,  feet,  &c.,  while  the  larger  number  stand  isolated  and  single  in 
their  minuter  peculiarities  of  external  anatomy. 

The  colors,  however,  are  very  uniform  ;  the  upper  parts  being 
olivaceous  or  ashy,  the  under  white,  varied  with  yellowish ;  the 
face  variously  striped  ;  the  wings  with  or  without  light  bars  across 
the  coverts,  and  light  edgings  on  the  secondaries ;  the  tail  feathers 
unspotted.  The  iris  in  many  species  is  red,  yellow,  or  white ;  the 
bill  horn  color  or  plumbeous ;  the  legs  always  dusky.  In  one 
species  {atricapillua)  the  head  above  is  black ;  in  josephte  it  is  dark 
brown. 

In  view  of  the  great  variations  of  form  in  the  different  species, 
and  their  gradual  transition  from  one  character  to  the  other,  there 
would  be  but  little  violence  done  by  considering  all  as  belonging  to 
the  single  genus  Vireo.  Those,  however,  with  long-pointed  wings 
and  short  even  tail,  with  very  small  spurious  primary  or  none,  may 
perhaps  be  conveniently  separated,  as  Vireosylvia  from  Vireo,  the 
former  to  include  Vireosylvia  proper,  with  its  slender  body  and 
straight,  rather  weak  bill,  and  Lanivireo,  with  its  stouter  form, 
thick,  curved,  and  powerful  bill  and  stronger  feet,  like  a  miniature 
Shrike.     The  gradation  from  one  species  to  the  other  of  Vireo,  as 


^"i 


■*j 


VIREONID^. 


826 


restricted,  is  so  slight,  while  those  agreeing  In  one  or  other  feature 
ditfiT  so  much  in  the  reiuuiiiing  points  of  Ktructure,  that  it  is  almost 
impossible  to  group  tliem  satistactorily,  and  wo  can  only  malie  a  few 
ari)itnn7  sections  of  no  great  sharpnes8  of  deiinition,  to  aid  iu 
identifying  the  species — one  of  them  Vireo  proper,  with  longer, 
more  pointed  wings ;  the  otiier  Vireonella  (liaird),  witli  the  wings 
sliorliT  and  more  rounded.* 

Tlie  following  synopsis  is  intended  to  show  the  characters  of  the 
liigher  divisions  of  the  group  just  referred  to  : — 

ViBKORTLViA.  Wings  long  and  pointed,  one-third  or  one-fourth  longer  than 
tlw  imarly  even  or  slightly  rounded  tail.  First  quill  very  small  (less  than 
one-third  the  second),  sonietimea  apparently  wanting.  Second  quill 
hunger  than  the  seventh,  much  longer  than  the  secondaries.  Tarsi  bhort 
(scarcely  exceeding  .70  of  an  inch) ;  toes  rather  k)ng. 

Vireoaylcia.    Body  slender  and  elongated.   Bill  slender,  narrow,  straight ; 

the  culmen  straight  for  its  basal  half,  the  uoinniissure  quite  straight ; 

'  light  horn  color,  paler  beneath.     Feet  weak.     Type  V.  oliraceus. 

fl'i"  I  '        Species  V.  oliracea,  flnrovirulin,  cnmpestria,  barbatula,  agilis,  chivi, 

'■  -         philculelphica,  giloa,  gwainsonij  jostphae, 

'  Allusion  hag  already  been  made,  on  page  160  of  the  present  work,  to  the 
possibility  of  detecting  a  rudimentary  primary  in  nearly  or  quite  all  the 
Oacines  which  seem  to  have  but  nine.  While  the  apparent  presence  or 
absence  of  this  outer  quill  is  sometimes  useful  in  characterizing  genera  or  even 
families,  in  Vireoxylcia  it  is  only  of  specific  importance — the  dillerence  being 
merely  one  of  development  and  position  of  the  quill.  In  V,  Jlarlfrons,  in 
which  this  outer  primary  is  supposed  to  be  wanting,  its  presence  may  easily 
be  appreciated.  One  of  the  peculiar  characters  of  this  species  consists  in  a 
narrow  edging  of  white  to  all  the  primary  quills,  while  the  primary  coverts 
(the  small  feathers  covering  their  bases,  as  distinguished  from  what  are  usu- 
ally termed  the  wing  coverts,  which  more  properly  belong  to  the  forearm  or 
secondaries)  are  without  them.  If  these  coverts  are  carefully  pushed  aside, 
two  small  feathers,  considerably  shorter  than  the  others  will  be  disclosed,  one 
overlying  the  other,  which  (the  subjacent  one)  springs  from  the  base  of  the 
exposed  portion  of  the  long  outermost  primary,  and  lies  immediately  agains' 
the  outer  edge.  This  small  subjacent  feather  is  stiff,  falcate,  and  edged  with 
white  like  the  other  quills,  and  can  be  brought  partly  round  on  the  inner 
edge  of  the  large  primary,  when  it  will  look  like  any  spurious  quill.  The 
overlying  feather  is  soft,  and  without  light  edge. 

In  the  other  Vireos  with  appreciable  spurious  or  short  outer  primary,  a 
similar  examination  will  reveal  only  one  email  feather  at  the  outer  side  of  the 
base  of  the  exterior  large  primary.  In  all  the  families  of  Passeres  where  the 
existence  of  nine  primaries  is  supposed  to  be  cliaracteristic,  I  have  invariably 
found,  as  far  as  my  examinations  have  extended,  that  there  were  two  of  the 
small  feathers  referred  to,  while  iu  those  of  teu  primaries  but  one  could  be 
detected. 


826 


REVIEW  OF  AMEKICAV  litKDS. 


[I'ART  I. 


-! 


M 


t'ti 


ii.«i' 


K  1    "»  It''.' 

At  '  «■  ' 


ZanirtVeo.  liod/  stout ;  head  broad.  Uill  abort  and  stout,  broad 
at  base,  the  uulmuu  curved  from  the  base,  the  cMuuiiHHuru  vol- 
Hiderably  arched.  Bill  blue  black.  Feet  stout.  Typ»  V,  Jlavi/ruui. 
Bpevies  V.  JlaviJ'ions,  $olUuTiu»,  profiiii^uus,  pliimheut. 

VsBBO.  Wiugs  short  and  roundbd,  a  little  lok^  r  than  the  tail,  equal  to  it,  or 
shorter.  First  primary  distinct  aud  large,  from  two-iinhH  to  half  or  luuru 
the  leugth  of  the  second,  shorter  or  not  longer  than  the  eighth. 

Vireo.  Wings  pointed  ;  ilrst  quill  less  than  half  the  second,  which 
is  about  equal  to  seventh  or  eighth,  and  decidedly  longer  thau  tliu 
tenth  primary  aud  the  secondaries.  Type  V.  noveboracenti*.  Tim 
species  coming  under  this  section  are  noveboracensit,  caruiuli,  uiri- 
capillua,  hultoni,  btlli,  viciHior,'  aud  pusilla. 

Vireonella.  Wings  rounded,  scarcely  longer  than  the  tail ;  the  first 
quill  half  as  long  as  the  second  (or  more  than  half),  which  i»  not 
longer  than  the  tenth  primary  aud  secondaries,  or  even  luHit.  Bill 
aud  feet  generally  much  stouter  than  the  preceding.  Ty])e  Y. 
gundlachi.  The  species  belonging  liere  are  viodestut,'  lalimeri, 
puUena,  ochraceu$,  craimiroatris,  yumilachi,  aud  hi/jiocbryseiu, 

>  The  Vireones  are  found  throughout  the  New  World,  both  to 
the  extreme  worth  and  south,  each  section  having  ])oculiar  forms. 
None  of  the  North  American  species  are  ever  met  with  in  tlie  Wost 
Indies,  excepting  V.  olivaceus,  solitarius,  Jlavifrons,  and  norehora- 
censis,  in  Cuba,  where  they  are  extremely  rare,  and  occur  only  as 
stragglers.  They,  however,  penetrate  on  the  Continent  far  to  the 
south,  in  winter,  some  even  reaching  Bogota. 

VIREOSYLVIA,  Bon. 

Vireosylvia,  Bon.  Geog.  Comp.  List,  1838.  (Type  Muscicapa  oUoaeea, Lis.) 
Phyllomane8,  Cab.  Arch.  Nat.  1847, 1,  321.     (No  type  mentioned  ;  uam« 
proposed  as  substitute  for  Vireostflvia.) 

Wings  pointed,  longer  than  the  tail,  which  is  nearly  even,  or  very  slightly 
rounded.  First  primary  (as  in  the  type),  wanting  apparently  in  some  spt-cies. 
Bill  elongated,  about  as  broad  as  deep  at  base,  then  becoming  more  and  more 
compressed  ;  the  commissure  and  culmen  nearly  straight  to  the  abruptly  de- 
curved  an(^  hooked  tip.  Both  mandiblep  with  distinct  notch,  the  lowtr  also 
slightly  hooked.  Nostrils  open,  oval,  in  lower  edge  of  cavity,  with  membrane 
above  and  behind ;  the  frontal  feathers  advanced  and  reaching  nearly  to 
posterior  edge.  Bristles  in  frontal  feathers  and  in  rictus  to  moderate  extent. 
Legs  in  typo  rather  short  and  weak  ;  tarsus  but  little  longer  than  middle  toe 

'  V.  victnior  has  the  first  qnill  half  or  rather  more  than  half  the  seoond, 
but  otherwise  falls  within  the  limits  of  the  present  section. 

'  V.  modestns  in  very  small  bill  and  other  characters  belongs  very  near  V. 
hnttnni  of  the  preceding  section,  although  its  short  wing  brings  It  under  the 
present  one. 


VIEEOBYLVIA. 


88T 


and  claw,  with  neron  well-markHil  Houtullie  anteriorly.     Outer  lateral  toe  the 
limgur,  reaching  beyond  baae  of  middle ;  clawa  much  curved,  ooiupreased, 


40099 


Vira>»ylvUi  olivnaea.^ 

acute.  In  the  dried  specimen  entire  basal  joint  of  middle  toe  adherent  to  one 
and  tliree-fourtha  joints  of  outer,  and  the  whole  basal  joint  of  inner  ;  the  ad- 
hesion externally  extending  indeed  a  little  over  the  second  joint  of  middle  toe.' 


P4h 


'K:-'<i,. 


»  ■■ 

1; 


ViREOSYLViA,  Bon. 

The  following  synopi^is  expresses  the  characters  of  the  species  of 
Vireosylvia  as  restricted  : — 

Common  Charactrrh. — All  species  olive  above,  white  or  yellowish  beneath. 
An  ashy  or  brownish  cap,  contrasting  more  or  less  abruptly  with  the  olive 
back.  A  whitish  superciliary  stripe  extending  to  the  nape,  and  a  dusky  one 
to  and  behind  the  eye.  No  light  bands  on  the  coverts.  Inside  of  wings 
(flanks  sometimes)  and  crissum  yellowish,  otherwise  usually  white  beneath. 

A.  Bill  lengthened ;  gape  or  commissure  less  than  twice  the 
distance  from  nostril  to  end  of  bill.    No  spurous  primary. 
Cap  ashy,  in  contrast  with  olive  green  of  back,  edged 
with   dusky,  forming   a    faint  supraocular  dark 
stripe.     A  dusky  stripe  on  each  side  of  the  chin. 
Superciliary  stripe  and  cheeks,  especially  anterior 
to  tl.e  eye,  and  the  chin  tinged  with  brown- 
ish-buff.    Ash  of  head  indistinctly  defined, 
owing  to  a  wash  of  olivstceous.      Olive  of 

'  In  the  following  figures  the  left  foot  is  always  given,  and  from  the  outer 
side. 

'  In  the  fresh  bird  the  whole  of  the  basal  joint  of  the  inner  toe  is  adherent 
to  the  first  phalanx  of  the  middle,  the  membrane  reaching  a  very  little  above 
the  distal  end  of  the  latter.  The  basal  joint  of  the  outer,  and  more  than  half 
of  the  second  joint  are  likewise  adherent  to  the  middle  toe,  the  membrane 
extending  to  the  middle  of  the  second  joint.  The  basal  joints  are  thus  united 
into  a  palm,  not  cleft  at  all.  The  upper  surfaces  of  this  palm  are  covered 
with  hexagonal,  not  quadrangular  scales,  arranged  in  a  connected  pavement 
in  three  series.  When  the  toes  are  extended,  the  hinder  reaches  to  a  point 
intermediate  between  the  slightly  unequal  lateral  toes,  and  nearly  to  the 
middle  of  the  claw  of  the  central  toe. 


'■*r- 


*•  '■ '  ■ 


r^-? 


328 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[PARTL 


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Ri.v•^:;^■f, 


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back  tinged  with  brown,  and  a  wash  of  olive 
across  the  breast  .....    calidris. 

Baperoiliary  stripe  and  cheek  gravish-white,with- 
ont  any  baff.  Breast  and  chiu  quite  pure 
vhita.  Olive  of  back  clear  and  pure  ;  tlie 
ash  of  head  well  defined,  and  with  little  or 
no  t  nge  of  olive  .....   barbatula. 

Cap  distinctly  ashy,  in  decided  contrast  with  the  olive 
back.     No  stripe  on  each  side  the  chin. 

Outer  quill  about  equal  to,  or  very  little  shorter 
than  the  fourth.  Second  longest.  Wing 
three  inches  long. 

Dusky  edge  of  ashy  cap  very   distinct. 
••,.  •  Sides  but  slightly  olivaceous.     Cris- 

Bum  and  axillars  faiutly  yellowish. 
,,, ,  Inner  edge  of  quills  white.    Concealed 

portion  of  tail  feathers  wood  brown. 
Bill  and  feet  pale  brown    .         .         .    olivacea. 
Onter  quill  about  midway  between  fourth  and  , 

fifth.     Second  usually  longest.    Wing  three 
inches  long. 
Dusky  edge  of  cap  and  whitish  super- 
ciliary line   indistinct.      Sides  from 
neck  broadly  olive  yellow.     Crissum 
t.nd  axillars   deep   sulphur    yellow. 
...    .,..■,      „    .       Concealed    portion   of   tail    fe.ithers  , 

olive  green.      Inner  edge   of  quills 

yellowish Jtavoviridit, 

Outer  quill  shorter  than  fifth,  midway  between 
...   fifth  and  sixth.    Third  quill  longest.    Wing 

not  exceeding  2.80  inches.     Dusky  edge  of         ' 
cap  very  distinct.     Concealed  portion  of  tail 
,,,    feathers  olive  green. 

Sides  broadly  olivaceous.      Crifisura  and 
'i^  axillars  sulphur  yellow,  less  than  in         ■  ,1' 

Jlaroviridis.  Length  about  5.50.  Wing  ;   ■ , 

2.80 agilis. 

Color  of  sides  and  crissum  less  intense. 

Size  much   smaller.      Length   5.00. 

Wing  2.50.     Tail  feathers  narrow      .    chivi. 

Bill  short,  weak  ;  gape  more  than  twice  the  distance  from 

nostril  to  end  of  bill.     With  spurious  primary,  except  in 

philadelphinus.     Cap  not  edged  with  di^sky. 

No  spurious  primary.     Cap  ashy.    Back  olive.    Under 
parts  sulphur  yellow,  paler  on  chin  and  abdomen. 

Second  primary  rather  shorter  than  the  sixth    .   philaJelpMca, 
A  short  spurious  primary,  less  than  one-third  the  second 
quill.     Beneath  white.     Cap  ashy.     Back  olivace- 
ous ash. 


U 


;'l!tV 


:in. 


VIRE08YLV1A.  829 

Second  primary  about  equal  to  sixth,  or  long<>r  .    gilra. 
Second  primary  about  equal  to  seveutb.     Bill 

much  depressed  ......    swainsoni. 

Spurious  primary  longer,  rather  nacre  than  one-third 
the  second  quill.  Cap  brown.  Back  olive.  Chin 
rnd  throat  white ;    rest  of  under  parts   sulphur 


yvjllow. 


Second  primary  about  equal  to  seventh 


josephm. 


TireosylTia  calidriSt 

fMotacilla  calidris,  LiNN.  Syst.  Nat.  10th  ed.  1758,  184;  12th  ed.  I, 
17<j(>,  32i)  (based  on  Edwards,  tab.  121,  fig.  2  (Jamaica). —  Vtreo- 
aylvia  calidris,  Baird. 

f  Mtiscicapa  oliracea,  Linn.  S.  N.  I,  1766,  327  {Muscicapa  olivacea,  Erv 
WARDS,  tab.  253,  Jamaica). 

f  Vireo  virens,  Bodd.  Tabl.  PI.  enl.  1782  (based  on  PI.  enl.  275,  fig.'l, 
Merle  de  St.  Domingue). 

P  Turdm  hispanioleusis,  Gm.  Syst.  Nat  I,  1788,  822  (based  on  Merula 
olivacta  dominiceiisls,  Brisson,  II,  29(;,  St.  Domingo). 

Muscicapa  alliloqna,  Vikill.  Ois.  Am.  Sept.  I,  1807,  67,  pi.  31  (St.  Do- 
mingo).—  Vireo  (dtiloqun,  Gray,  Genera. — Sall(5,  P.  Z.  S.  1857, 
231  (St.  Domingo).— March,  Pr.  A.  N.  Sc.  1863,  2!)4  (Jamaica ; 
eggs). —  Vireosylvia  altiloqiia,  Bon.  Consp.  1850, 330. — A.  &  E.  New- 
ion,  Ibis,  1859,  149 .(  -anta  Cruz;  eggs). — Lawr.  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye. 
VIII,  1864,  99  (Sombrero;.— ??ScLATER  &  Salvin,  P.  Z.  S.  1864, 
348  (Isthmus  Panama!).— Casbin,  Pr.  A.  N.  Sc.  1860,  375  (St. 
Thomas).— Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1861,  72  (.Jamaica).— In.  Catal.  1861, 
43,  no.  262.  "         • 

Vireo  longirostris,  SwAtNSOJf,  F.  B.  A.  II,  1831,  237  (Jamaica). 

Phi/llomiines  myslacidis,  Cab.  Wieg.  Arch.  1847  ;  Orn.  Not.  II,  348  (West 
Indies). 

T7rco.s'^/rirt  oliracea,  Gospe,  Birds  Jamaica,  1847,  194. 

Vireosylvia  atripennis,  Lawrence,  Pr.  A.  N.  Sc.  1863, 106  (Sombrero). 

Huh.  Jamaica,  St.  Domingo,  Porto  Rico,  St.  Thomas,  Santa  Cruz,  and 
Sombrero. 

(No.  23,324,  %  .)  Second  and  3d  quills  equal,  then  4th,  the  1st  intermediate 
lirtween  4tli  and  5tli,  but  nearer  the  former. 

Top  of  head  dull  ash  color,  the  rest  3f  upper  parts  olive  green  (also  tinging 
the  nah  of  head),  washed  very  slightly  with  brownish;  pure  olivaceous  only 
towards  rump,  and  on  the  edges  of  quills  and  tail  feathers  ;  the  outer  edges 
of  greater  secondary  wing  coverts  more  yellowish.  Beneath  white,  tinged 
with  greenish-yellow,  the  sides  olivaceous,  with  a  decided  tinge  of  the  same 
acrojs  the  breast ;  the  crissum,  axillars,  and  edges  of  the  inner  wing  coverts 
greeiiish-yeilow.  Inner  edges  of  the  primary  quills  nearly  white,  of  the 
secondaries  and  of  the  tail  feathers  olivaceous-yellowisli. 

A  broad  pale  stripe  from  nostrils  over  the  eye  to  nape,  anteriorly  tinged 
strongly  with  buff;  a  du^ky  stripe  from  commissure  through  the  eye,  and  a 


i,...'>:,i 


f4\ 


\.:M 


Iff 


■ .  ■  ♦  ^  i 


i 


,     -V  >■   ^:.\   .■ 


If  :i 


830 


REVIEW  OP  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


6till  darker  narrow  line  each  side  the  chin  along  lower  edge  of  under  mandible, 
the  space  between  thia  stripe  and  the  one  through  the  eye  like  tlie  supra- 
ocular stripe,  and  like  it,  tinged  anteriorly  with  buff;  a  decided  indication  uf 
this  color  seen  also  on  the  chin. 

The  ashy  cap  is  so  much  overlaid  with  olivaceor?  as  to  be  scarcely  percep- 
tible, and  without  distinct  outline ;  the  outer  edge  is  dusky  as  in  V.  oltvaceus, 
but  almost  inappreciable.     The  primary  quills  are  dark  brown. 

(No.  23,958,  %.)  Total  length,  5.50;  wing,  3.25 ;  tail,  2.50;  difference  of 
exposed  portion  of  1st  and  2d  primary,  .20;  difference  of  5th  and  2d,  .30; 
length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .85,  from  nostril,  .47,  along  gape,  .90  ;  tarsus,  .75 ; 
middle  toe  and  olaw,  .60,  claw  alone,  .20;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .47,  claw 
alone,  .22. 

The  quills  in  all  tlie  Jamaican  specimens  before  m^^  show  great 
constancy  in  proportions,  the  second  and  third  about  equal,  the 
former  if  anything  slightly  longer ;  the  fourth  next,  the  first  (or 
outer)  nearly  midway  between  the  fourth  and  fifth,  sometimes  a  little 
nearer  the  latter.  The  same  formula  prevails  in  St.  Croix  and  one 
Sombrero  skin  ;  in  a  St.  Thomas  specimen  the  first  quill  is  but  little 
longer  than  the  fifth,  in  this  respect  more  like  the  average  of  Cuban 
and  Bahaman  birds. 

The  coloration  as  above  described  varies  somewhat  in  other  speci- 
mens, the  buff  wash  on  sides  of  head  and  chin  being  sometimes 
more  decided,  sometimes  less  so,  but  always  appreciable. 

Messrs.  Sclater  &  Salvin  (P.  Z.  S.  1864,  348)  refer  to  a  specimen 
of  "V  altiloqud'''  from  the  Isthmus  of  Panama.  May  not  this  be 
the  V-  frenata  of  Dubus,  from  Ocaiia,  New  Grenada  ?' 

Vireosylvia  atripennis,  of  Mr.  Lawrence,  from  Sombrero  island, 
differs  in  blacker  quills  and  tail  feathers,  a  du.sky  tinge  on  ^)p  of 
head,  and  to  a  less  degree  beneath,  as  also  on  the  inner  edges  of 
quills  and  tail  feathers. 

After  a  careful  examination  of  the  type  specimen,  however,  I  am 
unable  to  satisfy  myself  of  its  being  really  a  distinct  species.  The 
quills  and  tail  feathers  are,  it  is  true,  darker  than  in  V.  calkbis,  but 
an  investigation  shows  that  to  be  due,  in  part  at  least,  to  a  blackish 
foreign  matter,  partly  deposited  in  grains,  which  can  be  rubbed  off, 
and  is  removable  to  a  considerable  extent  by  benzine,  but  not  by 
water.     After  washing  the  quills  on  one  side  in  benzine,  I  found  no 


'  An  identification  of  Vireosylna  frenata  of  Dubus  (Bulletin  de  Brnxelles, 
XXII,  I,  1855,  150;  Ocaiia,  N.  Grenada),  if  truly  of  this  genus,  witli  either  V. 
cttlulnn  or  Ixirbatula,  can  hardly  be  justified.  From  the  description  it  wouUl 
8eem  to  be  much  less  olivaceous  above  (yellowish-ash),  the  top  of  the  head 
pure  ash  ;  the  quills  and  tail  feathers  ashy  brown,  margined  with  yeilowisli, 
very  different  from  the  two  species  just  mentioned  ;  the  length  of  19J  ueiiti- 
metres,  ur  more  thau  7j  inches,  greatly  exceeds  their  dimensious. 


VIUE08YLVIA. 


891 


appreciable  difference  there  from  V.  calidris,  of  Jamaica  ai)d  St. 
Croix.  The  wing  formula  differs  slightly  in  being  3.  2.  4.  5.  1.  ;  the 
outer  quill  being  a  little  shorter  thun  the  fifth.  A  second  speeinica 
from  Sombrero  is  undistinguishable  in  coloration  from  Jamaican 
skins,  and  has  the  1st  quiil  intermediate  between  the  fourth  and  fifth. 

In  the  absence  of  a  larger  number  of  specimens  I  cannot  say  what 
are  the  exact  relationships  of  the  St.  Croix  and  St.  Thomas  birds 
to  the  Jamaican,  The  two  before  me  I  cannot  in  any  way  distinguish 
from  some  Jamaican  skins,  among  which  there  is  some  variation. 
Specimens  from  Porto  llico  and  St.  Domingo  arc  also  similar  in 
general  features.  There  is  considerable  variation  in  the  size  of  bill 
in  specimens  from  the  same  locality. 

There  can  be  little  question  that  the  figure  of  Edwards,  upon 
which  the  naw.o  of  Linn^us  is  based,  refers  to  the  Jamaican  long-billed 
Vireo,  although  he  does  not  satisfactorily  express  the  color  of  the 
under  parts.    I  have,  therefore,  restored  calidris  as  the  specific  name. 

The  Muscicapa  olivacea,  of  Linnaeus,  which  has  usually  been  con- 
sidered to  refer  to  the  North  American  red-eyed  Vii'eo,  is  bised  on 
pi.  253  of  Edwards'  Gleanings,  which  is  unquestionably  the  Jamaican 
Vhro  now  under  discussion.  Linnaeus,  however,  associates  with  it 
tlie  figure  of  Catesby,  I,  tab.  54,  which  is  the  North  Americi.n  bird. 
The  name  of  M.  calidris,  at  any  rate,  takes  precedence  of  oh^civea, 
as  occurring  in  the  10th  edition. 

Thirty  specimens  examined. 


raith-  Collec- 

Sex 

uniitu    tor'8 

aud 

.\o        No. 

Age. 

Locality. 


When 

Collected. 


Received  from 


Collected  by 


2;!.:;2J 

45 

(f 

2:l,:i24 

<f 

3S,0.)fl 

fl3 

rr 

3S,(US 

fi3 

<i 

;f7,M4 

, , 

(f 

40,072 

, , 

0 

39,341) 

3!t,:fiO 

,. 

39,3.51 

142 

Savaiiniili  le  Mar,  Au^.  2(i,  TiH 

Trelawuey     [Jam.  J  line  10, '.'»9. 

Spaulxhtown,  Jam.  May,  ISbA. 

Metcalfe  Parish,"  April  2. 
Juremie,  Ilayti. 


Porto  liico,  N.  side. 


Sombrero  Island, 

St  Tbomac. 
St.  Croix. 


Aprill9,'fl4. 
April  1,  '64. 

1838. 


l)r.  Sclater. 

W.  ThoH.  March. 

it 

Prof.  G.  N.  Allen. 
Prof.  Aga»aiz. 

Geo.  Latimer. 

R.  Swift. 

Cab.  Lawrence, 

"  [ton. 

Cab.  A.  &  E.  Xew- 


W.  Olibiiru. 


P  R.  UUler, 


A.  A.  Jtilien. 


(        )  Type  of  V.  lUripennU.    (40,072.)   From  alcohol. 


Tircosylvia  barbatula. 


Plii/llomanes  barbattitus,  Cad.  Jonr.  Ill,  1855,  467  (Cuba). — Oumdlacb, 
Cab,  Jour.  18(jl,  324  (Cuba).— Ib.  Repertorio,  Cuba,  18G5. 

Vireo  altiloqiim,  Gambbl,  Pr.  A.  N.  So.  1848,  127  (Florida).— Baibd, 
Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  354  (Florida). 


r-  ■  . 


5.' 


l.^ 


h.':' 


332 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  LIRD8. 


[part  I. 


m 


I  '■> 


25058 


VireanylvUi  barbiitula.    (Cuba.) 


Vireosylvia  aftiluqun,  Cassin,  Pr.  A.  N.  Sc.  1861,  ir»2.— Ib.  Illnst.  1854 
8,  and  221,  pi.  37  (Florida).— Bryant,  Pr.  Boat.  Soc.  V,  1859, 113 
(Bahamas). — Lawbkncb,  Auu.  N.  Y.  Lyo.  1860  (Cuba). 

Hah.  Cuba  ;  the  Bahamas,  and  Charlotte  Harbor,  Florida.     (W.  Coast.) 

(No.  259,58,  %  ,  Cuba.)  Proportion  of  quills  as  iu  V.  calulris,  2.  =3.  4.  1.  5,, 
but  the  tips  of  the  quills  closer  together,  and  the  1st  quill  about  half  or  a  little 

less  than  half  the  distance 
between  5th  and  4th ;  the 
quills  narrower. 

Colors  similar  to  those 
of  V.  calidris,  but  of  a 
purer  and  paler  olive 
above ;  the  bn'k  tinged 
with  ash  ;  the  cap  purer 
ash,  and  better  defined, 
without  olivaceous  wash, 
its  dusky  edge  more  dis- 
tinct. The  superciliary 
stripe  whitish,  or  grayish,  with  the  cheeks  paler,  and  both,  as  well  as  the  chin, 
without  the  buflf  tinije.  Under  parts  nearly  pure  white,  very  faintly  tinged 
across  the  breast  with  ashy  ;  the  sides  olivaceous  ;  the  crissum  and  axillars 
pale  sulphur  yellow. 

(No.  25,958,  %.)  Total  length,  5.50;  wing,  3.15;  tail,  2.50;  difference  of 
Ist  and  2d  quills,  .18,  of  5th  and  2d,  .22 ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .82, 
from  nostril,  .46,  along  gupe,  .89  ;  tarsus,  .72 ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .60,  claw 
alone,  .21 ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .50,  claw  alone,  .23. 

The  black-whiskered  Vireos  of  Cuba,  Bahamas,  and  Florida  are 
distinguished  by  the  characters  just  mentioned  from  the  Jamaican 
species,  and  agree  in  coloration  very  well  rra  )ng  themselves.  While 
in  V.  calidris  the  first  quill  is,  with  scarcely  an  exception,  about 
midway  between  the  fourth  and  fifth,  the  second  a  little  longer  than 
the  third,  the  tendency  in  the  present  series  is  to  liavc  the  third  quill 
rather  the  longer,  and  the  first  only  equalling  the  fifth.  Only  in 
No.  17,711  and  25,958,  from  Cuba,  and  34,513,  from  Nassau,  is  the 
first  quill  longer,  or  reaching  nearly  half  way  from  the  5th  to  the  4th. 


>■  -f 


Sinith- 

Collec- 

Sex 

Wlipn 
Collecied. 

No. 

tor's 
No. 

aad 

Age. 

Locality. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

2.5.0.-)8 

.. 

Cuba. 

Dr.  Guiullach. 

3.J,0B4 

ti 

•  •  > 

•• 

,  , 

243 

t( 

>  •  • 

Cab.  Lawrence, 

Dr.  Guiidlach, 

17,711 

,  , 

Monte  Ve-de,  Cuba. 

Miiy  6. 

0.  WriRlit. 



i:i,Rori 

•  • 

Nassau,  N.  P 

Dpc.  8,  '."iO 

Dr.  Bryiint. 

3»,.'JU 

23  f 

[Pla. 

Mnv  14,  •fi4 

Lt.C.  L.Kltiperald. 

24,2S2 

243 

Charlotte  Harbor, 

Juue,  1S48. 

Dr.  Heerinaun. 

V1RE08YLVIA. 


333 


:'" :  ^^ti?|^i 


IWj)  )•■  .' 


VireosylTia  olit'acea* 

Muscicapa  olivtuea,  Linn.  S.  N.  I,  17G6,  327  (based  on  Edwabdp,  tab. 
253,  and  Catkbby,  pi.  54). — Wilb.  Am.  Orn.  II,  1810,  ft'S,  pi.  xiii 
fig.  3. — Lanius  olivaceus,  Licbt.  Verz,  1823,49  (N.  Auier.). —  Virto 
olivaceus,  Vieill.,  Bon.  Oba.  Wila.  1826,  124.— Swains.  F.  B.  A.  II, 
1831,  233.— AuD.  Cm.  Biog.  II,  pi.  150.— Ib.  B.  A.  IV,  pi.  243.— 
Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  IS.'iS,  331. — Vireosylvia  oliv.  Bon.,  Gt'Og. 
Comp.  List,  1838.— Ib.  Consp.  1850,  329.— Reinhakdt,  Vid.  Med. 
f.  1853,  1854,  82  (Greenland).— In.  Ibis,  III,  7.— Sclateh,  P.  Z.  S. 
1855,151  (Bogota) ;  1859, 137,  363  (Xalapa).— Ib.  Catal.  Am.  Birds, 
1861,  43,  no.  261.— A.  &  E.  Newton,  Ibis,  1859,  14.1  —Sclateh  & 
Salvin,  Ibis,  1859,  12  (Guatemala). — Lawbenck,  Ai  N.  Y.  Lye. 
VII,  1860,  246  (Cuba).— Ibis,  1864,  394  (Derby,  Engl.  May,  18.')9). 
—Phyllomanes  oliv.  Cad.  Mus.  Hein.  1850-51,  63. — Ib.  Jour.  1860, 
404  (Costa  Rica). — Gundl.  Cab.  Jour.  1861,  324  (Cuba  ;  very  rare). 

fVireo  vtrescens,  Vieill.  Ois.  Am.  Sept.  I,  1807,  84,  pi.  liii  (Penna.). — 
?GuAY,  Genera,  I,  267,  pi.  Ixv. 

Vireo  hogotensis,  Bryant,  Pr.  Bost.  Soc.  VII,  1860,  227  (Bogota).— Law- 
rence, Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.  1863  (Birds  Panama,  IV,  No*.  378). 

Tluh.  Whole  of  Eastern  North  America  (Halifax,  Greenland,  Fort  Simpson), 
west  to  base  of  Rocky  Mts.,  reaching  Fort  Bridger  and  still  further  northward 
tj  Bitterroot  Mts.  and  Kootenay ;  south  to  Panama  and  Bogota,  in  winter 
(Xalapa  only  in  Mexico);  very  rare  in  Cuba  (only  West  Indian  locality). 
Accidental  in  England. 

(No.  1,418,  % ,  Carlisle,  Pa.,  May,  1844.)  Upper  parts  olive  green.  Top  of 
head,  from  bill  to  nape,  ash  color.  A  white  line  from  nostrils  above  and 
beyond  the  eye,  bordered  above  by  a  dusky  line  forming  tlie  edge  of  the  ashy 
cap,  and  below  by  a  similar,  perhap.'^  paler  loral  and  post-ocnlar  cheek  stripe. 
Beneath,  including  tibiae,  white,  with  perhaps  a  tinge  of  olivaceous  ash  across 
tlie  breast ;  the  sides  of  neck  like  the  back  ;  sides  of  the  body  with  a  faint 
washofolivo.  Axillars  and  crissum  faintly  tinged  with  sulphur  yellow  ;  lining 
of  wings  and  its  edge,  the  latter  especially,  nearly  white.     Quills  blaekish- 


40030 


V-"  ■(;' 


Vireosylvia  oliwicea. 

brown,  edged  externally,  except  at  ends  of  primaries,  with  olive,  internally 
with  white.     Tail  feathers  lighter  brown,  edged  externally  like  the  back,  in- 
ternally with  pale  olivaceous-white. 
Bill  dusky  above,  pale  below  ;  tarsi  plumbeous  ;  iris  red. 


^'-.vK/''.''^'/ 


0 


334 


REVIEW  or  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[rAUT  I. 


,1. ..,_;  .  ..^j.:.*:--..  - 

*■■;■'■-.  :.-  ':  '  T"'^i  I 
i  ,^.  p,  .<    -i   ^  :■,■■■  ,::i-i_- 
g ;■'■--  ;.  ■ 


Female  birds  generally  similar,  but  gmaller. 

(No.  1,418,  %.)  Frtish  speciuieu :  Total  length,  6.33;  expanse  of  wings 
10.2,'5 ;  wing  from  carpal  joint,  3.33.  Prepared  specimen  :  Total  length,  SJf,; 
wing,  3.20;  tail,  2.60;  difference  between  Ist  and  2d  primaries,  .17,  of  Sth 
and  2d,  .10,  of  9th  and  longest,  .86 ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .70,  from 
nostril,  .42,  along  gape,  .86  ;  tar.sns,  .77  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .t5,  claw  aloue, 
.20;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .48,  claw  alone,  .21. 

In  No.  1,418  the  second  qnill  is  longest,  the  third  and  fourth  a 
little  shorter ;  the  first  or  outer  a  little  less  than  the  fourth,  much 
longer  than  the  fifth.  In  other  specimens  the  first  quill  is  longer 
than  the  fourth ;  generally,  it  may  be  said,  that  the  first  quill  'h 
always  (or  with  rare  exceptions)  nearly  equal  to  the  fourth,  some- 
times a  little  longer,  sometimes  a  little  shorter;  always  much  longer 
than  the  fifth,  the  second  quill  always  longest  of  all. 

There  is  some  variation  in  color  in  this  species,  both  individnal 
and  .seasonal.  In  No.  34,081,  %,  from  Iowa,  the  colors  are  purer 
and  brighter.;  the  ash  of  crown  dark  aiid  clear,  without  the  olivace- 
ous wash  so  frequently  met  with.  The  dusky  markings  about  the 
head  are  almost  black,  and  there  is  almost  no  yellowish  whatever  on 
the  crissum. 

Autumnal  and  late  summer  specimens  are  much  more  brigh  \ 
colored ;  the  olive  clearer,  the  gray  of  head  more  sharply  dofnicd, 
and  the  crissum  and  axillars  with  a  strong  tinge  of  yellowish.  In 
only  a  single  spring  specimen  out  of  twenty  is  there  a  positive, 
though  still  pale  sulphur  yellow  crissum,  all  others  showing  this 
faintly  or  not  at  all.  The  most  brightly  colored  autumnal  skin  in 
the  series  is  No.  22,308  (Washington,  October),  in  which  the  colors 
are  nearly  as  vivid  as  in  V.  chivi,  and  perhaps  answering  to  Y, 
virescens  of  Vieillot.* 

There  is  considerable  difference  in  thickness,  and  some  in  the  length 

'  In  the  article  on  Vireonidie,  in  the  Pacific  R.  R.  Report,  page  333  (Birds 
N.  America)  I  have  given  the  name  of  V.  virescens,  Vieillot,  to  the  Bartraniian 
Vireo,  V.  a^ilis.  In  this,  however,  I  am  now  satisfied  I  was  wrong.  The 
specific  name  was  based  by  Vieillot  (Nouv.  Diet.  d'Hist.  Nat.  XXXVl,  ISlit, 
104)  on  a  bird  killed  in  New  Jersey.  He  describes  the  top  of  the  head  as 
*'  blackish ;"  the  figure,  however,  distinctly  represents  a  black  line  bordering  tlie 
crown,  and  above  the  light  supra-ocular  stripe.  The  quills  and  tail  feathers 
are  said  to  be  edged  with  greenish,  the  lower  tail  cove.rts  to  be  yellowish,  the 
length  4.60.  Nothing  is  said  about  the  proportions  of  the  qnills.  In  view 
of  all  the  circumstances,  locality,  etc.,  it  is  very  probable  that  this  description 
belongs  to  a  young,  perhaps  autumnal  V.  o/irarfa,  a  name  apparently  uiiknoffii 
to  Vieillot.  There  is  no  indication  in  the  description  of  the  very  briplit  colors 
of  V.  chivi  or  ayilis,  the  olive,  being  described  as  liaving  a  strong  ginyish  tinge. 


VIREOSYLV'IA. 


335 


of  1)111.     Young  birds  Love  considerably  shorter  bills,  the  colors  less 
vivid,  but  otherwise  simiiiir  to  tlie  adults, 

I  tiiid  no  appreciable  differences  in  specimens  from  Guatemala, 
Panaina,  and  Bogota,  either  in  size  or  other  characters,  which  can- 
not he  readily  matched  by  northern  skins. 

The  uiune  of  Linnajus,  cited  for  this  species,  is  based  by  him  on 
pi.  253  of  Edwards'  Gleanings,  and  on  pi.  54  of  Catesby's  Carolina  ; 
the  former,  liowever,  and  that  first  mentioned,  being  unquestionabi 
(he  Jamaican  V.  calidris,  while  the  latter  refers  to  the  subject  of  the 
present  article.  A  strict  adherence  to  the  rule  of  priority  may  re- 
quire the  name  " olivaceiis,"  therefore,  to  be  thrown  aside,  and  some 
other,  as  " i7Ve.s'ce>i8,"  Vieill.,  adopted;  but  as  Catesby's  plate  has 
priority  of  I]dwards',  we  may  perhaps  consider  the  priority  of  quota- 
tion as  neutralized,  end  leave  " olivaceus'^  for  the  species.  A  similar 
question  exists  in  reference  to  the  proper  specific  name  of  the  North 
American  "  Mimus  polyglottus."  I  am  not  quite  satisfied,  however, 
that  either  of  these  names  should  be  retained. 

About  one  hundred  and  thirty  specimens  have  been  examined, 
from  various  localities  throughout  the  whole  eastern  province  of  the 
Uuited  States. 


Smitli- 
No. 

C.llec- 
lor's 

No. 

Spx 
and 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

26,93:) 

•• 

i/ 

IlKlifax.  N.  S. 

May'i,'  '44. 

W.  0    Winton. 
S.  F.  Baird. 

HIS 

Ciirli»le,  Pa. 

1,440 

•• 

^ 

It 
11 

May  3,  •44, 

(4 

2.9,241 

737 

rf 

Washington,  I>.  C. 

April  28,"«0. 

Di\  E.  Coups. 

i2:in 

TiibPity  CiMinty, ««. 

■ . . 

JoM.  Leconte. 

.1,8i1 

, 

Giitaw.  Ala. 

• .  ■ 

Prof.  Winclioll. 

\9,rM 

620 

9 

t"ulUisL'*yl"""n- 

June  7, 

R,  Kennicott. 

22.67S 

i09 

Koit  Simpson 
Selkiric  Seitleinent. 

June 22, '60. 

B   R,  Ross. 

mm 

,  , 

,, 

Geo.  MTavish. 

21,049 

,  , 

'• 

* . . 

Donald  Gunii. 

,'!1,3.)8 

., 

9 

Cook  County,  111. 

Jnne  9.  '64. 

R,  Kennicott. 

24,iS7 

,  , 

NeoMlio  Falls. 

Summer, 

B,  F.  Go,ss. 

,U3>8 

318 

^ 

Kepiibllcau  Knrk. 

May  2(i,  '64. 

Dr.  E   Cr)nes, 

11,084 

57 

9 

F  irt  Cobb.  Ark. 

May  2.'5,  '60. 

J.  H.  Claik. 

21,94.i 

S40 

Pack  River,  W.  T. 

Kootenay. 

June  14, '00. 

A.  Campbell. 

Dr.  Kennerly. 

KOtS 

96 

,  , 

BitturroDt  Valley. 

Sept  4,  '60, 

Dr.  J.  G  Cooper. 

11063 

, , 

,  , 

Fort  BridL'or. 

Sept.  1,   57 

C.  Drexler. 

13,1S1 

•• 

9 

Misiouri  Uivor,  SOO 
milex  ab  St.  Loiii.i. 

lit.  Muilan. 

J.  Pearsall. 

3.4IS1 

51 

<f 

Sionx  City.  Iowa 

May  20,  '64. 

Capt,  J   Fciluer. 

8,69 1 

.  , 

Fremont.  PJHtmRiv. 

•  •  . 

Lt.  Warren, 

nr    Ilayden. 

6,813 

16 

ff 

Devil'K  River,  Tex. 

•  ■  ■ 

Col.  Graham. 

J.  H.  Clark. 

6,814 

.  , 

WeBtern  Texas. 

Capt,  J    Pope. 

13,602 

163 

Guatemala. 

... 

J.  fionld. 

Cab   Lawrence, 

33.293 

. , 

San  .ToHO,  C.  R. 

•  •  * 

J  Carmlol. 

29,5.50 

•• 

Costa  Rica, 
Panama  R.  R. 

... 

Berlin  JIus, 
Cab,  Lawrence. 

H'Leaanan, 

31,290 

,, 

Bogota. 

... 

0.  N.  Lawrence. 

34,623 

•• 

... 

J   H.  Roome. 

(21,945.)  With  eggs. 


'm:^r 

'",  ■"'■■ 

^ 

''j''i  -r 

-'■< 

''■'■' 

"'  .;  ,j- 

■ ) 

;  .V •»;.;;>; 

■     f"^  ,■»?■;■ 

u .  : 

'.'-'  . '     ''■."'*  '■ 

i.    ■;     ■ 

;:■   »/  .^ 

i^J'S' 


■-;  *.' 


!;   ■ 


'i     .»» 


'J 

^         ■ 


';■>    * 


^^rU- 


ii    !■ 


336 


REVIEW  OP  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[PAllT  I. 


Vtrnoiylvla  pivreiridU.    (Pnaamn.) 


Yireosylvia  flaToviridis. 

Vireosylviujlav.  Cassin,  Pr.  A.  N.  Sc.  V,  Feb.  1851,  152.— Ib.  VI,  pi.  ii 
( Panama). —ScLATKH,  P.  Z.  S.  186(i,  2!»8  (Cordova).— In.  I85lt,  375 
(Uaxaca  ;  April). — Ib.  Catal.  1801, 44,  no.  2tJ4. — Sclatkr  &  SAirrir, 
Ibis,  I,  1859  12  (duateuiala).— K/no  y?ai;.  Bairh,  Birds  N.  Am. 
1858,  332.— Phyllomanesjtao.  Cab.  Jour.  1861,  93  (Costa  Kicn). 

ITah.  From  nortbern  border  of  Mexico  to  Istbuius  of  Panama,  e.-tpecially  on 
Vest  side. 

(No.  3,976,  %  .)  Above  olive  green  ;  tbe  wbolo  top  of  head  and  nape  aali 
color,  tbe  edges  of  this  uap,  and  a  loral  line  dusky,  but  not  very  decidHdIy  so. 

A   grayish-white    line   from 
y  nostrils  over   the   eye.    Be- 

neath white,  the  sides  of  tiie 
neck,  breast,  and  btnly  bright 
olivaceouR-yellow  ;  the  axil- 
lars   and  crissuin   rich  sul- 
phur yellow.     On  the  breast 
the  yellow   extends    almost 
to  the  median  line,  the  color 
of  opposite    sidi'S   aeparatwl 
by  a  narrow  interval.    Quills 
dusky  brown  ;  margined  ex- 
ternally, except  at  ends  of  primaries,  with  olive  green,  internally  with  grayish- 
white  of  a  decided  yellow  shade.     Tail  feathers  dark  olivaceous-brown,  bright 
olive  externally,  internally  olivaceous-yellow.     Iris  yellow  or  "red." 

Bill  born-color,  paler  below.  Legs  plumbeous.  Wings  long  and  pointed. 
Second  and  3d  quills  nearly  equal  ;  4th  a  little  less;  1st  about  intermediate 
between  4th  and  5th. 

(No.  3,976.)  Total  length,  6.00;  wing,  3.20;  tail,  2.60;  difference  of  1st 
and  2d  quills,  .30,  of  2d  and  5th,  .15,  of  9th  and  longest,  .70 ;  length  of  bill 
from  forehead,  .70,  from  nostril,  .45,  along  gape,  .85  ;  tarsus,  .70 ;  middle  toe 
auvL  claw,  .58,  claw  alone,  .14;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .42,  claw  alone,  .20. 

Specimens  appear  to  vary  somewhat  in  intensity  of  coloration, 
size  and  shape  of  bill,  and  in  dimensions,  but  little  otherwise.  The 
sexes  are  similar.  The  wing  formula  above  mentioned  is  the  jjreva- 
lent,  though  in  a  few  instances  the  first  quill  is  about  equal  to  or  a 
very  little  less  than  the  fifth. 

This  species  is  of  about  the  size  of  V.  olivacea,  or  a  little  larger; 
the  tail  longer  proportionally,  the  wings  shorter  and  much  less 
pointed.  The  wing  formula  is  much  the  same,  but  the  difi"erence  of 
the  shortest  and  longest  primaries  is  about  .70,  instead  of  .90,  as  in 
olivacea.  The  bills  are  not  dissimilar ;  the  coloration,  however, 
appreciably  differeni  The  dusky  lines  over  and  through  the  eye 
are  much  less  vivid,  llie  white  one  less  distinct.  The  decided  olive 
yellow  of  the  entire  side  of  body  from  neck  to  crissum,  extending 


*4^J- 


V1RU08YLVIA. 


887 


beyond  the  c-osed  wings  and  encroaching  on  the  front  part  of  the 
breast,  is  never  seen  in  olicacea,  where  any  olive  is  concealed.  The 
crissum  and  axillars  are  much  brighter  yellow  ;  the  inner  edges  of 
the  quills  yellowish,  not  white.  The  tail  feathers  are  decidedly 
olivaceous  in  their  concealed  portion,  not  clear  brown ;  and  the 
olivaceous  of  the  back  is  much  brighter  and  more  yellow. 


Smith- 

CollM- 

Sex 

When 
Collected. 

tdulau 
No. 

tiir's 
No. 

and 
AKe. 

LoeaUty. 

Beoelved  from 

Collected  \>j 

3.!)7ti 

172 

<f 

Monterey,  Mez. 

Lt.  D.  N.  Couch. 

3,S77 

178 

4 

" 

.1 

S4.II2I 

0 

Maiatlsn,  Mex. 

June  i  6, '62. 

Cot.  A.J.  Grayson. 

M,»13 

noil 

" 

" 

II 

34.024 

0(XK) 

"  [ma.  Mex 

II 

II 

2:),7^7 

l.-.l 

Bosario.  near  CoU- 

Jane,  1863. 

J.  Xanliix. 

23.7S'2 

l->7 

«i 

II 

i),7!«) 

Kit 

(t 

II 

S1I..W4 

].t4 

San  JoK«,  C.  R. 

■  • . 

Dr.  T.  Frantzius. 

»\m 

17!) 

41 

. . . 

•1 

33.296 

im 

II 

... 

II 

.33,2!»7 

,  , 

11 

J.  Carmlol. 

3s,92!) 

lathmuK  Panama. 

Jan.  2a,  '65. 

F.  Hickx. 

34,tiOS 

170 

II 

•c 

... 

J.  H.  Roome. 
Cab.  l.Bwrence. 

38,928 

•• 

d 

Panama. 

Jan.  12,  '69. 

F.  HlckH. 

4'. 


(3,976.)  Eyeii  yellow.     (38,829.)  Eye  red.     (38,928.)   Eye  chocolate. 


1st 

bill 
toe 


L'va- 
or  a 


less 
e  of 
s  ill 
ver, 
eye 
ive 
3ing 


VireosylTla  cliivi. 

Sylvia  chivi,  Vieill.  Nonv.  Diet.  XI,  1817,  174  (based  on  Azara,  Con- 
tramsestre  Qaviero,  Apuntam.  II,  34,  no.  162). — Ib.  Encyolop. 
M6lh.  1823,  437. 

Hab.  La  Plata  region ;  north  to  Bahia. 

(No.  16,340,  9  .)  General  distribution  of  color  the  same  as  In  V.  oHvacea. 
The  concealed  portion  of  tail  feathers  more  olivaceous  than  brown.  The 
inner  edges  of  the  quills  pale  olivaceous- 
yellow,  of  the  reotrices  brighter  yellow. 
Sides  of  the  body  greenish-yellow.  Axil- 
lars and  crissum  sulphur  yellow.  Super- 
ciliary dusky  stripe  deep  and  distinct. 
Bill  plumbeous,  dusky  above,  pale  at  the 
base  below. 

Third  quill  longest ;  2d  and  4th  very 
little  shorter;  Ist  shorter  than  the  5th, 
nearly  intermediate  between  it  and  the 
6th. 

(No.  16,340.)  Total  length,  4.95  ;  wing,  2.45  ;  tail,  2.10  ;  width  of  lateral 
feather,  .25  ;  difference  of  Ist  and  2d  quills,  .14,  of  1st  and  3d,  .21,  of  2d  and 
■^th,  .09,  of  3d  (longest)  and  9th,  .54 ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .59,  from 
nostril,  .35,  along  gape,  .67  ;  tarsus,  .65  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .50,  claw  alone, 
•14;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .43,  claw  alone,  .15, 

A  male  bird,  No.  30,973,  from  the  Vermejo,  ia  of  precisely  the  mame  size. 
22     May.  1866. 


Vireoiylvici  chivi.     (Vormeijo  Riv.) 


■    I 


I    ,  I 


X 


h:'': 


838 


EEVIEW  OP  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


In  a  pretty  extensive  series  of  speeimeus  of  South  Anioricnn 
VireoH,  wliicb  liave  been  referred  to  V.  vhivi,  ayilis,  barlramii,  iic. 
of  authors,  supposed  to  be  Hyuoiiyiiis  of  the  same  species,  I  find 
considerable  differences  which  uppurfiitiy  indicate  tlie  presence  of 
two  or  even  three  species,  differing  almost  too  much  in  size  and 
coloration  to  be  considered  the  same.  I  have  therefore  selected  tiie 
specimens  from  Captain  Page's  I'arnguay  expedition  as  typical  of 
the  oldest  name,  V.  chivi,  based  on  Azara's  descriptions.  These 
specimens,  two  in  number,  agree  with  Azara's  bird  in  the  small  sizt>; 
the  coloration  is  less  intense  than  in  the  rest,  the  y«'llow  of  the  under 
parts  being  not  much  brighter  than  in  oliraccvs,  but  as  a  sjiring 
plumage  this  is  to  be  expected,  if,  as  is  probable,  Azara's  descrip- 
tion was  taken  from  autumnal  birds. 

The  groat  inferiority  in  size  to  V.  olivacetis,  and  the  difference  in 
the  wing  formula,  will  at  once  distinguish  this  sjn-cics  or  race.  Tlie 
coloration  of  No.  10,340  is  almost  precisely  that  of  No.  1,418,  the 
type  of  the  description  of  V.  olivaceus,  the  olive  being  only  a  little 
deeper,  the  axillars  brighter  yellow. 

If  there  are  two  species  of  South  American  Vireos  of  the  rhiri 
type,  as  suggested,  the  more  southern  appears  to  be  the  smaller 
and  the  northern  one  the  larger,  although  not  closely  restricted. 
Thus  a  specimen  in  the  collection  labelled  "  Buenos  Ayres,"  possibly 
erroneously,  however,  is  as  large  as  the  largest,  while  two  from 
Bahia  are  as  small  as  the  La  Plata  skins  described. 


Smith- 
DonlaD 

No. 

CollPC- 
tor's 
No. 

S«x 
aQd 
Ako. 

10,173? 

16,340 
20,973 

1.^8 

11.'-. 

37 

9 

Locality. 


Babia,  Brazil. 

Brazil. 
VernMJo  Blver. 


Wlien 
Collected. 


Received  from 


Collected  by 


Oct.  18.19. 
Feb.  1860. 


Dr.  G.jCaliHnis. 
Cab.  Lawrence. 
Capt.  Pave.  Expl. 
"  [of  Parana. 


Chr.  Wood. 


TireosylTia  agilis.  < 

)-  Lanitis  agilis,   Light.  Yen.  Donbl.  1823,  no.  526   (Bahia,  Brazil).— 

fThamnnphihis  arfilis,  Spix,  Av.  Bras.  II,  tab.  xxxiv,  fig.  1. — Phyllo- 
manes  nyilis,  Bdbm.   Th.  Bras.   Voefl,  II,  1856,  108. —  Vireosijlvia 

agilis,  Sclatbr,  P.  Z.  S.  1860,  64,273  (Ecuador) Ib.  Catal.  18C1, 

44,  no.  263  (Bogota,  etc.). 

Vireo  hartramii,  Swainson,  F.  B.  A.  II,  1831,  23.')  (not  of  Am.). 

Vireosylrin  vireacens,  Caspin,  Pr.  A.  N.  Sc.  18.51,  l.*)!. — Sclatkr,  P.  Z.  S. 
18.')5,  I.*)!  (Bogota). —  Vireo  virescens,  Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858, 
333  (Brazil),  not  of  Vieill. 

Hab.  South  America ;  south  to  Buenos  Ayres,  Ecuador,  Guatemala. 


VIRE08YLVIA. 


839 


Vtrtotylvia  agilit.    (Ouatemala.) 


(No.  2,034.)  Similar  to  V.  ol'warea  in  olive  of  npper  parts,  lead  colored 
cap  edged  witli  blackJHli,  a  wititiali  superciliary,  and  dutiky  lurai  Htripe. 
Sidus,  liow6V«r,  more  couMpiououHly  olivace- 
oas  yellow ;  axillara  and  orisHum  purer  yeU 
low  ;  inner  edges  of  quills  and  tail  feathers 
palu,  but  distinctly  yellowish ;  rest  of  under 
partH  greenish-white. 

Third  quill  longest ;  2d  and  'tth  scarcely 
lead ;  let  intermediate  between  5th  and  6th. 

(No.  2,034.)  Total  length,  5.50;  wing, 
2.80;  tail,  2.35  ;  width  of  outer  feather,  .30; 
difference  of  1st  and  3d  primaries,  .27,  of  2d 
and  5th,  .15,  of  3d  and  9th,  .54;  length  of 
bill  from  forehead,  .66,  from  nostril,  .37,  along  gape,  .77;  tarsus,  .70;  middle 
toe  and  claw,  .53 ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .44  (claw  broken). 

The  ashy  cap  does  not  extend  over  the  nape,  and  is  rounded  off 
behind,  leaving  the  sides  of  occiput  olive. 

A  specimen  from  Trinidad,  belonging  to  Mr.  A.  Newton,  differs  in 
much  brighter  and  deeper  olive  and  yellow  shades ;  the  ash  of  cap 
extends  farther  back  on  the  nape,  but  is  rather  rounded  behind. 
The  concealed  portion  of  the  tail  feathers  is  almost  as  distinctly 
olive  as  the  back.  The  wing  is  unusually  long,  measuring  2.95  ;  the 
first  quill  is  about  equal  to  the  fifth  ;  the  difference  of  shortest  and 
longest  quills  .62. 

Another  specimen  (No.  8,050,  from  Guatemala),  which  may  pos- 
sibly belong  even  to  a  different  species,  is  equally  bright  in  colora- 
tion with  preceding,  and  the  ash  of  cap  extends  still  more  over  the 
nape,  widening  behind ;  the  posterior  outline  almost  transverse.  The 
tail  feathers  are  broader  (.35) ;  the  wing  shorter  (2.75) ;  the  first  quill 
intermediate  between  the  fifth  and  sixth  ;  the  difference  of  longest 
and  shortest  quills  .55.  One  from  Ecuador,  referred  here,  in  poor 
condition,  differs  in  some  minor  points.  One  from  Buenos  Ayres, 
again,  is  unusually  large,  the  tail  longer,  the  wing  equal  to  the 
Trinidad  specimen. 

Compared  with  V.  chivi,  of  the  La  Plata  region,  this  species,  as 
described  above,  is  considerably  larger,  and  in  size  nearer  to  V.  oli- 
vacea;  the  wings  are  more  pointed,  the  olive  yellow  and  yellow  of 
the  sides  and  under  parts  brighter  and  more  distinct. 

From  V.  olivacea  it  differs  in  the  much  brighter  coloration  of 
the  under  parts,  and  in  the  wing  formula,  as  well  as  in  inferior  size, 
lu  many  points  of  coloration  it  bears  a  clo.se  resemblance  to  V.  Jlavo- 
riridis.  It  is,  however,  smaller  and  less  brightly  colored,  and  the 
olive  yellow  of  the  sides  does  not  encroach  so  much  on  the  breast. 
There  is  also  an  appreciable  difference  in  the  markings  of  the  head, 


840 


BEVIKVV  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


i  ■ 


rr.- 


the  dusky  edges  of  the  cap,  and  the  dark  lurol  line,  relieved  uguiiiht 
a  wliitiuh  superciliary  stripe,  ho  distinct  in  oiivatra  and  aijilis,  lK-iti|^ 
scarcely  or  luucli  less  appreciable  in  Jiavoviridis.  Tlie  wings  are 
more  rounded  in  agilis ;  the  first  quill  considerably  uhurter  tliuu 
fifth,  instead  of  being  nearly  equal  or  lunger. 

This  species,  whether  what  1  describe  as  V.  chivi  be  the  same  or 
not,  scarcely  extends  north  of  Continental  South  America — the  skin 
from  Guatemala,  just  mentioned,  being  almost  the  only  one  quoted, 
and  the  locality  of  this  may  possibly  be  erroneous,  even  if  the  hiid  he 
not  of  a  diflerent  species.  I  have  never  found  any  indieiilion  of  the 
occurrence  of  any  bird  of  this  type  in  the  West  Indies  or  North 
America  in  recent  times.* 

It  is  quite  probable  that  the  careful  comparison  of  a  larger  number 
of  good  specimens  of  Virevs  of  the  type  of  chivi  and  agiUs  niny  re- 
sult in  establishing  the  existence  of  one  or  two  more  species;  that 
from  "  'Guatemala"  (No.  8,050),  at  least,  is  different  in  several  |)oiiits 
from  the  rest,  and  I  had  provisionally  named  it  before  concluiliiig 
that  it  was  best  to  allow  the  decision  of  the  question  to  rest  upou 
the  examination  of  a  better  series. 


Smith-  Collec- 

bodIad    tor's 

No.        No. 

Sex 
and 

Age. 

Loealitr. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collectfd  by 

10,174 

2,0.34 

15,070 

34,091 

8,6,W 

9 

8.  BraiU. 
Brazil. 

Bueuof)  Ayrei. 
Quito,  Ecuador. 
Trinidad. 
"Oaatemala." 

Dr   Cabanis. 
8.  F.  Balrd. 
J.  K.  Townxend. 
Prof.  JameHuii. 
Cab.  A.  &  E.  Now- 
J.  Gould.         [luu 

LauKBdurff. 

(8,0.jO.)  " Perhapn  erroneoua  locality." 

Yireosylvia  philadelpbica* 

Vireosylvia  phtladelphica,  CAgsiN,  Pr.  A.  N   So.  V,  Feb.  18.^7,  K's.—h. 
YI,  pi.  i,  fig.  1  (Philadelphia). — Sclateb  &  Salvin,  Ibis,  I,  1859, 

'  I  have  never  met  with  a  bird  agreeing  with  the  description  of  Vireo  bar- 
Iramii,  of  Audubon.  The  proportions  of  the  body  and  the  quills  are  mxivh  as 
in  V.  aijilis.  The  tail,  however,  is  said  to  be  "wood-brown  margined  with 
paler,"  instead  of  olivaceous  ;  and  the  lower  parts  "white,  the  breast  tinged 
with  pale  yellow,  and  the  throat  and  sides  with  gray,"  instead  of  being  white 
below  ;  the  crissnm  bright  sulphur  yellow,  the  flanks  yellowish-olire.  The 
crown  (not  the  nape)  is  "deep  gray,  bordered  by  a  line  of  blackisli,"  which 
separates  it  from  all  known  North  American  species,  excepting  V.  olivaceus 
and  bnrbatnlus,  from  which  the  proportions  of  the  quiUa  are  entirely  different. 

If,  therefore,  this  species  be  really  as  described  by  Audnbon,  it  has  been 
entirely  unnoticed  since  his  time,  although  distinct,  and  should  be  carefully 
sought  for  by  ornithologists  in  the  l!4ist(.ru  United  States. 


VinEOSYLVIA. 


341 


4304 


VireoKylvM  phUaMphiea. 


12  (OnateniRla). —  Vtrto  jihiladelphinn',  Hairp,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858, 
335,  jl.  78,  tig,  3. 
VireosifUiu  cobunen»i»,  ticLATBU,  P.  Z.  S.  18U0,  4ti3  (Cobau). — In.  Ann. 
Mag.  N.  H.  18U1,  328. 

Eah.  Eabturn  North  America  to  Iludson's  Bay  and  Maine,  Bouth  to  Co8ta 
Rica  aiid  Ouaiemaia.     Not  recorded  from  Mexico  or  VVeat  ludiea. 

(No.  2(l,643,  ^.)  Above  dark  olivy  green,  tiniied  with  pluiiiDeons  a><li  ex- 
cept on  the  rump ;  top  of  head  and  uape  purer  plumbeous  asli,  not  edged  witli 
du!(ky,  tlie  line  of  demarcation  in- 
distinct. Beueatli  light  Hulpliur 
yellow,  paler  and.  almost  white  on 
chin  and  middle  of  abdomen ;  sides 
more  olivaceous.  A  whitisti  stripe 
froDi  bill  over  eye,  as  alHO  a  patch 
beneath  it  and  the  eyelids ;  a  dusky 
loral  and  poat-tHsular  spot.  Quills 
and  reotrices  brown,  edged  exter- 
nally with  olive,  internally  with 
wliitish;    the   larger   coverts    with  • 

paler  outer  edges.  Kill  bifickish,  paler  plumbeous  below.  Legs  plumbions. 
Sparious  outer  or  first  quill  (neen  in  (jilva)  wanting;  the  outer  about  e(|ual 
to  5th ;  3d  longest ;  2d  and  4th  not  much  siiorter. 

(No.  20,(543,  %, .)  Total  length,  4.80 ;  wing,  2.65  ;  tail,  2.25  ;  difference  be- 
tween outer  and  longest  primary,  .28,  of  longest  and  innermost,  .<)2;  lengtli 
of  hill  from  forehead,  .54,  from  nostril,  .30,  along  gape,  .Gl ;  tarsus,  .65  ;  middle 
toe  aud  claw,  .52;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .44. 

Specimens  vary  somewhat  in  purity  of  tints,  and  especially  in  in- 
tensity of  yellow  of  under  parts,  which  color  is  deeper  in  autumnal 
skins. 

I  ren^retthat  I  led  Mr.  Sclater  into  an  error  by  informing?  him  that 
the  Vireo  subseciuently  described  by  him  as  V.  cobanenais  was  dill'er- 
ent  from  V.  philadelphica.  The  skin  forwarded  for  examination  by 
him  appeared  to  differ  in  some  noticeable  points,  but  those  subse- 
quently received  from  Mr.  Salvin  and  other  sources  agree  exactly 
with  specimens  from  Wisconsin  and  Hudson's  Bay. 


Bmlth- 

Collee- 

Sex 

■When 
Conected. 

liua'mii 

Ho. 

loi-'s 

No. 

and 

A^e. 

LocaUty. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

20,643 

7!. 

.. 

MoosnFKrtorv.  H.B. 

June 2.  '60. 

C.  Drexler. 

s.yn.'i 

27 

,  , 

WaterviMe,  Me. 

May  21,  '6.1 

Prof  C.  E.  HamUn. 

4,364 

.. 

,  , 

Clevelanil,  0. 

Dr.  Kirtlniid. 

«,S4l 

.. 

ff 

Dane  Cnunty,  Wis. 

Til    Kniiilien. 

18.i)7i 

,  , 

Cuban,  Ouat. 

Dr.  Sclater. 

%M 

in 

•• 

Guatemala. 

O   Salvin. 
Tub.  Lnwrpnce. 

3.3,300 

•• 

Suu  Jose,  C.  R. 

Jan.  12,  '64. 

J.  Cariuiol. 

(18,972.)  Type  of  V.  eobanensU.    (3.3,300.)   Iris  brown. 


wr^., 


n 


u^ 


342 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  B1UD3. 


[part  I. 


■■  Jt 


Yireosylvia  gilva. 

Aluscicaiia  gilva,  Virill.  Ola.  I,  1807,  65,  pi.  xxziv. —  Vireo  gilvu$,  Bos. 
Obs.  Wila.  1825,  no.  123.— Aun.  (.irii.  Biog.  II,  pi.  118.— Iii.  Birds 
Am.  IV,  pi.  241.— Baikd,  Birils  N.  Am.  1858,  335.— r/rmsy/Wu 
gilva,  Causin,  Vr.  A.  N.  So.  1851,  153.— Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  lb.'^it),298 
(Cordova);  (?)1858,  302  (Oaxaoa;  June)  (perhaps  V.  twatusum). 

Muscicapa  mtlodia,  WiLS.  Am.  Orn.  V,  1812,  86,  pi.  xlii,  fig.  2. 

Hnb.  Eastern  North  America  to  Fort  Simpson.  Cordova  and  Oaxaca  onlj 
southern  localities  recorded.     Not  West  Indian. 

(No.  1,017,  9  •)  Above  olive  green,  strongly  glossed  with  ashy;  the  head 
and  nape  above  more  distinctly  ashy,  but  without  decided  line  of  demaivatioii 

behind,   and   without    dnsky 
edge;  rump  purer  olive.  Strijw 
from  L"'>8trils  over  eye  to  nape, 
^^^  -rr^s^^^^        eyelids,  and  space  below  eye 

^^\    ^---n:;^:^^^  creamy  white.    A  ratherdusky 

post-ocular  and  loral  spot,  tliu 
latter  not  extending  to  thn  bill. 
Under  parts  white,  with  tinge 
of  greenish-yellow  (ouoasion- 
ally  of  creamy  fulvous  or  buff), 
'  >'  especially  on  breast;  sides 
more  olivaceous.  Crissnm  and  axillars  scarcely  more  yellowish.  Quills  and 
rectricos  wood  brown,  edged  internally  with  whitish,  externally  with  olivace- 
ous, except  perhaps  on  longer  primaries.  Edge  of  wing  white.  Largor  wing 
coverts  grayish-brown,  with  paler  edges,  and  no  trace  of  olivaceous.  Bill 
horn  color  above,  paler  below. 

First  quill  very  short  or  spurious  ;  2d  about  equal  to,  generally  rather  IoU(;er 
than  ()th  ;  3d  longest ;  4th,  then  5th  a  little  shorter. 

(No.  1,017,  9.)  Fresh  specimen:  Total  length,  5.33;  expanse  of  wings, 
8.35;  wing  from  carpal  joint,  2.85.  Prepared  specimen  :  Total  length,  4. tiO; 
wing,  2.75  ;  tail,  2.25;  difference  of  3d  and  10th  quills,  .73  ;  expoh:ed  portion 
of  1st  primary,  .58,  of  2d,  1.88,  of  longest  (measured  from  exposetl  base  of 
Ist  primary),  2.12;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .5H,  frofn  nostril,  .28,  along 
gape,  .(i3  ;  depth  of  bill,  .15  ;  tarsus,  .65  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .51,  claw  alwe, 
17  ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .41,  claw  alone,  .19. 

Tlie  preceding  description  is  from  a  female  specimen  winch  does 
not  differ  appreciably  from  the  male,  but  is  a  little  smaller  Young 
and  autumnal  specimens  are  perhaps  a  little  luoiu  brightly  colored. 


Vtreotylvia  gilva.    (Ponnsylvania.) 


I...,  I 


li: 


<      t "     -T 


VIREOSYLVIA. 


843 


Smith- 

tuiiiau 

No. 

Collec- 
tor'H 

No. 

Sex 
Hiid 
A\ie. 

Locality. 

Whea 
Collected. 

lieceived  from 

CoUoctod  by 

l.Olrt 

i,oi: 

1(1, 11. I 
2».27.'i 
l!),.1.'ia 

784 
03 

1,903 

S 

'i 

•  • 

CarliHlo,  Pa. 
Waxblugtoa. 

May  24,  '4.1 

May"  ft,"  '60. 
May  'ii,  •«(). 

May's*  '.v. 
JuueM,  "att. 

S.  V.  Hftird. 

It 

J.  C.  M'Oulre. 

E.   ('OUBH. 

It.  K.  UoHg. 
(fov.  MitrlHviMh. 
Lt.  W'Hrruu. 

ChicKKn  Acnd. 
J.  K.  Towuit«ud. 

27.o:u 

4.72!) 
S-V  4(1.1 

Solkiik  St'ttlcment. 
MlitHiPiiri  UivHr. 
Fort  Lookout. 
EvUQStou,  111. 

Cairo,  111. 

Dr.  Iluydea. 
F.  J.  HuHfl. 

Vireosylvia  twnituoni.    (Calirornla.) 


Tireosylvia  s^ainsoni. 

Vireo  swainsoni,  Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1S58,  336  (Pacific  coast). 
Virec  bartratnii,  Swainson,  ¥.  B.  A.  II,  1831,  235  (iu  part;  spec,  from 
Columbia  River?). 

Hdh.  United  States,  from  Rocky  Mountains  to  Pacific  coast. 

(No.  5,321,  %  .)   Similar  to  V\  yilva,hnt  smaller;  colors  paler.     Bill  more 
(iepressed.      Upper  mandible 
almost  black.      Second  quill 
muuh  shorter  than  6th. 

( No.  S.-l-il,  %  .)  Total  length, 
4.75;  wing,  2.71;  tail,  2.36; 
difference  between  10th  quill 
and  longest,  .58  ;  exposed  por- 
tion of  lat  primary,  .58,  of  2d, 
1.82,  of  longest  (measured 
from  exposed  base  of  Ist  pri- 
mary), 2.10;    length  of  bill 

from  forehead,  .56,  from  nostril,  .29,  along  gape,  .65  ;  depth  of  bill,  .13  ;  tarsus, 
.70 ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .66  ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .43.  ^      ,  . 

In  the  article  on  Vireo  gilvtts,  in  the  Pacific  R.  R.  Report  (Birds 
X.  America),  I  pointed  out  certain  differences  between  western  and 
eastern  Kpecimens,  and  ai)plied  the  provisional  niinie  of  V.  awainnoni 
to  the  former.  An  examination  of  many  additional  si)eciniens  since 
that  time  has  only  tended  to  confirm  the  impression  of  the  existence 
of  two  species,  the  differences  noted,  though  apparently  slight, 
being  constant  and  readily  ajjpreciahle.  In  the  western  bird  (  V. 
awuinsuiii)  the  bill  is  darker  in  color,  much  smaller,  and  more  de- 
pressed, the  depth  at  the  base  being  less  than  the  width,  instead  of 
hi'ing  otpial  to  it.  The  wing  is  nioro  rounded,  the  second  quill  much 
shorter  than  the  sixth,  generally  shorter  or  but  little  longer  than  the 
seventh.  In  eastern  specimens  (V.  gilva)  the  second  quill  is  about 
cfHiivl  to  the  sixth.  The  second  quill  is  about  .JJO  of  an  inch  (<  r 
luore)  shorter  than  the  longest  in  siviiinsuni,  w  hilo  in  (jilva  it  is 


^w^ 


844 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


:Ui 


ja: 


only  about  .20  shorter.     The  feet  of  swainsoni  are  weaker,  and  the 
colors  generally  paler  and  grayer.     "  Iris  dark  brown"  (Coues). 


Smith-  Collec- 

Sex 

When 
Collected, 

DUDiHD 

No. 

tor's 
No. 

UDd 

Age. 

Locality. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

21.046 

£46 

-r 

Clark's  Fork,  Col. 

June  7, 'BO. 

A.  Campbell. 

Dr.  Keunerly, 

21,917 

639 

"      [River. 

June  1, '60. 

** 

6,826 

,  , 

, , 

Stellacoom,  W.  T. 

•  .  • 

Dr.  Buckley. 

5,91.^ 

,  , 

, , 

" 

•  •  . 

Dr.  Cooper. 

5.321 

747 

(f 

Petal  a  mR,  Cal. 

May,  18S6. 

E.  Samuels. 

12,891 

2,091 

Napa  Valley. 

A.  J.  Grayson. 

2.-.,399 

2,336 

, , 

Fort  Tejon,  Cal. 

Sept.  l.i,'67. 

John  Xantus. 

11,06.> 

V 

Fort  Bridger. 

Juue3, '68. 

C.  Drexler. 

31,066 

(f 

"[i{wyn,N  M. 

May  26,  '68. 

"             [son. 

13,113 

,  , 

rf 

Cantonment   Bur- 

Dr.  W.  W.  Ander- 

.ST.ooe 

694 

rf 

Fort  Whipple,  Ar. 

Aug.  i.3,  '64. 

Dr.  E.  Coues. 

40,695 

1,398 

<i 

i( 

May  8,  '&>. 

*i 

■A .  ; 


W^ 


■i: 


i'i 


/if' 


;  •    ;'< 


TireosylTia  josephae. 

Vireo  josephas,  Sclater,  P.  Z.  8.  1859,  137,  pi .  154  (Pallatanga,  ."ilcua- 
>  '  -  dor).— Ib.  Catal.  1861,  42,  no.  257. 

Hab,  Ecuador  to  Costa  Rica  ;  Pueito  Cabello. 

(No.  .34,667.)  First  primary  short,  about  two-fifths  the  2d,  which  is  about 
equal  to  the  8th  or  9th ;  the  4th  and  6ih  about  equal  and  longesst.     (Tliese 

proportions  the  same  iu  five 
specimens.) 

Above  olive ;  greener  and 
brighter  on  the  rump,  becom- 
ing brownish  anteriorly,  or 
more  truly  olive ;  the  top  and 
sides  of  head,  with  nape,  olive 
brown.  A  broad  stripe  from 
nostrils  over  and  beyond  eye 
to  nape,  and  a  patch  beneath 
it  and  eyelids  quite  pure 
■  white,  leaving  the  lores  and  a 

post-ocular  stripe  like  tha  head.  Cheeks  tinged  with  olive.  Chin  and  throat 
whitish  ;  rest  of  under  parts  yellow,  deepest  on  sides  and  crissum.  Sides  of 
breast  tinged  with  brownish-olive.  Quills  and  tail  feathers  brown,  edged  ex- 
ternally with  olive  green,  internally  with  pale  yellow.  No  bands  on  the  wings, 
but  the  greater  coverts  of  a  paler  olivaceous  than  elsewhere.  Bill  dusky 
above,  paler  below  ;  legs  plumbeous.     "  Iris  brown." 

(No.  34,667,  %.)  Total  length,  4.70;  wing,  2.70;  tail,  2.20;  exposed  por- 
tion of  1st  primary,  .65,  of  2d,  1.75,  of  longest  (5th)  (measured  from  exposed 
base  of  1st  primary),  2.18;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .56,  from  nostril,  .32, 
along  gape,  .71 ;  tarsus,  .b7 ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .51 ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .38. 

Of  the  five  specimens  before  me,  one.  No.  27,947,  from  Bopota, 
furnished  by  Mr.  Sclater  as  a  type  of  his  species,  differs  in  the  ex- 
istence of  an  ochry  brown  tinge  on  the  crissum,  tail  feathers,  aud 


Vireoaylvia  Josephce.    (Puerto  Cabello.) 


Smith- 

Collec- 

Sex 

toniaa    tor's 

and 

.No.       No. 

Age 

27,!)47      257 

Si.')!! 

, , 

34,«W7 

rf 

54.668 

.. 

V 

41269 

(f 

3i,!i41 

d 

Locality. 


Puerto  Cabello. 
BarraDca,  C.  K. 


Dota,  C  R. 


When 
Culloctod. 


April  16, '64 

tt 

Sept.  30,  '65. 
July  28. 


Received  from 


Dr.  Sclater, 
J.  Krider. 
J.  Carmiol. 


Collected  by 


(3A,241.)  Irlabrowa. 


,  n: 


.  ',    i" 


VIRi^OSYLVlA, 


345 


ends  of  primaries.  It  is  possible  tliat  this  mny  be  an  cxtraneoua 
featuro,  as  it  has  somewhat  the  appearance  of  a  stain,  and  is  not 
luentioiied  by  Sclater.  The  chin  and  throat  are  rather  more  yellow- 
ish. There  is,  as  far  as  I  can  see,  no  specific  difference  between 
this  specimen  and  the  others,  the  yellow  of  under  parts,  if  anything, 
being  there  the  deepest.  The  original  description  and  figure,  from 
an  Ecuador  (Pallatanga)  series,  represent  the  under  parts  as  much 
whiter  than  in  the  present  specimens,  and  it  is  barely  possible  that 
two  species  may  be  involved. 

This  species  is  markedly  different  from  any  other,  and  scarcely 
needs  comparison.  The  proportions  of  quills  are  quite  peculiar,  and 
the  brown  cap,  with  the  olive  back  is  decidedly  unique.  In  general 
form  it  constitutes  a  transition  from  V.  gilva  to  V.  noveboracensis. 


.  '-3  t.^.^^%tj<*i 


.•'.  *.J 


Lanivireo,  Baird. 


V^ 


CoMMoif  Characters. — A  broad  stripe  from  bill  to  and  aronnd  but  not  beyond 
the  eye.    Two  broad  wliitish  bands  across  wing  coverts.     Bill  plumbeous. 

A.  Without  spurious   primary.      Head   above  olive   green. 

Line  from  bill  to  and  around  eye  yellow.  -" 

Back  olive  green  like  head  ;  throat  and  breast  yellow ; 
'  rump  and  upper  tail  covert  ashy  .         .         .   Jlavi/rons. 

B.  With  spurious  primary.     Head  above  plumbeous.     Line 

from  bill  to  and  around  eye  white. 
Back,  edges  of  wing  and  tail  olive  green ;    sides  of 
breast  greenish-yellow.     Wing  3.(i('. 
.  Upper  tail  coverts  olive  green  :  base  of  crissnra 

sulphur  yellow;  sides  of  neck  ash  color; 
no  yellow  on  side  of  throat         .         .         .    aolitaria. 
Upper  tail  coverts  asliy  ;  crissiim  white  ;  sides 
^.^    ■       1  of  neck  olive  green;  side  of  throat  tinged 

with  yellow         ......    propinqua. 

Whole  upper  parts  plumbeous,  faintly  olive  towards 
rump.  Beneath  white,  with  only  a  very  faint 
trace  of  olive  ou  flanks.     Wing  3.25    .        .        ,   plumbea. 


\d 


,'« 


■,    '■...,      .■    .K 


846 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BTaDS. 


[PAEIL 


4' 


Vireosylvla  flaTifrons. 

Vireo  flavifrons,  Vieill.  Ois.  Am.  Sept.  I,  1807,  85,  pi.  liv. — Aud,  Orn. 
Biog.  II,  1834,  pi.  119.— Ib.  Birds  Am.  IV,  pi.  238.— Casbin,  Pr,  A. 
N.  Sc.  185.,  149.— ScLATKK.  P.  Z.  S.  1857,  227  (Vera  Cruz) ;  I860, 
257  (Orizaba). — Sclatek  &  Salvin,  Ibis,  I,  1859,  12  (Guatemala). 
— Cab.  .Jour.  111,468  (Cuba;  winter). — Gundlach,  Cab.  Jour.  ISlil 
324  (Cuba;  rare).— Cab.  Jour.  1860,  405  (Costa  Rica).— Fireo 
(Luntvireo)  ftav.  Bairo,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  341. 

Muscicapa  sylvicola,  Wils.  Am.  Orn.  II,  1810,  117,  pi.  vii,  f.  3. 

Hah.  Eastern  United  States,  south  to  Costa  Rica.     Very  rare  in  Cuba. 

(No.  28,390.)    Head  and  neck  above  and  on  sides,  with  interscapular  region, 
bright  olive  green.     Lower  back,  rump,  tail,  aud  wing  coverts  ashy.    Wings 

brown,  with  two  white  bands 

yf __^^  across  the  coverts,  the  outer 

edges  of  inner  secondaries,  and 
inner  edges  of  all  the  quills, 
with  inside  of  wing  white. 
Outer  primaries  edged  with 
»21T 


gray,  the  inner  witli  olive. 
Tail  feathers  brown,  entirely 
encircled  by  a  narrow  edge  of 
white.  Under  parts  to  middle 
of  body,  a  line  from  npstrils 
over  eye,  eyelids  and  patch  beneath  the  eye  (bordered  behind  by  the  olive  of 
neck)  bright  gamboge  yellow  ;  rest  of  under  parts  white,  the  flanks  faintly 
glossed  with  ashy.     Lores  dusky.     Bill  and  legs  plumbeous  black. 

No  spurious  primary  evident ;  2d  quill  longest ;  1st  a  little  shorter  than  3d. 
Length,  5.80;  wing,  3.00;  tail,  2.00;  difference  of  longest  and  inuermost 
quills,  .90  ;  tarsus,  .73. 

Autumnal  birds,  perhaps  more  especially  the  young,  are  more 
glossed  with  olivaceous,  which  invades  the  ashy  portions,  aud  tinges 
the  white.         '  jv 


Vireosylvia  ^avi/rana,  $.     (Carlisle,  Pa.) 


Smitli- 

souiau 

No. 


3, 

2, 

12, 

28 

32, 

7, 

8. 

0, 

13, 

SV 
33 

2!), 


3!)7 
217 
228 
924 
279 

42.3 
3  to 
113 
629 

240 
2!)!) 
229 


Collec- 
tor's 
No. 

Sex 
and 

Age. 

.. 

i 

'8.5 
32,614 

d 
d 

159 

•• 

•• 

9 

Locanty. 


When 
Collected. 


CarliHle,  Pa. 

Washington,  D.  C. 

Iiiberty  County,  Oa. 
Union  County,  111. 
Clpvel«nd,  O 
Independence,  Mo. 
Coban,  (juat. 
Guatemala. 

Grecia,  C.  R. 
San  JoHe,  C.  R. 
Punta  Arenas,  C.  R. 


May  7,  '-17 
Mays,  1817. 
April.Sn.'.TO 
April  27,'«1. 


June  1.3,  '57. 

Dec.  3,  '64. 
Mar.  is,  '62. 


Received  from 


Collected  by 


S.  V.  Baiid. 

C   Drexler. 
E.  CoueH. 
,To<.  Leconte. 
R    Kennicott. 
l>r.  Kiitlaud. 
Dr.  Cooper, 
Verieaiix. 
.T   Gould. 
Cab    Lawrence. 
J.  Carniiol. 

Capt.  J.  M.  Dow. 


a/- 


V1EE08YLVIA. 


347 


TireosylTia  solitaria. 

Muscicapa  solitaria,  WiLS.  Am.  Orn.  II,  1810,  143,  pi.  xvii,  fig.  6.— . 
Vireo  solitaritts,  Vieill.  Nouv.  Diot.  XI,  1817. — Avd.  Orii.  Biog,  I, 
pi.  23.— Ib.  Birds  Am.  IV,  1842,  pi.  239.— Cassin,  Pr.  A.  N.  Sc. 
1851,  150.— ScLATER,  P.  Z.  S.  1856,  298  (Cordova)  ;  1859,  3ti3 
(Xalapa)  ;  375  (Oaxaca?).— Ib,  Catal.  1861,42,  no.  255  ?— Sclater 
&  Salvin,  Ibis,  1860,  31  (Guatemala).— Cab.  .lour.  Ill,  408  (Cuba). 
— GuNDLACH,  Cab.  Jour.  1861, 324  (Cuba ;  very  rare). —  Vireo  {Lani- 
vireo)  sol.  Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  329. 

tVireo  cassini,  Xantus,  Pr.  A.  N.  Sc.  May,  1858,  117  (Fort  Tejoii). — 
Baikd,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  340,  pi.  78,  fig.  1  (same  spec). 

Hab,  United  States,  from  Atlantic  to  Pacific  ;  Cape  St.  Lucas.  Not  recorded 
from  southern  Rocky  Mts.,  where  replaced  by  V.  plumbea.  South  to  Mexico 
and  Guatemala.     Very  rare  in  Cuba. 

(No.  300,  -J  .)  Above  olive  green,  including  upper  tail  coverts  ;  the  top  and 
sides  of  head  and  nape  ashy  plumbeous  ;  sides  of  the  neck  plumbeous  olive. 
Broad  line  from  nostrils  to 
and  around  eye,  involving 
the  whole  lower  eyelid, 
white.  A  loral  line  in- 
volving the  edge  of  the 
eyelid,  and  a  space  be- 
neath the  eye  dusky  plum- 
beous. Beneath  white ; 
the  sides  yellow,  overlaid 
with  olive,  this  color  not 
extending  anterior  to  the 

breast.  Axillars  and  base  of  orissum  pale  sulphur  yellow,  the  long  feathers 
of  the  latter  much  paler  or  nearly  white.  Wings  with  two  bands  and  outer 
edges  of  innermost  secondaries  olivaceous-white ;  the  quills  dark  brown, 
edged  externally  with  olive  green,  internally  with  white  ;  tail  feathers  simi- 
larly marked,  except  that  the  lateral  feather  is  edged  externally  al.  .  ^vith 
white,  the  central  without  internal  border.  Bill  and  legs  blackish-plumbeous. 
iris  brown. 

First  quill  spurious,  rather  more  than  one-fifth  the  2d,  which  is  intermedi- 
ate between  5th  and  Cth ;  3d  longest, 

(No.  300,  %  ,)  Fresh  specimen  :  Total  length,  5.40  ;  expanse  of  wings,  9,00. 
Prepared  specimen  :  Total  length,  5,25  ;  wing,  2.95  ;  tail,  2,35  ;  difference  be- 
tween 10th  and  longest  ps'imary,  ,85  ;  exposed  portion  of  1st  primary,  ,50,  of 
2d,  2.08,  of  longest  (measured  from  exposed  base  of  1st  primary),  2.25; 
length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .60,  from  nostril,  .31,  along  gape,  .66  ;  tarsus,  .72; 
middle  toe  and  olaw,  .54 ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .46. 

^prinjr  specimens  show  sonictimcs  a  gloss  of  plnmbeons  on  the 
liivck,  obscuring  the  olive,  the  contrnst  of  colors  being  greater  in 
tlip  autumnal  and  young  birds.  Sometimes  the  crisaum  appears 
nearly  white.     The  length  of  the  spurious  primary  varies  consider- 


Vireoayhiia  solitaria.    (WashiDgton,  D.  C.) 


,-:-:>?t>-tlJ^: 


^5^55Pi . 


1..  ■  *  . 


ate 


848 


REVIEW  OP  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


<         I      T^.jj      --I 


[part  I. 


ably:  from  .45-. 75  of  an  inch.  With  the  specimens  before  me  I 
am  unable  to  see  any  essential  difl'ereuce  between  easiern  and 
western  specimens. 

A  young  bird  from  Fort  Simpson  is  not  materially  different  from 
the  adult,  exhibiting  no  trace  of  the  spots  of  immature  Turdidee 
and  SylmcoUdse. 

I  am  now  inclined  to  consider  the  specimen  upon  which  Vireo 
cassini  was  based  to  be  only  a  dull-plumagcd,  winter  skin  of  V. 
solitaria,  with  the  under  parts  tinged  with  brownish-buff,  and  the 
olive  shades  obscured.  I  have  never  seen  a  specimen  killed  in 
eastern  North  America  having  this  coloration,  nor  even  making  a 
decided  approximation  to  it,  but  I  can  find  no  tangible  characteristic 
of  external  form  to  distinguish  them. 


1 

Smith-  CoUec- 

Sex 

When 
CoUecled. 

» 

soiiiaa 
No. 

tOl'H 

No. 

uud 
Age. 

Locality. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

300 

i 

Carlisle,  Pa. 

April  21, '41. 

S.  F.  Baird. 

029 

,  , 

" 

April  28, '43. 

«t 

29,273 

1,421 

Wa»liln(fton. 

Oct.  17,  '61. 

I).  W.  Prentiss. 

32,277 

•• 

<j 

LIbeity  County,  Ga. 

liliDOiH. 

... 

Jos.  Lecoiite. 
K.  KiMuiicott. 

4,727 

,  , 

Mo.  of  V'^rmilion. 

May  6 

Lt.  Warren. 

Dr.  Hayden. 

11,064 

<i 

Fort  Bri(li<er,  Utah. 

May  16. 

C   Drexler. 

27,3-10 

1,.S03 

o. 

Fort  Simpson. 

H.  K.  Koss. 

6.822 

382 

rf 

Ft.  SteilftCoom.W.T. 

May  13,  '56. 

Dr.  Suckley.  ' 

12,901 

,  , 

Napa  Valley,  Cal. 

. . . 

A.  J.  Graynon. 

21,378 

,  , 

'd 

Yreka,  Cal. 

June  10. 

W.  VuiUO. 

2-I..398 

2,24^ 

Fort  Tejon. 

Juue  8,  '57. 

J.  Xantus. 

10,229 

,  , 

,  , 

"   [C.  St.  Lucas. 

(i 

39,360 

^ 

San  Gert'  iide  Mts., 

Jan.  1861. 

K 

37.497 

42 

rf 

Orizaba,  Mex. 

Jan.  18,  '65, 

Prof.  Sumlchrast. 

38,lu8 

... 

M.  Botteri. 

(6,822.)   Iris  hazel.    (10,229.)  Type  of  V.  casaini. 


in-*- 


VireosylTia  propinqiia. 

Vireosj/lvia  propinqua,  Baibd,  n.  sp. 
Hah.  Coban,  Guatemala. 

(No.  20,402.)  Top  and  sides  of  the  head  bluish-ash ;  aline  from  bill  to  eye, 
eyelids  and  under  parts,  including  vent  and  crissum,  white.  Upper  parts 
olive  green,  this  color  extending  on  the  sides  of  the  neck  as  far  as  the  ear 
coverts.  Throat  and  breast  tinged  with  yellowish,  deepest  on  the  lateral 
portion.  Two  white  bands  on  the  wing.  Bill  and  legs  plumbeous.  Quills 
and  rectrices  as  in  solitaria. 

First  or  spurious  primary  very  small,  scarcely  .30  of  an  inch ;  2J  quill 
equal  to  the  5th  ;  the  3d  longest. 

(No.  20,402.)  Total  length,  5.10;  wing,  3  00  ;  tail,  2.35  ;  expo.sed  portion 
of  Ist  primary,  .20,  of  2d,  2.18,  of  longest,  3d  (measured  from  exposed  base 
of  1st  primary),  2.30 ;  length  of  bill  frojn  forehead,  .(jO,  from  nostril,  .31,  along 
gape,  .66  ;  tarsus,  .72 ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .(;3  ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .47. 


'!!;_•; 


V1RE08YLVIA. 


349 


In  a  series  of  Guatemalan  birds,  presented  by  Mr.  Salvin  to  the 
Sraithsuiiian  Institution,  was  one  labelled  Vireo  solitarius,  which' 
exhibits  the  following  peculiarities  when  compared  with  a  large 
number  of  North  American  specimens  of  V.  soltlarius.  The  olive- 
of  tiie  back  extends  to,  and  includes  the  nape  and  sides  of  the  neck 
back  of  the  ears,  which  in  the  others  are  ashy  plumbeous.  The 
umier  tail  coverts  are  plumbeous,  or  ashy,  not  olive.  The  sides  of 
the  throat  are  sulphur  yellow,  not  white,  or  with  a  faint  tinge  of 
olive.  The  flanks  are  white,  only  faintly  tinged  with  olive,  not 
olive  green  tinged  with  yellow.  The  anal  region  and  crissum  are 
pure  white  (the  former  especially),  not  yellow.  The  spurious  pri- 
mary is  nmch  smaller,  and  scarcely  appreciable  ;  the  second  quill  is 
rather  longer  than  the  fifth,  instead  of  being  decidedly  shorter.  The 
whole  wing  is  longer.     The  bill  is  broader  at  base. 

f  he  entire  absence  of  any  similarly  marked  specimen  in  the  large 
series  before  me,  some  of  them  autumnal  birds  from  Central  America, 
induces  nie  to  think  that  the  bird  just  described  is  really  a  distinct 
species,  though  where  its  headquarters  may  be,  unless  in  Guatemala, 
I  cannot  imagine. 


Smith-  Ce'lee-'  Sex 

iouian    ti;   i  1  and 

No.       No.    !  Age. 


au,4u2      doi 


Locality. 


Cobaa,  Vera  Pai. 


When 

Collected. 


Nov.  ^8:>9. 


Received  from 


Collected  by 


O.  Salviu. 


(20,402.1   Type. 

Tireosj'lTia  plumliea.  • 

Vireosijlvxa  plumhea,  CouES,  Pr.  A.  N.  So.  Phila.  1866  (Fort  Whipple, 
near  Prescott,  Arizona). 

Ilab.  Southern  Rocky  Mountainn.     In  winter  to  Colima,  Mez. 

(No.  37,011.)  Whole  upper  parts  and  side  of  head  uniform  plumbeous  ;  the 
lower  part  of  the  back  with  a  faint  wash  of  olivaceous.  A  white  line  from 
bill  to  and  around  eye  ; 
adusky  line  from  corner 
of  eye  to  bill.  Sides  of 
breast  and  flanks  plnm- 
beoug,  paler  than  the 
batk ;  the  flanks  very 
slightly  tinged  with 
olive  green.  Rest  of 
under  parts  white ;  the 
axillars  ashy,  edged 
vfith  white.  Wings 
above  with  two  conspicuous  white  bands ;  the  innermoat  quills  edged  ez- 


Vireoaylvta  plumhea.    (Arizona.) 


350 


REVIEW  OP  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


ternally,  and  the  longer  ones  internally  with  white,  the  latter  edged  externally 
with  light  ash.  Bill  and  legs  dark  plumbeous.  "  Iria  hazel."  Tail  featheia 
narrowly  edged  all  round  with  white,  narrowest  internally,  and  increasing 
from  central  to  lateral  feathers.     Upper  tail  coverts  clear  ash. 

As  the  specimen  in  finest  plumage  (described  above)  is  moulting  the  quills, 
the  measurements  are  taken  from  another  (;}7,010).  In  this  the  Ist  quill  is 
uot  quite  one-third  the  2d,  which  equals  the  6th ;  the  3d  and  4th  longest. 

(No.  37,010. )  Fresh  specimen  :  Total  length,  6.10 ;  expanse  of  wings,  10.80. 
Prepared  specimen:  Total  length,  5.75  ;  wing,  3.25  ;  tail,  2.70;  diflference  be- 
tween 10th  and  longest  quill,  .96  ;  exposed  portion  of  Ist  primary,  .75,  of  2d 
2.34,  of  longest,  3d  (measured  from  exposed  base  of  Ist  primary),  2.54; 
length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .55,  from  nostril,  .31,  along  gape,  .70 ;  tarsus 
.75  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .60,  claw  alone,  .21 ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .50,  claw 
alone,  .23. 

This  species  is  in  general  character  very  similar  to  V.  soUfaria, 
although  larger,  especially  with  longer  wings  and  tail,  as  shown  |)y 
a  comparison  of  the  table  of  measurements.  The  olive  green  of 
solilariuH  is  replaced  by  plumbeous,  and  the  yellowish  by  white, 
forming  a  marked  contrast  in  appearance.  Only  a  faint  trace  of 
olive  on  the  lower  back  and  flanks  represents  the  predominant  colo- 
ration of  solitaria.  The  olive  external  marginings  of  the  wings 
are  here  replaced  by  ash ;  of  the  tail,  by  whitish.  In  some  specimens, 
however,  there  is  a  slight  edging  of  olive  towards  the  base  of  the 
secondaries. 

The  specimens  described  above  were  killed  in  August ;  others 
killed  in  May  are  quite  similar.  No.  29,359,  from  Colima,  in  Feb- 
ruary, is  slightly  more  olivaceous  on  the  lower  back  and  flanks. 


Smith- 

Col  lec- 

Sex 

gouiaa 

tor's 

nud 

No. 

No, 

Age. 

3S,428 

1,35 

.37,008 

711 

V 

37,009 

698 

cf 

37,010 

37.5 

4ft,702 

1,M3 

V 

40,70) 

1,487 

rf 

40,699 

l,4.'i6 

rf 

29,339 

118 

Locality. 


Laramio  Peak. 
Fort  Whipple,  Ar, 


Plains  of  Colima, 


When 
Collected. 


June  1864. 
Sept.  8,  '64. 
Aug.  13,  '84. 
Aug.  18, '64. 
Julv29, '63. 
May  17,  '6.V 
May  12,  '65 
Feb.  1863. 


Received  from 


Dr.  R   Hitz. 
Dr.  E  Cones. 


J.  Xantus. 


Collected  by 


(37,009.)   Iris  brown.     (40,702.)   6.00;  10.20.     (40,703.)  5.60;  11.20. 


i  "1 


fi' 


VIREO,    ViETLL. 

Vireo,  ViEai..  Ois.'  Am.  Sept.  I,  1807,  83.     (Type  Muscicapa  novebora- 
censis,  Gm.) 

Characters  essentially  those  of  Vireosylvia;  the  bill  shorter;  the  1st  quill 
always  present,  better  developed,  sometimes  more  than  half  2d.  Wi  ^s 
shorter,  more  rounded  ;  tarsi  usually  longer. 


■Ji  ' 


VIREO. 


851 


Vireo  tunAoraeenais.    (PenniylTanla.) 

The  species  of  Vireo  are  most  easily  tabulated  by  color,  and  in 
the  following?  synopsis  no  regard  is  paid  to  external  form,  but  species 
of  Vireo  and  Vireonella  are  mixed  together.  It  will,  however,  be 
remembered  (page  326)  that  V.  noveboracensis,  atricapillus,  car- 
mioli,  hu/toni,  belli,  vicinior,  and  ptoiillus  fall  under  the  head  of  Vireo 
proper,  with  their  longer,  more  pointed  wings,  and  (except  in  vicinior) 
smaller  outer  primary — belli,  vicimor,  Audjrusillm  differing,  however, 
from  tlie  others  in  longer  tarsi,  and  longer  and  more  graduated  tail, 
with  narrower,  more  pointed  feathers.  Under  Vireonella  are  to  be 
ranged  V.  modestus,  latinieri,  pallen.s,  ochraceus,  crassirost7'is,  giind- 
lachi,  and  hypochryseua,  each  of  which  has  a  peculiar  form.  V. 
modeslm  in  its  very  small  bill  approaches  closely  to  huttoni,  most  of 
the  other  species  having  rather  larger  bills  than  the  average. 


'.  ■  i'^;. 


i\ 


■►  *• 


V'. 


>«s., 


Common  Characters. — All  the  spHcies  olivaceous  above,  or  ashy ;  beneath 
whitish,  or  olivaceous-yellow.  Wings  with  light  bands,  except  in  latimeri 
and  kyjiochryseus  ;  tail  without  spots.  A  light  stripe  from  bill  to  above  eye, 
but  not  beyond  it,  except  iu  carmtoli  and  hypochryseus,  lu  atricapillus,  the 
top  of  the  head  is  black. 

A.  Top  and  sides  of  head  black.     Chin  and  throat  white. 

Back  olive. 
A  white  line  from  the  bill  to  and  around  eye. 
Beneath  white  ;  sides  olivaceous ;  bill  black     .         .  atricapillus. 

B.  Head  above  olivaceous  or  ashy.     Chin  and  throat  white ; 

rest  of  undur  parts  white  or  yellowish. 
A  yellow  line  from  bill  to  and  around  eye. 
Rest  of  under  parts   white ;    the  sides   yellowish ; 
crissum  paler. 

Bill  blackish ;  two  greenish-white  bands  on  the 
*  wings  ;  cap  bright  olive  like  the  back      .  noveboracenai$. 

A  whitish  line  from  bill  to  and  around  eye. 
Beneath  white,  except  sides  and  crissum,  which  are 
pale  yellow.     Head  above  ashy  ;  back  olive. 
Wings   pointed  ;    1st  quill  two-fifths  the  2d, 
which  equals  the  8th.     Bill  .30  from  noa- 


3R2 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I 


'  ■  •  <'.•• 


.1 


■^'-  . 


i.  ,;■ 


I'>*'H  !t  ?^- A?. 


.  II  '  i  .i;i  U.  ili  5il  fSi-V  il-J    -  i-^ 


tril ;  horu  color  above,  pale  beneath.    One 
light  band  ou  H'\/ig  uovertd        .         .         .  belli. 
Beneath  white ;  whole  upper  partti  aahy.     Soarcel/ 
olivaoeona,  except  towards  rump. 

Wings  pointed  ;   Ist  quill  lesd  than  half  2(1, 

which  about  equals  the  8th.    Bill  .25  from 

'  nostril  to  tip ;  horn  color  above,  whitish 

beneath.    (Jne  white  band  on  wiuK  coverts  jmtillus. 
Wings  moderate ;  1st  quill  rather  more  than 
half  2d,  which  about  equals  9lh  and  the 
secondaries.      Bill  .i?2  from  nostril ;  en- 
tirely    blackish-plumbeoua.      One   white 
band  on  wing.      Inner  toe  much  shorter 
,    /  than  outer        ......  vicinior. 

Wings  rounded  ;  lat  quill  more  than  half  2d, 
which  is  shorter  than  lUth  and  the  secon- 
daries. Bill  .35  from  nostril ;  horn  color 
above,  whitish  beneath.    Two  white  bands 

ou  wing pallen$. 

Rest  of  under  parts  yellow.     Head  and  neck  above 
ashy.     No  light  bands  ou  wings. 

Wings  rounded  ;  1st  quill  more  than  half  2d, 
which  is  shorter  than  the  lOth.  Bill  .30 
from  nostril ;  light  horn  color  .         .         .  latimeri. 

Head  above  olivaceous  like  the  back.     Chin  and  throat 
yellowiah,  more  or  less  uniform  with  the  remaining  under 
parts.     A  yellowish  line  from  bill  to  eye,  not  beyond  it, 
except  in  carmtoli  and  hypochiystua;  wing  bands  wanting 
only  m  hypochryseus. 
Bill  small,  attenuated  ;  about  .25  from  nostrils  to  tip. 
Superciliary  stripe  reaching  beyond  eye.     Colora 
bright  olive  above,  yellow  beneath. 
First  quill   two-fifths  2d;    3d  but  little 
shorter  than  the  5th  (longest).  Wings 
longer  than  tail  ....  carmiol'u 

Superciliary  stripe  reaching  only  to  the  eye. 
Colors  dull  olive  above,  and  buflfy  yellow 
beneath. 

First  quill  not  quite  half  2d,  which  is 
longer  than  10th ;  3d  between  6th 
and  7th.  Wings  longer  than  tail. 
Olive  of  upper  parts  much  brighter 

towards  tail huttoni. 

First  quill  more  than  half  2d,  which  is 
about  equal  to  10th  ;  3d  about  equal 
to  7th.  Wings  equal  to  tail.  Olive 
of  upper  parts  uniform      .         .         .  modesttis. 


££ ' 

■    -  ' 


^«pp 


VIREO. 


853 


Bill  large  and  robust ;  .30  or  more  from  noatrils  to  tip. 
FirHt  quill  wore  than  half  2d. 
Superciliary  Stripe  leaching  only  to  the  eye.    Two 
wliitiMh  wing  bands. 
Second  quill   about  equal  to  the  seoon- 
dariea. 

Above  bright  olire  green ;  beneath 
greeniiih-yellow,  with  butTy  or 
oohry  tinge.  Wing  bands  and 
margins  of  secondaries' broad. 
Eyelids  and  region  behind  eye 
uniform  with  the  cheeks  .  ochraceua. 

Above  ashy  olive.    Wing  bands  and 
-    '  light  outer   margins  of   inner 

•*     'I  •  "  ■  secondaries    broad.       Eyelids 

and  region  behind  eye  yellow- 
ish, in  moderate  contrast  with 
the  cheeks      ....  craasiro»tri$. 
Second  quill  decidedly  shorter  than  th( 
secondaries. 

Above    plumbeous    olive.       Wing 
,        '•  bands     very     narrow;      light 

'   ■  edgings   of  inner  secondaries 

'    '  almost  inappreciable.    Eyelids 

and  region  bt^hind  the  eye  yel- 
lowish, in  strong  contrast  with 
the  cheeks       ....  gundlachi, 
Baperciliary  stripe  reaching  to  the  nape.     No 
bands  on  the  wing. 

Second  quill  about  equal  to  secondaries. 
Above  bright  alive  green  ;  beneath, 
with  superciliary  stripe,  deep 
olivaceous-yellow.  Tail  length- 
ened. (Largest  and  most  deep- 
ly colored  of  all  the  species.)  .  hypochryseus. 


ViREO,  Vieill. 

Tireo  atricapillus. 

Vireo  atricapillus,  WoonnotiSB,  Pr.  A.  N.  So.  1852,  60  (San  Pedro,  Tex.). 
— Ib.  Sitgreave's  Rep.  18.')3,  75,  pi.  i,  Birds.— Cassin,  Illust.  1854, 
153,  pi.  xxiv.— Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  337. 

Ilab.  Southern  border  of  Western  Texac. 

(No.  6,818,  %  .)   Top  and  sides  of  head  and  neck  black  ;  rest  of  upper  parts 
olive  green.     Wing-  and  tail-feathers  almost  black  on  their  upper  surface, 
tlie  quills  and  rectrices  edged  with  olive  (paler  on  the  exterior  primaries), 
23     May.  1869. 


Ui 


REVIEW  OP  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  r. 


*i 

*t  i  '■ 

'I 

1 

i.'^' 

i;    :'"; 

I'i 

W    .' 
J' 

;  -i 

J ',  ■ 

'     ■■ . 

J*'  i'.. 

f ,     , 

i 

*       * 

■:^  -.  ■'. ':. 

■  A-  ~,      ,■■ 

*;  , 

f  r  - 

.,  t    »  ' 

"7  —--r- 

-m 

■-.  '^-K-i-^: 

■  I' 

.    ■* 

■>    ■  ■  '^    ■ 

;;:^v;; 

j'i-',- 

tbe    wing   coverta   with   two   greenish-white   banda   on  *  bUokish   ground. 

Kroaii  line  from  bill  to  and  aroiiiKt 
eye  (notViieeting  on  forehuail)  witlji 
under  parts,  white ;  the  sideH  of 
body  olivaceoufl ;  the  axillarH  and 
inner  wing  coverts  (perhaps  orin- 
Bum)  jellowish.  Bill  black  ;  feet 
plumheouH. 

Firflt  quill  leas  than  half  2d,  wliidi 
about  e(iual8  the  10th ;  3d  little 
shorter  than  4th  (longest). 
(No.  6,818.)  Fresh  ap«olmen  :  Total  length,  4.75  ;  expanse  of  wings,  7.25; 
wing  from  carpal  Joint,  2.12.  Prepared  specimen:  Total  length,  4.1(1;  wing, 
2.2.');  tail,  1.95;  exposed  portion  of  1st  primary,  .66,  of  2d,  1.48,  of  longest 
(measured  from  exposed  base  of  1st  primary),  1.77  ;  length  of  biil  from  fore- 
head, ..')4,  from  nostril,  .29,  ahng  gape,  .61  ;  tarsus,  .7.") ;  middle  toe  and  claw, 
.60,  oiaw  alone,  .17 ;  hind  toe  aui  olaw,  .40,  claw  alone,  .19. 

The  black  head  of  this  species,  as  far  as  known,  makes  it  nniciiu; 
in  the  genus.     It  is  extremely  rare,  but  three  specimens  being  known. 


«M1M 


Vireo  atrieapfUut,  Woods.    (Texai.) 


Smith- 

iioniaD 

No. 

Col  lee- i  Sax            * 
tur's  1  aud             Locality. 
Mo.      Age. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

6,818 
10,040 

31        (f      San  Pedro BIt., Tex. 
. .    ,  Bl  Paan. 

1 

Col.  J.  l>  Oraham. 

Capt.L.  Sitgreaves. 

.I.H  f'lark  Uunw. 
Dr.  S.  W.  W.M.d- 

(6,818.)  4.73;  7.25;  2.12.     (16,040.)  Type. 

Tlreo  noTeboracensU. 

Muscicapa  noveboracensis,  Qji.  Svst.  Nat.  1, 1788,  947  (  Green  Fly- Catcher, 
Prnhant,  Arctic  Zool.  II,  389).^  Tirao  noveb.  Bo».  Obs.  Wilson, 
1825.— Add.  Orn.  Riog.  I,  328,  pi.  63.— Ib.  Birds  Am.  IV,  pi.  240.- 
Cassin,  Pr.  A.  N.  Sc.  1851, 150.— Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  338.- 
Max.  Cab.  Jour.  VI,  1S58,  187.- Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1857,  204 
(Xalapa)  ;  228  (Vera  Cruz).— Ib.  Catal.  18111,  42,  no.  256.-Scl. 
&  Salv.  Ibis,  II,  1860,  274  (Coban,  Guat.).— Jones,  Nat.  Bermuda, 
1859,  71  (resident).  —  Cab.  Jour.  Ill,  469  (Cuba).- Gundlach, 
Cab.  Jour.  1861,  324  (Cuba  ;  rare). 

Vireo  miisicus,  Vieill.  Ois.  Am.  Sept.  I,  1807,  83,  pi.  63. — Muscicapa 
cantatrix,  Wils.  II,  1810,  266,  pi.  xviii. 

Hah.  United  States,  west  to  base  of  Rocky  Mountains  ;  sonth  to  Guatemala; 
Bogota?     Very  rare  in  Cuba.     Abundant  and  resident  in  the  Bermudas. 

(No.  10,193,  %  .)  First  primary  about  half  the  length  of  2d,  which  is  longer 
than  secondaries,  and  about  equal  to  the  8th  ;  the  4th  longest ;  3d  and  Sth 
little  shorter. 

Above  quite  bright  olive  green  ;  the  sides  of  neck,  and  a  gloss  on  its  upper 
surface,  ashy.  The  middle  concealed  portion  of  feathers  of  lower  back  ami 
rump  pale  sulphur  yellowish.     Beneath  white ;  the  chin  and  lower  cheeks 


\fti^■■>   •i^'-^-^r^-' 


VIKW). 


855 


wUh  a  gTsylsb  tlng« ;  the  «!dfl8  of  breast  and  body,  with  axtllarn  anil  hana 
of  criiwuu  (mora  ttiully),  bright  yvllow ;  tlut  iuiut  wiug  oovvtld  aud  r«)8t  of 


Vlreo  now6oro«n#(«. 


crissnm  much  paler,  almost  white.  A  broad  yellow  line  from  nostrils  to,  and 
continuous  with  a  yellow  ring  round  tlie  eye,  which  Is  encircled  exteriorly  by 
olivaceous  ;  a  dusky  loral,  but  no  post-ooular  spot.  Wings  with  two  covert- 
bamls  and  innermost  secondaries  externally  broadly  yellowish-white ;  rest 
of  quills  edged  externally  with  olive,  except  the  two  outer  and  tips  of  other 
primaries,  which  are  grayish.  Reotrices  edged  externally  with  olive,  except 
outermost,  which  is  bordered  by  grayish.  All  the  long  quills  Imrdered  in- 
ternally by  whitish.  Bill  blue-blaok,  paler  on  the  edges ;  legs  dark  plumbe- 
ous.   Iris  white. 

(No.  10,198,  %.)  Total  length,  4.90;  wing,  2.40;  tall,  2.20;  exposed  por- 
tion of  Ist  primary,  .78,  of  2d,  1.56,  of  longest,  (4th  and  6th)  (measured  from 
exposed  base  of  Ist  primary),  1.86 ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .53,  from 
nostril,  .30,  along  gape,  .62 ;  tarsus,  .70 ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .50,  claw  alone, 
16 ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .40,  claw  alone,  .20. 

(No.  1,036,  % .)  Fresh  specimen :  Total  length,  5.00 ;  expanse  of  wings,  8.00 ; 
wing  from  carpal  joint,  2.50.  Prepared  specimen:  Total  length,  4.75  ;  wing, 
2.50;  tail,  2.25;  difference  between  10th  and  longest  quills,  .45;  exposed 
portion  of  1st  primary,  .86,  of  2d,  1.56,  of  longest  (measured  from  exposed 
base  of  Ist  primary),  1.90;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .51,  from  nostril, 
.29,  along  gape,  .62;  tarsus,  .76  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .52,  claw  alone,  .18; 
hind  toe  and  claw,  .46,  claw  alone,  .25. 

Specimens  vary  slightly  in  a  greater  amount  of  .atiiy  on  the  head, 
and  less  brilliancy  of  the  yellow  of  head  aatl  sides.  Sometimes 
ther«  is  a  decided  ashy  shade  la  the  white  of  throat  and  jugulum, 
which  again  has  a  very  faint  tinge  of  yellowish. 

A  young  bird  does  not  differ  in  markings  from  the  adult. 

A  specimen  marked  "  Colombia"  is  rather  smaller  than  the  aver- 
age, but  otherwise  similar. 

The  measurements  of  the  feet  of  No.  10,193,  %,  appear  to  be 
quite  abnormal,  and  I  add  those  of  No.  1,036,  % ,  as  more  accurately 
expressing  the  average  in  these  respects. 


■'f 


■•    '.I 


T' 


*\  • 


356 


REVIJCW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


.■">•■  n..  ■■ 

■  ■.!■  .-■ 

■'.  •■;  ■f^f  ■ 

• .  >     ^  '• « 

i(     V     ' 

u .     ■  ^ '-■::■.'■ 

' 

■  ■  ,  *  . 

r,  .  .:■'.:. 

_,  ■r- 

"  ^'  " 

i-:.-;<^*> 

■ '  1.' ;:--■?• 

.    '  .     y  , 

1                 t    •  '  ■ 

i  ■ 

:.---t^:- 

»»'^..' 


,  ■■  ri 


■'■ 


Smith-  CoUec- 

8«x' 

When 
Collected. 

Honiaa     tor's 
No.     ,    No. 

and 

Lorallty. 

Received  frcm 

Collected  by 

7,108 

., 

PhilHdelpliia. 

Phila.  '    N.  8o. 

1,036 

,  . 

'i 

Washington,  D.  C. 

May  26.  '43. 

W.  M.    ,aird. 

1,0.37 

,  , 

i, 

June  12,  '4.3. 

<■ 

II 

Dr.  E.  Cones. 

10,193 

,, 

cf 

Union  ConntT,  111. 
Key  Went,  Fla. 

April  21. 

R.  Kennicott. 



10,3U 

Dec.  29,  '.W 

G.  Wurdemann. 

34.360 

si: 

f 

Republican  Forlt. 

May  20,  '64. 

Dr.  E.  Coues. 

13,124 

38 

Upper  Missouri. 

Dr.  Hayden. 

.3  972 

Brownsville,  Tex. 

•  •  . 

Lt.  Couch. 

6,8.36 

,  , 

Above  El  Paso.Tex. 

■  •  • 

Dr.  T   C.  Henry. 

6,8.37 

., 

., 

Western  Texas. 

Col  J.D.Graham. 

J.  H.  Clark. 

17,307 

, , 

., 

W  of  Ft.  Arbuckle. 

May  13,  »«0. 

J.  H   Clark. 

C.  S.  M'Carthy. 

.. 

181 

Mexico. 

Cab.  Lawrence. 

Sall6. 

37,914 

208 

cf 

Merida,  Yuc. 

Feb.  22.  'W. 

Gov.  SiilazHr. 

Dr.  A.  Schott. 

27,94.5 

,  , 

.. 

Honduras. 

... 

Dr.  P.  L.  Sclater. 

27,946 

,  , 

Colombia. 

... 

** 

41,606 

•• 

•• 

Bermuda. 

C.  M.  Allen. 

(1,036)    5.00;  8.00;  2  80.     (1,037.)    0.10;   2.50. 
No.  2,529.     (37,914.)   Iris  white. 


Tireo  carmioli.      -^^ 

Vireo  carmioli,  Baird,  n.  ap. 
Hab.  Highlands  of  Costa  Rica. 


(34,360.)   3.10;  7.70.     (17,307.)  With  eggs. 


>• 


t"*';.!! 


.:;v;.j,.  ,.-il.' 


3S237 


Virto  carmioli,  Baibd.  (Costa  Rtca.) 


(No.  .35,237,  %  .)  Wings  lengthened,  considerably  longer  than  the  slightly 
rounded  tail ;  the  lat  quill  about  two-fifths  the  2d,  which  equals  the  7th 
7  '       ,  (much  longer  than  10th) ;  4th  and 

5th  nearly  equal,  and  longest ;  3il 
little  shorter.  Feet  short,  about 
two-thirds  tarsus.  Bill  small,  slen- 
der and  attenuated  ;  the  lateral  out- 
lines decidedly  concave. 

(No.  35,i;36.)  Above  bright  olive 
green  ;  beneath  clear  greenish-yel- 
low, palest  (almost  whitish)  on 
throat ;  tinged  with  olive  green  on 
sides  and  breast;  purer  yellow  inside  the  wings,  the  quills  and  tail-feathers 
edged  internally  with  palti  sulphur  yellow.  Wings  with  two  broad  bars,  and 
broad  outer  edges  of  inner  secondaries  greenish-yellow,  contrasting  very 
strongly  with  the  almost  black  of  the  wing-feathers ;  rest  of  quill-  and  the 
tail-feathers  edged!  externally  with  olive-green,  paler  towards  the  extremity; 
the  edges  ot  the  outermost  feather  of  wing  and  tail  much  paler.  A  conspica- 
ous  yellowish  line  from  nostrils  over  the  eye,  and  extending  nearly  as  far 
behind  it  as  in  front  of  it,  though  not  re^iching  the  nape,  and  not  interrupted 
above  ;  lower  eyelids  similar.  A  dusky  loral  spot  from  corner  of  eye  to  angle 
of  mouth ;  rest  of  cheeks  olivaceous.  Bill  quit«  dusky ;  lower  mandible 
paler  ;  legs  pluLibeous.     "  Iris  brown." 

(No.  35,237,  %  .)  Total  length,  4.50;  wing,  2.60;  tail,  2.20  difference  be- 
tween 10th  quill  and  longest,  .45  ;  exposed  portion  of  1st  priuiary,  .70,  of  2(1, 
1.65,  of  longest,  3d,  measured  from  exposed  base  of  1st  primary),  1.85  ;  lenfjtb 
of  bill  irom  tomhead,  .f  0,  from  nostril,  .25,  along  gape,  .55  ;  depth,  15  ;  Ursns, 


^pp 


VIREO. 


357 


.75:  middle  toe  and  claw,  .50,  claw  alone,  .16  ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .42.  claw 
alone,  .21. 

Of  the  two  specimens  No.  35,237  has  the  wings  perfect,  but  is 
apparently  immature ;  the  head  has  an  ochry  tinge,  not  seen  in  the 
other,  and  the  eye  stripe  paler.  No.  35,236,  which  probably  best 
represents  the  normal  state  of  coloration,  lacks  the  outer  primary 
on  both  sides,  and  exhibits  other  indications  of  a  condition  of 
moulting.  Both  agree,  however,  in  many  peculiarities,  sharply 
separating  the  new  species  from  any  other  in  the  complete  series  of 
Vireonidae  before  me.  I  have  named  it  after  Mr.  Julian  Carmiol, 
who  has  been  so  indefatigable  in  developing  the  ornithology  of 
Costa  Kica. 


-Vi 


Emlth- 

lODiVD 

No. 

avitii 


ColleC' 
tor's 

N.>. 


cS«X 

Hiid 
Affe. 


Locality. 


When 
Collected. 


Received  from 


Uota,  Costa  Rica,     i  July  27,  '64. 


J.  Jarruiol. 


Collected  by 


(3J,23fl  )  Type.     (33,237.)  Type.     Iris  brown. 


^ 


¥ireo  huttoni. 

Vireo  huttoni,  Cassin,  Pr.  A.  N.  Sc.  Pliila.  1851, 150  (Monterey,  Cal.).— 
,jj.     ,  In.  1852,  pi,  i,  fig.  1.— Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  339,  pi.  78,  fig. 

2.— ScLATKR,  P.  Z.  S.  1858,  302  (Oaxaca)  ;  18G2, 19  (La  P.'-rada).— 
1b.  Catal.  18(51,  358,  no.  256. 

Hub.  California  and  Western  Mexico,  to  Oaxaca. 

I  (No.  3,725.)  First  quill  ratlier  less  than  half  2d,  which  about  equals  the 
10th ;  3d  a  little  longer  tiian  7th  ;  4th  and  5th  nearly  equal,  and  longest.  Tail 
slightly  rounded,  shorter  than  wings.     Bill  very  suiall. 

Above  olive  green  ;  brighteiit  behind,  especially  on  rump  and  edging  of  tail, 
duller  and  more  ashy  towurds  and  on  top  and  sides  of  bead  and  neck.  Wings 
with  two  bauds  on  coverts,  and 
outer  ed«"s  of  innermost  secon- 
daries rather  broadly  olivaceous- 
white;  othorquills  edged  externally 
with  olive  green,  paler  towards 
outer  primary ;  internally  with 
whitish.  Lateral  tail-feather  edged 
externally  with  yellowish  white. 
Feathers  of  rump  with  mui  h  con- 
cealed yellowish-gray. 

Under  par^s  pV 3  olivaceous-yel- 
lowi.sh ;  purv     'oehind,  lightest  on  throat  and  abdomen  ;  the  breast  more  oliva- 
leons,  t!  c  .sides  still  deejier  olive  green,  the  breast  soiled  with  a  sliulit  buffy 

je.    Axiliars  aud  crissuu:  yellowish ;  the  inside  of  wings  whitish.     Loral 


A 


372S 


Vlrto  hiMoni,  Casbik.     (California.) 


fr 


358 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


region  and  a  narrow  space  aroond  eye  doll  yellowish,  in  faint  contrast  totLe 
olive  of  head.     Bill  horn  color  above,  paler  below  ;  legs  dusky. 

(No.  3,725.)  Total  length,  4,70  ;  wing,  2,40  ;  tail,  2.06  ;  ditference  between 
10th  and  longest  quills,  .43 ;  exposed  portion  of  1st  primary,  .72,  of  2d,  l.S2> 
of  *'"  "tst,  4th  and  5th  (measured  from  exposed  base  of  Ist  primary),  1,90; 
lei.v  bill  from  forehead,  .45,  from  nostril,  .29,  along  gape,  .60;  tarsus, 

.72  ;  middle  toe  and  olaw,  .50,  claw  alone,  .16  ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .45,  claw 
alone,  ,22. 

The  description  just  given  is  based  upon  the  type  specimen,  pro- 
bably in  winter  plumage.  Spring  specimens  do  not  vary  materially 
except  in  greater  purity  of  white  edgings  of  the  feathers.  Two 
Mexican  specimens  are  rather  larger,  the  wing  measuring  2.50,  the 
tail  2.30.  No  other  differences  are  appreciable.  In  general  the  first 
primary  is  about  half  the  second,  sometimes  rather  less. 
'  This  species  is  readily  distinguished  from  other  Vireos,  excepting 
F,  modesius,  which  it  greatly  resembles  in  the  small  bill,  form, 
coloration,  and  size ;  nor  indeed  is  it  easy  to  distinguish  them.  In 
viodenfus,  however,  the  first  quill  is  usually  more  than  half  the 
second,  not  less  ;  the  wing  shorter,  and  less  pointed  ;  the  tail  longer. 
The  upper  parts  are  more  uniform,  not  much  brighter  towards  rump 
and  tail.  The  quite  distinct  circum-ocular  light  ring  of  huUoni  is 
scarcely  if  at  all  appreciable.  The  wide  separation  geographically 
is  of  much  importance.  „,., 


Kmith- 

Collec- 

Sex 

When 
Collected. 

RUDian 
No. 

tor's 
No. 

and 
Age. 

Lopality, 

Receired  from 

Collected  hy 

.S9.4S6 

44 

San  FraneUco,  Cal. 

Spting.'Ud, 

Col.  Bulkley. 

E.  J.  Lurtiniea.  ( 

12,903 

103 

Napa  Valley,  Cal. 

Col.  A.  J  OrHysoD. 

17,789 

649 

CalirorDln. 

Jii8.  Hepburn. 



3,725 

,  , 

Monterey,  Cal. 

Joue,  1847. 

W.  Mutton. 

3.724 

.  , 

it 

" 

tt 

3,P73 

.  , 

rf 

Monterey,  Mei*. 

... 

Lt.  D.  N.  Conch. 

39,707 

,  , 

La  Paiadt  W.  Mex. 

Jan.  1861. 

A.  Sall«. 

Boncard. 

•• 

awft 

? 

It 

Feb.  1861. 

Cab.  Dr.  Sclater. 

8all«. 

(3,72j.)  Typo.    (3,973.)   "Eyes  dark  brown." 


^»lf' 


Ir" 


Vireo  bellli. 

Vireo  bellii,  AuD.  Birds  Am.  Vll,  1844,  333,  pi,  488  (Missonrf  River).— 
Cassin,  Pr,  A.  N.  8c,  Phlla,  1851, 150,— Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  18.58, 
837.— ScLATKB,  Catal.  1861,  42,  no.  258.— Bon.  Consp.  1850,  330, 

Ilab.  United  States,  from  Missouri  P.iver  to  base  of  Rooky  Monntains. 

(No,  1,926.)  Above  olive  green,  brightest  on  the  rump ;  tinged  anteriorly  with 
.-.shy ;  the  top  and  sides  of  head  ashy,  in  faint  contrast.  A  line  fiom  noi'triis 
to  eye  (scarcely  beyond  it),  and  eyelids  very  pale  yellowiwh-white ;  lor** 
dusky.     Under  parts,  including  inner  wing,  coverts  and  edge  of  wing  crvauy 


VIREO. 


359 


193« 


Virtu  btUii,  AvD.     (Daoota.) 


wliite;  the  sides,  axillars,  and  crissum  pale  yellow  (sldea  of  lower,  neok^ 
uuil  of  brua:it  glo8sed  with  olivaueuus),  fiviutest  on  the  louger  feathers  of  the 
latter.  Two  rather  nar- 
row bands  on  the  wing 
coverts,  and  the  outer 
edges  of  innermost  se- 
condaries white ;  the 
other  quills  edged  with 
faded  olivaceous.  Inner 
edges  of  quilla  whitish. 
Tail  feathers  brown, 
edged     externally    with 

olive;  internally  fading  into  paler  brown.  Median  portion  of  ramp  feathers 
concealed  pale  yellowish.  Bill  horu-color  above,  pale  below.  Legs  plum- 
beous.    "  Iris  brown." 

First  quill  spurious  ;  not  quite  half  the  2d,  which  is  about  equal  to  the  8th  ; 
3d  and  4'h  quills  longest ;  5th  scarcely  shorter.  Tail  nearly  even,  or  a  little 
rounded,  the  feathers  narrow. 

(No.  1,926.)  Total  length,  4.20;  wing,  2.18;  tail,  1.90;  exposed  portion 
of  1st  primary  .60,  of  2d,  1.32,  of  longest,  3d  (measured  from  exposed  base 
of  1st  primary),  1.60  ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .SI,  from  nostril,  .28,  along 
gape,  .60;  tarsus,  .75  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .54;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .42. 

The  above  description  is  taken  from  a  type  specimen  received  from 
Mr.  Audubon,  and  represents  the  average  spring  plumage,  Autum- 
nal sliins  are  rather  brighter,  and  there  is  occasionally  an  ocbraceous 
tinge  on  the  white  of  the  under  parts. 

This  species  at  first  e'^ht  appears  like  a  miniature  of  V.  gilvns, 
the  head  being  almost  exactly  similar.  The  back  is,  however,  much 
Iji'ighter  olive,  the  sides  and  crissum  deeper  yellow.  The  superciliary- 
light  stripe  is  shorter.  The  white  markings  of  the  wings  are  want- 
ing in  gilvua.  The  wing,  tail,  and  feet  are  entirely  different  in  their 
proportions. 


SmUh- 

Collec- 

Sex 

When 
Collected. 

•omaa 
No. 

tor's 
No. 

and 

A(?e. 

Loeslity. 

Received  from 

Collected  bjr 

l.Mfl 

Fort  Uaiun,  Dae 

1S4.1 

ji.  F   Hiird. 

.1   J.  Audubon. 

8.1P7 

133 

9 

NenialiaKiv  ,  Kans 

Julvl", '«. 

W.  M.  Mag  raw. 

Dr.  J.  G.  Cooper. 

8,1  .'7 

m 

? 

Shawnee  Riv    Mi-'ni  July  4,  '07 

It 

14 

•2«,'Ji<t 

Neosho  FallH,  Kaas.i 

B   P.  GosB. 

l!l.»S.) 

41 

rf 

Fort  Cobh,  Ark         |  May  23,  '60 

J    H   Clark. 

M:m 

342 

ff 

Republican  Fork      j  May  27,  '64. 

Rr   E.  Coiien. 

4,(179 

, , 

Ft.  ChadhourD,T«x. 

>  > . 

DrE  Swift, U.S. A. 

«.S18 

, , 

,  ^ 

Western  Texas. 

•  •  • 

Capt.  Pope,  U.S.  A 

8.S17 

. , 

,  , 

*i 

•  •  • 

Col.  J  I)  Oiaham. 

J.  H  (lark. 

12,328 

<f 

San  Pedro  Riv., Tex. 

May  24,  'M. 

Capt.  Sitgreaves. 

Dr.  Woodhonse. 

(1,928.)  Typft    (86,329.)  With  egg*,    (19,086.)  With  egga.    (34.361.)  4.80;  6, 9Q, 


360 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


"fO*f    ?:r-f 


■.w,:a\ 


T.: 


.!»■ 


if 


i! 

f, -■';■' 


n  -1 


'^L 


Vireo pusUlug,  Cuces.     (California.) 


Vireo  pusillus. 

Vireo  pusillus,  Codes,  Pr.  A.  N.  So.  Phila.  18(56. 
f  Vireo  bellii,  Coopkb,  Pr.  Cal.  Acad.  18(J1,  122  (Fort  Mohave). 

Hab.  Cape  St.  Lucasy  San  Diego,  Fort  Mohave,  and  Arizona. 

Somewhat  similar  in  general  appearance  to  Vireosyhia  gilva  and  swainsoni, 
bat  smaller.  Bill  very  small ;  tarsi  lengthened.  Wings  about  equal  to  the 
tail,  which  is  lengthened,  graduated,  and  with  the  feathers  narrow  and  pointed. 
Exposed  part  of  Ist  primary  about  half  that  of  the  2d,  which  is  intermediate 
between  7th  and  8th ;  the  4th  and  5th  longest. 

Above  grayish-ash,  with  a  tinge  of  olive  behind.  Beneath,  including  the 
inside  of  the  wings,  white,  with  a  soiled  tinge  on  the  sides  of  the  throat  and 

across  the  breast.  Ax- 
illars  and  ilanks,  ex- 
hibiting a  faint  trace  of 
greenish-yellow.  Eye- 
lids and  a  short  line 
from  the  nostrils  to  the 
eye  whitish ;  no  other 
stripe  apparent.  A 
dusky  loral  spot.  Pri- 
mary coverts  edged  in- 
distinctly with  whitish,  producing  an  obscure  band  (a  second  on  the  middle 
coverts  hardly  appreciable).  Quills  and  tail  feather  edged  externally 
with  pale  grayish-olive,  the  innermost  secondaries  with  whitish.  Bill  dusky 
above,  whitish  beneath.  Legs  plumbeous.  Iris  of  two  specimens  marked  as 
"  light  brown,"  of  another  as  "  rufous." 

The  details  of  structure  taken  from  No.  23,785,  of  color  from  23,788.  Length 
of  23,785,  %  ,  4.80  when  fresh,  of  skin,  4.25  ;  wing,  2.25  ;  tail,  2.25  ;  bill  al)Ove, 
.37 ;  tarsus,  73 ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .50 ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .42.  First 
quill,  .70;  2d,  1.40  ;  longest  (5th),  1.64.     (Cape  St.  Lucas.) 

Since  writing  the  preceding  description,  I  have  received  a  Vireo 
(No.  31,893),  collected  by  Dr.  Cooper,  at  San  Diego,  which,  al- 
though considerably  larger,  I  cannot  distinguish  specifically.  The 
diflTerence  in  size  is  what  might  be  expected  between  specimens  from 
Cope  St.  Lucas  and  San  Diego,  and  the  occurrence  of  a  Cape  species 
at  the  latter  place  is  in  accordance  with  the  facts  observed  in  other 
instances  where  such  birds  as  Sialia  arctica,  Polioptila  melanura, 
etc.,  equally  peculiar  to  the  middle  province,  have  found  their  way  to 
the  California  coast  at  San  Diego,  through  the  break  in  the  coast 
range  of  mountains. 

The  larger  specimen  somewhat  resembles  V.  pallens  of  Centra! 
America,  but  has  a  much  smaller  bill  and  a  longer  tail,  with  but  one 
distinct  white  band  on  the  wing.  The  bill  is  about  the  size  of  that 
in  V.  huttoni;  but  the  white  under  parts  and  other  differences  of 


''^ 


M/.'^tJ 


VIREO, 


"Af-i}}. 


861 


coloration  and  form  distinguish  them.     The  measurements  are  as  ^ 

follows : — ' 

(No.  31,893,  %.)  Total  lengtb,  4.70;  wing,  2.30;  tail,  2.35;  exposed  por- 
tion of  Ist  primary,  .71,  of  2d,  1.44,  of  longest  (3d,  4th,  and  5th),  (niwisured 
from  exposed  base  of  Ist  primary),  1,70;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .40, 
from  nostril,  .25,  along  gape,  .55  ;  tarsus,  .75  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .46,  claw 
aloue,  .Iti;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .38,  claw  alone,  .18 


Bmitb- 

Collec- 

Sex 

Kiiuiau 

tor's  1  and 

So. 

No. 

Age. 

16,»56 

1,042 

(f 

16.9.)7 

1,»31 

.« 

2:!.7S3 

3.462 

fT 

23,788 

6,023 

<f 

31.RM 

awe 

i 

4U,69(i 

1,52J 

Localitj. 


Cape  St.  Lucas. 

"         [tjucas. 
Sao  Jose,  Cape  St. 
Sierra  San  Gert  rude, 

Cape  St.  Lucas. 
San  l)\ego.  1  Cal. 
Date  Creek,  .W  m.  S. 

of  Prescott,  Ariz. 


When 
Collected. 


£6C.  18A9. 

Jan.  1861. 
April  24,'fl2. 
Juue  6,  '6o. 


Received  from 


Collected  by 


Jutiu  XautUH. 


"  [ney. 

Prof.  J.  D.  Whit- 
Dr   E.  Coues. 


,.;:j....,«. 


Dr.  J.  G.  Cooper. 


(16,9.17.)  4.fl5.  Iris  light  brown.  (2.3,78.'5.)  4.80.  Iris  rufous.  (31,893  )  fl.rjQ  ,  7.2.1 ;  2  30.  Iria 
bronn.  (40,606.)  Eye  biowu  ;  bill  light  ho?u,  almost  white  beneath.  Has  loud  and  nielodloui 
60Dj(.    (Ouues.) 

Tireo  vicinior.  a^  )      \^:!.,Z  liK^''' 

Vireo  vicinior,  Coues,  Pr.  A.  N.  So.  Phila.  1866.  '  ,  '" 

Hab,  Prescott,  Arizona. 

(No.  40,697,  %.)  Bill  stont,  considerably  compressed  and  deep.  Wings 
moderately  pointed,  about  equal  to  tail,  which  is  decidedly  graduated ;  Ist 
quill  rather  more  than  half 
2d,  which  about  equals  9th 
and  the  secondaries  ;  the  4th 
and  5th  longest.  Tarsus  con- 
siderably longer  than  middle 
toe  and  claw ;  lateral  toes 
quite  conspicuous  for  their 
disproportion,  the  inner  claw 
reaching  only  to  base  of  outer, 
and  falling  short  of  base  of 
middle ;  the  terminal  digit 
of  inner  toe  reaching  only  to 
fud  of  second  joint  of  middle 
toe. 

Upper  parts,  with  sides  of 
head  and  neck,  ashy  or  light 
plumbeous,  faintly  olivaceous 
on   rump.      Beneath   white  ; 


40097 

Vireo vtcinior,  Covna.    (Arizona) 


'  After  the  completion  of  the  present  article  the  specimen.  No.  40,696,  was 
received  from  Dr.  E.  Coues  (agreeing  with  No.  31,893  in  size),  thus  extend- 
ihgthe  range  of  the  species  to  Arizona,  as  might  have  been  anticipated. 

(No.  3],8!)3,  I .)  Fresh  specimen  :  Total  length,  5.50  (4.50?)  ;  expanse  of 
wings,  7.25 ;  wing  from  carpal  joint,  2.30. 


••      t    :    ■ 


mt 

K  ;>*<>' 

'■  ■■  -J'  (. 

t 

V  •    •«.' 


862 


BEVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


Blightly  aslij  on  sides  of  breast.  Flanks  and  inside  of  wings  showing  a  faiut 
trace  of  yellow,  only  appreciable  on  raising  the  wings.  An  obsolete  linu  from 
bill  to  eye,  and  a  more  distinct  ring  round  the  eye,  white.  No  bands  ou  the 
wing,  except  a  faint  edging  of  whitish  on  the  grjater  coverts  ;  the  quilLs  edged 
internally  with  white.  Bill  and  legs  plumbeous.  "Iris  brown.  Mouth  livid, 
bluish-white."   (Coues.) 

Fresh  specimen:  Total  length,  5.60;  expanse  of  wings,  8.60.  Prepared 
specimen:  Total  length,  5.10;  wing,  2.5U;  tail,  2.60,  its  graduation,  .22; 
difference  of  10th  and  longest  quills,  .40;  exposed  portion  of  1st  primary,  .85, 
of  2d,  1.65,  of  longest  (measured  from  exposed  base  of  Ist  primary),  1.95; 
length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .50,  from  nostril,  .32,  along  gape,  .61  ;  depth  of 
bill,  18  ;  tarsus,  .72  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .51,  claw  alone,  .16  ;  hind  toe  and 
claw,  .40,  claw  alone,  .19. 

This  species  would  at  first  sight  be  taken  for  a  small  speQJmen 
of  V.  plumbea,  the  colors,  character  of  bill,  etc.,  being  exactly  simi- 
lar, except  that  the  white  of  lores  and  around  eye  is  much  less  dis- 
tinct, and  there  is  only  one  faint  band  on  wing,  instead  of  two 
conspicuous  ones;  the  tail  feathers,  too,  lack  the  distinct  wliite 
edgings.  The  much  more  rounded  wing,  and  the  first  primary  half 
the  second  or  more,  will,  however,  readily  distinguish  them.  Tlie 
form  of  the  bird  is  very  much  that  of  V.  pusillus,  which  it  resembles 
also  in  color.  The  outer  quill  is,  however,  longer,  the  biH  deeper 
and  more  compressed,  the  inner  lateral  toe  considerably  shorter,  ami 
the  size  larger.  The  colors  are  purer,  without  the  olive  of  the  back 
or  the  yellowish  of  the  under  parts ;  the  bill,  too,  is  entirely  dark 
plumbeous,  instead  of  horn  color,  whitish  beneath.  From  V.  pallens 
it  is  distinguished  by  smaller,  darker  bill ;  longer  tail  and  wing;  one 
wing  band,  not  two,  and  purer  colors. 


Smitb- 

Honiaa 

No. 

CoUgc- 

torV 
No. 

Sex 
and 

Age. 

LocaUty, 

When 

Collected. 

Received  from 

Remarka. 

40,897 

1,607 

cf 

Fort  Whipple,  near 
[Prescott,  Ar. 

May  24,  '«.1. ,  EUiot  Coues,  M.D. 

Type. 

Tlreo  modestug. 

Vireo  modestus,  SctATER,  P.  Z.  S.  1860,  462  (Jamaica);  1861,  72,  pi. 
xW,  fig.  1.— In.  Catal.  1861,  43,  no.  259.— March,  Pr.  A.  N.  Sc. 
1863,  294.— F.  noveboracenais,  Gosse,  Birds  Jam.  IP'7,  192  (not 
of  Ombun). 

Sab.  Jamaica. 

(No.  22,143,  %  .)  The  whole  tipper  parts  are  of  a  dull  olive  ftreen,  withS 
shade  of  brown,  the  sides  of  head  and  neck  paler.  Tlie  quills  and  tail  feathers 
are  brown;  the  1st  and  2d  primaries  very  faintly  edged  with  whitish,  th« 


VIREO. 


3C3 


22113 


Vireo  mudeiittu,  Sclatlu.     (Jauiiiio»,) 


neit  more  broadly,  this  color  gradually  changing  to  bright  olive  on  the 
seuoudaries  aud  tertials.  Two  diatiuot  bauds  ou  the  wiug,  and  the  outer 
edges  of  inuer  tertials  are 
yellowish-white.  The 
tail  feathers  are  edged 
externally  with  olive 
green,  the  outermost 
having  a  narrow  edge  of 
whitish.  Under  parts 
pale  yellow,  palest  on 
throat,  and  with  a  tinge 
of  buff  ou  the  belly  and 

crissam.  Sides  of  neck,  breast,  and  flanks  tinged  with  olive,  which  also 
washes  the  front  of  the  breast.  Under  wing  covers  whitish,  the  axillars 
sulphur  yellow.  Bilf  light  horn  color  above,  whitish  beneath  ;  legs  plumbe- 
ous. Loral  region  light  olive  yellow,  in  slight  contrast  with  the  forehead. 
There  is  little  or  no  concealed  yellow  on  the  feathers  of  the  rump. 

The  tail  about  the  length  of  the  wings,  or  a  little  shorter,  rounded ;  the 
lateral  feathers  .16  of  an  inch  shorter  than  the  middle.  The  wing  is  concave ; 
the  primaries  .35  longer  than  the  secondaries ;  the  1st  primary  rather  more 
than  half  the  2d,  which  is  about  as  long  as  the  secondaries  ;  the  3d  is  rather 
shorter  than  the  7th,  the  4th  and  Sth  longest.  The  bill  is  compressed  ;  the 
tarsus  is  rather  more  than  one  and  one-third  the  length  of  middle  toe  and  claw. 

(No.  22,143,  %  .)  Total  length,  4.75  ;  wing,  2.30  ;  tail,  2.21  ;  difference  be- 
tween 10th  and  longest  quills,  .34;  exposed  portion  of  first  primary,  .78,  of 
2d,  1.41,  of  longest  (4th  and  5th),  (measured  from  exposed  base  of  1st  pri- 
mary), 1.75  ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .50,  from  nostril,  .2(j,  along  gape, 
.60 ;  tarsus,  .75  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .55,  claw  alone,  .17 ;  hind  toe  and  claw, 
.41,  claw  alone,  .20. 

The  specimen  described  above  agrees  very  well  with  the  descrip- 
tion and  figure  of  Dr.  Sclater.  Four  others  are  all  smaller,  one  of 
tiiera  (received  from  Dr.  Sclater),  No.  23,323,  more  olivaceous  be- 
neath, brighter  green  above  ;  another,  No.  22,159,  grayer  above, 
l)elly  without  buff  tinge,  and  the  whitish  edging  of  lateral  tail  featljer 
wanting.  In  these  differences,  however,  there  is  hardly  enough  to 
warrant  a  separation  into  two  species. 

This  species  is  readily  distinguished  from  V.  gundlachi  by  the 
smaller  size,  longer  wings,  more  olive  back,  less  clearly  defined  yel- 
low belly,  and  in  having  light  markings  on  the  wings  and  tail.  V. 
bahamensis  is  larger,  the  bill  much  larger,  the  tail  proportionally 
shorter ;  the  third  quill  but  little  shorter  than  the  fourth.  Vireo 
not'eboracen'sis  has  much  lo  'ger  wings,  a  white  throat  and  belly, 
and  yellow  front.  Its  nearest  relative  is  V.  huttoni.  This,  how- 
over,  has  a  smaller  bill,  longer  wings,  even  tail  with  brighter  olive 
edging ;  the  lower  back  and  rump  considerably  brighter  than  the 


■*»• 


■I 


364 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


■■:   J 


head  and  interscapular  region.     The  first  primary  is  barely  lialf,  or 
not  half  the  sccuud,  instead  of  more  than  half  as  in  modedun. 

Note. — The  point  of  upper  mandible,  as  seen  from  above,  is  not 
sufficiently  acute  in  the  figure. 


Sinitli-  Collec- 


Houlau 

ti.r's 

No. 

No. 

23,. 123 

23 

22,143 

., 

2J,I.W 

, , 

24,370 

62 

24,371 

i'i 

Sex 
aud 
Abo. 


V 


Locality. 


Trelnwtiey,  Jam. 
Spaui^litowu,  Jam. 


When 
Collecied, 


Received  from 


Oct.  17,  '38. 
Nov.'  tj",  '61. 


Dr.  Sclator. 
W.  T.  March. 


Collected  hj 


W.  Osburu. 


Vtreo  IcUimtri,  Baibd.     (Porto  Rico.) 


(23,323.)   A  type. 

-■/  '■   ■.'.  '',■■       • 

Tlreo  latimeri. 

Vireo  latimeri,  Baibd,  n.  sp.  ' .         '  ■  ' 

Ilab,  Porto  Rico. 

(No.  39,347.)  Upper  parts  olivaceoua  ;  brightest  and  greenest  on  lower  back 
aud  rump,  passing  anteriorly  into  almost  clear  gray  on  the  head,  the  inter- 

scapular    region    soiled  with 
reddish  olive.    No  light  bands 
nor  edging  of  the  wings,  ex- 
cepting the  olive  green  borders 
of  the  quills,  becoming  paler 
towards  the  ediie  of  the  wing. 
Chin  and  throat,  with  a  line 
from  bill  to  eye,  and  eyelids, 
white.     Rides  of  head  gray. 
Breast  and  remaining  under 
parts  yellow,  palest  centrally, 
tinged  with  greenish  on  sides.    -Inside  of  wings  pale  yellowish,  inner  edges 
of  quills  tinged  with  the  &ame.     Bill  light  horn  coliyr,  paler  below ;  legs 
plumbeous.     "Iris  hazel." 

Wings  short,  though  longer  than  tail,  concave,  much  rounded — the  differ- 
ence between  the  10th  and  longest  primary  being  but  .23  of  an  inch.  Firj^t 
quill  much  more  than  half  2d,  about  half  3d,  which  is  shorter  than  7tli; 
4th  and  5th  about  equal  and  longest.     Tail  short,  nearly  even. 

(No.  39,347.)  Total  length,  4.80  ;  wing,  2.20 ;  tail,  1.90  ;  di<rerence  between 
10th  and  longest  quills,  .24;  exposed  portion  of  Ist  prima:y,  .7(5,  of  2d,  l.''fi. 
of  longest  (4th  aud  5th),  (measured  from  exposed  base  of  1st  prinary),  l.liS; 
length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .55,  from  nostril,  .32,  along  gapo,  .64;  tarsns, 
.75  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .55,  ciaw  alone,  .10  ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .45,  claw 
alone,  .20. 

This  species,  in  its  gray  head  and  neck  in  contrast  to  the  yellowish 
of  under  parts,  i.:;  quite  different  from  any  other  excepting  VJoxephir. 
The  wings,  however,  are  much  shorter,  and  diiferently  proportioned; 


VIREO. 


865 


the  brown  cap  and  post-ocular  stripe  are  wanting,  and  the  light  line 
from  bill  only  goes  to  the  eye,  instead  of  passing  broadly  to  the 
nape.  I  have  great  pleasure  in  dedicating  it  to  ]Mr,  Goo.  Latimer, 
of  I'orto  Kico,  at  whose  expense  a  valuable  collection  of  birds  of  the 
Island  was  made  and  presented  to  the  Institution — the  species  just 
described  among  them. 


Smllh- 
tiiuiaa 

No, 

Collec- 
tor's 
No. 

Sex 
iiiid 
Ane 

LueaUty. 

WliPn 
Colloeted. 

KooeWed  from 

Remarki. 

,W.34S 
39,347 

Purto  Kico,  N.  Side. 

11 

Oeo.  Latimer. 

iriK  liuzel. 
Type. 

he  differ- 
Firft 
lan  7tli; 


h 


lietween 

2d,  l."5. 

.y),l.H8; 

;  tarsus, 

.45,  claw 

i-tioncd; 


Vireo  pollens,  Salviit.   (Nicaragaa.) 


Vireo  pallens. 

Vireo  pnllens,  Salviit,  P.  Z.  S.   May,  1863,  188  (Realejo  and  Punta 
Areuas). 

Hnh.  West  coast  of  Central  America. 

(No.  33.601.)  Wings  short  and  rounded,  abont  eqnal  to  the  tail ;  1st  qnill 
rather  less  than  half  the  2d,  which  is  less  than  the  secondaries  ;  3d  about  equal 
to  tlie  7th ;  4th  and  6th  long- 
eat.  Bill  Inrge  and  stout ; 
feel  well  developed,  the  claws 
reaching  to  end  of  tail.  Tail 
rather  rounded,  the  feathers 
narrow ;  the  lateral  .15  shorter 
tban  central. 

Upper  parts  dull  grayish- 
olive  ;  a  little  brighter  per- 
haps on  rump  and  edges  of 
quill-  and  tail-feathers.      No 

difference  appreciable  in  color  of  the  outer  edge  of  lateral  tail  feather.  Two 
bands  on  the  wing,  and  outer  edges  of  inner  secondaries  white.  No  concealed 
yellowish  on  rump.  Beneath  soiled  white,  with  a  very  slight  tinge  of  oliva- 
ceous on  sides ;  the  lining  of  wings  and  inner  edges  of  quills  pure  white. 
Tibiae  ashy.  A  whitish  line  from  hill  to,  and  perhaps  a  narrow  ring  around 
the  eye.    Lores  dusky.     Bill  horn  color  above,  pale  below  ;  feet  dusky. 

(No.  33,(J01.)  Total  length,  4.70  ;  wine,  2.4o ;  tail,  2.00 ;  dilTerence  between 
10th  and  longest  quills,  .25  ;  exposed  portion  of  1st  primary,  .70,  of  2d,  1.35, 
of  longest  (measured  from  exposed  base  of  1st  primary),  1.64  ;  length  of  bill 
from  forehead,  .58,  from  nostril,  .35,  along  gape,  .68  ;  tarsus,  .80 ;  middle  toe 
and  claw,  .55,  claw  alone,  .20 ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .50,  claw  alone,  .24. 

This  species  is  very  similar  in  form  and  general  appearance  to  V. 
puxiUm^  agreeing  in  the  rounded  tail  with  narrow  pointed  feathers, 
lenptbcnod  legs,  long  claws,  etc.,  with  about  the  same  dimensions; 
otherwise,  however,  the  bill  and  feet  are  much  larger,  measuring 


>«,. 


:•  .V 


'^^^B' 


■'■'f"*:'  T'l'  ,  ICj 


'  t./' 


'JO 


BEVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


I  ^^ 


,» 


■'l'  .; 


;S  ,v 


from  nostril  .35,  instead  of  .25  ;  the  tarsi  .80,  not  .^5.  Tlio  wings 
are  more  rounded,  the  diflerciice  l)rtween  longest  primary  and  tenth 
being  .30  instead  of  .40.  The  differences  from  V.  vicinior,  Cones, 
are  noted  under  that  species. 

•  Tlie  specimen  descriljed  is  one  of  the  types  of  Mr.  Salvin,  and 
kindly  presented  by  that  gentleman  and  Capt.  Dow. 


Smlth- 
sonluii 

No. 

CoMee-  Sex 
tiir'i  ,  and 
No.    |A({e. 

Iiocaltty. 

When 
Cullected. 

Received  from 

Romarka. 

33,601 

4,882 

•• 

Realejo,  NIc. 

May  16,  '63. 

Capt.DowiO.  Sal- 
[vtn. 

A  type. 

Tireo  ochraceiis. 

Vireo  ockracens,  Salvin,  P.  Z.  S.  1863,  188,  no.  6  (San  Jose,  Gnat.) 
fV.  semiflavua,  Salvin,  P.  Z.  S.  18(53,  188,  no.  6  (Peten,  Guat.) 

JIab.  Western  and  southern  Mexico,  Yucatan,  and  Guatemala. 


:;S 


Virto 
ocJiraceM, 


(No.  4'?<7,  Salvin'a  Coll.)    Wings  short  and  rounded,  a  little  longer  than  tli« 
tail ;  Ist  qaill  ueArljr  half  as  long  as  tlie  3d,  considerably  more  than  half  tlie 

2d  ;  5th  and  6th  quills  long- 
est ;  4th  little  shorter ;  2d 
shorter  than  10th  ;  3d  equal 
to  8th.  Bill  large,  broad  at 
base,  and  rather  de})re.s8ed, 
the  sides  nearly  straight. 
Tail  somewhat  rouuded, 
the  feathers  narrow. 

Above  olive  green,  with 
a  soiled  bufiy  or  reddiith 
tinge ;  the  olive  purest  on  the  ramp.  Be.noath  yellow  with  a  reddish  olive 
tinge ;  paler  on  throat,  more  olive  on  sides  and  perhaps  across  breast ;  the 
inside  of  wings  paler  yellow ;  the  inner  edges  of  quills  whitish.  Cheeks 
olive.  A  brighter  yellowish  line  from  bill  along  upper  edge  of  eye  to  its 
posterior  corner,  although  apparently  interrupted  above  the  eye,  and  not 
extending  around  lower  eyelids,  the  space  from  eye  to  angle  of  mouth 
more  dusky.  Wings  with  two  broad  bands,  and  outer  edges  of  inner  secon- 
daries olivaceous-white,  in  decided  contrast  with  the  blackish-brown  ground; 
the  rest  of  quills  and  the  tail  feathers  edged  with  olive  green.  Bill  horn  color 
above,  paler  below.     Legs  plumbeous. 

(No.  427,  9  .)  Total  length,  4.50 ;  wing,  2.20 ;  tail,  2.00 ;  difference  between 
10th  quill  and  longest,  .21 ;  exposed  portion  of  1st  primary,  .80,  of  2d,  1.36, 
of  longest  (5th  and  6th),  (measured  from  exposed  base  of  Ist  primary),  1.66; 
length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .55,  from  nostril,  .29,  along  gape,  .60;  tarsus, 
.79  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .56,  claw  alone,  .20 ;  hind  too  and  claw,  .45,  claw 
alone,  .22. 

The  lack  of  a  light  mark  below  the  eye  and  the  interruption  above 
it  of  the  usual  superciliary  stripe,  cau.sing  the  latter  to  reappear 


VIRKO. 


r-:r'r. 


867 


again  as  a  small  yellowish  spot  above  the  posterior  corner,  seems 
quite  peculiar. 

A  specimen  (male,  June  Ifi)  from  Mazallan  agrees  closely  in  form 
with  tlic  present  bird,  although  rather  larger.  The  finst  quill  is  only 
a  little  more  than  half  the  Hecond.  The  colors  are  duller,  and  the 
imder  parts  paler;  the  white  markings  are  less  distinct,  owing  to  the 
worn  condition  of  the  feathers.  The  extension  of  the  range  of  the 
species  froiU  Southern  Guatemala  to  Mazatlan  is  an  interesting  fact, 
paralleled  by  the  facts  in  the  case  of  Hirundo  alhilinea,  various  Tro- 
chilidee,  etc.,  no  specimens  of  which  have  hitherto  been  observed  in 
the  intermediate  coast  of  Mexico. 

The  type  of  the  species  described  above  has  been  kindly  furnished 
by  Mr.  Salvin. 

Vireo  Hemijlavun  (the  type  of  which  I  have  before  me  from  Mr. 
Salvin)  I  can  hardly  consider  as  distinct  from  ochraceus,  as  it  re- 
sembles it  very  closely  in 
size,  form,  and  propor- 
tions. The  first  quill,  in 
the  type,  is  shorter  than 
in  ochrncenn — being  not 
quite  half  the  second  ;  the 
other  quills  are  as  in  V. 
ochraceus.  The  upper 
parts  are  rather  brighter 
green  ;  the  under  parts  lack  the  ochrey  tinge,  and  the  light  markings 
on  the  wing  are  narrower.  The  same  peculiarities  of  the  eye  stripe 
are  seen  in  both  types.  The  difference  of  coloration  is  what  might 
be  expected  between  birds  killed  in  January  and  in  April,  and  the 
diiTercuee  in  length  of  outer  quills  such  as  is  met  with  frequently  in 
well  established  species. 

(No.  428.)  Total  length,  4.40 ;  wing,  2.10;  tail,  1.95;  difference  between 
loth  and  longest  quills,  .20  ;  exposed  portion  of  1st  primary,  .(52,  of  2d,  1.2.'>, 
of  longest,  5tli  and  6th  (measured  from  exposed  base  of  Ist  primary),  1.60  ; 
length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .54,  from  nostril,  .30,  along  gape,  .60 ;  tarsus, 
78;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .52,  claw  alone,  .18;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .44,  claw 
alone,  .20. 

A  specimen  from  Merida,  Yucatan  (April),  a  locality  nearlj-  due 
north  of  Lake  Peten,  and  closely  related  to  the  region  of  the  latter 
in  its  zoological  geography,  agrees  in  general  characters,  but  has  the 
outer  primary  a  little  more  than  half  the  second,  although  not  as 
Img  as  in  the  type  of  ochraceus — about  what  it  is  in  the  Mazatlan 
specimen.     The  bill  is  darker  and  rather  narrower. 


Vireo  »€miJUtmui. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


A 


M 


€^o 


y 
^ 


^ 


y. 


/^-^x 


'^^'     J'J^ ..  «^ 


f/. 


■.< 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


|50     "^ 


•^.5 
2.2 


1.8 


1.4    I1IIII.6 


V] 


^."^ 


^%%^ 


%\^  M 


/y 


>> 


•^ 


^ 


'/ 


M 


w- 


v.. 


368 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


'V, 

ill 


11 


I 


Smith- 

Ci.llec 

Spx 

■uuiau 

toi's 

tt.id 

No. 

No. 

Aiie. 

34,02.3 

1 

rf 

,  , 

427 

V 

.  , 

428 

cf 

SB,  278 

394 

<f 

Locality. 


MazatlHQ,  Mex. 
San  Jone,  Gimt. 
Sakluk,  I'eti'ii, Glial 
Hertda,  Yucatau. 


When 
Collected, 


June  10, '62. 
Jan.  18fi3. 
Api'il,  1862. 
April  14, '65. 


I 


Received  from 


Col.  A.  J.  GrayHOQ 
O.  Salvia. 

Gov.  Salazar. 


Collected  by 


Dr.  A.  Schott. 


13908 


Vireo  eras«ir(mtrit,  B..ta.nt,    (Bahamsa.) 


(427.)  The  type  of  V.  nchnictim.  (420  )  Tlie  type  of  V.  irmifiuvu*.  (39,278.)  Most  like 
No.  428. 

Vireo  crassirostris. 

Lunirireo  cr.  Bkyamt,  Pr.  Bost.  Soo.  N.  H.  VII,  1859  (Bahamas). 
Hab.  Bahamas. 

(No.  13,508.)  Upper  parts  grayish-olive,  thw  edges  of  qnillfl  and  tail- 
ft^atliers  bi'iglit*r  olive  green.     Beneath  pale  yellowish,  spoiled  slightly  \vith 

ashy  ;    brightest   on 
sides    and    crissura, 
paler  on    middle  of 
belly ;     flanks    ting- 
ed  with  olivaceons; 
quills    edged    inter- 
nally    with     white. 
Two      well  -  marked 
bands  on  wings,  and 
broad     outer    edgea 
of  inner  secondaries 
yellowish-white.     A  yellow  band  from  nostril  (meeting  its  fellow)  to  the  eye, 
and  a  narrow  yellow  ring  around  it.     Bill  dark  plumbeous  horn  color,  ligliter 
along  edges.     Feet  dark  plumbeous. 

Wings  longer  than  the  tail  (2.40  to  2.10).  The  1st  or  spurious  priraa'y 
more  than  half  the  length  of  the  2d,  which  is  shorter  than  the  9th  primary, 
and  about  equal  to  the  secondaries  (not  shorter,  as  in  V.  gnndlachi) ;  the  4th, 
6th,  and  6th  quills  are  longest,  their  tips  reaching  about  .30  beyond  the 
secondaries.  Tail  slightly  rounded,  the  feathers  narrow  and  pointed.  The 
tarsi  are  long  and  stout  (.85  of  an  inch),  and  measure  one  and  a  lialf  time.s 
as  much  as  the  middle  toe  and  claw,  ''"he  bill  is  unusually  stout  and  large, 
and  the  feet  well  developed. 

(No.  13,508.)  Total  length,  4.55  ;  wing,  2.40 ;  tail,  2,15  ;  difference  between 
10th  quill  and  longest,  .30 ;  exposed  portion  of  1st  primary,  .77,  of  2d,  1.33, 
of  longest,  4th  and  5th  ^measured  from  exposed  base  of  1st  primary),  1.66; 
length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .58,  from  nostril,  .35,  along  gape,  .70  ;  dej-th,  .19; 
tarsus,  .85  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .54,  claw  alone,  .20 ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .50, 
claw  alone,  .24. 

In  some  specimens  the  yellow  o'l  the  forehead  is  much  obscured. 
The  anterior  corner  of  the  eye  is  dusky.  The  cheeks  are  tiiigod 
with  olive  green.  The  yellow  of  under  parts  is  not  uniform  and  con- 
tinuous. The  type  of  the  species  is  not  so  bright  in  its  colore  as 
specimens  received  subsequently  from  Nassau. 


J     l^.A-t    j 


VIREO. 


3C9 


This  species  is  closely  related  to  V.  gundlachi  in  size,  form,  and 
general  appearance  ;  but  differs  in  the  much  stouter,  darker  bill, 
larger  k'gs  ;  the  wings  longer  than  the  tail,  instead  of  shorter ;  the 
second  quill  equal  to  secondaries,  instead  of  much  shorter.  The 
olive  of  back  is  grayish,  not  plumbeous  ;  the  under  par<s  duller  yel- 
low, and  the  two  conspicuous  wing  bands  and  broad  edging  of  inner 
secondaries  are  reduced  to  a  minimum.  The  much  brighter  olive 
green  edging  of  quills  and  tail-feathers  are  inconspicuous  in 
gundlachi. 

In  color  of  bill  and  general  appearance  of  upper  parts  and  fore- 
head there  is  quite  a  resemblance  to  V.  noveboracensis  ;  the  larger 
bill  and  prevailing  yellow  of  under  parts  readily  distinguish  it.  It 
also  in  color  is  somewhat  like  V.  modeatus ;  but  the  bill  is  very 
much  larger,  the  upper  parts  duller  olive,  the  frontal  yellow 
brighter,  etc. 


Snith- 

Houiau 

X.) 

Collw-  Sex 

tnr's   1  aud              I.oci».!ity. 
Xo.    '  AKe.  1 

When 

Collected. 

Received  from 

KemarkB. 

1.1..)0S 

:«.i'!ii 

Ji,187 

;; 

■• 

NabHau,  N.  P 
II 

u 

April,  1S-.9. 

April,  1864. 
II 

ii 

Dr.  H    Bryant. 
Lt.  Fitzgerald. 

II 

A  type. 
In  alcohol. 

YiREONELLA,  Balrd. 
Tireo  gnndlaclii.  ■  ..i» 

Viren  gundlachi,  Lembeye,  Avea  de  la  Cuba,  1850,  29,  pi.  v,  fig.  1  (Cien- 
fuegos,  Cuba). — Cab.  Jour.  111,468. 
Hub.  Cuba. 

(No.  13058,  '5  .)  Upper  parts  of  an  olivaceous-plumbeous  ;  the  under,  with 
the  loral  region,  and  a  circ' •  around  the  eye  (the  latter  brighter)  dull  yellow, 
as  in  V.  philadelpHca. 
Sides  tiuged  with  oli- 
vaceous. Tiiere  are  two 
narrow,  very  inconspicu- 
ous pale  bands  on  the 
wing.  Tlie  tail- and  wing- 
feathers  are  brown, edged 
witli  tiie  color  of  the  back 
(without  any  whitish), 
the  outer  edge  of  the 
cuter   tail    feather    not 

r^ler  than  in  the  others.     Quills  edged  internally  with  white. 
horn  color  above,  a  little  lighter  beneath.     Legs  plumbeous. 

Wings  extremely  short  and  much  rounded,  nearly  a  quarter  of  an  inch 
fhorter  than  the  tail  ;  tut  primary  large,  and  more  than  half  the  2d,  which  is 
luuch  shorter  (.2(1  of  an  inch)  than  any  of  the  secondaries,  and  .40  of  an  inch 
24     May,  1866. 


Vire.o  fftmdlachi,  Lkmh.     (Cuba.) 


130SS 


Bill  pale 


!*   ■ 


m 


m 


1:  s- 


370 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


leas  than  the  longest  quill.  The  4th  quill  is  longest ;  the  Tth  and  6th  scarcely 
shorter ;  the  7th,  8th,  and  9th  decreasing  gradually  ;  the  3d  about  iutertuedi. 
ate  between  7th  and  8th.  The  primaries  in  the  closed  wing  are  scarcely 
more  than  .2U  of  an  inch  longer  than  the  secondaries.  Tail  slightly  rounded 
the  feathers  narrow  and  somewhat  pointed,  the  lateral  about  .15  of  au  inch 
shorter  than  the  central.  The  bill  is  much  compressed,  being  considerably 
higher  than  broad,  though  not  dissimilar  in  shape  to  that  of  V.  Jiavifrons. 
The  feet  are  large  ;  the  tarsi  long,  about  one  and  a  third  times  the  length  of 
middle  toe  and  claw. 

(No.  13,058,^  .)  Total  length, 4.80;  wing, 2.10;  tail,  2.20;  difference  between 
10th  primary  and  longest,  .20 ;  exposed  portion  of  1st  primary,  .75,  of  2d,  1.25, 
of  longest  (4th)  (measured  from  exposed  base  of  1st  primary),  1.64;  length 
of  bill  from  forehead,  .59,  from  nostril,  .30,  along  gape,  .65,  depth,  .17  ;  tarsus, 
.79  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .58,  claw  alone,  .20  ;  hind  v  and  claw,  .48,  claw 
alone,  .23. 

Another  specimen  (No.  291,632)  :  Wing,  2.26  ;  tail,  2.45  ;  exposed  portion 
of  1st  primary,  .66,  of  2d,  1.30,  of  longest,  .1.74.  :   '  .:).-i       .     ;,i? 

A  second  specimen  (No.  29,632)  has  the  wings  and  tail  longer, 
2.26  and  2.48;  the  first  quill  is  only  half  the  second,  which,  how- 
ever, like  the  others,  is  much  shorter  than  the  secondaries. 


Smith-  CoUeo-'  Sex 

souian    io:°'h   I  aud 

Nu.     i    No.     j  Age. 


1.3,058 
29,632 


162 


Iiocalitf. 


Cuba., 

Fermlna,  W.  Cuba. 


When 
Collected. 


Feb.  20. 


Received  from 


0.  N.  Lawrf  nee. 
Ciil).  Law  1-0 lice. 
Chas.  Wright. 


Collected  by 


Vli   o  liypocliryseus. 

Vireo  hypochryxeus,  ScLATBR,  P,  Z.  S.  1862,  369,  pi.  46  (Mexico). 
■    Hah.  Tres  Marias  Islands,  N.  W.  coast  of  Mexico. 

(No.  37,331,  %  .)    Wings  short,  rounded,  about  equal  to  tail :  much  gradu- 
ated ;  1st  quill  more  than  half  2d,  which  about  equals  the  10th ;  the  6tli  quill 

longest;  the  5th  and 
4th    but  little  short- 
er.   JTail  considerably 
rounded  (in  one  ppe- 
cinen      the     lateral 
feather     .38    shorter 
than    middle).     Bill 
stout.      Legs    rather 
weak,  the  claws  fall- 
ing far  short  of  end 
of  tail. 
Whole  upper  parts,  with  sides  of  neck,  bright  yellowish-green,  without 
light  bands  or  edgings ;  beneath  deep  yellow,  tinged  with  olive  on  sides  an  I 
perhaps  on  breast.     A  broad  line  from  bill  over  the  eye  to  nape,  .nnd  eyelids, 
bright  yellow ;  the  cheeks  below  the  eye  more  olivaceous  ;  quills  edged  in- 


Vireo  hypochryseue,  Sclater.    (Ties  Mariaii.) 


A^l"] 


PiGHV!  r/u/ 


NEOCHLOE, 


'.tVtJfii 


371 


ternally  with  white,  the  oater  edges  of  primaries  with  gray.  Bill  rather  dark 
Lorii  color,  paler  on  the  edges  and  end  of  lower  mandible.  Legs  dark 
plumbeous. 

The  nostrils  are  circnlar,  and  in  the  anterior  extremity  of  the  nasal  groove  ; 
the  tips  of  frontal  feathers  reaching  to  their  posterior  edge,  but  not  growing 
up  to  it.  The  tongue  is  broad  and  fleshy,  the  end  thin,  flat,  and  horny  ;  the 
lip  quite  deeply  cleft ;  the  outer  edge  somewhat  lacerated.  {Note  from  alco- 
holic specimen.) 

(No.  37,331,  %.)  Total  length,  5.65;  wing,  2.50;  tail,  2.50,  graduation, 
.25 ;  difference  between  10th  primary  and  longest,  .38 ;  exposed  portion  of 
1st  primary,  .90,  of  2d,  1.58,  of  longest  (6th)  (measured  from  exposed  base 
of  1st  primary),  1.94 ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .62,  from  nostril,  .35,  a'.ong 
gape,  .71 ,  tarsus,  .78;  middle  too  and  claw,  .54,  claw  alone,  .20;  hind  toe 
and  claw,  .46,  claw  alone,  .23. 

The  type  specimen  of  the  species,  kindly  lent  by  Dr.  Sclater, 
agrees  exactly  with  those  from  the  Three  Marias.  The  species  is 
quite  unique  in  its  peculiar  coloration,  and  its  discovery  at  the 
Tliree  Marias  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  of  the  results  of  Col. 
Grayson's  important  explorations  in  noT'thwestern  Mexico.  The 
exact  locality  of  Dr.  Sclater's  bird  has  not  been  indicated. 


Sraith- 

soDiau 

No. 

Collec- 
tor's 

No. 

Sex 
and 

Ars. 

Localitjr. 

When 
Collected, 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

37,331 
37,332 

84 
83 

Tres  Ma-lias.  ImI.  N. 
"    [W.  Max. 

<( 
Mexico. 

Jan.  1869. 

(1 
11 
11 

Col.  A.  J.  Orayaon. 

(t 

<( 
ti 

tt 

Cab.  Dr.  Sclater. 

Parzudaki, 

(         .)  la  alcohol.     (  .)   la  alcohol.     ( 


.)  The  type  of  species. 


NEOCHLOE,  Sclater. 
iVeocA?oe,  Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1857,  213.     (Type  N.  brevipenms.)     '  . 

Form  short  and  thick.  Head  large.  Wings  a  little  longer  than  the  tall, 
which  is  considerably  rounded ;  wing  short  and  broad ;  the  primaries  not 
much  longer  than  se- 
condaries ;  the  outer  six 
graduated ;  the  Istmore 
tlian  half  the  2d,  which 
is  shorter  than  the  se- 
condaries ;  the  3d  about 
equal  to  9th  or  10th; 
the  6th  longest.  Feet 
slender,  rather  long, 
similar  to  Vireo.  Bill 
not  differing  much  from 
^^ireo,  but  rather  broad- 
er and  more  depressed 
at  base. 


38163 


■i^r-M 


wii*'-|  >^- 


ytttchlije  breviiwnnis,  Sclater.     ^Orizf>,oa.) 


•'  3 


t:i' 


m 


S12 


REVIEW  OP  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


The  essential  characters  of  this  genus  are  to  be  found  in  die  con- 
Bidenibly  rounded  tail,  wliich  somewhat  exceeds  tlie  wings,  and  iu 
the  very  short,  much  rounded  wings  and  considerable  amount  of 
graduation  of  the  .primaries — the  sixth  being  longest,  the  second 
shorter  than  ihe  secondaries,  and  the  third  barely  longer  than  the 
tenth.  But  one  species  is  known,  the  coloration  of  which  is  entirely 
peculiar  iu  the  family.      ,  ,   ; 

Neocbloe  brevipeniiis. 

Neochloe  brevipennia,  Sclateb,  P.  Z.  S,  1857,  213  (Orizaba,  Botteri). 

—.-     -         ^  ■...,-.  ..  ,  ■         ...    .- 

Hab.  Oriziba. 

(No.  38,163.)  Wing  tnnch  graduated;  the  6th  longest;  first  quill  more 
than  half  2d ;  second  shorter  than  secondaries.  Tail  lunger  than  wings, 
somewhat  graduated.  -■      -"' 

General  dor  dark  ashy  plurabeons  ;  the  entire  top  of  head  and  nape  sap 
green  ;  the  outvjr  surface  of  win  .^i  bright  greenish-yellow,  edges,  '^f  tail  feathers 
and  upper  tail  coverts  similar,  bat  duller ;  edge  of  bend  of  wing  bright  yel- 
low. Chin  and  median  region  of  abdomen,  including  crissum,  white,  as  are 
the  lining  of  wing  and  inner  edges  of  quills.  Concealed  portion  of  wing  and 
tail  feathers  above,  as  well  as  their  under  surfaces,  almost  black,  especially 
the  quills.     Bill  and  feet  plumbeous  black. 

(No.  38,163.)  Total  length,  4.40;  wing,  2.25;  tail,  2.40;  difference  of 
feathers,  .24;  difference  of  10th  and  longest  quills,  .34;  exposed  portion  of 
Ist  primary,  .67,  of  2d,  1.26,  of  3d,  1.56,  of  longest  (6th)  (measured  from  ex- 
posed base  of  1st  primary),  1.80;  lengtli  of  bill  from  forehead,  .50,  from 
nostril,  .25,  along  gape,  .56  ;  tarsus,  .75  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .53,  claw  alone, 
.15  ;  hiud  toe  and  claw,  .44,  claw  alone,  .23.  ^  .  ..j^ 

The  outer  edges  only  of  the  quills  are  green,  so  that  the  inner 
secondaries  exhibit  a  good  deal  of  black.  The  outer  two  primaries 
are  edged  with  gray,  not  green,  and  on  the  other  primaries  the  latter 
color  changes  to  gray  towards  the  end.  The  specimen  described  is 
the  second  known,  the  type,  also  collected  by  M.  Botteri,  being  in 
the  British  Museum. 


Bmith- 
Boulau 

No. 

Collec- 
tor's 
No. 

Sex 
and 
AKe. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

33,1H3 

271 

•• 

Orlz&ba,  Mex. 

M.  Botteri. 

M.  Botteri. 

HTLOPHILUS,  Temm. 
"Hylophilus,  Temm.  PI.  Col.  173,  fig.  2.     (Type  H.  pacilotia,  Temm.") 

Similar  to  Vireo  in  general  appearance,  but  shorter  and  stou*'^''.    Wing 
short,  rounded,  about  equal  to  the  tail,  which  ia  narrow  and  rounded,  the 


ec 


HTLOPniLUS. 


a;Vi!,:? 


873 


Primaries  but  little  longer  than 


feathers  frequently  considerably  pointed, 
secondaries ;  the  1st 
about  half  tlie  2d, 
which  generally  equals 
the  secondaries  ;  the  4th 
and  5th  longest.  Bill 
more  conical  than  in 
Vireo;  the  cul  men  curv- 
ing very  slightly,  some- 
times nearly  straight  to 
the  but  little  decurved. 
tip,  the  notch  of  which 
is  long  and  shallow. 
Bristles  of  mouth  less 
developed.  Legs  length- 
ened I  claws  very  sharp 
and  larger  than  in 
Fireo ,•  hind  toe  longer ;  ..•  ...  •■.     '  '  ' 

both  the  lateral  claws  reaching  beyond  base  of  middle  claw  ;  the  outer  beyond 
the  middle  of  the  claw.     Adhesion  of  toes  as  in  Vireo. 


HylophUua  viridiflavus,  Laws.    (Panama.) 


This  genus  is  easily  distinguished  from  the  Yircos  by  the  conical, 
more  acute  bill,  but  slightly  decurved  at  tip,  more  arched  com- 
missure, longer  hind  toe,  much  larger  claws,  znd  a  more  rounded 
wing  than  usual  in  Vireo.  In  the  character  of  the  feet  it  comes 
quite  near  Laleles. 

The  species  of  Hylophilus  which  I  have  had  the  opportunity  of 
examining  agree  very  well  in  general  characters,  the  principal  varia- 
tion consisting  in  trifling  differences  in  the  proportions  of  the  quills 
and  length  and  graduation  of  taih  The  first  quill  is  usually  less 
than  half  the  longest:  in  inmdaris  it  is  more  than  half  The  tail 
in  the  type  is  longer  than  the  wing ;  in  others  it  is  about  equal ;  in 
a  few  species  it  is  shorter.  "' 

The  following  synopsis  expresses  the  characters  of  the  species 
known  to  me: —  -.-,.- 

Common  Chahacters. — General  color  of  upper  parts  olive  green,  the  head,  or 
at  least  the  forehead,  usually  differing  in  having  an  ochrey  or  rufous  wash, 
fiometitnes  seen  on  the  tail  or  back,  sometimes  wanting  ;  the  forehead  gener- 
ally more  yellowish.  No  bands  on  wings  or  tail.  Under  parts  whitish, 
yellowish,  Of  olivaceous.    Bill  generally  pale.    Legs  flesh  color  or  plumbeous* 

A.  Head  and  nape  above  uniform  cinnamon  brown.     Fore-  _ 

head  not  different. 
Rufous  of  head  confined  to  upper  surface.     Under  parts 
;.    .,  fulvous  yellowish.     Legs  dusky    ....   pcecilotla. 


zu 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


m 


h 


*} 


7"S 


•td 


B.  Cap  rufous  or  ochraceouH,  well  defined  against  color  of 

back  ;  forehead  uiuch  brighter. 

Forehead  and  vertex  much  brighter  ochraceous  than 
rest  of  head.  Whole  upper  parts,  except  the  oli- 
vaceous rump,  more  or  less  rufous  ;  breast  tinged 
with  the  same.     Legs  flesh  color   ....    ochracekept. 

Forehead  rusty  brown.    Upper  parts  dark  olivo  green;  .^ 
tail  alone  tinged  with  rut'ous.    Beneath  light  oliva- 
ceous-green.    Legs  dusky ferruginiJ'roM. 

Forehead  ochrey  yellow.  Back  and  Cail  bright  olive 
green,  without  rufous.  Beneath  clear  yellow.  Legs 
plumbeous aura^tiifrout. 

C.  Cap  tinged  with  bistre  or  sepia  brown,  shading  gradnii'.ly 

off  into  the  olive  of  back;  the  rump  only  bright  olive. 
Forehead  paler  only,  not  brighter.  The  only  yellow  of 
abdomeu  ou  crissum. 

Cap  tinged  with  bistre  brown,  as  is  the  back.     Beneath 

soiledfulvous  white;  throat  grayer  ;  flanks  olivace-  ^ 

'-  ous.      Legs  yellowish.      First  quill  not  half  the 

longest aeuticauda. 

Cap  and  back  ochrey  ash.  Beneath  soiled  smoky  fulvous 
ash ;  no  olive  on  flanks.  Legs  pale.  First  quill 
more  than  half  longest  ......    insularit, 

D.  Cap  and  forehead  clear  olive  green,  uniform  with  the  re- 

mainder of  upper  parts.  ,, 

Beneath  bright  yellow  ;  paler  on  throat.     Legs  yellow   viridijlavus. 
£.  Cap  clear  ash  color,  in  abrupt  contrast  with  the  bright  olive 

green  of  remaining  upper  parts.    Beneath  whitish.    Sides  ,' 

of  body  and  crissum  olivaceous. 

Ash  of  head  and  nape  sharply  defined  behind  and  on 
side  of  neck ;  unmixed  with  olive.    Flanks  Si,r<;ngly 

Wushed  with  olive  green decutiatut. 

Ash  of  head  and  nape  less  extended,  and  indistinct         --       ,>    -n 
behind  and  on  side  of  neck ;   mixed  or  washed 
with  olive.      Flanks  only  slightly  washed  with 
olive    yellow.      Upper  parts   more  yellow.      Size 
smallfT  ........  pusillus. 

None  of  the  species  of  Hylophilus  mentioned  in  the  foot-note, 
all  belonging  to  South  America,  have  yet  come  under  my  observation.' 

'  Hylophilus  semlbrudneus,  Lafr.  Rev.  Zool.  1845,  341  (Bogota). 

Olive  ;  head,  neck,  and  upper  part  of  back  olive  brown  ;  beneath  pale  olive 
yellowish  ;  throat,  bend  of  wing,  and  middle  of  abdomen  whitish  ;  bi'l  pale 
brown  ;  feet  plumbeous.     Length,  4,50. 

Similar  to  //.  poecilotis,  but  differs  in  having  decidedly  larger  bill,  and  in 
having  the  brown  of  head  extending  over  the  ears,  the  whole  neck,  and  upp«fr 
part  of  back. 


HYL0PHILU8 


8t5 


HylophiluB  pcecilotis. 

llylo/thilus  pacilutis,  Temm.  PI.  Col.  (1823),  173,  fig.  1  (from  Maxi- 
miliau's  specimen). — Bon.  Coiisp.  1850,  329, — Borm.  Uebera.  Ill, 
1857,  110.— Cau.  Mu8.  Hein.  1850-1,  64.— Sclater,  Catal.  18(51, 
44,  no.  269. — Si/loia  pacilotis,  Max.  Beit.  II,  1831,  716  (Bahia  and 
Minasj. 

HcA.  Eastern  Brazil.  ^ 

(No.  173,  Cab.  G.  N.  Lawrence.)  First  quill  lengthened,  about  half  the 
longest;  2d  quill  rather  shorter  than  lOth  ;  4th  longest.  Wing  not  quite  aa 
long  as  the  tail,  which  is  somewhat  graduated. 

Upper  parts  bright  olive  green  ;  the  whole  cap,  with  nape,  light  oinnaroon 
brown.  Beneath  grayish-white,  tinged  with  fulvous  or  brownish  yellow  on 
tlie  breast ;  the  sides  wiih  olive.  Inside  of  wings  yellow,  aa  are  the  inner 
edges  of  the  quills.     Sides  of  head  ashy ;  ear  coverts  plumbeous,  with  whitish 

HylophiluB  flavipes,  Lapr.  Rev.  Zool.  1845,  342  (Bogota). 

Above  grayish-olive,  cap  a  little  darker ;  beneath  ochraceous-yellowish, 
the  throat  whitish ;  breast  dirty  palish ;  bill  pale  brown ;  feet  yellowish. 
Leugth,  4.50. 

Hylophilus  frontalis,  Tschudi,  Arch.  Naturg.  1844. — Ib.  Fauna  Peruana, 
I84lj,  194,  pi.  xiii,  f.  1.     Eastern  Peru. 

Above  olive  green  ;  the  forehead  and  line  from  base  of  bill  to  eye,  citron 
yellow ;  tail  grayish-green.  Under  parts  greenish-yellow,  paler  on  throat ; 
the  breast  and  crissum  somewhat  tinged  with  rufous  brown.  Lower  wing 
coverts  olive.     Bill  brown  ;  feet  plumbeous  ;  iris  brown.     Length,  6.25. 

HylophiluB  olivaceus,  Tschudi,  Arch.  Naturg.  1844. — Ib.  F.  Peruana,  1846, 
195.     Hub.  Eastern  Peru. 

Allied  to  H.  thoracicus,  but  differing  in  color.  Above  ashy  olive,  forehead 
and  rump  brighter ;  eyelids  yellowish.  Beneath  dull  yellow  ;  olivaceous  on 
breast  and  throat,  the  belly  and  crissum  whitish.  Under  wing  coverts  white. 
Bill  reddish-brown ;  tarsi  reddish.    Irides  brown.    Length,  4.50  ;  wing,  2.33. 

Hylophilus  thoracicus,  Temm.  PI.  Col.  173,  fig.  1. — Salvia  thoracica,  Max. 
Beit,  til,  1831,  717.     Hab.  Coast  of  Brazil. 
Above  olive  green ;  cheeks  gray.     Beneath  pale  yellow ;  crissum  white ; 
legs  plumbeous.     Length,  5.50.    (Burmeister,  III,  110.) 

Hylophilus  flaveoluB,  Burm.  Th.  Bras.  Ill,  110. — Sylvia  Jlaveola,  Max.  Beit. 
Ill,  1831,  719.     Hab.  Bahia. 
Above  grayish-brown ;  wings  and  tail  more  reddish-brown.     Lower  back, 
breast,  and  belly  reddish-  /ellow ;  throat  white ;  legs  plumbeous.     Length, 
5.70.   (Burmeister.) 

Hylophilus  cinerascens,  Max.  Beit.  Ill,  1831,  723.— Bcrh.  Th.  Braa.  Ill, 

111.     llab.  Espirito  Hanto  Riv.,  Brazil. 

Above  greenis'i-olive  gray.  Beneath  grayish-white  ;  wing  coverts  grayish- 
brown,  edged  with  pale  yallc wish-red  ;  legs  plumbeous.     Lengtl,  4.15. 


ate 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  niRPS. 


[part  I. 


shaft-stroaks.     CrlHsum  pale  yellowish.     Bill  horn  color,  paler  beneath ;  legs 
diiuky.     Iris  "frrayish  brown"  (Max.), 

(No.  173,  iiuhU.)  Total  length,  4.40;  wing,  2.10;  tail,  2.2r) ;  diiTtTHnfe  of 
feathers,  .30 ;  ditference  of  Idth  and  longeHt  quills,  .30 ;  expuHed  portion  uf 
Ist  primary,  .80,  of  2d,  1.32,  of  longest  (4tli)  (measured  from  exposed  Itane 
of  1st  primary),  1.60  ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .54,  from  nostril,  .31,  aloiif; 
gape,  .()0;  tarsus,  .70;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .52,  claw  alone,  .10;  hind  tu« 
and  claw,  .44,  claw  alone,  .21. 

The  description  given  above  is  from  a  Bahia  specimen  belonging 
to  Mr.  Lawrence.  Another,  in  defective  condition,  from  an  uukiiow  a 
locality  on  the  coast  of  Brazil  (No.  23,979),  is  much  more  oljow 
beneath,  including  crissum,  and  with  the  wings  of  same  length,  hus 
the  tail  much  longer  (2. GO). 


8mtth- 

■uulun 
No. 

Collec- 
tor's 
No. 

Sex 
aud 
A»e. 

Locality. 

Wlien 
Collecied. 

Received  from 

Collected  hj 

24,008 
23,979 

173 

•  • 

Brazil. 
Babia. 

... 

Dr.  0.  Uu  Horuvr. 
Cab.  Lawreuce. 

I 


Hylophilus  ocliracelceps. 

Ilylophilus  ochraceiceps,  Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.   1859,375  (Oaxaca). — In. 
,     '^atal.     1861,  44,  no.   268.— Sclateb  &  Salvin,  Ibis,  1860,  397. 
(Guatemala). 

.  Bad.  Western  Mexico,  to  Costa  Rica. 

(No.  22,375,  %  ,  a  type. )  Third  quill  equal  to  7th  ;  2d  considerably  shorter 
than  10th  and  secondaries  ;  tail  rounded. 

Upper  parts  olivaceous-rufous  ;  the  tail  clear  rufous  brown  ;  the  rump  dull 
olive  green.  Cap  brownish  ochrey,  brighter  anteriorly,  more  yellow  on  the 
edges  anterior  to  the  eye.  Beneath  faint  oohrey  yellow  ;  the  chin  and  throat, 
with  cheeks  more  ashy,  the  breast  more  ochrey,  the  flanks  and  crissum  more 
olivaceous,  the  inside  of  wings  and  inner  edges  of  quills  yellowish.  Edges 
of  inner  secondaries  externally  like  the  back,  their  border  becoming  paler 
towards  the  outer  primaries,  the  coverts  at  the  base  of  the  primary  quills 
clear  dark  brown,  forming  a  marked  spot.  Bill  horn  color  above,  paler  below ; 
feet  apparently  reddish. 

(No.  22,375,  ^,type.)  Total  length,  4.10;  wing,  2.20;  tail,  1.95;  differ- 
ence of  feathers,  .25  ;  diflference  of  10th  and  longest  quills,  28 ;  exposed  por- 
tion of  Ist  primary,  .72,  of  2d,  1.30,  of  longest  (5th)  (measured  from  exposed 
base  of  1st  primary),  1.65  ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .60,  from  nostril, 
.35,  along  gape,  .65  ;  tarsus,  .68  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .50,  claw  aloue,  .20; 
hind  toa  and  claw,  .48,  claw  alone,  .22.  :     .,, 

,.,    A  second  specimen,  from  Costa  Rica,  agrees  with  the  one  just 
described,  but  with  less  of  the  ochrey  tinge  on  the  breast. 


,)  T<1.'   f| 


HYI,0PHILU8. 


37T 


Smltli-  CoUeo- 
Nil.    1    No. 

8«x 
aud 
Abo. 

Locality. 

Wlien 

Collected. 

Received  from 

KpinarkR. 

•• 

Mexico  (OaxHca?). 
AnKOHtuia,  C.  H. 

June  io, '64. 

V»  rreHux. 
J.  Carmlol. 

Type. 

dylophiluB  ferruginifrons. 

ni/loiihilus/eiruyini/rons,  Sclateb,  P.  Z.  S.  1862,  110  (New  Grenada). 
Eab.  New  Grenada. 

(Type.)  Fourth  and  .^th  qnills  longest ;  2d  about  equal  to  10th  and  secon- 
daries ;  Ist  less  than  half  the  longest. 

Above  dark  olive  green,  brighter  and  lighter  on  run  p  and  edges  i>;  inner 
quills  (becoming  paler  towards  the  outer  ones),  the  tail  tinged  with  umber 
brown.  Forehead  almost 
ferruginous.  Beneath  gray- 
ish olive ;  paler  on  throat 
and  middle  of  belly.  In- 
side of  wing.s,  axillars,  and 
inner  edges  of  quills  clear 
yellow.  Crissura  yellow- 
ish. Bill  dusky,  the  com- 
missural edges  and  end  of 
lower  inaudible  paler ;  legs 
dusky  ? 

(Type.  Cab.  Sclater.)  Total  length,  about  4.25  ;  wing,  2.30  ;  tail,  1.80  ;  dif- 
ference between  10th  and  longest  primary,  .35  ;  exposed  portion  of  1st  primary, 
.7(),  of  2d,  1.31,  of  longest  (4th)  (measured  from  exposed  base  of  Ist  primary), 
l.tJ5 ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .58,  from  nostril,  .32,  along  pa})e,  .64; 
tarsus,  .70  ;  middle  toe  aud  claw,  .48,  claw  alone,  .10  ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .46, 
claw  alone,  .22. 

Dr.  S  ..ater  has  kindly  lent  me  bis  type  specimen  of  the  above 

species.  >     • 


Ilylophilxis ferruginifrons,  Sclater.    (N.  Grenada.) 


1 

Smith-  C.illec- 

»'iiii«n ,  tor's 

No.    i    No. 

Sex 
aud 
Ajfe. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Rdinaiks. 

•• 

•• 

Bogota. 

Cab.  V.  L.  Sclater.               Tyiie. 

Uylophiliis  aurantiifrons. 

llylophilus  aurantilfrons,  Lav.bekce,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.  1861,  324  (Birds 
Panama,  II,  211).     Panama.  •      •;  >.-:.   ^t-i/.u  ,u  >; 

Bab.  Isthmus  Panama.  ,- -""       •■  .  .,    ^  .,  :  .  t.ui. 

(No.  38,926.)    Fourth  quill  longest ;  3d  about  equal  to  6th  ;  2d  equal  to  10th 
or  secondaries  ;  Ist  leas  than  half  the  3d. 


Iff' 


f ., 


8*78 


REVIEW  OP  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


i 


I 


■i 

5 
■ 

i 

t 

■ 

1' 

t 

■i 

J 

:1 

--;■  -- 

n 


1 

1 

i; 

X., 

M 

^^^Z.j^ 

Above  light  olive  green,  brighter  behind.  Forehead  fulvons  yellow,  the 
rest  of  cap  a^liy  olive,  tinged  with  fulvuuii  or  ochrey,  scarcely  diittinguiishabl? 
behind  from  the  back,  which  in  Hiightiy  waalied  with  the  same.  Cheeka  like 
head  above,  but  lighter.  A  yellowish  loral  ttpot  paMHing  to  upper  part  ol'  «ye ; 
the  eyelids  whitiah.  Under  parts  pale  yellow,  ligliteat  (aiuioHt  white)  on 
throat,  darker  iuaide  the  wingt)  and  on  criaaum ;  flanks  slightly  olivacvouH. 
Inner  edges  of  quills  yellowisli-white  ;  outer  edges  of  exterior  primaries  gray, 
of  other  quills  olive.  Tail  feathers  decidedly  olive,  edged  internally  with 
yellowish.     Bill  abovt;  horn  color,  ilesh  color  below ;  legs  plumbeous. 

(No.  38,92(5,  %  .)  Tota  length,  4.30  ;  wing,  2.25  ;  tail,  2.05  ;  difference  of 
10th  and  longest  primary,  .31  ;  exposed  portion  of  1st  primary,  .80,  of  2(1, 
1.45,  of  longest  (4th)  (measured  from  exposed  base  of  Ist  primary),  1.75; 
length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .61,  from  nostril,  .35,  along  gape,  .66 ;  tarsus, 
.62 ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .46,  claw  alone,  .13 ;  Mnd  toe  and  claw,  .46,  claw 
alone,  .21. 

The  specimen  described  agrees  quite  well  with  the  type,  but  is 
larger  and  brighter  in  color.  Tlio  shade  of  olive  in  the  cap  is 
darker  and  redder  than  that  of  the  back. 

This  species,  of  about  the  same  size,  closely  resembles  viridi- 
Jlauus  in  color,  especially  below.  The  latter  is,  however,  of  a 
richer,  more  ochrey  yellow  below,  lacks  the  colored  front,  and  has 
t'ae  cap  uniform  with  the  back.  The  whole  bill  is  reddish,  and  the 
feet  are  flesh  color  or  red,  not  plumbeous. 


Brntth- 

Bouian 

No. 

CoUec- 
tor's 
No. 

Sex 
aud 
Age. 

LocaUl^. 

When 

CoUected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

38,926 

85 
173 

Panama. 

Jan.  10,  '65. 

Fred.  Wicks. 
Cab.  Lawrence. 



M'Lean.&'Oalb. 

(38,926.)  Eye  dark ;  legs  lead ;  upper  bill  cinolcy  ;  lower  pinlcish.    (  .)  Type. 

Hylophi'iUB  acutlcauda. 

Hyiophilua  acuticaudus,  Lawrence,  Pr.  A,  N.  So.  1865, 37  (Venezuela). 
Hab.  Venezuela. 

(No.  399,  type.)  Wings  short  and  much  rounded  ;  tail  lengthened,  longe' 
than  the  wings,  the  feathers  narrow  and  lanceolate.  Second  quill  consider- 
ably shorter  than  10th  ;  3d  about  equal  to  9th. 

Abovi'  dull  olive,  browner  anteriorly,  brighter  towards  rump  and  on  edges 
of  quill  the  forehead  with  some  concealed  yellowish  at  base  of  feathers. 
Sides  of  luad,  throat,  and  breast  pale  dull  brownish-ash  ;  belly  fulvous  wliite; 
flanks  olivaceous;  crissum,  tibia,  and  inner  lining  of  wings  (including  inner 
edges  of  quills),  yellow.  Bill  light  horn  color,  paler  below  ;  legs  pale  browni8h- 
yellow. 

(No.  399,  type.)  Total  length,  4.50;  wing,  1.85;  tail,  2.00;  difference  of 
10th  and  longest  quills,  .16  ;  exposed  portion  of  1st  primary,  .65,  of  2d,  1.20, 


BYL0PIIILU8. 


379 


of  longest  (4th)  (measared  from  exposed  base  of  Ist  primary),  1.45  ;  luntjtli 
of  bill  from  forehead,  .53,  from  uotitril,  3U,  aloug  gaiM,  .tiU  ;  tarsus,  .07  ;  hind 
toe  and  claw,  .44. 

The  type  specimen  of  this  species  does  not  appear  entirely  mature, 
although  if  so  the  coloration  of  the  adu]*,  will  probably  not  be  ma- 
terially different.  It  perhaps  comes  nearest  in  coloration  to  the 
description  of  //.  Jlampes,  Lafr. 


Bralth-  Colleo- 

iudIuu  I  tur'« 

No.    i    No. 

Sex 

Atfe. 

Locality. 

When 
CoUeeled. 

Ileceived  rnim 

KeinnrkH. 

..     ,3* 

•• 

Veuezuolit. 

Cub.  LawrouCH. 

Type. 

Hylopbilus  insiilarls. 

lijiophilus  insularis,  Sclatbr,  P.  Z.  S.  1861,  128  (Tobago). 
Ihb.  Island  of  Tobago.    (Kirk.) 

(No.  270*,  D»  Sclater's  type.)  fourth,  5th,  and  6th  quills  nearly  eqnal 
mil  longest ;  2d  equal  to  secondaries  ;  exposed  portion  of  Ist  primary  uiore 
than  half  the  longest.  Upper  parts  olive  green,  becoming  brighter  behind, 
especially  on  upper  tail  coverts  and  edges  of  wing-  and  tail-feathers ;  ante- 
riorly more  and  more  tinged  with 
dull  ochrey  ashy  brown.  Base  of 
upper  mandible,  cheeks,  and  under 
parts  soiled  smoky  light  brownish- 
buff  (almost  sepia  brown).  Inside 
of  wings  and  axillars  bright  yellow  ; 
inner  edges  of  quills  paler  yellow. 
Crissura  and  tibiae  yellowish-olive. 
No  olive  on  flanks.  Bill  dark  horn 
color ;  paler  below.     Legs  pale. 

(No.  270*,  So?  Jab.)  Total  length, 
4,60;  wing,  2.50 ;  tail,  2.15  ;  diflference  between  10th  and  longest  quills,  .28; 
exposed  portion  of  Ist  primary,  1.08,  of  2d,  1.64,  of  longest  (5th)  (measured 
from  exposed  base  of  ist  primary),  1.92;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .64, 
from  nostril,  ,37,  along  givpe,  .80  ;  tarsus,  .78  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .52 ;  oiaw 
alone,  .18  ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .44,  claw  alone,  .22. 

I  am  indebted  to  Dr.  Sclater  for  the  opportunity  oi'  examining 
the  type  of  this  species. 


Ilylophilua 
ihtularii. 


Smith-  Collec- 

«')nian    tor's 

No.       No. 

Sex 
and 
Ajte. 

Locality, 

When 
Collected. 

Received  rrom 

Collected  by 

•• 

:;70» 

•• 

Tobago. 

Cab.  Dr.  Solaier. 

Kirk. 

1270».)  Type. 


■*:i^t 


;'■'  '•  I  i 


I!  ,  ,  ;  1 


.  ;  «r:" -« 


■^'>i^^ 


il 


Ini, 


..  Wlti 


J80 


REVIEM'  OF  AMElllCAN  BIKPS. 


frART  I. 


Uylophilus  viriflittuTiis. 


JJi/lophiliiH  viridljldvus,  Lawkence,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.  1861,  324  (Birds 
Punaiua,  II,  212  (Isth.  Panama). — Sclateu  &  Salvin,  P.  Z.  S.  l8tJ4, 
348  (Isth.  Panama). 

Bah.  Isthmu»  Panama. 

(No.  38,924,  9  .)    Fourth  quill  longest ;  3d,  6th,  and  6th  little  shorter;  2a 
equal  to  iCth;  Ist  about  half  longest.     Wings  very  short  and  much  rounded, 
about  equal  to  the  graduated  tail. 
Above  light  olive  green,  rather  brighter  behind.     Beneath,  including  lieud 

and  lining  of  wings,  rich 
yellow.  Chetk.s  pale 
ash ;  ohin  and  tliroat 
tingfd  with  the  same. 
Loral  region  gray.  Bill 
ami  legs  pale  yellow. 
("  In  life  bill  and 
legs  slightly  pinkixli; 
Jiis  yellowish,  ueftrly 
white."    Ilichs.) 

Fresh  specimen ;  Total 
length,  4. TT) ;  expanse  of 
wings,  6.50.  Prepared 
specimen  :  Total  length, 
4.60;  wing,  2.15;  tail, 
2.10  ;  difference  of  tail 
feathers,  .25  ;  dill'ereme 
of  10th  and  longest  quills,  .2.^ ;  exposed  portion  of  1st  primary,  .85,  of  2d, 
1.38,  of  longest  (4th)  (measured  from  exposed  base  of  1st  prinv.  ,  l.ii:i; 
length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .55,  from  nostril,  .32,  along  gape,  .64;  tarsus, 
.77  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .55  ;  claw  alone,  .20;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .48,  claw 
alone,  .24. 


Uylophilua  viridifiavua,  Lawr.    (I'uuuma.) 


Smlth- 

IIODiaD 

No. 

Collec- 
tor's 
No. 

Sex 
and 

Aure. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  Iiy 

SS.O.'J! 
S8,92f' 

69 

72 

176 

9 
9 

Pd'jHuia. 
t« 
It 

Jan.  7,  '«.'5. 
it 

Fred.  Hicks. 
Cab.  Lawrence. 

M'LeaiiVi'oalb, 

(38,924.)  Eyei  white ;  legs  and  bill  slightly  pinkish.     (t76.)  Type. 


%:.  :  I  .       .  f , 


•4    1*   JU  ? '    .  >   .J.-««.  iitj^j-*.*-/?  ^^' 


Hylophilus  deciirtatus. 

Sylvicola  decurtata,  Bon.  P.  Z.  S.  1837,  118  (Guatemala). — Parh/ni/IHii 

d)'curtata,  Bon.  Consp.  1850,  309. 
Ilylophilus  cinereireps,  Sclatkk  &  Salvin,  P.  Z.  S.  1860,  299  (Vera  Paz, 
Gnat.).— In.  Ibis,  1860.  397  (Ouat.).— ?Ib.  P.  Z.  S.  1864,348.- 
SiLATKR,  Catal.  1861,  44,  no.  267. 
Ilab.  South  Mexico  and  Guatemala. 


HYLOPHILUS. 


381 


(No.  22,374,  % .)  Wing  considerably  graduated  ;  2d  qnill  about  equal  to 
lOtli;  Sth  longest;  exposed  portion  of  1st  b ss  tbau  half  'id,  more  than  half 
2d.    Tail  short,  rather  rounded  ;  feathers  narrow. 

Above  bright  olive  green  ;  whole  top  of  head  and  nape  clear  pure  ash  gray, 
in  sharp  contrast ;  cheeks  paler,  whitish  about  eyes.  Beneath  white,  with 
a  slight  creamy  tinge,  purest  on  throat  and  belly  ;  the  sides  of  breast  and 
flanks  yellowish  olive,  lighter  than  the  back,  passing  more  into  yellow  on 
crissuin,  and  still  purer  yellow  on  inside  of  wings  and  axillars.  Quills  dusky 
brown,  edged  externally  with  olive  green,  the  ouier  primaries  only  with  gray  ; 
quills  eilged  internally  with  whitish.  Tail  feathers  olive.  Bill  above  dusky, 
whitish  below.     Legs  dusky  ? 

(No.  22,374,  %.)  Total  lenp*'',  £,.7.'5;  wing,  2.10;  tail,  1.80;  difference  of 
feathers,  .14  ;  difference  of  lOth  and  longest  quills,  .34  ;  exposed  portion  of  Ist 
primary,  .71,  of  2d,  1.35,  of  longest  (Sth)  (measured  from  exposed  base  of 
lat  primary),  1.62;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .56,  from  nostril,  .32,  along 
gape,  .t)3  ;  tarsus,  .64  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .43,  claw  alone,  .16  ;  hind  toe  and 
claw,  .36,  claw  alone,  .20. 

The  loral  region  and  a  narrow  ring  around  the  eye  are  grayish- 
white,  as  is  to  a  less  extent  the  space  below  the  eye. 
This  species  is  almost  certainly  the  Pachi/xylcia  decurtata  of 

Bonaparte.  ;  ■■„  ;        ■     ,  ,- ,,  ,  :  -    ,  ,■ 


Kmith- 

CollftC- 

Sex 

mdIuu 

tor's 

itud 

.No. 

No, 

Awe. 

22.:t:4 

rf 

24.16:) 

,  , 

, , 

172 

<f 

402 

•• 

4»3 

d 

hocaMty. 


When 
Collected. 


Mexico  (Cordovu?) 
Guatemala. 


Received  from 


Collected  by 


Verremix. 

(!.  N.  Lawrence. 

Cab.  Lnwreuce. 


Ilylopliilus  pusillua.  ■ii.!^ 

]Iijliiphilusi>usillus,  Lawrence,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lyo.  VII,  1861, 323  (.5^anama); 
VIII,  1865,"l80  (Oreytown,  Nic).  ,,  ,;;,>,,•■■.« 

i/(ifc.  Isthmus  Panama,  to  southeastern  Nicaragua.  ■'•'         '    )      > 

Very  similar  to  decurtatus,  but  smaller ;  ash  of  head  not  extending  as  far 
back  over  the  nape,  and  slightly  mixed  with  olive  ;  less  distinct  on  side  of 
neck;  tail  ber. jath  more  olive.  Olive  of  sides  less  in  amount,  and  more 
yellow.    Back  more  yellow.     "Iris  brown."    Carmiol. 

(No.  400,  Panama.)  Total  length,  3.80;  wing,  2.05  ;  tail,  1.60  ;  difference 
of  lOvh  and  longest  primaries,  .27  ;  exposed  portion  of  1st  primary,  .70,  of  2(\^ 
1.32,  of  longest  (5th)  (measured  from  exposed  base  of  Ist  primary),  1.60 ; 
leiiKtli  of  bill  from  forehead,  .60,  from  nostril,  .34,  along  gape,  .64  ;  tarsus,  ,60. 

(No.  34,672,  %  ,  Costa  Rica.)  Total  length,  3.70  ;  wing,  1.85  ;  tail,  1.40  ;  dif- 
ference  of  loth  and  longest  primary,  .16  ;  exposed  portion  of  lat  primary,  .62, 
of  2d,  1.12,  of  longest  (5th)  (measured  from  exposed  base  of  Ist  primary) 


1)1) 


882 


REVIEW  OP  AMERICABT  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


1.40;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .55,  from  noatril,  .34,  along  gape,  .62; 
tarsus,  .CO. 

The  comparison  of  many  specimens  of  the  grayheaded  Hylophilus 
of  Guatemala,  with  others  from  Panama,  exhibits,  on  the  wliole,  the 
differences  referred  to,  as  stated  by  Mr.  Lawrence,  but  they  are  ex- 
ceedingly slight,  and  may  not  unreasonably  be  referred  to  the  influ- 
ence of  season  or  locality.  Of  the  three  types  of  Mr.  Lawrence, 
two,  in  which  the  olive  green  of  the  cap  is  most  distinct,  and  the 
size  least,  are  decidedly  immature  birds  ;  the  third  (No.  400),  how- 
ever, is  adult,  and  although  the  color  referred  to  is  reduced  in 
amount,  it  is  still  quite  appreciable.  • 

Unmistakably  auult  specimens  from  Costa  Rica  and  Nicaragua 
are  still  smaller  than  those  from  Panama,  as  shown  by  the  measure- 
ments given  above.  They  are  even  brighter  yellowish  above  than 
in  the  type,  the  edges  of  some  of  the  feathers  almost  yellow.  Com- 
pared with  Guatemalan  skins  of  unmistakable  decurtatus,  the 
difference  is  very  appreciable.  ;    ,  ■      ...j  ,•,  ^.  ,.,3} 

A  young  bird,  scarcely  full  fledged,  has  the  olive  of  back  soiled 
with  buff,  the  top  of  head  is  dull  sepia  brown,  and  the  olive  of  back 
is  tinged  with  the  same. 

I  am  not  satisfied  as  to  th"  existence  of  more  than  one  species, 
but  for  the  present  retain  pusilltis,  and  await  further  evidence  to 
determine  the  question.        ,  ;   .  ■->" 


Smith- 

CollPc- 

Sex 

When 
Collected. 

KoniaD 
No. 

tor's 
No. 

and 

Age. 

Locality. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

.S7,.166 

69 

? 

Sail  Juan,  Nic. 

1865. 

H.  E.  Holland. 

,S9,7")4 

rf 

Santa  Rosa,  C.  R. 

Jan.  4,  '6fl. 

J.  Carmiol. 

;-4  67l 

.. 

rf 

Augi-gtura,  C.  il. 

June  10, '64. 

u 

34,«72 

.. 

rf 

Junes,  '64. 

II 

.•!4  673 

0. 

II 

June  12, '84. 

"    . 

3.-.,  242 

V 

Dota,  C   B. 

July  22,  '64. 

1. 

•• 

400 
401 

? 

Panama. 

... 

Cab.  Lawrence. 
1. 

M'Lean.  H  Oalb. 

•• 

174 

d 

II 

... 

11 

II 

(400.)  Type.    (401.)  Type.     (174.)  Type. 


't — 


X  ...       1. 

i  V  !•  ^ 


ir: 


LALETES,  ScLATBB. 
Laletes,  Sciatbr,  P.  Z.  S.  1861,  72.     (Type  L.  osburnti.) 


General  appearance  that  of  a  Vireo.  The  rather  pointed  wings,  are  longer 
tlian  the  narrow,  nearly  even,  slightly  rounded  tail.  P'irst  primary  about  lialf 
the  second,  which  about  equals  secondaries  ;  the  4th  quill  longest.  Bill  deep 
and  much  compressed  from  base  ;  depth  two-tliirds  the  distance  from  nostril  to 
tip.  Culmen  straight  for  basal  tliird,  then  decurvirig  to  the  hooked,  deeply 
notched  bill ;  gonys  also  curved.      Commissure  slightly  arched.     I^ostriU 


wri^nft    '. 


LALETE9. 


r  1,1  r.|  <* 


383 


rather  large  and  oval,  anterior,  with  membrane  above  and  behind.     Frontal 
featherd  directed  alightly  forward,  with  few  bristles.     Sides  of  apper  bill  with 


« ^",  r, 


tTK-i'  1 


■tVf 


;:( 


23320 

LaUleg  osburniC,  Sci.atkb.    (Jamalea.) 


>':■■!<  'A; 


slight  furrows  parallel  to  cnlmen.  Legs  large ;  the  feet  stouter,  the  claws 
longer  than  in  Vireo.  The  hind  toe  is  especially  more  developed  ;  the  com- 
parative length  of  lateral  toes,  however,  and  their  adhesion,  much  as  in  Vireo. 

This  genus  somewhat  resembles  Cyclorhis  in  the  deep  bill,  but 
differs  in  weaker  claws,  the  inner  lateral  one  not  reaching  beyond  the 
base  of  the  middle.  The  much  higher  and  more  compvebsed  bill, 
with  its  longitudinal  furrows ;  the  larger  toes,  the  hinder  one  much 
longer  in  proportio'^i,  separate  it  from  Vireo.  It  forms  a  connecting 
link  between  the  Vireos  and  Cyclorhis. 


Laletes  osburnli. 

Laletes  o.ihurnii,  ScLATER,  P.  Z.  S.  1861,  72. 
Olive  Chatterer.     (Jamaica.) 

Hah.  Jamaica. 


(Jamaica.) 


(No.  23,326,  %  .)  Wings  rather  pointed,  longer  than  the  nearly  even  tail. 
First  quill  about  half  2d,  which  is  not  quite  equal  to  the  secondaries  ;  4th  and 
5th  quills  longest. 

Above  olive  green,  brightest  on  rump ;  head  above  and  on  sides  tinged  with 
asliy.  Beneath  yellow  ;  breast,  flanks,  and  crissum  more  olivaceous,  throat 
paler;  inside  of  wings  and  inner  edges  of  quills  creamy  white,  as  ate  the 
loral  feathers  at  their  base.  Concealed  portion  of  quills  fuscous  b'own,  of  tail 
feather?  more  olive.     Bill  blackish  ;  tomia  and  tip  paler ;  legs  fle         )lor? 

(No.  23,326,  %  .)  Total  length,  5.40  ;  wing,  2.80  ;  tail,  2.65  ;  difttrence  of 
10th  and  longest  quills,  .42  ;  exposed  portion  of  1st  primary,  .85,  of  2d,  1.65, 
of  longest  (5th)  (measured  from  exposed  base  of  Ist  primary),  2.20  ;  length 
of  bir.  from  forehead,  .66,  from  nostril,  .36,  along  gape,  .73,  depth,  .23  ;  tarsus, 
■»3 ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .68,  olaw  alone,  .24  ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .56  ;  claw 
alone,  .26. 


A'- 


y'-i 


-.V'S'...   i. 


.»    , 


8S4 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[PAUT  I. 


i.     t      ' 


^>, 


Smith-  Collpc-'  Sex 

KO'iiaa    tor's   !  auil 

No.    i    No.    1  Ak«. 

Locality. 

Wli«n 
CoUecteil. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

83,320 

87 

J 

TreUwuoy,  Jam. 

Jaa.  31,  'iVJ. 

Di.  ScUter. 

W.  Osburn. 

(23,326.)  Type. 


^X") 


CYCLORHIS,       AiNSow. 

Cyclorhls,  Swai^son,  Zool.  Journal,  ill,  1828,  162.     (Type  Tanagra 
gttianensis,  G.M.) 

Form  very  stout ;  the  head  broad.     Wings  rather  longer  than  the  narrow, 
nearly  even,  or  slightly  rounded  tail ;  the  quills  graduated  :  the  1st  more  thau 


:«jV 


'A: 


t'l/clorhia  yuiuntnait,  Sclateb.    (Cayeuue.)        ,,   ^.,     ^  , .  ^ , .  _    j 

half  the  2d,  which  about  equals  secondaries ;  the  4th  or  5tli  longest ;  the 
tips  not  attenuated.  Bill  very  powerful,  deep,  much  compressed  (ileptli 
almost  equal  to  distance  from  nostril  to  notch  of  bill) ;  culraen  and  gonys 
much  curved  from  base ;  gape  nearly  straight ;  tip  of  upper  bill  decurved 
and  with  deep  notch ;  tip  of  lower  less  distinctly  marked.  Nostrils  small, 
nearly  circular,  in  anterior  end  of  nasal  fossa,  with  membrane  above  and 
behind  it.  Frontal  feathers  directed  somewhat  forward,  but  not  overhanging 
nostrils,  and  with  very  few  bristles  ;  those  of  rictus  moderate. 

Feet  stout  (rather  less  so  than  in  J  ilifs).  Tarsus  rather  longer  than  middle 
toe  and  claw  ;  distinctly  scutellate  .uieriorly,  and  with  one  or  two  divisions 
externally  at  lower  end.  Basal  joint  of  middle  toe  entirely  adherent  exter- 
nally to  one  and  a  half  joints  of  outer ;  internally,  but  slightly  free  and  united 
to  half  of  adjacent  joint.  Lateral  toes  nearly  as  long  as  middle,  reaching' 
over  half  the  length  of  middle  claw  or  even  farther.  Hind  toe  longer  than 
the  lateral.     Claws  all  very  stout  and  sharp,  much  curved. 

The  bill  of  Cyclorhin,  iu  its  compression,  great  depth,  and  other 


CYCL0RHI8.       '^X/Wt 


885 


characters,  is  very  similar  to  that  of  Falcunculus  (of  the  Laniadse) 
of  Australia,  which  it  also  resembles  so  much  in  other  characters  a.s 
usually  to  induce  authors  to  bring  the  two  together,  either  as  ad- 
jacent genera,  or  as  belonging  to  closely  allied  subfamilies. 

The  difference  generically  between  Cyclorhu  and  Vireolanius  is 
very  slight,  and  I  cannot  find  any  real  ground  of  separation.  In 
the  latter  the  bill  is  perhaps  lower  and  proportionally  more  elongated ; 
the  culmen  less  curved ;  the  tip  longer  and  more  curved,  although  G. 
ntgrirostris  differs  from  the  other  species  of  Cyclorhis  in  just  these 
characters^.  The  nostrils  are  perhaps  more  circular  and  smaller  in 
Cyclorhis.  The  colors  differ  somewhat — the  prevailing  tints  in 
Cyclorhis  being  olive  green  and  dull  yellow,  as  in  the  Vireos,  while 
ill  Vireolanius  they  are  deep  verdigris  green,  bright  blue  and  clear 
yellow  (white  below  in  type).  If  we  were  to  limit  Vireolanius  to 
the  type — melitophrys — the  difference  would  be  rather  more  appre- 
ciable.    For  the  present,  however,  I  keep  the  two  gruups  separate. 

Although  most  of  the  species  of  the  two  genera  are  strictly 
South  American,  I  yet  give  all  in  detail,  in  order  to  furnish  a  com- 
plete monograph  of  the  family  of  Vireonidae. 

CoMMOK  Charactbbs. — Above  plain  olive  green;  lower  throat  (sometimes 
breaat,  or  whole  under  parts),  axiliars,  inner  face  of  wings,  and  inner  edges 
of  quills  yellowish ;  rest  of  under  parts  whitish.  A  rufous  band  from 
nostrils  over  eye  to  nape,  sometimes  only  to  eye.  Chin,  and  more  or  less 
of  cheeks,  ashy.  Head  above  ashy,  more  or  less  pure,  rarely  like  the  back. 
Lower  mandible  in  most  species  plumbeous  black.  ., 

A.  Head  above  and  nape,  with  the  entire  cheeks,  ash  color ; 
the  former  sometimes  glossed  with  ocbraceous. 
^'  Legs  flesh  color.     Throat,  jugalum,  and  breast  yel- 

low. 
'        ■  Entire  under  parts  (except  chin)  yellow 

Beneath  yellow  ;  middle  of  bell/  to  oriasum 
whitish. 
'  Yellow  more  extended,  with  decided 

^       "  "  olivaceous  green  tinge  across  the 

.     *    '      '  breast.     Cheeks  dark  ash    . 

>  Yellow  of  breast  more  restricted,  and 

scarcely  olivaceous.    Cheeks  light 
'  ash      ..... 

Legs  dnsky  plumbeous.     Lower  throat  and  sides  of 
breast  yellowish. 

Superciliary  rufous  extending  to  nape.    Lower 
mandible  plumbeous  at  base. 

'  Specimens  from  Qaatemala  lack  the  black  spot  of  bill. 
25     May,  1806. 


II 


:■■  '■■■    •  ■.    .;:?■• 
JlaviientrhJ  ' 


•'  tV-  nsH 


subflavetetn$. 


flavipectui. 


-  if  ;  '  ■■  ',   ■' 


•'■.■■i'l..-. 


386 


REVIEW  OF  AMEUICAN  BIRDS. 


frART  r. 


id 


,.£■». 


Head  above  nearly  pnre  ash.     Second 

quill  shorter  than  ll>th         .         .    yuianensid.i 
Head  above  washed  with  ochracpous. 

Secoud  quill  longer  than  10th.  Sisae  ^ 

larger  ......    V'.ridis.  ,^ 

,y  Superciliary   rufous   reaching   only   to  eyo. 

■j        :  Lower  mandible  weak ;  flesa  color. 

,..j,     ,, ,  :.  ,   ..     Head    above    strongly    washed    with 

ochraceouB  .....    ochrocephaia. 

^,      B.  Vertex  and  nape  olive  green,  like  the  back  ;  cheeks  and 
,      jugular  band,  with  sides  of  breast,  yellowish,  or  olive 

green.     Legs  fleah  color  ?    Lower  mandible  dusky.  ^ 

^  .^  [ ,,  Forehead  chestnut  brown,  this  color  extending  back- 

.      ■       ,  ward  to  the  nape  as  a  superciliary  band.    Cheeks 

.    ;  and  jugulum  yellowish.     Upper  mandible  pale   virenticeps. 

Forehead  plumbeous,  with  a  dark  chestnut  band 

from  nostrils  to  eye  only.     Cheeks  and  jugulum  i 

'    '  olivaceous.     Upper  mandible  black  .    n'tgrlroHrh. 

Of  the  species  described,  C.  suhjlavescemt  and  C.  viridit  are  those  which 
have  least  strongly  marked  distinctive  characters. 

In  examining  the  preceding  analytical  arrangement  of  the  species 
of  C'clorhis  some  interesting  geographical  considerations  present 
themsoVes.  The  most  northern  species  (C  Jlaviventris)  exhibits 
most  ycilow  beneath,  this  diminishing  progressively  in  more  southern 
species,  as  G.  subjlavescens  (Costa  Rica),  and  C.  Jiavipedus 
(northern  part  of  South  America).  All  these  more  northern  species 
have  pale-colored  legs,  while  those  of  Eastern  South  America  have 
dusky  legs,  and  like  those  just  mentioned  have  the  vertex  and  nape, 
with  whole  cheeks,  more  or  less  ash,  in  decided  contrast  to  the 
back.  The  two  Andeiin,  on  the  contrary,  have  these  parts  like  the 
back.  All  the  species,  as  a  rule,  have  the  under  mandible  plumbeous 
black  at  the  base,  caused  by  the  deposit  of  a  black  pigment  on  the 
bone  ;  this  is  only  exceptionally  absent  except  in  ochrocephaia, 
where  it  seems  never  to  occur.  In  all,  the  upper  mandible  is  pale 
in  the  dried  skin  ;  said  sometimes  to  be  red  in  life  ;  in  nigriroslm 
only  is  it  black.  The  iris  is  said  in  most  species  to  be  either  red  or 
yellowish. 

Cyclorliis  flavirentris. 

Cyclaris  Jlaviventris,  Lafr.  Rev.  Zool.  1842,  133  (Santa  Cruz,  Mex.).— 
Cydorisfl.  Bon.  Consp.  1850,  320.  —  CyclorhisJl.  Sclateb,  P.  Z.  S. 
1856,99;  1858,448;  1859, 363  (Jalapa) ;  1864,173  (City  of  Mexico). 


'  Specimens  from  Ceara,  Bra::")  fperhaps  autumnal),  have  yellow  extend- 
ing over  the  breast,  much  as  in  Jlavipectus,  but  witii  dusky  legs,  the  vertex 
'iuged  with  oohraceous. 


■#.;    > 


:tAl  ? 


.e«jr 


CYCL0RIII8.      ■* ' ' 


38Y 


— Ib.  Cat&l.  1861,  45,  no.  276.—?  Sclatbb  &  Saitin,  Ibis,  1, 1859, 13 
•r., '  (Guatemala'. — Cyclorhia  Jl.  TucaoDi,  AruLi\r  Naturg.   1S45,  363 

(Mexico^ 

Bah.  Southern  Mexioo  and  Onatemala. 

(No.  37,498,  %.)  Upper  part  and  sides  ot  head,  with  nape,  aahy,  with  a 
broad  stripe  of  rufous  brov.n  fiom  each  nostril  (the  two  confluent  anteriorly^ 
over  aud  bayond  eye  to  nape  (the  eye  considerably  anterior  to  tlie  middle  of 
the  stripe)  ;  rest  of  upper  parts  olive  green.  Chin  very  pale  ashy ;  rest  of 
inferior  surface,  with  insid«  of  wings,  bright  yellow.  Upper  mandible  pale  ; 
lower,  plambeous  black,  the  end  whitish.  Legs  apparently  flesh  color.  "  Iris 
cherry  red."     Second  quill  sht  rter  than  the  10th  ;  3d  less  than  the  7th. 

(No.  37,498,  %  .)  Total  length,  6.10 ;  wing,  3.25  ;  tail,  2.95  ;  exposed  por- 
tion of  Ist  primary,  1.25,  of  2d,  2.00,  of  longest  (5th)  (measured  from  ex- 
posed base  o'  Ist  primary),  2.55  ;  length  of  bill  from  foiehead,  .85,  from 
nostril,  .50,  along  gape,  .85,  depth,  .37  ;  tarsus,  .92;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .75, 
clavr  alone,  .30 ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .68,  claw  alone,  .34. 

In  the  specimen  described,  and  in  fact  in  all  before  me,  there  is  a 
faint  was*!  of  ochraceous  on  the  vertex,  though  in  several,  as  No. 
30,874,  the  color  of  the  ash  is  nearly  pure.  In  this  same  specimen 
the  ochrey  color  of  the  forehead  extends  over  the  lores,  and  involves 
the  lower  eyelids  to  a  greater  degree  than  usual.  The  ash  of  the 
chin  is  much  restricted — being  limited  to  the  space  between  the 

rami.  ,    ...    .,..      .,,  ,,,  .,.,.:.'.:<,,....=., 

There  is  not  much  variation  in  the  extensive  series  before  me. 
The  yellow  is  sometimes  deeper  in  spring  specimens ;  in  autumnal 
it  is  paler,  with  a  slight  buffy  tint.  It  is  somewhat  remarkable, 
however,  that  of  four  Guatemalan  skins  in  the  collection,  three 
should  lack  the  black  of  the  lower  jaw.  The  fourth,  from  Coban, 
a  locality  rearest  of  all  to  Mexico  and  Yucatan,  is  as  described 
above.  I  can  detect  no  other  difference.  All  other  specimens  have 
the  dark  spot  in  question. 

The  uniform  yellow  of  the  under  parts  suflSciently  distinguishes 
this  species  from  all  its  allies. 


8m!th- 

Collec- 

Sex 

When 

Collected. 

«ouiaii 
No. 

tor's 
No. 

aud 

Age. 

Locality. 

Ree«lved  from 

Collected  by 

37,49S 

68 

rf 

Orizaba,  Mex. 

Jau.  28,  '63. 

Pkof.  Sumichrast. 

.17,499 

21 

14 

JaQ.  6,  '65. 

u 

38,162 

91 

.. 

f< 

M.  Botterl. 

30,874 

120 

.. 

Mirador,  Mex. 

Mar.  1863. 

Dr.  Sartorlns. 

80,873 

120 

., 

4( 

I( 

" 

37,913 

192 

o 

Merida,  Tue. 

Feb.  19,  '63. 

OoT.  Salazar. 

Dr.  SchotL 

37,916 

191 

5 

44 

II 

.< 

II 

87,917 

193 

6 

14 

14 

u 

14 

3ii,279 

49J 

rf 

4( 

May  23,  '65. 

It 

«« 

22,372 

32,615 

Cobau. 

•  •  • 

Verreaax. 

39,169 

,  . 

,  , 

<Saatemala. 

•  •  • 

J.  Gould. 

•• 

180 

<f 

II 

... 

Cab.  Lawrence. 

•••*'•!.**■ 

— .- 



<3M99.)  IrU  brown ;  bill  and  feet  flesk  tolor.    (30,874.)   Kye«  cherry  red.    (30,873.)   Do. 


888 


REVIEW  or  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


S 


i  . 


1/  •*!' 


Cyclorhis  subflaTesceus. 

Ciidorhis  »ubflaveiccn.i,  Cae.  Joarn.  fdi-  Orn.  18«C  (May,  18C1),  406 
(Coflta  Riua;  SeptMiubur)  ;  lUol,  l>3  {*\mo.  wituout  dusky  8|)ot  ou 
bill).— ScLATEK,  Catal.  1862,  359,  No.  27tf\  >t". 

/Taft.  Costa  Rloa.  .  ,  c  Tft 

(No.  34,669,  9.)  Upper  part  and  sideti  of  head,  with  the  nape  and  the 
chin,  aah  color ;  the  vertex  soiled  with  rufous  olive.  A  broad  rufous  band 
from  each  nostril  over  and  behind  the  eye  (the  two  confluent  anteriorly), 
which  is  anterior  to  its  middle  point.  Rest  of  upper  parts  olive  green.  Whole 
throat  and  breast  greenish-yellow,  the  flanks  and  inner  lining  of  wing!)  purer 
yellow,  as  also  to  some  extent  a  tinge  on  the  crissnm.  Middle  of  belly  white. 
Bill  pale  above ;  lower  jaw  dark  plumbeous,  with  whitish  tip.  Legs  flush 
color.     "  Iris  yellowish"  {Carmiol).  ,,        _^  ^ 

Second  quill  shorter  than  10th  ;  3d  about  equal  to  8th. 

(No.  34,669,  9 .)  Total  length,  P.OO  ;  wing,  '2.95  ;  tail,  2.50 ;  exposed  por- 
tion of  Ist  primary,  1.15,  of  2d,  1.85,  of  longest  (5th)  (measured  from  expos^ed 
base  of  Ist  primary),  2.30 ;  length  of  bill  from  nostril,  .42,  along  gape,  .80, 
depth,  .33  ;  tarsus,  .86  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .66,  claw  alone,  .27  ;  hind  toe 
and  claw,  .64,  claw  alone,  .30. 

Specimens  differ  in  the  amount  of  yellow  on  the  under  parts, 
which  are  sometimes  entirely  yellow  (though  paler  behind),  with 
the  auddle  of  belly  only  white ;  in  other  instances  the  middle  of 
breast,  belly,  and  the  cr'ssura  are  white.  The  flanks,  however,  are 
always  yellow.  Autumnal  specimens  show  a  buffy  tinge  in  the  white. 
Of  the  six  specimens  examined,  all  have  the  plumbeous  spot  on  the 

'Dili.  ■■■  .        M     .:•...•.■.,•■'.■',•.    •■       .'..■.         -■■'l 

This  species  is  easily  distinguished  from  Jlaviventris  by  its  whitish 
belly.  It  is  most  closely  related  to  C.  Jlavipectus  in  its  flesh  colored 
legs  and  yellow  breast,  and  in  fact  it  is  somewhat  of  a  question 
whether  they  are  specifically  distinct.  The  Costa  Rica  bird  is 
rather  larger,  and  less  brilliantly  colored ;  the  ash  of  the  head  is 
darker ;  the  yellow  of  breast  more  olivaceous,  and  perhaps  extend- 
ing a  little  farther  back.  The  ochraceoua  wash  of  the  hood  is  more 
marked,  although  both  species  vary  among  themselves  in.this  as  well 
as  the  other  points.  Better  skins  than  those  before  me  may,  how- 
ever, exhibit  the  differences  more  satisfactorily. 


Smtth- 
Houlan 

No. 

Collec- 
tor's 
No. 

Sex 
aud 
A  KB. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Kemarki. 

35,239 
.33,295 
34,669 
3'\.J06 

.30,  .W 

34,670 

lii 

112 

9 

Dota,  C.  R. 
3aa  Jo86,  C.  R. 

u 

II 

II 

Barranca,  C.  R. 

July  27,  '64. 
ApriVi,  '64. 

AprriV7,'64. 

J.  Carmlol. 
II 
11 

Dr.  T.  Franttlus. 
II 

J.  Carmlol. 

Iris  Tellov:. 

Iris  red. 

Iris  light  yellow. 

Iris  yellow. 

CYCL0RIII8. 


389 


litish 
ored 

estion 

ird  is 
ad  is 

Ktend- 
more 
swell 
,how- 


rks. 

PV7. 

\  yellow. 


€YClorlii8  flav'tpectuH. 

^jfU.  Cydorhit  ftavipectut,  Sclatbr,  P.  Z.  S.  1858.  448  (Trinidad  and  Santa 
Martha).— Id.  Catal.  1861,  46,  no.  275.— Taylok,  Ibia,  18U4,  81 
(Trinidad). 

Huh,  Trinidad  and  northern  coast  of  Soutli  America. 

(No.  32,719,  %.)  Head  above,  and  nape,  light  plumbeous,  washed  very 
faintly  with  orange  or  oobrey  brown  ;  cheeks  paler,  and  pure  ashy,  running 
into  the  still  lighter,  almost  white  chin  ;  rest  of  upper  parts  bright  '^live 
gre«D.  Throat  and  breast  (extending  down  a  little  more  along  the  sides) 
bright  greenish-yellow ;  the  inner  face  of  wings  and  inner  edges  of  quills 
parer  yellow.  Rest  of  under  parts  white.  Under  surface  of  tail  decided 
olive  green.  A  broad  superciliary  band  of  orange  or  oohrey  brown  from 
nostrils  (the  two  meeting  on  the  forehead)  reaching  to  the  nape,  rather  farther 
beyoud  the  eye  than  the  distance  to  it.  Bill  horn  color,  the  tip  and  edges 
vhitish ;  the  lower  mandible  plumbeous  black.     Legs  flesh  color. 

Fourth  and  5th  quills  equal  and  longettt ;  2d  shorter  than  the  10th  and  the 
secondaries. 

(No.  32,719,  %.)  Total  length,  6.00;  wing,  2.80;  t»n,  2.60;  exposed  por- 
tion of  lat  primary,  1.0!),  of  2d,  1.75,  of  longest  (measured  from  exposed  base 
of  l8t  primary),  2.16;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .75,  from  nostril,  .46, 
along  gape,  .83,  depth,  .36  ;  tarsus,  .88  ;  middle  toa  and  claw,  .72,  claw  alone, 
.30;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .61,  claw  alone,  .34. 

The  extreme  nape  is  of  a  purer  plumbeous  than  elsewhere  on  top 
of  the  head.  l\o.  32,719  has  a  faint  buff  wash  on  the  sides  of  body 
not  seen  in  the  others,  aud  probably  indicative  o^  the  autumnal 
plumage. 

This  species  is  readily  distinguished  from  C.  guianensis,  which  it 
otherwise  resembles,  by  the  yellow,  not  dusky  legs :  the  greater 
amount  of  yellow  beneath,  which  extends  over  the  jugulum  to  fore 
part  of  breast:  and  the  ochrey  wash  of  top  of  head,  although  this, 
latter  character  may  depend  somewhat  on  season.  The  ash  of 
cheeks  and  chin  is  lighter,  the  yellow  of  under  parts  purer.  The 
size  is  larger,  the  bill  deeper  ;  the  legs  stouter,  besides  being  differ- 
ently colored.  There  is  less  of  the  gray  tinge  of  the  under  parts 
of  guianensis. 


Smitli- 

enaian 
No. 

32.719 
30,600 


I 

Col  lee-  Sex 
tor's  1  an^I 
No.    I  Ag«. 

21,167  I    cT 


Locality. 


When 
CoUecied. 


Saatu  Martha. 
Triuidad. 


Received  from 


Verreaux, 

M.  Galody.    [ton. 

Cab.  A.  &  K  New- 


Collected  by 


Cyclorhia  guianensis. 

Tiinagra  c/iiianensis,  Gm.  I,  1788,  893  (Verderoux,  BrFFCN,  Hist.  Nat. 
Ois.  IV,  272,  Cuiana). —  fCijclorhis  guianensis,  Bi;iiM.  Uebers.  Ill, 
lb56,  106  (describes  the  var.  from  Ceara,  with  yellow  breast).— 


'S.. 


390  REVIEW  or  AMERICAN  BIRD&  [PART  T. 

Ci/clorhis  g.  SrLATKB,  P.  Z.  S.  1868, 448  (Cayenne,  etc)- — In.  C»tal. 
'"        '        18()1, 45,  no.  274. 

'^^'        Cjfclorhis  poliocfphdia,  TsciiDDi,  Wieg.  Aroh.  1845,  363  (N.  Brazil  and 
'"<  Quiaiia). — (/Not  of  Fauna  Peruana,  ItJD). 


Hnb.  Quiaiia  (and  eastern  Brazil  7). 


■  I': 


(No.  178,  %  ,  Cab.  O.  N.  Lairrunoe,  Cayenne.)    Head  (inolnding  cheeks  and 
ohin)  and  nape  clear  pure  light  plumbeous,  the  chin  considerably  paler.    R«at 


t  'I  ■ 


I  ! 


'^  OyclorhU  guicmengit,  Souiteb.    (Cayenne. ) 

of  upper  parts  unvaried  olive  green,  continuous  with  a  rather  narrow  band 
across  the  lower  part  of  the  throat  and  extending  on  side  of  breast,  which  are 
9f  more  yellowish  olive.  Inside  of  wings,  axillars,  and  inner  edges  of  qnills 
yellow.  Remaining  under  parts  grayish,  the  median  line  and  lower  belly 
white.  Longer  crissal  feathers  tinged  with  olive.  A  broad  orange  brown 
stripe  from  nostrils  (where  it  meets  its  fellow  and  forms  a  frontal  band)  over 
and  beyond  the  eye  to  the  nape,  the  eye  placed  a  little  anterior  to  the  luiddlu 
of  the  band.  Bill  horn  color ;  the  lower  mandible,  except  at  tip,  bliicki^- 
plumbeons.     Legs  dusky. 

Exposed  portion  of  1st  quill  more  than  half  that  of  the  2d,  which  is  rather 
shorter  than  secondaries  ;  4th  and  5th  quills  longest. 

The  band  across  the  lower  throat  scarcely  involves  the  jugnlum,  and  is  a 
little  more  than  half  an  inch  wide.  The  Hanks  and  tibiie  are  grayish,  without 
any  wash  of  olive.     The  under  surface  of  tail  is  decidedly  olive  green. 

(No.  178.)  Total  length,  5.25  ;  wing,  2.75  ;  tail,  2.50  ;  exposed  portion  of 
Ist  primary,  1.00,  of  2d,  1.70,  of  longest  (4th)  (measured  from  exposed  base  of 
1st  primary),  2.05;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .71,  from  nostril,  .45,  along 
gape,  .80  ;  depth,  .32 ;  tarsus,  .93  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .»)4,  claw  sloue,  .26; 
hind  toe  and  claw,  .56,  claw  alone,  .30. 


Collec- 
tor's 
No. 


178 


Sex 
aad 

Ai(f.  j 


Locality. 


Whon 
Collected. 


Cayeuue. 


Received  from 


Cab.  Ldwieuco. 


Collected  bjr 


1 

ATJJ^'O                   "^'T        CYCLORiiia                                  ■     891 

III  tho  collection  beforo  mo  are  two  specinjens  from  Ccara,  Ilrazil, 
wliicli  (iill'cr  ill  iiaving  the  yellow  extending  on  the  front  and  sides 
of  the  breurtt  almost  as  much  as  in  Jlampcclus;  the  rest  of  under 
parts,  except  the  middle  of  belly,   with  a  decided   buff  tinge,  the 
criiisum  and  tibitc  more  yellowisi'i.     The  head  above  is  washed  wiih 
ocliPttceous ;  thus,  in  most  respects,  very  similar  to  Jlavipectun,  bnt 
wttii  dusky  legs.     Tho  latter  character  distinguishes  them  at  once 
from  Ji<nH]>ectu8.     They  are  rather  larger  than  the  specimen  de- 
scribed above  of  G.  (juianermia,  and  differ  otherwise,  as  stated,  but 
agree  iu  tho  dusky  legs.     If  the  Hanie  species,  they  may  be  in  au- 
tiinuiul  plumage.     A  specimen  from  ]3ahia  (thus  likewise  from  the 
easternmost  part  of  Brazil)  is  (puto  similar.     Additional  specimens 
may  prove  it  to  be  distinct  from  guianensis.    (6*.  cearensiis,  Bd.) 

Smlth- 
lonlan 

No. 

Collec- 
tor'* 

N... 

Sex 
and 
Age. 

Localitjr. 

When 
Gollecled. 

Secelved  from 

Collected  by 

3(l,6!i3 
34,694 

17U 

t  < 

•  * 

Ralila. 

Ceara,  Brazil. 
It 

... 

Cat).  Lawrence. 
Nat.UUt.  MuH.  Klo. 

•  4 

Cyclt 

nhis 

ochi 

-ocephala. 

Cyclorhis  ochrocepltala,  TscHUDi,  Arch.  f.  Naturg.  1845,  I,  362  (south 
Brazil;   Buenos  Ayres). —  Cyclorhis  och.    Sclatbb,  P.  Z.  S.  1858, 
"•  448 — Ib.  Catal.  1801,  45,  no.  277. 

Cyclorhis  guianensis,  S\v.  Orn.  Bras.  pi.  58. 

Cyclorhis  viridis,  Cab.  Mas.  Hein.  I,  1850,  64  (S.  Brazil ;  Paraguay). — 
Cyclorhis  vir.  Bubm.  Uebers.  Ill,  1866,  107  (southern  Brazil). 

llab,  €outh„fn  Brazil. 

(No.  21,018,  %  ,)  Head  above,  and  nape,  ashy,  but  usually  washed  so  con- 
tinuously with  oohrey  brown  as  entirely  to  conceal  the  ground  color ;  rest 
of  upper  parts  olive  green.  Cheeks,  lores,  and  side  of  nape  pure  ashy ;  chin 
palwr.  Forehead  ochrey  brown,  extending  iu  a  narrow  line  along  the  upper 
eyelid,  but  not  beyond  it ;  the  contrast  with  rest  of  crown  not  abrupt.  Lower 
throat,  the  upper  part  of  jugulum,  and  the  sides  of  the  breast  greenish-yellow ; 
the  inside  of  wings  and  inner  edges  of  quills  purer  yellow.  Under  parts 
buffy  white,  purer  white  in  middle  of  belly.  Under  sdfrfa«G  of  tail  olive 
brown  rather  than  olive  green.  Bill  horn  color  ;  lower  mandible  paler,  with- 
out trace  of  plumbeous  black  spot.  Feet  dusky  plumbeous,  almost  black. 
First  quill  less  than  half  the  longest ;  3d  intermediate  between  8th  and  9th; 
2d  less  than  the  10th  or  the  secondaries.  'j*^ 

(No.  20,018,  %.)  Total  length,  6.30;  wing,  3.20;  tail,  3.00;  exposed  por- 
tion of  Ist  primary,  1.05,  of  2d,  1 .85,  of  longest  (5th)  (measured  from  exposed 
base  of  1st  primary),  2.40 ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .72,  from  nostril, 
.42,  along  gape,  .80,  heiglit,  .33  ;  tarsus,  l.Oi.) ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .75,  claw 
alone,  .29 ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .69,  claw  alone,  .32. 


392 


REVIKW  or  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  r. 


Another  fipcclmen  has  the  color  of  undor  parts  pnrer,  with  lesH 
buff.  Another  from  Rio  (No.  18,571),  likewise  with  lesH  hulf  U'- 
neath,  haa  the  vertex  showing  a  considerable  anaount  of  iilumbeouH. 
The  back  is  somewhat  tinged  with  ocbraccous  in  the  type  Hpeeinicn. 

This  species  agrees  with  guianensia  in  duHky  legs  and  the  re- 
striction of  the  yellow  to  the  lower  throat  and  extreme  upper  part 
of  the  jugulum.  It  is,  however,  larger ;  the  bill  lower,  without 
tracL  of  the  blackish  spot ;  the  ocb  oy  band  of  forehead  extends  in 
a  very  narrow  line  only  along  the  upper  eyelid,  instead  of  broadly 
reaching  the  nape,  and  the  vertex  is  washed  with  ochrey,  so  as 
almost  or  entirely  to  cover  the  plumbeous  or  ashy  of  the  feathers. 
The  under  surface  of  the  tail  shows  less  olive  green. 


Smtth- 

■oulan 

No. 

Collec- 
tor'! 
No. 

Sex 
and 
Age. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

18,.'V71 
23,921 

1A,182 

21,018 

<  p  '4e» 

I C.  1«1 

70 

181 

•  • 

Klo  Janeiro. 
BraiU. 

TIgre,  Braitl. 
8.  AinericH. 

Jaly,\6eo. 

P.  L  Sclater. 
Dr.  Hurner. 

Expl.  Exped. 

Cant.  T.  J.  Page. 
Cab,  Lawrence. 

Chr.  Wood. 

Cyolorhl*  virldls. 

Sahator  viridit,  ViBiLt.  Nonr.  Diet.  XIV,  (1817)  108.— Ib.  Enoycl.  M^h. 
II,  1823,  793  (based  on  Uabia  verde,  Azaka,  Apunt,  I,  301)  (Para- 
guay).—?Cyc/orAi»  viridit,  Sclater,  P.  Z.  8.  1868,448  (Bolivia).— 
Is.  Catifl.  1861,  46,  no.  280  (not  of  Cabanis  and  Bubmbistbr). 

Hab.  La  Plata  and  Bolivia  ? 

(No.  20,976,  9  ,  Parana.)  Head  above  ashy,  almost  concealed  by  a  gloss  of 
reddish-brown  ;  rest  of  upper  parts  olive  green.  Chin,  lores,  cheeks,  and  sides 
of  nape  pale  ash.  Forehead  ochrey  brown,  this  color  extending  narrowly 
above  and  beyond  the  eye  to  the  nape.  Lower  part  of  throat  and  sides  of 
breast,  with  iusides  of  wings,  pale  yellow  ;  the  flanks  washed  with  the  same ; 
rest  of  unler  parts  soiled  white.  Bill  rather  dusky  ;  under  mandible  some- 
what darker,  but  without  a  distinct  spot  as  in  guianensis.  Legs  dark  plumlie- 
oua.  First  quill  i\)uch  more  than  half  the  longest ;  2d  between  8th  and  9th ; 
3d  but  little  slrorter  than  4th,  which  is  longest,  about  equal  to  5th. 

(No.  20,976,  9 .)  Total  length,  6.00 ;  wing,  3.00  ;  tail,  3.00  ;  exposed  portion 
of  Ist  primary,  1.25.  of  2d,  1.95,  of  longest  (4th  and  5th)  (measured  from 
exposed  base  of  1st  primary),  2.25  ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .75,  from 
nostril,  .45,  along  gape,  .80,  depth,  .37  ;  tarsus,  1.00;  middle  toe  and  claw,. 72, 
claw  alone,  .29  ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .69,  claw  alone,  .32. 

I  have  referred  to  the  G.  viridis,  of  Vieillot,  based  on  a  descrip- 
tion by  Azara,  a  specimen  from  the  Parana,  a  region  sufficiently 
near  that  of  Azara's  bird  for  the  two  to  be  identical,  and  agreeing 


OrOLORHIf. 


898 


gnfficiently  with  the  account  of  tlio  latter  author.  It  is  of  much 
the  Hamo  size  as  C.  ochrocephala,  but  diflerH  primurily  in  huviii^  the 
brown  Huperciliary  Btripe  pass  beyond  the  eye  to  the  nape,  an  in  yuia- 
nennix,  though  it  is  narrower  and  Ichh  diHtinct.  The  brown  wash 
on  the  liead  is  loss  than  in  ochrocephata ;  the  yellow  on  the  throat 
ioMS  extensive.  The  bill  is  higher,  and  the  under  mandible  more 
dusky,  though  not  blackish.     The  firHt  and  second  quills  are  longer, 

0  former  more  than  half  the  longest,  not  less  ;  the  second  longer 
the  tenth,  in  this  respect  differing  from  the  other  S.  American 
n'  ■  •. 

From  guianensia  the  species  can  be  distinguished  bjr  its  much 
larger  size;  the  wing  formula;  the  ochraceous  wash  of  the  head; 
less  amount  of  yellow  on  throat  (?),  etc. 

A  specimen  from  Bolivia  (No.  280a),  kindly  lent  by  i»r.  Sclater, 
and  labelled  by  him  C  viridia,  agrees  with  that  above  described  in 
general  features.  It  is  rather  larger:  wing,  3.30,  the  outer  quills 
not  quite  so  long,  and  the  lower  mandible  with  a  very  conspicuous 
black  spot. 


Bmlth- 

■ddUd 

No. 

Collec-  Sex 
tor's      and 
Ni.      Age. 

Localttr. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

ao,»76 

70 
280(1 

d 

Parana, 
Bolivia. 

April  iseo. 

C«i)t.  T.  J.  I'age. 
Cab.  Sclater. 

Chr.  Wood. 

Cyolorhls  vlrentloeps. 

Cyclorhis  vircnticept,  Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  18C0,  274,  pi.  164  (Babahoyo, 
Ecuador).— Ib.  Catal.  1861,  46,  no.  278. 

Hah.  Babahojo,  Ecuador. 

(No.  278a.)  Whole  upper  parts,  including  vertex,  bright  olive  green.  A 
broad,  rufous,  almost  chestnut  brown  band  from  the  nostrils  (meeting  on  the 
foreiiead)  passing  over  and  beyond  the  eye  to  the  nape.  Chin,  lores,  and  sides 
of  lower  mandible  ashy  ;  re?t  of  cheeks,  entire  throat,  upper  part  of  juguhim, 
Bides  of  breast  and  inner  face  of  wings,  with  inner  edges  of  quills,  yellow. 
Rest  of  under  parts  white,  soiled  with  buff,  except  along  the  mi.  'lo  of  belly. 
Upper  mandible  pale  horn  color ;  lower  plumbeous  black,  except  at  the  tip. 
Leg?  apparently  flesh  color.     "  Iris  hazel"  (Fraser). 

(No.  278n.)  Total  length,  6.00;  wing,  2.95  ;  tail,  2.65  ;  length  of  bill  from 
forehead,  .76,  from  nostril,  .44,  along  gape,  .76,  depth,  .33  ;  tarsu.s,  .90  ;  middle 
toe  and  claw,  .70,  claw  alone,  .26 ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .65,  claw  alone,  .32. 

The  type  specimen  of  this  species,  kindly  supplied  by  Dr.  Sclater, 
is  moulting  some  of  the  wing  feathers,  so  that  the  quill  formula 
cannot  be  accurately  given.  The  supra-ocular  stripe  extends  farther 
iMihiud  the  eye  than  in  front  of  it,  and  the  lower  eyelid  appears  to 


r;'.e  -'4 

mm 


I'M 


m 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICA?        itJS. 


[part 


in 


V  7 


have  a  lino  of  feathers  of  the  same  colour  as  in  the  other  species. 
The  bill  is  stout  and  deep,  and  the  culmeu  much  curved. 


Smiih- 

■uuiau 

No. 

Colloo- 

tOl''lt 

No. 

Sex 
aud 

A(fe, 

Locblity. 

When 
Colleoted. 

Received  rrom 

Collected  by 

•• 

278ft 

•• 

Babahoyo,  Ecuad. 

... 

Cab.  P.  L.  Sclater. 

Fraser. 

(27Sa.)  Type. 

Cyclorhis  nlgrirostris. 

Ci/claris  n.  Lakr.  Rev.  Zool.  1842,  133  (Colombia).— Ib.  Mag.  de  Zool. 
1843,  pi.  33.—  Ci/cloris  n.  Bon.  Consp.  18bO,  330.— Cyclurltia  nig. 
ScLATBR,  P.  Z.  S.  1855,  151 ;  1858,  448.— 1b.  Catal.  18G1,  4G,  no. 
280  (Bogota). 

Hab.  Bogota. 

(No.  279rt.)  Above  olive  green,  with  a  short  stripe  from  daoh  nostril  (not 
confluent  anteriorly)  of  dark  orange  brown,  extending  over  and  beyond  the 

eye,  for  a  considerably  less 
distance  than  anterior  to 
it.  A  frontal  band  (ex- 
tending faintly  along  side 
of  vertex),  lores,  cheeks 
below,  and  a  little  behind 
the  eye,  chin,  and  most 
of  the  throat  and  breast 
ashy,  paler  below,  and 
passing  behind  into  soiled 
buffy  gray.  Sides  of  neck 
and  the  ears,  continued  into  a  narrow,  almost  interrupted  band  across  the  upper 
part  of  jugulum,  the  sides  of  breast,  and  more  faintly  the  flanks,  olive  green, 
but  little  paler  than  the  back.  Inner  wing  coverts,  axillars,  and  inner  edges 
of  quills  yellow.  Bill  entirely  blackish,  except  at  base  of  lower  mandible, 
where  it  appears  to  be  flesh  color.  Legs  quite  pale,  though  hardly  flesh  color. 
The  bill  is  lower  and  the  culmen  straighter  than  in  other  species,  and  has 
the  exclusive  character  of  black  maxilla.  The  first  quill  is  less  than  half  tbe 
longest ;  the  2d  less  than  the  10th  ;  the  3d  about  equal  to  the  8th ;  the  4th 
and  5th  longest. 

(No.  270<«.)  Total  length,  5.50;  wing,  3!l0 ;  tail,  2.65;  exposed  portion  of 
Ist  primary,  1.00,  of  2d,  1.75,  of  longest  (4th  and  5th)  (measured  from  ex- 
posed base  of  1st  primary),  2.30;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .75,  from 
nostril.  .44,  along  gape,  .80,  depth,  .30  ;  tarsus,  .90  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .70, 
olaw  alone,  .28 ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .G6,  claw  alone,  .30. 

Of  two  specimens  I  have  had  the  opportunity  of  examining,  the 
one  serving  as  the  basis  of  my  description  has  been  kindly  lent  by 
Dr.  Sclater.    The  other,  in  the  museum  of  the  IMiiiadclpIiia  Acttdeiuy' 


Cyclorhil 
nigrirotlrii. 


VIRE0LANIU8, 


395 


is  quite  similar,  but  with  a  sljorter  bill.  The  species  is  nearest  in 
its  relationships  to  C.  virenticeps,  but  differs  in  the  black  maxilla; 
the  light  base  of  the  lower  mandible  ;  the  ashy  frontal  baud  (seen 
indistinctly  on  the  side  of  vertex);  the  much  darker,  and  shorter 
supra-ocular  stripe  ;  the  olive  green  of  under  parts  instead  of  yellow, 
and  of  much  less  extent ;  the  ashy  region  behind  the  eyes,  etc. 


Smltli- 

soniau 

No. 

Collec- 
tor's 
No. 

Sex 
Atfe. 

LncRllty. 

When 
CuHcctod. 

Keceived  from 

Coi'.HCted  u> 

•• 

279» 

•• 

Bogota. 

.!. 

Cab.  Si  Inter. 
Mas.  Phila.  Acud. 

1 


■»■:%>-  ■  f  '  <  y.  "  ' 


VIREOLANinS,  DuBus. 
Vireolatiius,  •' Ddbus,"  Bon.  Cousp.  1800,  330.     (Type  V.  melitophrys, 

DUBDS.) 

This  group  of  '^''ds  agrees  in  all  essential  generic  characters  with 
Cydorhis,  especially  in  the  shape  and  structure  of  bill,  adhesion 


Vtreolaniua  melitophry*,  HvBva.    (Qaateniala.) 

and  length  of  toes,  shape  of  wings,  tail,  etc.,  and  it  is  a  qncstion 
whether  they  should  not  be  united.  The  only  difference  is  in  a 
rather  less  amount  of  curvature  of  culmen  than  in  most  species,  and 
a  rather  less  depth  of  bill ;  although  in  this  respect  G.  vi(p'trosMs 
apjrees  exactly  with  Vireolanius.  The  legs  are  perhaps  less  stout. 
The  pattern  of  coloration  is  quite  the  same.  The  type  differs  most 
from  Cijclorhw,  and  at  the  same  time  from  the  other  species  asso- 
eiated  with  it  in  Vireolanius,  in  having  the  tail  rather  longer  than 
the  wings,  not  shorter. 


-   •  S: 

m 


.» 


»  -i  ' 


S99 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


\ud  nape  either  bright  blue 
r  deep  green  of  the  rest  of 


[parti. 

or  lead  color, 
upper  parts. 


.d-^'  iWUt^v 


■^^i■^) 


Common  Charactrrs. — Top  of  ' 
in  abrupt  coutrast  to  the 
Bill  blackish. 

A.  Beneath  white,  with  rufous  pectoral  band.    Legs  yellow. 
Head  above  and  nape  bright  blue. 

A  baud  above  eye,  and  spot  below  it,  yellow. 
A  line  through     hj  eye,  and  one  from 
lower  edge  of  lower  mandible,  black 
^     B.  Beneath  olivaceous  or  yellowish,  without  bauds.    Throat 
yellow.     Legs  dusky. 

Head  above  and  nape  bright  blue.     Sides  of  head 
green,  like  back.     Beneath  olivaceous. 

A  well  marked  yellow  supra-ocular  line  and 
"                      infra  ocular  spot       .         .         .         .    '     . 
No  distinct  line  nor  spot  as  above  . 
Head  above  and  nape  lead  color.    Sides  of  head  with- 
jj,-.  '                 out  green  like  the  back.    Beneath  yellowish.    A 
supra-ocular  line  and  infra-ocular  spot  of  yellow. 
,i        ,                 An  ocular  and  a  subncular  blackish  plumbeous 
bar.d,  with  white  interspace  behind.     Be- 
neath yellowish 

Bides  of  head  nearly  uniform  plumbeous,  the 
markings  indicated  above  very  obsolete. 

r-<.  ..';■  _'r'i. ;  -,  ■  " 

Beneath  olivaceous  .... 

Tireolanius  melitoptaryg* 

Vireolanius  melitophrys,  "  Dubus  MS.,"  BoN.  Consp.  1850,  330  (Mexico). 
— ScL.  P.  Z.  8.  1857,  213 ;  1859,  363.— Ib.  Catal.  1861,  45,  no.  271. 
Hab.  Southern  Mexico  and  Guatemala.  .  '    ■ 

(No.  447.)    Back  and  upper  surface  of  wings  and  tail  bright  olive  green; 
head  above  and  nape  ash  color ;  under  parts  and  sides  of  head  and  neck  belov 


;-3'l.*> 


melitophrys. 


^.•U3l"-i^ff£ 


exwuus, 
pulchellus. 

'■'■'   '■•■\^" 


ictero),. 
chlorogaster. 


^;rT.'»-f  ■  -iKi 


■'I 


.«! 


Virtolaniua  melUophrys,  Dcbus.    (Mexico  aud  Guatemala.) 


\L 


^■^^ 


T8/vl\ 


VIREOLANIUS. 


89t 


the  eyes  white.  A  broad  gamboge  yellow  stripe  from  bill,  above  and  beyond 
the  eye ;  a  black  band  from  commissure  of  bill  acrosa  lower  half  and  behind 
the  eye  (apparently  widening  and  abruptly  truncated  behind),  and  a  much 
lens  couspiuuous  black  line  from  lower  corner  of  the  gonys,  the  two  nearly 
parallel,  and  coextensive  with  the  supeiciliary  yellow  (the  lower  one  cutting 
off  an  infra-uvular  white  stripe).  A  well  defined  band  of  rufous  brown  across 
the  breast,  the  sides  of  body  suffused  with  the  same.  Primaries  edged  ex- 
ternally with  whitish  near  the  ends.  Quills  edged  internally  with  yellowish. 
Crissum  and  inner  wing  coverts  white.     Bill  black  ;  legs  yellow. 

(No.  447.)  Total  length,  6.00  ;  wing,  2.85  ;  tail,  3.00  ;  exposed  portion  of 
Ist  primary  1.00,  of  2d,  1.80,  of  longest  (5th)  (measured  from  exposed  base 
of  lat  primary),  2.22 ;  length  of  bill  from  foreboad,  .85,  from  nostril,  .45,  along 
gape,  .90  ;  tarsus,  .95  ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .60,  claw  alone,  .30. 

The  upper  part  of  head  is  slightly  glossed  with  olive.  The  bases 
of  the  yellow  feathers  in  front  of  the  eye  are  white.  The  lower 
half  of  the  orbital  region  is  crossed  by  the  black  ocular  stripe,  the 
upper  by  the  yellow.  The  ocular  yellow  and  black  stripes  extend 
as  far  behind  the  eye  as  in  front  of  it. 

For  the  opportunity  of  examining  this  species  I  am  indebted  to 
Mr.  Salvin.         •    -  .       '  .     ■,;.....-,:,  .      ' 


Smith-  Collec-   Sex 

tuiiiaa    ti>r'H     nod 

No.       No.      A({e. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

447     1    .. 

Volcan  de   FueKo,  !  Sept.  18, '39. 
[oak  forest,  Ouat.  1 

Cab.  Salviu.        i  Salvin  AOodiiian. 

(447.)  Type, 

Tireolanius  pulchellus. 

Vireolanius  pulchellus,  Sclater  &  Salvin,  Ibis,  1859, 12  (Guatemala). — 
Lawbence,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.  Vll,  1862  (^auama). — Sclatbb,  Catal. 
1861,  45,  no.  273.  „    ..,.,. ,.,,.,.  ...  ;,.  .v<^,„    . .,;,,  u^^r. 

Hah.  Mexico  and  Guatemala,  to  Panama  Isthmus. 


(No.  20,403,  Choctun.) 
of  upper  parts  and 
sides  of  whole  head 
(to  nostrils)  and 
neck  deep  dark 
green.  Beneath 
light  yellowish- 
green,  more  yellow 
on  the  belly  and 
erissum ;  throat 
almost  pure  yel- 
low, as  are  the 
inner  wing  coverts 
ai>d  inner  edges  of 
the  quills,  the  lat- 


Upper  part  of  head  from  bill  and  nape  blue ;  rest 


Vlrtolantut  ptileh«llus,  8cl.  &  Salv.    (Vera  Paz  ) 


1^ 


% 


■*i., 


^Vif 


^■•J 


!  m  % 


398 


REVIEW  OP  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  r. 


ter  with  more  of  a  bnflf  tioge.     Bill  and  legs  dark  plumbeous,  the  former 
whitiiili  along  the  tomia. 

Total  length,  5.60  ;  wing,  2.85  ;  tail,  2.40 ;  exposed  portion  of  Ist  primary, 
1.00,  of  2d,  1.80,  of  longest  (4th)  (measured  from  exposed  base  of  1st  pri- 
mary), 2.10;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .74,  from  nostril,  .44,  along  gap«, 
.81,  depth,  .28  ;  tarsus,  .82 ;  middle  toe  and  olaw,  .69,  claw  alone,  .25  ;  hind 
toe  and  olaw,  .64,  claw  alone,  .27. 

In  some  specimens  there  is  an  extremely  obsolete  indication  of  a 
yellowis'a  spot  on  lower  eyelid,  and  a  yellowish  infra-ocular  line  from 
commissure.  The  supra-ocular  green  of  side  of  head  is  also  some- 
times rather  paler  than  the  post-ocular  portion,  in  slight  contrast, 
and  all  the  green  of  the  side  of  the  head  is  lighter  than  that  of  the 
back.  Sometimes  the  blue  of  the  head  is  more  or  less  mixed  with 
green.     The  lores  are  green  like  the  rest  of  the  side  of  head. 

This  species  differs  from  the  type  in  having  the  tail  shorter,  instead 
of  a  little  longer  than  the  wings. 


m. 


Smith- 

KoniaD 

No. 

22.373 
28,040 
20,403 

29,430 
84,665 


Collec- 

Sex 

tor's 

and 

No. 

Age. 

43,  .VO? 

<f 

64 

1,380 

,  , 

177 

•• 

•• 

d 

Locality. 


Mexico. 
Miiador,  Mex. 
Choctnm,  Vera  Paz. 

Ouiteraala. 

i. 

Angostura,  C.  R. 


When 
Collected. 


Jan.  1860. 
Jane  ii, '64. 


Received  from 


Verreaux. 
Dr.  Sartorlus. 
O.  Salvin. 
Cab.  Lawrence. 
Capt.  J.  M.  Dow. 
J.  Caijalol. 


Collected  by 


Tireolanius  eximiiis* 


I  i 


m 


^i- 


.-*■-  * 


/ol 


Vireolaniua  eximlus,  Baird. 

Vireolanim  icterophryx,  Sclateb,  P.  Z.  S.  1855, 161,  pi.  103  (Bogota), 

not  of   BONAPARTK. 

Hah,  Bogota. 

Coloration  precisely  similar  to  that  of  V.  pulchellus,  but  with  a  bright  yel- 
low stripe  from  nostrils  above  and  beyond  the  eye,  %  yellow  infra-ocular  spot, 
and  dusky  lores.     Bill  and  legs  blackish  ;  the  lower  mandible  whitish  at  end. 

Total  length,  5.50  ;  wing,  3.00  ;  tail,  2.50 :  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .80, 
from  nostril,  .60,  along  gape,  .85,  depth,  .32 ;  tarsus,  .80. 

As  in  V.  pulchellus,  the  top  of  head  is  clear  blue  ;  the  rest  of 
upper  parts,  and  the  sides  of  head,  dark  green  ;  the  under  parts 
light  yellowish-green ;  the  chin  and  throat,  and  inside  of  wings, 
clearer  yellow,  as  also  the  inner  edges  of  the  quills.  The  bill  is 
longer  than  in  V.  pulchellus. 

The  species  is  described  from  a  specimen  in  the  museum  of  the 
Philadelphia  Academy. 


VIRE0LANIU8. 


399 


Smlth- 

•onlan 
No. 

Collec- 

tiir'8 
No. 

8e:. 
and 
Age. 

Locality. 

When 

Collected. 

Received  from 

nemarks. 

•• 

•• 

But;ota. 

4( 

Cub.  Phila.  Acad. 

Type. 

&  ••  •  J 


Vireolanius  icterophrys.  ■v."    ,<+'>;•!:•.•■  ...     ■  ■(,* 

,-)  ;■:     Vireolanius  icterophrys,  BoN.  Comptes  Rendus,  XXXVIII,  1854, 380  (" Rio 
Nettro")' — Ib.  Notes  Delattie,  60. 

Hah.  "Cayenne;"  "Rio  Nogro;"  Eastern  Peru. 

(Sp.  Pliila.  Acad.)  Top  of  head  and  nape  plumbeous  ;  rest  of  upper  parts 
deep  green.  Under  parts,  inner  face  of  wings,  and  inner  edges  of  quills 
bright  cleat  yellow,  rather  paler  behind,  and  more  olive  on  flanks.  A  broad 
band  from  nostrils  over  and  beyond  the  eye,  and  spot  on  lower  eyelid  (coming 
to  the  edge),  yellow.  Lores,  continuous  with  a  line  through  and  behind  the 
eye,  and  a  line  from  side  of  lower  jaw  beneath  and  beyond  the  eye,  blackish- 
plumbeous,  passing  behind  into  plumbeous  like  tlie  nape,  the  space  between 
tUem  and  behind  the  eye  white.     Bill  and  feet  blackish. 

Total  length,  5.00  ;  wing,  2.85  ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .73,  from  nostril, 
.40,  along  gape,  .82,  depth,  .28  ;  tarsus,  .77.        <.■••,.  .r  v         ,- .  • 

The  yellow  superciliary  line  is  broadest  anteriorly,  but  does  not 
cross  the  base  of  the  culmen ;  its  posterior  feathers  are  whitish. 
The  post-ocular  plumbeous  stripe  passes  into  the  plumbeous  nape. 
The  lower  dark  stripe  is  bordered  behind  by  the  downward  extension 
of  the  white  infra-ocular  baud ;  anteriorly  it  does  not  quite  reach 
the  lower  mandible,  on  account  of  the  upward  extension  of  the  yel- 
low of  chin. 

The  specimen  of  this  species  in  the  museum  of  the  Philadelphia 
Academy  is  labelled  as  from  Cayenne.  Bonaparte  quotes  his  as 
from  the  Rio  Negro. 


Smlth- 

nuDlan 

No. 

Cotlec-  Sex 
tor's     and 
No.      Age. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Re.     ved  from 

Remarks.     . 

39,819 

i.itis 

H<>ad  of  Huallaffa, 
rnyenue.  [R.  Peru. 

... 

W.  S.  Church.    . 
Mus.  Phila.  Acad. 

Very  defective. 

Vireolanius  chlorogaster. 

Vireolanius  chlorogaster,  Bos.  Comptes  Rendus,  XXXVIII,  1854,  380 
("  S.  America") — Ib.  Notes  Orn.  Delattre,  60. — Sclateb,  Catal. 
18(51,  45,  no.  272a  (Eastern  Peru). 

Bab.  Eastern  Peru. 

Top  and  sides  of  head  and  nape  plumbeous ;  rest  of  upper  parts  green. 


*•*.. 


! 

H 

' 

''    "WBi 

.» 

;,  N  i 

1 

5  l■t,^.. 

1 

'ii'v: 

*' 

'  .:"j  • 

.    '♦ 


400 


REVIEW  OP  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


Beneath  greenish-yellow,  more  olive  on  the  sides  ;  clearer  yellow  on  the  chin, 
inner  face  of  wings,  and  inner  edges  of  qaills.  A  band  from  nostrils  over 
and  beyond  the  eyes,  and  a  spot  on  lower  eyelid,  yellow  ;  rest  of  sides  of  head 
plumbeous,  with  the  dusky  and  white  bands  of  icteropkrys  very  obsoluttily 
indicated.     Bill  dusky;  legs  paler. 

Total  length,  4.60  ;  wing,  2.60  ;  tail,  2.10  ;  exposed  portion  of  Ist  primary, 
.85,  of  2d,  1.72,  of  longest  (5th)  (measured  from  exposed  base  of  let  primary), 
2.05;  length  of  bill  from  nostril,  .40;  tarsus,  .72. 

The  forehead  and  side  of  crown  are  tinged  with  olive,  and  in  the 
plumbeous  of  the  sides  of  head  are  indicated  very  obsoletely  au 
olivaceous  Hue  from  commissure  through  and  behind  the  eye,  and 
another  from  side  of  lower  jaw,  beneath  it ;  the  two  separated  behind 
by  a  paler  patch. 

The  general  style  of  coloration  and  appearance  is  that  of  V.  icte- 
ropkrys, Bon.,  but  the  size  is  smaller,  the  under  parts  more  olivace- 
ous, and  the  stripes  on  the  side  of  head  so  nearly  obsolete  as  to  be 
readily  overlooked.  The  superciliary  yellow  line  is,  however,  suffi- 
ciently conspicuous ;  the  infra-ocular  yellow  spot  rather  less  distinct. 
The  difference  of  locality  is  also  important. 

For  the  opportunity  of  examining  the  species  I  am  indebted  to 
Dr.  Sclater. 


. 


I  Ww 


t  ' 


'\; 


Smith- 
toDian 

No 

Collec-  Sex 
tor's  1  and 

No.    1  Age. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

. . 

272a      .. 

Eastera  Pera. 

... 

Cab.  P.  L.  Sclater. 

Verrenax. 

' «  -vt  '-'^,^  •*♦' 


Family  AMPELID^. 

The  characteristics  of  the  Ampelidee  have  already  been  presented 
in  the  synopsis  of  allied  families  ;  chief  among  them  the  short  broad 
depressed  and  triangular  bill  with  short  gonys,  the  deeply  cleft 
mouth,  the  short  tarsus,  and  the  tendency  to  subdivision  of  its 
lateral  plates.  Whether  Dulus  belongs  properly  here  or  elsewhere 
is  a  serious  question  ;  it  is  at  any  rate  the  type  of  a  subfamily,  as 
also  are  Ampelis  and  Ptilogonys,  if  indeed  they  do  not  represent  a 
still  higher  division.  The  solution  of  th?se  questions  must,  however, 
be  left  to  further  investigation  into  the  internal  anatomy  of  the 
genera;  for  the  present  I  retain  all  under  Ampelidse.  The  characters 
of  the  subfamilies  are  as  follows  :— - 


DULU8. 


401 


•]!i! 


A.  Gape  of  moath  much  arched.     Mutataraal  scutelln  in  two  seiiea.     Bod/ 

streaked  beneath. 

Dulinas.     Lega  very  stout,  though  short.     NoHtrils  large,  circular,  ex- 
posed, with  naked  inembrane  behind  though  scaruuly  above  theui. 
Frontal  feathers  directed  backwards,  soft,  and  like  tliocte  of  re:it 
V'*'  of  head  ;  with  few  bristles.     Wings  longer  than  the  narrow,  nearly 

even  tail.  First  primary  nearly  one-half  the  2d,  whicli  is  much 
longer  than  secondaries.  Under  tail  coverts  reaching  over  about 
the  basal  two-fifths  of  tail.  Adults  streaked  longitudinally  beneath. 
Young  unknown. 

B.  Gape  of  mouth  nearly  straight.    Metatarsal  scutellse  in  three  series.    Body 

plain  beneath.  ,;  ^. ,.  ■  ..-i/ 

Ampellnae.  Legs  moderate.  Nostrils  elongated,  linear,  with  the 
frontal  feathers  extending  close  to  the  edge  and  to  anterior  ex- 
tremity, concealing  them  ;  these  feathers  short,  velvety,  and  erect, 
with  few  bristles.  Wings  very  long  and  acute ;  outer  or  1st  pri- 
mary so  much  reduced  as  to  be  almost  inappreciable ;  the  2d 
nearly  tha  longest.  Wing  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  sbort, 
narrow,  even  tail.  Under  coverts  of  tail  reaching  almost  to  its 
tip.  Secondary  quills  with  flat  horny  appendages  at  end  of  shaft 
like  red  sealing  wax.  Young  birds  streaked  beneath  as  in  Dulus. 
Adults  plain.  ,  ,  -  ,, 

Ptilogonatlnae.  Legs  moderate.  Nostrils  oval,  with  wide  naked 
membrane  above,  and  to  some  extent  behind  them ;  the  frontal 
feathers  not  reaching  to  their  border,  and  rather  soft.  Wings 
graduated,  shorter  than  the  somewhat  broad,  fan-shaped  tail ;  the 
1st  quill  nearly  half  the  2d.  Young  birds  without  spots  or  streaks  ; 
adults  plain. 


^1'. 


it'-.: 


yi 


><■;:'>, 


'.       >*S;. 


Sdbpamilt  DULINiE. 


DULUS,    ViEILLOT. 

Dulus,  ViEiiLOT,  Analyse,  1816,  42,  no.  131. 
Bdffon  =s  Tanagra  dommica,  LiNN.) 


(Type  "Tangnra  esclave," 


Plumage  compact.  Wings  moderately  pointed,  a  little  longer  than  the 
nearly  even,  slightly  rounded  tail.  First  quill  not  quite  half  the  2d,  which 
about  equals  6th  ;  3d  and  4th  longest.     Tail  feathers  rather  narrow. 

Bill  shaped  much  like  Icteria ;  considerably  decurved  ;  culmen  decurving 
from  base,  upper  edge  of  lower  mandible  less  so ;  commissure  much  arclied  ; 
moath  deeply  cleft.  Bill  broad  as  well  as  high  at  base,  compressed  about 
tlie  middle  to  the  strongly  notched  tip ;  lower  bill  with  slight  broad  notch. 
Tongue  rather  narrow,  horny  towards  tip,  and  simply  bifid.  Nostrils  large, 
circular,  in  anterior  end  of  nasal  groove  ;  surrounded,  except  anteriorly,  by 
membrane;  the  frontal  feathers  not  directed  forwards,  and  with  few  bristles, 
not  reaching  to  posterior  edge  of  nostrils.     Rictal  bristles  short. 

Legs  very  stout ;  tarsus  scarcely  as  long  as  middle  toe  and  claw:  about  seven 
fiill-marked  scutellse  anteriorly ;  sides  of  tarsus  normally  of  a  single  plate 
26     May.  1806. 


f  h  . 

4' 


r ! 


i    :  ■  •'■ 


u  :■ 


-.ynii;  V'- 


'  ' 

'*•. 

*' , '' 

;^ 

''t" 

•u* 

.  ^' 

p  ^ 

»■■■  • 

*     1 

1 

•  s 

^ 

„ 

■    i  ■ 

[^ 

•■91.'    ■  . 
•  ■  ■  •*,  '• , 
,"     ■  ■  el 

.1     i  V'  .V 


'I  :;>»!■•: 


402 


REVIEW  OP  AMERICAN  niRDS, 


[I'AKT  I. 


«ach,  a  little  Bubdividml  bt-low ;  in  No.  40,071  divided  on  outer  nidn  into  two 
plates  in  riglit  leg,  not  divided  in  left,     l.iiteral  toen  nearly  equal ;  the  uutor 


■\V 


■  .■•».•     'w 


DtUtu  dnmtnietu,  Stuicicl.    (Hayti.y 

claw  reaching  to  baflo  of  middle  claw.  The  bafinl  ,  mts  of  clawR  short;  tlie 
ba^al  joint  of  middle  claw  adherent  for  two-thirdfl  ita  length  to  basal  Joint 
of  outer,  and  for  same  distance  to  aboat  half  basal  joint  of  inner ;  the  adhenioii 
less  than  in  Vireo. 

In  the  preceding  description  I  hnve  combined  the  cliaractiTs  of 
the  genus  and  the  subfttrnily,  as  Dulus  is  tlius  far  the  only  known 
member  of  the  Dulinm.  The  form  is  a  very  peculiar  one,  and  its 
precise  systematic  position  is  a  matter  of  much  uncertainty.  It  lins 
been  placed  by  Dr.  Sclater  among  the  Vireonidse;  but  from  tln'ni 
it  differs  in  the  longer  basal  phalanx  of  middle  toe ;  less  amount  of 
adhesion  of  the  anterior  toes ;  shorter  tarsi ;  much  Ijroader  and 
more  deeply  cleft  gape ;  less  extension  forward,  more  backwiird 
direction,  and  softer  texture  of  frontal  feathers  (the  tips  of  which  do 
not  run  into  bristles) ;  fewer  bristles  about  the  mouth ;  the  broader 
and  more  exposed  nostrils,  etc.  The  tip  of  outer  claw  reaches  only  to 
base  of  middle  claw,  instead  of  nearly  to  the  middle  as  in  Vireonidse. 
The  genus  was  assigned  by  II.  E.  Strickland  to  the  Ampelidfe,  and 
the.  majority  of  its  characters  seem  to  indicate  a  place  intermediate 
in  some  respects  between  Ampelis  and  Ptilogonya,  and  I  there  leave 
it  for  the  present  The  longitudinal  streaks  of  the  under  parts, 
although  more  conspicuous,  are  somewhpt  like  those  of  the  yonng 
A.  cedrorum,  and  strengthen:,  the  propricly  of  associating  the  tw*' 
None  of  the  true  Vireonidse,  either  as  adults  or  young,  as  fur  as 
known,  are  at  all  streaked  or  spotted. 


AMPELI8. 


403 


Dulnit  dominicns. 

Tunui/ra  dominica,  Linn.  Syflt.  Nat.  I,  176(5,  31fl  (haned  on  Tainjara 
dominicensix,  Ukihhon,  III,  37,  tab.  2,  fig.  4,  Ht.  Doiiiiiigo). — (}.\i,  I, 
1788,  894.— />»«/««  tlominicuM,  Stkickl.  Cont.  Orn.  IHTA,  103  (r«ctifl- 
cation). — Lxra.  Ruv.  Mag.  18&1,  083  (babitB,  affiuiti«R,  «tc.). — 
ScLATRH,  Catal.  iHtn,  41. 
>         Dulua  palmarum,  Vibill.  Nouv.  Diet.  X,  1817,438. — Id.  Encjcl.  M£tb. 

(No.  40,071.)  Feet  extremely  stout;  tarbas  sborter  than  middle  toe  and 
claw.  Wings  longer  than  nearly  even  tail,  moderately  pointed ;  Ist  qnill 
nearly  half  the  2d,  which  about  equals  7th  ;  4th  longest ;  3d  and  5th  scarcely 
shorter. 

Above  olive  brown,  becoming  olive  green  on  the  rump  and  edges  of  quill- 
and  tail  feathers;  darker  olive  on  the  head,  the  sides  of  which  are  fuscous 
brown.  Beneath  whitish  ;  all  the  feathers  with  central  linear  streaks  of  olive 
brown,  narrowest  on  belly,  broadest  on  crissum  (which  is  tinged  witli  olivace- 
ous). Inner  lining  of  wings  pale  fulvous ;  inner  edges  of  quills  whitish. 
Bill  pale  horn  color,  lighter  below  ;  feet  rather  dusky. 

(No.  40,071.)  Total  length,  C.2f> ;  wing,  3.20 ;  tail,  2.75,  nearly  even  ;  ex- 
posed portion  of  Ist  primary,  .95,  of  2d,  2.15,  of  longest  (measured  from  ex- 
posed base  of  Ist  primary),  2.30;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .61,  from 
nostril,  .3(i,  along  gape,  .80,  depth,  .24;  tarsus,  .80 ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .84, 
claw  alone,  .25  ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .65,  claw  alone,  .31. 

A  specimen  in  the  Philadelphia  Academy,  although  marked  female, 
is  considerably  larger,  though  apparently  not  otherwise  different. 
That  des'criliod  above  was  kindly  Hupplied  V)y  Prof.  Agassiz. 

According  to  Strickland  (Cont.  Orn.  1851,  104),  Dulun  nuchalis, 
of  Swainson  (2|  Centen.  1838,  C45),  forms  a  second  species,  closely 
allied,  but  with  a  transverse  bar  of  white  on  nape.  The  type  (from 
Brazil)  is  said  by  him  to  be  in  the  Cambridge  Museum. 

Note. — Since  writing  the  preceding  article  several  specimens  have 
been  received  from  Mr.  A.  E.  Younglove. 


7' 


■U 


it    :. 


Smlth- 

Konliin 

No. 

Collec- 
tor'!! 
No. 

Sex 
aud 
Age. 

Locality. 

When 

CollectfMl. 

BeceWed  from 

Collected  l)y 

40,071 

6* 
.  8 
477 

Jeretale,  Hnytl. 

Mlaytl. 
Port  au   Vrluce, 
St.  UuinlBgo. 

1H6I-.V 
Jan.  20,  'fie. 
April  10, '«0 

MnH.  Cornp    Zonl. 

A.  K.  Vuuuglove. 
II 

Cab.  PhlU.  Acad. 

P.  K.  lltiler. 

(40,071.)  Aleoh«n««p.    (il,S6i.)  Bill  and  eye«  black.    (41,866.)  Bill  and  eyes  black. 
SOBFAMItT   AMPELINiE. 

AMPHLIS,   Linn. 

Ampelts,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  i2th  ed.  1, 1766,  297.     (Type  Lanius  garrulus, 
L.    Named  by  Linnaeus  in  1735.) 


.  ■  ■  >[[.■• 


m§ 


V      ( 


'  .,^ 


404 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


Bomhycilla,  Vieillot,  Ois.  Am.  Sept.  I,  1807,  88.     (Type  li.  rtdmrum.) 
" Bomhyciphora,  Mkvbn,  1810"  {iitAy).—" liombifcivoru,  Tkmm.  1815" 

Body  stout,  compact ;  plumage  flilky  and  soft.     Wings  long  and  ninch 
pointed,  cou»iderabiy  longer  than  the  narrow,  nearly  even  tail.     An  extrumuly 


Ampelit  garrvla,  Lnnr. 

small  first  primary,  which  sometimes  is  visible  on  the  inner  side  of  the  base 
of  the  second  quill,  sometimes  rests  on  the  outer  side  as  in  other  Oscines  sup- 
posed to  have  only  nine  primaries  (see  pages  160,  325).  The  2d  quill  is 
nearly  as  long  as  the  3d  ;  the  remaining  primarit-s  graduate  very  rapidly  to 
the  10th,  which  reaches  scarcely  beyond  half  the  exposed  portion  of  3d.  The 
shafts  of  the  secondaries  are  tipped  by  a  tiattened,  obovate  horny  appendage 
of  a  bright  red  color,  like  sealing  wax ;  traces  of  something  similar  to  which 
may  sometimes  be  seen  on  the  tail.     The  tail  is  narrow  and  nearly  even. 

Bill  short,  deeply  cleft,  depressed,  and  broad  at  the  base,  the  width  of 
mouth  more  than  two-thirds  the  commissure ;  the  culmen  and  gonys  con- 
siderably less  than  half  the  gape,  and  both  much  curved  from  base,  the  com- 
missure nearly  straight.  The  tip  of  upper  mandible  is  decurved,  deeply 
Dotclied,  and  with  a  decided  tooth  behind  the  notch ;  lower  bill  slightly 
notched.  The  nasal  fossse  are  filled  with  soft,  short,  erect,  velvety  feathers, 
advancing  far  forward  close  along  the  upper  edge  of  nostrils,  and  concealin^r 
them ;  the  nostrils  are  much  elongated,  and  narrowly  elliptical.  The  rict<it 
bristles  appear  to  be  wanting,  although  a  few  short  ones  overhang  the  ba^'o 
of  the  bill. 

The  tongue  is  broad,  fleshy,  sagittate  behind,  homy  and  bifid  at  the  tip. 
The  legs  are  short,  but  stout ;  the  tarsus  scarcely  longer  than  the  middle  toe 
without  claw:  decidedly  shorter  than  the  entire  toe;  distinctly  scntellate; 
five  or  six  divisions  anteriorly ;  the  lateral  plates  on  both  sides  also  more  or 
less  subdivided  in  Ampelis  garrula,  especially  inferiorly.  The  lateral  toes 
are  slightly  unequal,  the  claws  of  the  outer  or  longer  barely  reaching  the 
base  of  middle  claw.  The  basal  joint  of  middle  toe  is  adherent  for  one-half 
to  one-third  the  adjacent  joint  of  the  inner  toe,  and  for  a  little  more  than 
that  distance  to  barely  more  than  one  joint  of  the  outer,  the  basal  joint  of 
middle  and  inner  toes  being  of  about  equal  length  ;  the  scntellse  above  basal 
joints  of  anterior  toes  in  three  series.  The  hind  toe  is  about  equal  to  the 
inner  lateral. 


.1  T^  S*l 


'>''}> 


A:MrKMa. 


405 


In  A.  garrula  the  naked  skin  on  tlie  posterior  edfje  of  tarsus  bc- 
twet'ii  the  two  lateral  plates,  and  on  inner  side  between  the  lateral 
and  frontal,  shows  a  development  of  small  hexagonal  [dates — .seen 
to  niueh  lews  extent  in  A.  oedrorum,  where  also  the  lateral  tarsal 
plates  are  frequently  undivided,  except  at  lower  end. 

The  young  of  A.  cedrorum  are  streaked  longitudinally  beneath, 
as  in  aduli  DuIuh,  although  more  faintly. 

The  ger.us  AmpelU  exhibits  a  close  resemblance  to  Prague  in  the 
broad,  deeply  cleft  bill ;  the  long,  pointed  wings ;  the  short,  stout 
legs.  The  n)08t  striking  differences  in  Proyne  consist  in  the  still 
broader  and  more  deeply  cleft  bill,  less  hooked  lower  mandible,  open 
superior  and  rounded  nostrils,  absence  of  spurious  lirst  j)riniary,  etc., 
with  others  of  less  signification.  Still  it  would  not  be  at  all  sur- 
prising to  see  them  associated  more  closely  by  authors  than  has 
hitherto  been  the  case. 

Three  species  of  the  genus  Ampelia  are  known  :  one  common  to 
the  northern  portions  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  one  peculiar  to 
North  America,  and  a  third  found  in  Japan  and  Eastern  Siberia. 
They  may  be  distinguished  by  the  following  diagnosis: — 

A.  Turtniiial  band  of  tail  yellow. 

YellowiBh  cinnamon ;    more  pinmbeous  bthlnd.      Chin, 

foreliead,  and  band  from  forehead  above  and  behind  ' 

the  eye,  black.     A  white  mandibular  patch. 

Large ;   cliin   and   throat  black ;   crissum  orange 
brown ;  two  white  bauds  on  the  wing,  and  a 
,  white  line  along  tips  of  primaries  .         .         .  garrula. 

Smaller;  chin  only  black;  crisaum  whitish.     No 

white  on  wing cedrorum. 

B.  Terminal  band  of  tail  red. 

'  '  Colors  generally  similar  to  those  of  A.  cedrorum. 

!i  A  red  band  across  the  end  of  the  greater  wing 

,.;  ■       coverts.      Black   line   behind   eye  continued 

along  under  side  of  crest,  which  is  very  long  phaenicoplerum. 

The  A.  phenicopterum  is  stated  by  Temminck  to  have  the  nasal 
setiE  so  short  as  to  bave  the  nostrils  exposed,  and  to  lack  the  seal- 
ing-wax appendages  ;  the  latter  condition  may,  however,  result  from 
tht  Immaturity  of  the  specinipn,  as  it  is  very  common  to  find  the 
same  thing  in  Individuals  of  the  other  species.      v.^-  •    '•'*-'v^  r^^^.-n 

Ampelis  garrnla. 

Lanius  garruhts,  I  ink.  "  Fauna  Snecica,  2,  no.  82." — Ib.  Syst.  Nat.  10th 
ed.  1758,  S.").— J/«/<e/»s  garrulus.  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  12th  ed.  176<5,  297 
(Europe).— Box.  Consp.  1850,  336.— Baihd,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858, 


r  ■!>         ■ ;  .1  :■>  - 


r^ 


h|  .** 


40G 


REVIEW  or  AMERICAN  BIRO& 


[I'.VRT  I. 


317.— BoARnMAK,  Pr.  Boat.  Soo.  Nat.  IIi«l.  IX,  1862,  120  (Cataix, 
Mfl.)— CooPBR,  Fr.  Cal.  Auad.  II,  18U1  (1H63),  122  (Kort  Muhav«, 
.  AT.).—Uombifcilla  guriula,  Bon.  Zuol.  Jour.  Ill,  lb27,  &0.— Ib. 
Sym.pBi8,  1828,  438.— Iii.  Am.  Orn.  HI,  1828,  pi.  xvi.— Rich.  V.  B. 
•  A.  II,  1831, 237.— Add.  Oru.  Biog.  IV,  4G2,  pi.  3«3.— In.  Birds  Am. 
IV,  109,  pi.  24«.— Max.  Cab.  Jour.  VI,  18S8,  188.  (American.)— 
Lombycilla  ijiirrula,  Kky8.  &  Blah.  Wirb.  Enropas,  1840,  1()7. — 
Dbolamu,  Ornith.  Kurop.  I,  1849,  349  (Knropeau.) — Woll«v,  Pr. 
Z.  8.  1857,  &5  (nest  and  <^gg8). — Newton,  Ibis,  1861,  92,  pi.  Ir 
(nesting).— NoKDMANN,  Cab.  Jour.  VI,  1858,  307,  and  VII,  1859, 
pi.  i  (nesting).    (European.) 

Hah.  I^orthern  parts  of  Europe,  America,  and  Asia,  In  America  not  hitherto 
found  in  the  western  province.  In  winter  extending  along  the  Kocky  Moun- 
tains and  the  plaii>^^  a  .  far  south  as  Fort  Massachusetts  and  Fort  Riley;  regu- 
lar visitor  to  shores  of  Lake  Mi'-higau  and  Lako  Erie.  East  of  this  rarely 
seen  along  the  United  States  border. 

For  the  description  and  general  remarks  relative  to  this  species  I 
refer  to  the  Birds  N,  Am.  quoted  above.  According  to  Degland, 
the  foiaule  differs  in  less  extent  of  black  of  throat,  the  quills  having 
the  white  or  yellow  confined  to  the  ends  of  outer  webs  only,  instead 
of  on  the  inner  webs  also,  und  a  less  number  i  nd  smaller  size  of 
the  cartilaginous  appendages. 

The  specimen  seen  by  Dr.  Cooper,  at  Fort  Mohave,  if  really  of 
this  species,  fixes  the  most  western  locality  on  record. 

For  many  years  authentic  eggs  of  the  Bohen  ian  Chatterer  wore 
greatly  sought  after,  but  it  was  not  until  1856  thut  any  were  brought 
to  the  notice  of  the  scientific  world,  when  the  late  Mr.  11.  Wolley 
discovered  them  in  Lapland.  Early  duplica'.es  from  his  collection 
were  sold  at  five  guineas  each,  and  although  a  good  many  have  since 
been  obtained,  they  are  yet  considered  as  great  prizes.  A  nest,  with 
its  eggs,  of  those  collected  by  Mr.  Wolley,  has  been  presented  to 
the  Institution  by  Mr.  Alfred  Newton.  The  only  instances  on  record 
of  their  discovery  in  America  are  of  a  nest  and  one  e^^  by  Mr. 
Kennicott,  on  the  Yukon,  in  1861,  and  a  nest  and  single  egg  on  the 
Anderson  River,  by  Mr.  MacFarlane,  both  of  which,  with  the  female 
parents,  are  iu  the  possession  of  the  Institution. 


,^,----^- 


!     ,  ■' 


AMJ'ELIS. 


40T 


Hniitli- 
•oulau 

CoUm- 
tiir'a 
No. 

B-x 
and 

Locality. 

When 
Cullvclud. 

Reeelred  from 

Collected  bjr 

IN.Mlt 

^  ^ 

? 

I'rumtla. 

• .  ■ 

Mad.  Drouut. 

b.iiv) 

.  . 

" 

... 

"  [(iiMiliKKnn. 

IStWtf 

,  , 

DflniDftrk. 

. . . 

rniv.ZiHil.Mui.Co- 

27,;ilil 

1,483 

V 

Kurt  Yukon. 

July  4, '61. 

K.  Kxuulfutt. 

27,307 

J.  liockhart. 

K.  K   McKarUoa. 

4fl 

9 

Fort  AnderHon. 

... 

i'.im 

1,221 

(^reat  liiur  Luks. 

■  •  • 

U.  K.  Koaa. 

27.:II4 

, , 

,  , 

BlgTiilHuil. 

.  •  • 

41 

John  Katd. 

2M>I 
22,  HOI 

"s 

d 

Cujlj  luUUflA.. 

Sept.' 22, '61. 

II 

L.  Clark*. 

3I,12» 

7f»7 

.  , 

£orL.Uklk«tt. 
Flirt  Brldtjer 

.  ■  • 

B.  K.  Kom. 

W.  Braaa. 

11,0.V1 

i:<2 

<f 

Deo.  8,  '97. 

C.  Droxlei. 

l!).214 

2:17 

^ 

DuKf  Croek,  N«b. 

Ffl).  i;i. 

Capt.  Kaynoldi. 

Dr.  HaydflD. 

U.XVi 

682 

HilterriMit  VBlli-y. 

Wluter. 

Capl.  Mulliiu. 

J.  1  uainall. 

11,470 

,  , 

Fort  MiiHxHcliiiHHtti. 

•  >  • 

('apt.  Ku»'nian. 

a,S7.i 

,  , 

Fort  Ulioy,  Kaua. 
RachiH,  WlhO. 

18.11. 

I)r    W.    A.    Mam- 

.I.Hl.S 

,  , 

Winter. 

l)r.  Ilojr.      [uiuud. 
Ur.  Klrtlaud. 

.s:),(W2 

ClevfllaDd,  U. 

Wluter '64. 

2;i,«i8 

MuuHfl  Facto  rjr. 

... 

J.  Mackeuils. 

(27,316.)  With  neat  and  one  egg.    (27,307.)  With  neat  and  one  agg. 


Anipelis  cedrorum* 

Am/teli*  garrulus,  var.  B,  Lihn.  Syst.  Nat.  I,  1768,  297. 

Jiumliyc'dla  cedrorum,  Vikillot,  Ois.  Am.  Sept.  I,  1807,  88,  pi.  Ivii. — Ib. 
aalerie  Ois.  I,  1834,  18(j,  pi.  oxviii.— Caii.  Mub.  H«in.  I,  55.— Ib. 
Cab.  Jour.  IV,  1856,  3  (Cuba).— Gondlach,  Cab.  Jour.  1861,  328 
(Cuba;  rare). — Ampelis  cedrorum,  Sclatbr,  P.  Z.  8.  18r6,  299 
(Cordova);  1858,  302  (Oaxaca  ;  January);  1859,  364  (Xalapa; 
Cordova)  ;  1864, 172  (City  of  Mexico).— Ib.  Catal.  Am.  Birds,  1861, 
46. — ScLATEB  &  Salvin,  Ibifl,  1859, 13  (Guatemala). — BAiKt,  likda 
N.  Am.  1858,  318.— Tayloh,  Ibis,  1860,  111  (Honduras).— March, 
Pr.  A.  N.  So.  Phila.  1863,  294  (Jauipioa).— Lord,  Pr.  R.  Art.  Inst. 
Woolwich,  IV,  116  (British  Columbia  ;  nesting). — Cooper  &  Sock- 
ley,  P.  R.  Rep.  XII,  II,  187  (Washington  Ter.). 

Ampelis  americami,  WiLS.  Am.  Oni.  I,  1808,  107,  pi.  vii. — Dombycilla 
americana,  Jones,  Nat.  Bermuda,  1859,  29  (winter). — Rich.  F.  B. 
A.  II,  1831,  239. 

BomhycUla  carolinenais,  Brisson,  Orn.  II,  1760,  337  (not  binomial). — 
Ann.  Orn.  Biog.  I,  1831,  227,  pi.  xliii.— Ib.  Birds  Am.  IV,  1842, 
165,  pi.  245.  —  Waoler,  Isis,  1831,  528.  —  AmpflU  carolinensis, 
Q088B,  Birds  Jamaica,  1847, 197  (.January). — Bon.  Consp.  1850, 336. 

Bab.  Whole  of  North  America  as  far  north  as  Lake  Winnipeg  and  Hud- 
son's Bay,  South  Branch  of  Saskatchewan,  lat.  52^  (^Richardson)  ;  south  to 
Guatemala  ;  Jamaica  and  Cuba  in  winter. 

Details  concerning  this  species  will  be  found  in  the  "Birds  N.  Am." 
cited  aiic>ve.  As  there  stated,  young  birds  are  streaked  beneath  as 
iu  Dulus,  but  more  obsoletely. 


408 


EEVIEW  OP  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


I' t- 


r-,-M 


Y  -' 


r*' 


■  'F«-^ 


Smith- 

Col  lee 

Sex 

When 
Collected. 

HuDtaa 
No. 

tor'» 

No. 

and 

Atje. 

loealltr. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

83,011 

9 

Sherborn,  MaBg. 

... 

A.  L.  bubcock. 

1,617 

,  , 

CarllDle.  Pa. 

Joly  i,  '44. 

S.  F.  Palrd. 

2(>,642 

649 

y 

Mooite  Factory. 
KedKI'TerBellem't. 

Aug.  2«,  '60. 

C.  Dreitler. 

18,»08 

,  , 

^ 

. .. 

D  biinn. 

27,0:U 

,  , 

. , 

n 

... 

Gov.  Mactcvish. 

28.9J0 

686 

9 

WaRhtngton. 

Mar.  2,  '60. 

Elliot  Coues. 

82,270 

,, 

Macon,  Oa. 

April,  1848. 

Prof.  Jos.  Leconte. 

ai,878 

, , 

,  , 

Tortugaa. 

Capt.  Woodbury. 



.5,318 

•  • 

YellowHtone  River. 

July  21, '56. 

Lt  Warren. 

Dr.  Hayden. 

88.413 

,  , 

Laramie  Riv.  [W.T. 

May,  1864. 

Dr  Hitz. 

1.5,9.57 

.167 

<f 

Chilowoyiick  Depot 

July  6,  '59. 

A.  Campbell. 

Dr.  Kennerly. 

21.939 

489 

SlayalcwHteoa     " 

July  3,  '60. 

tt 

II 

4,236 

,  , 

,  , 

San  FranciHco. 

1853-1854. 

R.  D.  Cutts. 

26,.591 

,  . 

i 

Cape  St.  LucaH. 

18.'59. 

J.  Xuutus. 

8,958 

,  , 

TamauMpnR,  Mex. 

Mar.  20.  '53. 

Lt.  Couch. 

20.40.5 

1,862 

Choctun,  Vera  Pax. 

Jan.  I860. 

O.  Salvin. 

7,952 

'" 

Ouatemvla. 

... 

J.  Gould. 

Ft*'' 


ScBFAMiLT  PTILOGONATINiE. 

The  characters  of  the  subfamily  have  already  been  stated  on  page 
401,  but  it  still  remains  to  difcuss  the  question  of  its  precise  extent. 
As  generally  given  by  authors,  it  includes  two  series  of  genera,  the 
most  apparent  external  distinction  between  them  consisting  in  the 
distinct  scutelloe  on  the  anterior  face  of  the  tarsus  in  the  one,  which 
are  wanting  in  the  other.  These  more  palpable  features  are,  how- 
ever, accompanied  by  others,  of  more  or  less  importance,  and  I  can 
hardly  avoid  the  conclusion  that  they  should  belong  to  different 
families,  one,  embracing  Flilogonys  and  Phsenopepla  (Ptilogona- 
tinse),  remaining  with  the  Ampelidae;  the  other  (Myiadestes, 
Gichlopis,  Platycichla)  removed  as  Myiadestinee  to  near  the 
Turdidse.  and  Sauncolidse. 

The  following  diagnostic  characters  will  serve  to  illustrate  the 
features  of  these  two  groups  as  compared  with  each  other : — 

PtilogonatinsB.  Tarsus  stout,  shorter,  or  not  longer  than  middle  toe  and 
claw  ;  conspicuously  scutellate  ar.  riorly,  and  freqaently  on  one  or  other 
or  on  both  sides  ;  sometimes  with  a  row  of  small  plates  behind.  Wings 
much  graduated  ;  the  second  quill  not  longer  than  secondaries.  Outline 
of  lateral  tail  feathers  parallel  or  widening  from  base  to  near  tip.  Tail 
unvaried,  or  else  inornate  at  end.  Quills  without  light  patch  at  base. 
Head  crested.     Young  birds  not  spotted.     Not  conspicuous  for  song. 

Myiadestinas.  Tarsus  slender,  longer  than  middle  toe  and  claw  ;  undivided 
as  in  Turdid;e.  Toes  deeply  t left.  Wings  more  pointed;  second  quill 
much  longer  than  secondaries.  Lateral  tail  feathers  cnneate,  or  narrow- 
ing from  base  towards  tip ;  generally  whitish  at  end  on  inner  web. 
Quills  with  their  extreme  bases,  especially  of  inner  webs,  bulTy  yellow, 
showing  a  light  patch  inside.  Head  nut  crested,  though  the  toathei!) 
sometimes  full.  In  the  young  all  the  feathers  with  light  rounded  spots. 
Pre-eminent  as  melodious  singers. 


S-J  1 


PTILOQONATINiB. 


40S 


It  may  be  considered  that  the  presence  or  absence  of  scutellse 
on  the  tarsus  is  a  matter  of  comparatively  slight  importance,  since 
in  some  Thrushes  having  normally  smooth  tarsi,  we  occasionally  find 
individual  specimens  exhibiting  scutellse,  and  the  Mocking  Birds 
difl'er  from  the  true  Thrushes  in  having  such  scutellse.  Yet  when 
to  this  we  add  the  tendency  in  Ptilogomjs  and  Phsenopepla  to 
division  of  the  whole  length  of  the  lateral  plates,  and  even  occasional 
indications  of  a  supplementary  series  on  the  posterior  edge  of  tarsus, 
the  difference  from  the  smooth  tarsi  of  Myiadedes  and  iis  allies,  ia 
one  0!  essential  moment.  Add  to  this  the  peculiarities  of  marking 
in  young  birds,  and  the  difference  of  vocal  powers,  and  the  grounds 
for  separation  would  seem  well  established,  and  the  assignment  of 
the  Ii[i/iadentinae,  as  a  subfamily,  to  a  place  near  the  Saxicolidse  and 
Turdidae  (perhaps  better  under  the  latter),  well  founded,  as  all  the 
characters  referred  to  above  apply  to  the  Turdinae.  Since,  however, 
other  authors  may  not  agree  with  me  in  this  view,  and  as  the  Tur- 
didw  have  already  been  discussed,  I  propose  to  present  the  3Iyia- 
destinte  in  the  present  article  after  the  Ptilogonatinee,  and  to  leave 
the  final  decision  of  their  true  position  to  a  future  period. 

The  comparative  diagnoses  of  Myiadeslinw  aud  Turdinee  may  be 
expressed  as  follows  :— 

Common  Chabacters. — Tarsi  without  regular  transverse  scutellse,  except  at 
lower  end.  Wings  acute,  pointed,  as  long  as  or  longer  than  tail,  which  is 
but  slightly  graduated.  First  primary  rarely  half  2d,  which  exceeds  the 
secondaries.  Base  of  quills  bufiy  yellow,  as  are  ir>ner  edges.  Tail  spotted 
or  varied  at  the  end.  Young  birds  with  many  light  spots.  Very  melodious 
singers. 

MyiadeitHnie.  Bill  short,  much  depressed ;  mouth  deeply  cleft ;  width 
at  base  about  equal  to  the  distance  from  nostril  to  tip,  or  greater ; 
commissure  more  than  twice  distance  from  nostrils  to  tip  of  bill,  and 
nearly  two  aud  a  half  times  length  of  gonys.  Legs  weak ;  tarsi 
rather  longer  than  middle  toe  and  claw.  Tail  feathers  tapering 
slightly  from  base  to  near  tip,  giving  a  slightly  ouneate  appearance 
to  the  tail. 

Turdinie.  Bill  stouter,  more  lengthened ;  narrow  at  base  and  more 
compressed;  width  at  base  less  than  distance  from  nostril  to  tip; 
commissure  not  more  than  twice  distance  from  nostrils  to  tip  of  bill, 
?.nd  about  twice  length  of  gonys.  Tarsi  stouter,  longer  than  middle 
toe  and  claw.  Tail  feathers  widening  slightly  from  base  to  near  tip, 
giving  a  parallel  sided  or  slightly  fan-shaped  appearance  to  the  tail. 

The  Miminse  differ  from  both  in  the  strongly  scutellate  tarsi ; 
shorter,  more  rounded  wings,  the  1st  primary  generally  half  the  2d ; 
the  tail  usually  much  graduated,  etc. 


410 


EEVIEW  OP  AMERICAN  BIRDC . 


[part  r. 


It  still  remains  to  be  determined  whether  ti  ere  is  any  essential 
family  difference  between  the  typical  Turdidae  and  the  HaxicoUdee, 
and  whether  a  rearrangement  of  these  groups,  perhaps  ineliuling 
even  the  Sylviidse,  may  not  be  required.  In  any  case,  however, 
that  the  Myiadestinee  must  be  embraced  in  the  same  series,  I  have 
little  question. 

The  two  genera  of  Ptilogonatinae,  as  restricted,  with  the  common 
characters  given  above,  differ  as  follows : — 

Phxnopepla.  Crest  narrow,  pointed  behind.  Outer  primaries  broad,  not 
attenuated  nor  pointed  at  end  ;  the  1st  half  the  2d.  Tail  rounded,  fan- 
shaped  ;  feathers  very  broad,  wider  towards  end.  Bill  feeble,  ratlier 
narrow,  well  bristled  ;  nostrils  somewhat  overhung  by  frontal  feathers. 
Sexes  dissimilar;  male  black  ;  quills  with  median  wliite  patch  on  inner 
webs  ;  tail  not  varied. 

Ptilogonys.  Crest  broad,  and  decumbent.  Outer  primaries  narrow,  attenu- 
ated and  pointed  at  ends ;  1st  about  one-third  the  2d.  Tail  even  or 
cuneate,  feathers  narrower.  Bill  stouter,  much  broader,  fewer  rictal 
bristles  ;  nostrils  much  exposed.  Sexes  similar  ;  color  cinereous  ;  wings 
not  varied  ;  tail  feathers  with  median  white  patch  on  inner  webs. 


PTILOGONYS.  SwAiNSON. 


'".;  ;:^,ti--.t:! 


^     Ptilogonys,   Swainson,   Catal.    Bullock's  Mex.   Mus.  1824.     (Type  P. 
._,  cinereus.) 

PtiHo'jonys,  SwAiNBON,  Philos.  Mag.  I,  May,  1827,  368.     (Same  type.) 
Ptiliogonatus,  Swainson,  Zooi.  Jour.  Ill,  July,  1827, 164.    (Same  type.) 

Plumage  soft,  silky,  glossy,  and  rather  compact.     Head  with  a  broad,  full, 
soft  crest,  not  pointed  behind.     Tibiae  thickly  tufted  with  full,  soft  feathers. 


Ptilogimys  cinereus,  Swai.nbos.    (Mexico.) 


.3   3jij 


PTIL0G0NY8. 


411 


Tail  longer  than  wings,  somewhat  fan-shaped,  nearly  even  in  type,  the  slight 
emargiuation  greater  than  the  rouudiug  (in  cuudatus  much  graduated,  with 
central  feathers  prolonged).  Feathers  broad,  the  outer  weba  very  narrow. 
Wings  pointed,  although  the  outer  feathers  are  muuh  graduated  ;  1st  quill 
not  half  the  2d,  which  is  shorter,  the  3d  rather  longer,  than  secondaries ;  5th 
aud  6th  longest ;  1st,  2d,  and  3d  attenuated  and  acuminate  at  end. 

Bill  short,  much  depressed,  hooked  and  notched  at  both  tips ;  gape  wide 
aud  deep ;  commissure  straight ;  culmen  for  terminal  half  and  short  gonys 
considerably  curved.  Nostrils  oval,  bordered  above  and  behind  by  mem- 
brane, the  frontal  feathers  reaching  not  quite  to  the  posterior  margin  ;  rictal 
bristles  distinct,  but  moderate- 
Legs  weak ;  tarsi  very  short,  less  than  middle  toe  and  claw,  with  strongly 
marked  rough  scutelliB  (seven)  anteriorly,  one  or  two  divisions  on  the  lower 
part  of  sides.  Outer  toe  rather  longer  than  inner,  and  reaching  just  beyond 
base  of  middle  cla'  .  Hind  claw  considerably  longer  than  middle.  Basal 
joint  of  middle  toe  adherent  for  almost  its  whole  length  to  one  and  a  half 
joints  of  0.  ter ;  internally  for  basal  half  of  length  to  basal  half  of  first  joint 
of  inner. 

P.  caudatus,  very  similar  otherwise,  diflFers  remarkably  in  structure  of  tail, 
which  is  cuneate  and  nearly  one  and  a  half  times  the  length  of  the  wing; 
llie  two  central  feathers  greatly  prolonged  and  t;ipei  ing  gently  to  a  rounded 
narrow  tip,  the  other  feathers  graduate  from  these  to  the  outeimost. 

Plilogonys  differs  from  Myiadestes  in  more  compact  plumage  ; 
a  shorter,  broader,  thicker  bill ;  the  frontal  feathers  nn'.ch  less 
bristly ;  the  nostrils  broader  aud  more  exposed,  with  a  greater  ex- 
unt  of  naked  membrane  behind  them.  The  legs  are  shorter,  but 
stouter  ;  tarsus  much  shorter  and  roughly  scutellate,  not  smooth  ;  the 
claws  thicker  and  more  curved ;  the  hinder  considerably  larger  than 
the  middle.  Nearly  the  whole  extent  of  basal  joint  of  middle  toe 
is  adherent  externally,  not  the  half  only ;  internally  adherent  for 
half  to  the  basal  half  of  first  joint  of  inner,  which  in  Ahjiadeates  are 
divided  to  base.  The  wing  is  much  more  graduated;  the  third  quill 
having  the  relationship  to  the  longer  ones  that  the  second  has  in 
Mijiadedes.  The  tail  lacks  the  deep  eniargination  of  Myiadedes ; 
the  lateral  feathers  are  of  equal  width  to  near  the  end,  or  even 
wider,  instead  of  becoming  narrower.  i'"  .  .   V 

There  has  been  much  diversity  among  writers  in  the  spelling  of 
the  name  of  this  genus,  Mr.  Swainson,  its  author,  having  himself 
written  it  very  differently.  His  first  rendering  of  the  name,  how- 
ever— Ptilofjonys — is  more  nearly  correct  than  the  subsequent  ones, 
as  eompouuded  of  nrtxov  and  yow,  or  feathered  knee,  iu  allusion  to 
the  tuft  of  cottony  feathers  on  the  tibiae. 

The  two  known  species  of  Plilogonys  are  quite  similar  in  colora- 
tion, but  ditt'er  markedly  in  shape  of  tail,  which  in  one  is  even,  in 
the  other  greatly  cuneate.     The  characters  are  as  follows  : — 


«*.;■;■      ■■   >«.- 


412 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I, 


^■;  ■- 1 1 ' 


iM 


:  i  .n 


•"j 


f1 

I!  SI 


CoMMOK  CiiARACTEBS. — General  color  bluish-ash.  Wings  and  tail  glossr 
grueuish-black.  Quills  edged  internally  with  white.  A  broad,  large  white 
patch  on  inner  webs  of  tail  feathers.  Crissum  egg  yellow  ;  flanks  more 
olivaceous.     Tibiae  cottony  white. 

A.  Pnlogonyg.     Tail  a  little  longer  than  wings  ;  nearly  even. 

Head  ashy.      Cheeks  and  nape  (concealed  partly  by 
incumbent  crest)  smoky  ash  ;  forehead  and  chin 
whitish,  the  latter  passing  into  ash  of  throat  and 
breast.     Eye-ring  white.     White  tail  patches  rect-        *^  ''"^ 
angular  ........    cinerm, 

B.  Sphenotelus.    Tail  almost  one  and  a  half  times  wings ; 

pointed  and  very  cuneate. 
Head  and  nape  all  round  olivaceous-yellow ;   top  of 
head  ashy.     Eye-ring  yellow.    White  tail  patches 
lozenge-shaped caudahis, 

Ptiloponys  cinereus.  ,.         '      ,,      .„  .yr     yy* 

"Ptilogonys  cinereus,  SwAiNsoN,  Catal.  Bullock's  Mex.  Mus.  1824,  app. 
p.  4."— Bon.  Consp.  1850,  335.— Cabanis,  Mus.  Hein.  1851,55.- 
Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  319.— Sclater  &  Salvin,  Ibis,  1859, 13; 
1860,  31  (Guatemala).— ScLATEB,  P.  Z.  8.  1856,  299  (Cordova); 
1858,  302  (Oaxaca)  ;  1859, 364  (Jalapa),  379  (Oaxaca;  eggs) ;  1864, 
173  (City  of  Mexico).— Ib.  Catal.  1861,  47,  no.  284.— Ptiliogonyt 
cinerens,  Swainson,  Phil.  Mag.  I,  May,  1827,  368  ;  Zool.  111.  Ser.  2, 
pi.  62,  120. — Pliliogonatus  cinereus,  Swainson,  Zool.  Jour.  Ill,  July, 
1827,164. 

Hypothymis  chrysorrhoa,  Tehm.  PI.  Col.  pi.  452.  '*      ' 

Ilah,  Mountain  regions  of  Mexico,  from  near  northern  border:  south  to 
Guatemala.  ■    ^  •     ■  -      ,:     . 


't.4. 


■  I  .  ;.(r;f:  Vyij''' 


„.  i,1 


li'    '^ 


I  w 

% 

'> 

'  !''" 

.A 

f    ,  ,  . ' 

<  a' 

t  ^ 


4'tIi*;;-; 

■     Smith 

auy  " 

■    ioaiao 

j\ 

■ 

;■- 1 

1    %m 

■      2.966 

■     3$.  1,5.5 

■  mm 

■     3<).7I» 

■     30,720 

PtUogonyt  cinereui,  8wAi.N«o.<r.    ^Mexico.) 


' . ;  .  j1 


PTILOOONYS. 


«f8 


(No.  30,719.)  Plumage  compact ;  rather  silky.  Wing  considerably  gliorter 
than  the  tail,  which  is  almost  even,  slightly  eniargiuated,  broad  and  some- 
what fan-shaped,  the  feathers  widening  from  base  to  near  tip ;  the  central 
only  with  parallel  edges  to  the  rounded  tip,  and  rather  shorter  than  the 
lateral.  First  quill  much  less  than  half  the  2d,  contained  about  three  timea 
and  a  half  in  the  longest  (5th),  falcate  and  rather  acute;  the  2d  equal  to 
10th;  the  3d  about  equal  to  7th  ;  the  ends  of  the  2d  and  3d  quills  attenuated 
and  acute.     Tarsi  distinctly  scutellate  ;  rictal  bristles  moderate. 

Predominant  color  dark  bluish-ash,  scarcely  lighter  below  ;  the  head  all 
round  pale  ash  ;  the  forehead,  chin,  and  side  of  lower  jaw  almost  white  ;  tho 
cheeks  and  the  nape  (mostly  concealed  by  the  incumbent  crest)  smoky  ash ; 
eyelids  white ;  lores  and  space  below  eye  blackish,  .^uill-  and  tail-feathera 
glossy  greenish-black,  varied  above  only  by  a  narrow  border  of  the  back- 
color,  the  quills  abruptly  edged  internally  with  white,  the  axillars  varied 
with  the  same,  the  tail  feathers  having  the  middle  third  of  their  inner  weba 
white,  ill  a  rectangular  patch.  Anal  region  behind,  and  crissum  rich  Indian 
or  egg  yellow  ;  the  flanks  posteriorly  olive  yellow.  Tibise  and  middle  of  belly 
white.    Bill  and  legs  black.     "  Iris  carmine"  (Xanlus). 

(No.  30,719.)  Total  length,  8.00;  wing,  3.75;  tail,  4.30;  width  of  outer 
feather,  .50 ;  diflference  between  10th  and  longest  quills,  .80  ;  exposed  portion 
of  first  primary,  .78,  of  2d,  1.90,  of  longest  (6th)  (measured  from  exposed 
base  of  Ist  primary),  2.90  ;  length  of  bill  from  '->rehead,  .65,  from  nostril,  .28, 
along  gape,  .73  ;  tarsus,  .60 ;  middle  toe  and  jlaw,  .65,  claw  alone,  .20;  bind 

^e  and  claw,  .45,  claw  alone,  .22.      i  "  ..         ;-  .'^/!,i•    .-,,.<.;;'    i- 

Immature  birds,  perhaps  females,  differ  in  havinj?  the  ashy  tints 
of  the  body  replaced  by  dirty  brownish,  of  an  umber  or  sepia  tint, 
and  traces  of  the  same  are  not  unfrequently  seen  in  the  more  per- 
fectly plumaged  specimens.  Indistinct,  scarcely  appreciable  spots 
of  olive  green  are  sometimes  to  be  seen  in  the  feathers  of  the  back. 


1 
6raUh-  Collec- 

Sex 

When 
Collected. 

tor'8 
No. 

ADd 

Ako. 

LocRlity. 

Received  from 

Remarks. 

30,1.19 

mo 

ff 

Sierra  Madre,  near 

April,  1863. 

Jolin  XantiiH. 

Length,  7,7');  iriH 

■im 

,. 

Mexico.      [Colima. 

. . . 

8.  F.  Baird. 

. .  [carmiue. 

3S.1.W 

167 

Jnv. 

Orizaba. 

M.  Botteri. 

;«.i,w 

167 

Juv. 



»1,719 

377 

,  , 

Duenas,  Gnat. 

1861. 

0.  Salvia. 

30,7M 

4,M3 

,  , 

II 

Nov. 

14 

«... 

1S3 

d 

Cordova. 

... 

Cab.  Lawrence. 

Ptilogonys  caudatus. 

Piilogonys  caudatus,  Cabanis,  Jour.  1860  (May,  1861),  402  (Costa  Rica). 
Bah.  Mountains  of  Costa  Rica.  ''"■•■•      '  ' 

(No.  35,247.)  Tail  much  graduated ;  the  central  feathers  prolonged,  and 
lapering  gently  frova  the  middle  to  a  rounded  point ;  the  others  successively 
i^linrter;  the  lateral  about  two-thirds  the  length  of  central  ;  feathers  nar- 
rower than  in  cineretis  (about  .40),  and  scarcely  widening  from  base  to  end. 


.til 


*r 


m 

■ 

414 


REVIEW  OP  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[PART  I. 


4  ■  . 


,  :',»'«: 


|'^i'j:'i3';I's^^^^^^^ 


:  ( :■"• 


First  qnill  contained  not  quite  three  and  a  half  times  in  longest ;  the  2(1 
rather  sliorter  than  10th  ;  the  3d  a  little  shorter  than  7th ;  the  Ist,  2d,  and  Sd 
moderately  attenuated  at  end  ;  tlie  Ist  falcate,  acute. 

Upper  surface  of  body  and  wings,  with  jugulum  and  breast,  bluiah-ash. 
Head  and  neck  all  round,  with  nape  belly  and  flanks,  yellowish-green,  paler 


-'.£& 


Pttloffonya  caudcUut,  CABXifie.    (Costa  Rica.) 

on  throat ;  the  top  of  head,  from  bill,  pale  ashy ;  chin  and  forehead  anterior  to 
eyes  lighter,  and  tinged  with  yellowish ;  the  crissum  and  narrow  ring  round 
eye  egg-yellow.  Tibiae  and  concealed  tuft  on  thighs  whitish.  Quill-  and  tail- 
feathers  glossy  greenish-black  ;  the  former  edged  internally  with  whitish,  the 
four  or  five  outer  tail  feathers  with  a  patch  of  white  in  the  middle  third  of 
inner  webs,  diminishing  in  size  towards  the  interior  one  ;  the  outermost  with 
the  outlines  following  nearly  the  line  of  the  fibres  of  the  feather,  or  lozenge- 
shaped,  not  rectangular.  On  the  fourth  feather  the  spot  does  not  reach  the 
inner  edge  of  the  feather,  and  is  still  more  reduced,  sometimes  wanting  in 
the  fifth.  Outer  edges  of  quills  very  narrowly  like  back.  Bill  and  feet 
black.     Iris  "bluish-yellow"  (Cnrmiol), 

(No.  35,247,  9.)  Total  length,  10.60;  wing,  3.80;  tail,  5.50;  middle  feather, 
1.90  longer  than  lateral ;  difference  of  10th  and  longest  quills,  .80 ;  exposed 
portion  of  1st  primary,  .80,  of  2d,  1.70,  of  longest  (5th  and  6th)  (measured 
from  exposed  base  of  1st  primary),  2.80;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .60, 
from  nostril,  .29,  along  gape,  .75  ;  tarsus,  .70  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .70,  claff 
alone,  .23  ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .50 ;  claw  alone,  .25. 

The  adults  of  the  two  sexes  do  not  appear  to  differ  in  color.  In 
younger  birds  (No.  35,245),  however,  the  bluish-ash  is  replaced  by 
the  yellowish-green,  of  which  color  is  the  entire  body  and  head.  In 
still  younger  birds  there  is  a  strong  tinge  of  brown.  In  No.  35,245, 
too,  the  crest,  instead  of  being  broad  and  full,  the  lateral  feathers  as 
long  as  central,  is  pointed,  owing  to  the  central  feathers  being  much 
longer,  and  more  distinct  in  outline,  or  rather  the  lateral  more  nlihre- 
viated,  in  this  respect  much  like  the  crest  of  Phaenopepia  niteiu- 


wvLjm^-i 


T 


PHiENOPErLA. 


416 


The  crest  of  this  species  appears  longer  thrin  in  cinereus ;  the 
tail  is  very  diflFerently  shaped  iu  the  great  prolongation  and  acute- 

'ss  of  the  central  feather  (almost  one-half  longer  than  the  lateral), 
and  the  graduation  of  the  rest,  instead  of  being  nearly  even.  These 
feathers,  too,  are  narrower.  The  outer  quills  appear  rather  less 
attenuated.  The  principal  difference  in  color  consists  in  the  yellow- 
ish-green of  the  head  and  neck  all  round,  relieved  only  by  the  gray 
of  top  of  head  ;  the  ring  round  eye  yellow,  not  white  ;  the  encroach- 
ing on  flanks  and  front  of  belly  of  the  yellowish-green  ;  the  lozenge- 
shaped  rather  than  rectangular  patch  of  white  on  tail  feathers,  etc. 


■■-'■'1 


Snilth- 

Collnc- 

Sex  1 

soiiimi 

tor'H 

aud 

No. 

No. 

Age. 

3ii,S()0 

17 

.. 

33,  W, 

,  , 

33,291 

3-..2-J.') 

<f 

3.),218 

cf 

3J,247 

V 

Locality. 


San  Joise,  C.  K. 
it 

"        [C.  K. 
Rancho  RedouJo, 


When 
Collected. 


Aug.  6,  '64. 
Aug.' 17, '64. 


Keceived  from 


Collected  bj 


Dr.  A.  V.  KrantziuH. 
J.  Curmiol. 


PHAENOPEPLA,  ScLATER. 

Phainopepla,  Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1858,  543.    (Type  Ptilogonys  nitens,  Sw.) 

Plumage  rather  compact :  in  the  male  glossy.  Head  with  a  narrow  elongated 
occipital  crest.  Wings  pointed,  reaching  about  to  middle  of  tail.  Spurious 
primary  large,  broad;  more 
than  half  second,  which  is 
about  equal  to  seconda- 
ries; 6tli  quill  longest; 
5th,  4th,  and  then  3d  snc- 
cessively  shorter ;  the  lat- 
ter rather  shorter  than 
7th;  end  of  quills  not 
attenuated  nor  pointed. 
Tail  longer  than  wings ; 
somewhat  fan  -  shaped  ; 
rounded  at  end ;  not 
emarginated ;  the  feathers 
very  broad,  and  widening 
behind. 

Bill  not  very  wide  ;  nos- 
trils with  overhanging 
membrane ;  frontal  feath- 
ers bristled,  and  reaching 
to  hinder  edge  of  nostril ;  rictal  bristles  extending  to  anterior  edge  ;  both  tips 
of  bill  notched.  Tarsi  about  equal  to  middle  toe  and  claw,  or  a  little  longer  ; 
distinctly  scutellate  anteriorly  ;  one  or  two  indistinct  divisions  on  outer  side 


8279 


Phnenopepla  nilena,  BciATKB.    (Arizona.) 


if 


416 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS, 


[part  I. 


''51 


}' , ''  '  Sk 


■  ■,    -s 


(•  ■■ 


'/■J:!V: 


K, 


^■.i..;^4^-^: 


at  lower  end.  Clawa  short,  much  curved.  Inner  toe  cleft  nearly  to  base ; 
basal  joint  of  outer  adherent.  Outer  toe  a  little  longer  th,iin  inner,  reaehiug 
a  little  beyond  base  of  middle  claw. 

This  genus  differs  from  MyiadesteB  in  scutellate  tarsi,  smaller  feet, 
more  curved  claws,  crest,  tail,  etc.  Its  relationships  to  Flilorjonijs 
are  closer,  but  the  crest  is  narrow  and  pointed  ;  the  wing  less  gradu- 
ated ;  the  first  primary  much  larger ;  the  tall  more  rounded ;  the 
feathers  much  broader.  The  bill  is  much  narrowtjr  and  weaker. 
The  feet  are  very  similar ;  the  toes  rather  more  cleft,  though  less 
than  in  Myiadesles. 

Ptaaenopepla  nitens. 

Ptiliogonys  nilens,  Sw.  An.  in  Menag.  1838,  285. — roN.  Consp.  1850, 

335. — Heermann,  Jour.  A.  N.  Sc.  Phila.  II,  185J,  263. — Cassis, 

"  *  111.  Birds  Texas,  etc.  1854, 169,  pi.  xxix. —  Cichlopsis  nitena,  Baird, 

^•'  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  320,  923.— Phainopepla  nitena,  Sclatbr,  P.  Z.  8. 

,,:  ;  1858,  543 ;  1864,  173  (City  of  Mexico). 

"Leptarus  galeatua,  Le8B." 

Flah,  Mountainous  portions  of  western  and  middle  provinces  of  United 
States,  and  south  to  Orizaba ;  Cape  St.  Lucas. 

(No.  8,275,  %.)  Tail  broad,  almost  fan-shaped;  graduated  slightly;  not 
at  all  emarginate,  and  longer  than  wing.  First  quill  broad,  slightly  falcate, 
scarcely  attenuated;  more  than  half  the  2d,  which  about  equals  the  10th; 
6th  longest ;  3d  equal  to  7th.  Feathers  on  nape  rather  full,  with  a  lengthened, 
pointed,  narrow  occipital  crest. 

Male  (No.  8,275)  entirely  glossy  greenish  black  ;  the  inner  webs  of  all  the 
primary  quills  with  a  large,  lengthened  patch  of  white,  which  does  not  reach 
the  inner  margin  ;  their  outer  webs  very  narrowly  edged  with  ashy,  as  are  also 
lateral  tail  feathers  externally. 

Female  (No.  8,274)  brownish-ash,  paler  below ;  the  white  of  inner  webs 
of  quills  obsolete ;  the  greater  coverts  and  quills  edged  externally  with 
whitish,  the  anal  and  cnssal  feathers  edged  and  tipped  with  the  same ;  the 
outer  tail  feather  with  narrow  edge  of  white  externally  towards  end. 

Immature  birds  show  every  gradation  of  color  between  the  two  extremes 
described  above. 

(No.  8,275,  %  .)  Total  length,  7.60 ;  wing,  3.80  ;  tail,  4.35  ;  difference  of  10th 
and  longest  primary,  .54;  exposed  portion  of  1st  primary,  1.20,  of  2d,  2.20,  of 
longest  (6th)  (measured  from  exposed  base  of  1st  primary),  2.80  ;  length  of 
bill  from  forehead,  .46,  from  nostril,  .31,  along  gape,  .66  ;  tarsus,  .70;  middle 
toe  and  claw,  .65,  claw  alone,  .20 ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .44,  claw  alone,  .20.' 


MYIADKSTINiE. 


411 


groith- 
mnlaa 

Collec- 
toi'a 
No. 

41S 
104 

.1,248 
3,123 

17,i 
173 

Sex 
aud 
Ak«. 

Loealltx. 

When 
Collected. 

Reoelved  from 

Collected  by 

J),;t8:» 

8,27.) 
8,274 
11,J2S 
2«.4«2 

iii.m 

3,964 
3Vi:)'i 
3,\133 

d 

0. 

Fort  Crook,  Cal. 

Fort  Tpjon,  Cal. 

Colorado  Deitert. 

II 

Fort  Tama,  Ar. 
Cape  St.  Iiiicaii. 

"(San  Nicholas). 
Coahiillu,  Max. 
Mirador,  Mex.  (Pine 
[region.) 

Aiiril,  1860. 
18u7. 

Oct.  I'o"  '39. 

i8r).i 

June,  1864. 

John  Kniluer. 
John  XiiiituM. 
Lt.  Wi     aiUkOQ. 

Lt.  Ives. 
Jobu  Xaatua. 

Lt.  Conch. 

Dr.  C.  Surtorlna. 

Dr.  Il<>t>riiianu. 
U.  B.  MollbaUHen. 

6,463.)   IrU  flre  red. 


Sdbfamilt  MYIADESTIN^. 

As  explained  on  page  408, 1  am  decidedly  of  opinion  that,  notwith- 
standing a  close  resemblance  in  general  appearance,  Myiadentes 
and  Cichlopsis  should  be  removed  from  their  usual  association 
with  Ptilogonys,  among  Ampelidse,  to  or  at  least  very  near  the 
Tardulee,  and  form  a  subfamily  with  Platycichla  (p.  32).  The 
latter  genus  is  so  closely  related  to  Cichlopi^is  as  almost  to  be  the 
same:  Platycichla  forniiiig  the  link  with  Turdinse  through  Pla- 
nesticus,  while  such  species  as  Myiadestes  unicolor  show  the  affini- 
ties of  Cichlopsis  to  Myiadestes. 

]n  the  original  description  of  Cichlopsis,  Cabanis  gives  scutcllate 
tarsi  as  u  character.  In  the  specimen  before  nie  of  C.  leucogonys, 
belonging  to  Dr.  Sclater,  one  tarsus  is  entirely  smooth,  except  the 
one  or  two  divisions  at  lower  end  (as  usual  in  Turdidse),  while  the 
other  exhibits  a  faint  indication  of  an  additional  division.  Through 
the  somewhat  transparent  epidermis  may  be  s«en  faint  transverse 
lines  which  may  represent  such  division,  but  do  not  come  to  the 
surface,  and  arc  precisely  such  as  occur  among  other  booted  forms. 
This  tendency  to  occasional  abnormal  scutellation  is  a  partial 
monstrosity,  or  it  may  be  a  condition  of  immaturity,  as  I  have 
observed  in  Myiadestes  townsendii. 

The  genera  of  Myiadestinne  may  be  characterized  as  fcdlows, 
although  I  cannot  make  the  diagnoses  very  trenchant,  and  must 
refer  to  the  more  elaborate  descriptions  and  comparisons  for  com- 
litete  details : — 

Myiadestes.  Occipital  feathers  fall  and  soft.  Plnmage  rather  loose.  Bill 
weak,  much  depressed.  Commissure  nearly  straight.  Hind  toe  longer 
tlian  inner  lateral.  Toes  deeply  cleft.  Closed  wing  externally  with  an 
exposed  light  hand  across  the  hase  of  the  quills,  and  another  nearer  the 
end,  separated  by  a  darker  one.     Tail  somewhat  graduated  on  tlie  sides. 

Cichlopsis.     Occipital  feathers  short  and  close.     Plumage  more  compact. 
Win,,  without  any  external  marking.     Commissure  nearly  straight.    Bill 
27     June,  1806. 


■  '  *  ;. 

w 


,-'^'  n 


,v!m 


418 


REVIKW  OF  AMEUICAN  BIRDS. 


[I'ART  r. 


Btoat,  moderately  duprenfled,  rectilinear  viewed  from  above.  Hind  toe 
and  claw  shorter  than  inner  lateral,  'lail  slightly  graduated  on  Mm. 
Throat  plain. 

Platyolchla.    Plumage  and  wing  as  in  Cichlopnii.    Commissure  considernMy 

arched.     Bill  attenuated  ;  lateral  outlines  decidedly  concave  viewed  from 

'■',        above;  lower  mandible  much  weaker  tlian  in  Cichlofms.     Hind  toe  and 

'  olaw  longer  than  inner  lateral.     Toes  more  deeply  cleft.     Tail  slightly 

f.         rounded.     Throat  streaked. 


^  ^ 


1  r  ^ 


V      t 


li(  •! 


si! 

i 


I 


MYIAnESTES,  Swainson.  -     .  ! 

Mijiadestes,  Swainson,  Jard.  Nat.  Library,  XIII.     Flycatchers,  "1838," 
132.     (Type  iW.  genibarhiB,  ^v .)        ,.  ,       , 


.!'»" 


Plumage  soft,  loose,  and  full,  especially  on  the  flanks  and  over  tliiglis. 
Body  slender,  depressed ;  the  wings  much  pointed,  and  reaching  nearly  to 


Jlijindcstea  unJItarhm,  Baikd.     (Jamaica.) 
(BUI  and  foot  uatural  «ize  ;  wiug  aad  tail  three-fourtlm.) 


middle  of  lengthened  tail ;  abont  equal  to  the  tail.  Bill  weak,  short  and 
broad,  much  depressed  ;  the  gape  very  wide  ;  the  commissure,  which  is  almost 
perfectly  straight,  more  than  half  distance  from  nostril  to  tip  of  "bill;  ridge 
well  marked  ;  keel  less  distinct.  Culmen  straight  to  near  tip,  then  decnrved, 
hooked,  with  distinct  notch  in  both  tips.  Nostrils  oval,  nearly  lateral,  with 
overhanging  membrane ;  the  frontal  feathers  coming  to  posterior  edge,  beud- 
ing  more  and  more  forwards  and  mixed  with  bristles. 

Legs  rather  weak-  Tarsus  much  compressed,  without  scutellse,  which  are 
fused  into  one  plate,  with  perhaps  a  single  division  at  lower  end  anteriorly, 
and  one,  sometimes  two,  on  outer  edge.  Toes  and  claws  slender  and  leugtii- 
ened  ;  hind  claw  about  equal  to  middle.  Outer  lateral  toe  a  little  longer  than 
inner,  and  reaching  a  little  beyond  the  base  of  middle.  Inner  toe  cleft  to  base 
of  basal  joint ;  basal  joint  of  outer  entirely  adherent ;  basal  joint  of  middle 
toe  half  adherent  externally,  one-third  internally. 

Feathers  of  occiput  full  and  somewhat  lengthened,  forming  a  crest.  Wim^' 
pointed,  although  the  outer  quills  are  graduated.  Primary  quills  ten:  tlie 
1st  about  one-third  or  less  the  longest ;  the  2d  equal  to  8th  or  9th  ;  the  Mh 
longest ;  the  1st  falcate  and  attenuated  ;  the  2d  and  3d  attenuated  also.  Tail 
somewhat  graduated,  and  also  considerably  eniarginated  or  forked  ;  this  foik 
not  80  deep,  however,  as  the  graduation. 


vnh'i) 


^'^"^'^r'    MYIADESTE8.       '** 


419 


Myindeates  is  a  genus  embracing  a  number  of  species  quite  similar 
in  diaracter  as  well  as  in  coloration,  and  bolonging  to  the  mountain- 
ous regions  of  America,  including  the  West  Indies.  The  genus 
wiia  founded  on  the  Mu»civapa  armillalus,  of  Martini(iue,  which 
is  prolmbly  very  similar  to  M.  solUarius,  of  Jamaica,  taken  here  as 
the  type.  This,  however,  is  in  some  respects  different  from  other 
species,  especially  in  the  decided  falcation  of  the  first  primary,  and 
the  attenuation  of  the  tips  of  the  outer  two  or  three  quills. 

Tl"5  species  vary  a  little  in  the  width  of  bill,  the  angularity  of 
cuhnen,  the  length  of  rictal  bristles,  the  length  of  outer  ])rimary, 
emargination  of  tail,  etc.  One  of  the  most  aberrant  forms  in  this 
respect  is  M.  elisaheth,  in  which  the  bill  is  narrower,  deeper,  and 
much  more  Thrush-like  in  appearance. 

The  species  are  all  of  dull  colors,  in  which  ash  gray  or  plumbeous 
ploys  a  principal  part.  All  exhibit  a  peculiar  pattern  of  coloration 
of  the  wing.  The  bases  of  all  the  quills,  except  more  or  fewer  of 
the  outer,  are  white  or  yellowish,  best  defined  on  the  secondaries, 
where  the  patch  is  confined  to  the  basal  portion,  extending  more 
along  the  inner  edges  of  the  primaries,  the  aggregate  showing  on 
the  inner  edge  of  the  wing  as  a  well-defined  patch,  just  as  in  the 
Thrushes.  Externally  this  patch  is  usually  visible  just  below  the 
greater  coverts  of  primary  and  secondary  quills,  although  generally 
altered  in  color,  and  is  then  succeeded  by  a  dusky  bar,  and  then 
again  by  another  bar  like  the  first,  which  however  is  confined  to  the 
outer  webs  of  the  quills.  These  two  bars,  sometimes  pale  yellowish, 
sometimes  plumbeous,  separated  by  a  dark  one  can  be  traced  more 
or  less  distinctly  in  all  the  species.  In  all  likewise  the  tail  is 
whitish  or  grayish  on  its  outer  edge  and  on  the  tips  of  the  more 
lateral  feathers.  The  bill  and  legs  are  sometimes  dusky,  sometimes 
yellowish.*     _  _        .  ..-,.,     ,     ,. 

Common  Characters. — Genera!  color  ashy  bine  or  gray  (except  in  Myiadestes 
elisabeth,  which  is  olivaceous  above  and  whitish  beneath)  ;  the  wing  with 
conspicuous  light  patch  across  quills  at  base  inside,  less  evident  externally, 
where  there  is  a  second  light  bar  separated  from  the  first  by  a  dusky  one. 
(J/,  hucotia  is  rufous  above,  blacic  beneath,  with  white  patch  at  base  of 
quills.) 

'  As  these  sheets  are  passing  through  the  press,  the  Smithsonian  Institu- 
tion has  received  a  specimen  of  ^f.  leurotis  of  Tschudi,  from  Peru,  presented 
liy  the  Museum  of  Neuchatel,  which  proves  to  be  quite  aberrant  in  shorter, 
more  rounded  wings,  longer  bill,  stouter  legs,  and  diflferent  pattern  of  colora- 
tion of  the  wing.  It  may  reasonably  constitute  the  type  of  a  different  genus 
or  subgenus,  but  I  do  not  at  present  propose  to  name  it  as  such.  The  general 
characters  will  be  found  in  the  diagnostic  table,  and  a  full  description 
farther  on. 


-vll 

l.';»-  is.' 


420 


REVIEW  OF  AMEUIOAiV  BIRDS. 


[I'ABT  L 


I      t  ■ 


A.  Pattern   of    ooluratiou    b«ii«ath    d«)Oidtt<ll/    and    al)ruptljr 

Tiiried. 

Body  slaty  blue  ;  chin  and  throat,  with  crixHuin,  orange 
brown,  abruptly  defined.  A  patuh  of  white  on  under 
eyelid.     Bill  blank. 

Bxiremo  point  of  ohin  and  Bides  of  base  of  lowef 
Jaw  tjaoh  witli  an  almoht  inappreciable  and 
not  oontiuuouH  white  upot.  Ears  biitckitih, 
not  varied.     Thighs  slate  color ;  legs  yellow. 

Lengtl),  7.50 

Whole  chin,  continuous  with  a  !arge  patch  on 
side  of  lower  Jaw  (without  dUHky  border  be- 
low ?),  white.  Ears  not  varied  f  Lower  part 
of  thighs  yellow  ;  legs  brown  f  Len((th,  6.25 
A  white  stripe  along  lower  part  of  chetiks,  bor- 
dered beneath  by  a  blackish  line.  Ears 
streaked  black  and  white.  No  white  on 
chin  ?  nor  yellow  on  thii,  as  ?  Legs  pale. 
Length,  7.00 

B.  Whole  tinder  parts  nearly  uniform  (plumbeous  or  ashy), 

varied  only  slightly  in  shade  (black  in  Uucntis), 
Prevailing  color  ash  gray  ;  ohii,  npper  throat,  and  cric- 
■um  paler.     A  white  ring  round  tlie  eye  ;  lores,  and 
a  line  each  side  the  chin  dusky.     Bill  black  ;  legs 
dusky. 

Upper  parts  uniform  ash  gray,  the  two  light  wing 
patches  very  distinct,  and  fulvous  yellow. 
Maxillary  stripe  indistinct    .... 

Outer  surface  of  wings  rufous  brown,  back  less 
conspicuously  so.      Wing  bands  indistinct. 
Maxillary  stripe  well  marked        .         .         . 
Above  rufous  ;  under  parts  dark  plumbeous. 

Forehead  ttshy  ;  top  of  head  lesE^  rufous.     Wing 
bands  quite  distinct.    Upper  mandible  black ; 
lower,  with  legs,  yellow         .... 

Nearly  uniform  slaty  blue  all  over. 

Forehead  ashy ;  chin  palor  than  rest  of  under 

parts.     Bill  black  ;  legs  dusky 
Forehead,  face,  and  chin  ><lack.    Bill  orange  red ; 
legs  yellow    ....... 

Above  grayish-olive  ;  dull  white  beneath. 

A  dusky  line  each  side  chin.    Bill  narrow,  thick- 
ened, black,  with  the  bcise  below,  as  also  the 
legs,  yellowish      ...... 

Above  mfouB  ;  under  parts  black. 

Cheeks,  axillars,  inside  of  wing,  and  patch  at  bass 
of  quills  (not  visible  externally)  white ;  ex- 
ternal wing  band  obsolete.  Bill  black  above, 
yellow  beneath  ;  legs  dusky 


$oUtariu$. 


armillatui. 


genibarbii. 


towntendii. 


obtcurua. 


venezuelentis. 


unicolor, 

» 

melanops. 


elisabeth. 


Uueotis. 


MY1ADESTE9. 


421 


The  species  of  South  AnuTlcan  Myiadenles,  mentioned  in  the 
fuotritutc,  I  Lavo  uut  been  ublu  tu  exaiuiuu.* 

Myiadestes  solltarliis.  ' 

AtyiadesttM  solilnriut,  Kaird,  n.  s. 

Muscicapa  armilltita,  Qohhk,  Birds  Jam.  1847,  198  (not  of  Vibillot).— 
Ptilogonys  armillatiitt,  Gray  &  Mitchem.,  Gen.  Birds,  I,  pi.  69.— 
ScLATEM,  F.  Z.  8.  18t)l,  TS.—AIifi(ttlestes  arm.  Sclateh,  P.  Z.  8. 1857, 
6.— lu.  Catal.  IBtil,  47 — March,  Pr.  A.  N.  So.  Fbila.  18G3,  294. 

Hab,  jAinaioa. 


m 


Myiaieates  $olitariu»,  Baird.    (Jamaica.) 


'  Myiadestea  griseiventer. 

Ptilogonyg  grineiventer,  TscH.  Arch.  Nat.  1844. — Ib.  Fauna  Peruana, 
184(5-7, 140.— Alyiadestes  griseiventer,  Cab.  Arch.  Nat.  1847, 1,  209. 

Rufous  olive  ;  forehead  cinereous  ;  cap  olivaceous,  with  some  rufous  spots. 
Upper  wing  coverts  black,  the  outer  web  and  tip  edged  with  rufoua  ;  primaries 
browu,  edged  externally  with  olive ;  secondaries  with  inner  webs  white  at 
base.  Beneath  gray ;  crissuni  rufous.  Middle  tail  feathers  like  the  back,  the 
two  outer  with  hinder  part  of  inner  web  white,  the  others  black,  tipped  with 
wliite. 

Bill  blackish-brown ;  lower  jaw  paler  in  middle.  Legs  yellowish-brown. 
Irids  blackish-brown. 

Length,  6.80;  tarsus,  .83;  tail,  3.33;  wings,  3.62. 

Myiadestes  ardesiacetiB. 

Myiadestex  ardesiaceus,  Less.  Desc.  Marom.  et  d'Ois.  (Q5uvres  Comp. 

de  Buffon,  ed.  Didier,  1847,  VII),  1847,  'iiVJ.     Brazil. 

Bill  black ;  tarsi  brown.    Body  above  brownish-slate  ;  cheeks,  fore  part  and 

sides  of  neck,  sides  of  breast  and  flanks  dusky  brown  ;  the  middle  of  body, 

from  thorax  to' lower«tail  coverts,  white,  tinged  with  very  pale  yellow  ;  tliigba 

brown.     Length,  16  centimetres. 

This  bird  has  not  been  identified  as  a  Afyindeities  by  authors,  and  may  belong 
to  another  genus,  especially  as  Lesson  places  in  the  same  genus  with  it  the 
Setophuya  urnata  of  Boiss. 


i  :'';■"'■ 


422 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


;i  i-. 


■1;.»; 


'  vky\  • 


"■•; ; 


•    ai  '  '      .•■  '    .  .''V 


T-«N 

r!K 

K^'-^''^^^! 

t|| 

HH 

il'li 

H^^B 

fjti 

r^^l 

:i. 

(No.  30,285,  %  .)  Wing  pointed,  but  decidedly  shorter  than  the  tail ;  the 
Ist  quill  falcate,  acute,  one-third  the  longest ;  the  2d  rather  shorter  than  7th, 
sinuated  and  somewhat  attenuated  at  end  ;  5th  quill  longest.  Bill  much  de- 
pressed ;  rictal  bristles  lengthened.  Tail  considerably  graduated,  but  slightly 
emarginated. 

Above  clear  slaty  blue ;  -ather  paler  beneath,  and  lighter  towards  the  belly. 
Chin  and  throat,  anal  regie  m,  and  crissum  dark  cinnamon  red.  Lower  eyelid, 
extreme  angle  of  chin,  and  small  patch  on  side  of  lower  jaw  white  ;  loral  region, 
and  cheeks  below  eye  black.  Edge  of  wing,  and  patch  at  base  of  quills  whitish, 
as  seen  on  inner  face  of  wing  ;  externally  this  patch  is  ashy,  followed  by  the 
usual  blackish  bar,  and  the  ashy  one  beyond  that.  Lateral  tail  feather  whitish, 
except  base  and  outer  web  at  end  ;  the  next  feather  with  a  long  patch  at  end 
of  inner  web,  and  the  tip  white  ;  remaining  feathers  blackibh,  the  central 
like  back.     Bill  black;  legs  yellow.     "Irids  hazel  or  dull  orange"  {Gosst), 

(No.  30,285,  %  .)  Total  length,  7.70;  wing,  3.55  ;  tail,  4.20;  graduation,  .60; 
emargination,  .15  ;  difference  between  10th  and  longest  quills,  .80  ;  exposed 
portion  of  1st  primary,  .94,  of  2d,  2.30,  of  longest  (5th)  (measured  from  ex- 
posed base  of  Ist  primary),  2.80 ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .5G,  from 
nostril,  .30,  along  gape,  .69  ;  tarsus,  .85  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .81,  olaw  alone, 
.24;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .55,  olaw  alone,  .25. 

In  Xo.  38,044  the  first  quill  is  much  longer  (nearly  one-half  the 
third),  and  much  attenuated  at  end  ;  the  second  quill  also  unusually 
attenuated.    (See  figure.) 

This  species  has,  by  laier  authors,  been  identified  as  the  Musci- 
capa' arviillala  of  Vieillot,  although  erroneously.  Vieillot's  species 
is  given  in  Ois.  Am.  Sept.  as  inhabiting  "  the  Antilles,"  but  in 
Enc;'elop.  Methodique  ho  assigns  it  to  Martinique.  The  white  of 
chin  and  side  of  jaws,  the  rufous  belfy,  the  yellow  of  legs  and  the 
brown  feet,  with  a  length  of  6-i\  inches,  as  given  by  Vieillot,  are 
not  to  be  found  in  the  Jamaican  bird.  As  far  as  I  can  determine 
it  has  never  been  named,  and  I  apply  to  it  the  name  of  iolilarins, 
from  the  account  by  Gosse  of  its  habits. 


Smith- 

CoUec- 

Sex 

suuiuu 

loi's 

11  ud 

No. 

No. 

Aiie. 

2M.327 

23.3-2S 

V 

3S,0U 

as 

rf 

3').2S5 

i 

HO,  280 

•• 

Locality. 


Trelawney,  Jam. 

Spanlslitown,  Jam. 
Port  Royal  M»»,  " 


When 
CoUeoted. 


Jan.  19,  '59. 
Mar.  18,  '63. 


Received  from 


Dr.  Sclater. 

W.T.  March. 
>t 


Collected  by 


W.  Osburu. 
Mr.  Colchester. 


Myladestea  armlUatns. 

Musctcapu  nrmillata,  ViEir,i,OT,  Ois.  Am.  Sept.  I,  1807,  69,  pi.  42  ("An- 
tilles").—In.   Nouv.   Diet.   XXI,  448.— In.   Encyo.   Meth.  II,  824 
("Martinique"). — iMijiadtste.s  armillata,  Bos.  Cunsp.  1850,3:55. 
Ilab.  "Martinique."       ^ 


MYIADESTES. 


423 


"  Bill  blaokish  ;  a  white  spot  on  the  sides  of  the  throat,  Siid  at  its  origin 
(the  cliiu)  immediately  below  the  lower  mandible  (the  two  ooiitiiiuous)  ;  the 
eye  surrounded  by  the  same  color.  Head,  back,  rump,  two  intermediate  tail 
feathers,  and  the  breast  of  a  grayish-slate,  paler  below.  Wing-  and  tail-feathers 
blackish,  bordered  externally  by  gray,  the  three  lateral  on  each  side  of  the 
tail  more  or  les.x  white.  Belly  and  hinder  parts  brownish-rufous  ;  a  beautiful 
yellow  in  form  of  a  bracelet  on  thu  feathers  of  lower  part  of  leg ;  feet  brown. 
Length,  (i  inches  3  lines."    Viciltot,  Ois.  Am.  Sept.  I,  69. 

"  Young,  before  the  first  moult,  grayish-ash  above ;  head  brown  with  yel- 
lovrish  spots  ;  feathers  of  throat  and  hinder  parts  blackish  at  their  extremity, 
and  yellowish  elsewhere."    Vieillot,  Encyclop.  Meih.  II,  824. 

According  to  Vieillot  this  species  is  found  in  Martinique,  whore 
it  dwells  in  the  elevated  regions,  and  on  account  of  its  remarkable 
note  is  iinown  as  the  "  Musicien^^  or  "  Siffleur  de  la  Montagiie." 

The  differences  between  Vieillot's  description  and  the  Jamaican 
bird  usually  called  armillatus,  have  already  been  referred  to.  Vieil- 
lot's figure  represents  the  tail  as  more  rounded ;  the  legs  longer  and 
distinctly  scutellate,  which,  however,  may  be  an  error  of  the  plate. 


-.  V 


Nyiadestes  genibarbis.  '  ' 

Myiadestes  geniharbis,  Sw.  Jard.  Nat.  Llbr.  XIII.    Flycatchers,  1838, 
134,  pi.  xiii. 

Ilab.  Some  one  of  the  Windward  Islands  of  the  Lesser  Antilles? 

General  appearance  that  of  M.  solitarius,  of  Jamaica.  Whole  upper  parts 
lead  blue  ;  wings  and  tail  marked  as  in  the  other  species  of  its  section.  The 
throat  and  upper  part  of  jugulum,  the  crissum,  anal  region,  belly,  and 
flanks  are  brownish- red  or  rufous.  The  breast  is  plumbeous,  paler  than  the 
back.  A  narrow,  dusky  or  blackish  line  from  the  lower  edge  of  the  mandible 
borders  the  rufous  of  throat,  and  cuts  off  a  mandibular  stripe,  which  i£  reddish- 
white  as  far  as  the  eye,  but  then  becomes  mixed  with  blackish,  and  passes 
again  as  far  as  the  end  of  cheeks  into  rufous  like  th»  throat.  The  extreme 
chiu  is  also  reddish-white,  though  somewhat  separated  from  that  of  side  of 
lower  jaw  by  the  dusky  line  mentioned.  The  ear  coverts  are  blackish,  each 
with  a  central  streak  of  whitish,  sometimes  tinged  with  reddish.  A  whitish 
patch  on  under  eyelid.  The  axillars  are  pale  rusty,  the  tibia  plumbeouf . 
Legs  yellow.     Bill  black. 

Total  length,  7.00;  wing,  3.40;  tail,  3.'(0;  exposed  portion  of  let  primary, 
.81,  of  2d,  2.12,  of  longest  (^th)  (measured  from  exposed  base  of  Ist  primary), 
2.G0;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .55,  from  nostril,  .25,  along  gape,  .75; 
tarsus,  .86. 

This  species,  though  in  general,  similar  to  M.  solitariuH,  is  still 
very  appreciably  different.  Its  most  striking  peculiarity  is  in  the 
dusky  line  each  side  the  throat,  cutting  off  above  it  a  stripe,  first 
reddish-white,  then  nii.xed  with  dusky,  and  then  rufous  like  the 
ibroat,  this  color  reaching  to  posterior  end  of  ear  coverts.     The  ear 


*  *  r  *  %  ' 


424 


REVIEW  OP  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


h.'': 


-  *.  J 


'                             <. 

■i    ■ 

i-     .     ■     ■     f  ,   '    -                      1 

^•■■::  /*•:.- '-^ 

;i  .*  ;■;    ■■. -:  : ',      ., 

■t 

i  •  '  -^  '  ■■ 

A 

■  ■4. 

'"■■ 

ftv' 


coverts  instead  of  being  nearly  unicolor,  are  conspicuously  streaked 
with  whitish.  The  rufous  of  throat  extends  farther  down,  that  of 
belly  and  flanks  farther  forwards,  reducing  the  plumbeous  of  under 
parts  very  materially,  and  confining  it  mainly  to  the  breast.  The 
chin  is  whitish  for  a  considerably  greater  extent.  The  axillars  are 
pale  rufous,  instead  of  ashy.  The  size  is  less  ;  the  form  much  the 
same. 

The  present  species  approaches  most  closely  to  the  description  of 
M.  genibarbi8\  by  Swainson,  but  differs  apparently  iu  some  appre- 
ciable characters.  The  black  streak  on  each  side  the  throat,  in 
genibarbis,  cuts  ofiF  a  stripe  wiiich  is  continuously  white  to  the  end 
of  ear  coverts,  instead  of  becoming  mixed  with  dusky  on  the  middle 
third  av-d  changing  then  to  rufous.  The  rufous  of  genibarbis  does 
not  extend  as  far  forward,  showing  much  less  on  the  belly  and  flanks. 
In  the  uncertainty,  however,  as  to  whether  Swainson  described  his 
specimen  accurately  or  not,  I  will,  for  the  present,  make  use  of  bis 
name. 

The  3L  armillatus,  of  Vieillot,  appears  to  difl'er  in  much  greater 
extent  of  whitish  on  chin  and  side  of  lower  jaw,  in  absence  of  the 
dusky  mandibular  stripe  and  white  streakd  on  the  ears,  and  in  the 
yellow  band  on  the  tibia.  It  is  possible,  however,  that  the  two  may 
be  identical ;  but  the  difi'erences  of  M.  solilarius,  as  a  separate 
species,  is  beyond  a  doubt. 

'  Myiadestes  genibarbis,  Sw.  Jard.  Nat.  Librarj,  XIII.   Flycatchers,  1838, 
134,  pi.  xiii. 


Hab. 


f 


-}].:: 


"  Above  clear  cinereous ;  all  under  parts  not  red  are  of  same  color,  lir.t 
mnch  paler;  a  whitish  maxillary  strijje,  bordered  by  a  black  line  (below), 
and  the  ears  are  black,  striped  with  white  lines.  External  edges  of  the  wing 
feathers  gray,  except  terminal  half  of  primaries  and  a  black  baud  at  basal 
half  of  secondaries  ;  lateral  tail  feathers  black,  having  ends  of  inner  webs 
more  or  less  white,  the  outermost  almost  entirely  white,  with  outer  edges  of 
that  and  the  next  gray  ;  the  middle  pair  wholly  cinereous.  Under  plumage 
from  chin  to  throat  bright  rufous  ;  which  color  descends  a  little  on  the  breast, 
and  is  borderod  on  each  side  the  chin  by  the  black  maxillary  stripe  resembling 
a  whisker,  already  mentioned  ;  breast  and  sides  cinereous,  nearly  of  as  dark 
a  tint  as  the  back ;  as  this  color  descends,  however,  it  becomes  paler  and 
blends  into  the  rufous  of  the  belly,  vent,  and  under  tail  coverts ;  bill  deep 
black  ;  legs  very  pale.  Total  length  about  7.00;  bill  along  gape,  .70,  frout, 
.40;  wings,  3.40,  tail  beyond,  2.00,  from  base,  3.00 ;  tarsus,  .80." 

The  locality  of  the  specimen  described  is  a  matter  of  uncertainty— Swain- 
son supposing,  from  its  apparent  affinities,  that  might  have  come  from  Africa. 
It  is  evidently,  however,  West  Indian. 


^.i?n-vw:-:,i> 


MYIADESTES. 


435 


Of  this  species  there  are  three  specimens  in  the  museum  of  tlie 
riiiladelphia  Academy  ;  the  best  and  that  described  labelled  "  Trini- 
dad," another  much  duller  in  coloration  marked  "Bresil,"  and  the 
third  without  any  locality.  Both  indications  are  doubtless  incorrect, 
the  species  belonging  more  probably  to  some  one  of  the  larger,  more 
mountainous  of  the  Windward  islands  of  the  Lesser  Antilles."* 


it 


xA 


Nyiadestes  elisabeth. 

Muscicapa  elisabeth,  Lbmbete,  Avea  de  la  Cuba,  1850,  39,  pi.  v,  fig.  3 
ij'r  ("  Riusenor,"  Cuba). — Myiadtstes  elisabeth,  Cab.  Jour.  IV,  1850,  2 

[•;  : ,    .  .       (rocky  mountains  of  western  Cuba). — Gcmdlach,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lyo. 
VI,  1858.— Ib.  Cab.  Jour.  1861,  328. 

Eab.  Cuba. 

(No.  25,911.)    Tail  rather  longer  than  wing,  slightly  emarginated ;  quite 
graduated.     Wing  moderately  pointed  ;  let  quill  broad  to  tip,  very  slightly 


Myiaiiestea  eltaabeth,  Lrmbetb.    (Cuba.) 


falcate,  not  pointed  ;  nearly  half  the  2d  quill,  which  is  also  broad,  and  shorter 
than  7th,  about  equal  to  8th  ;  the  4th  longest ;  then  5th,  6th,  3d.  Bill  narrow 
and  deep  for  the  genus,  differing  from  the  rest  of  species ;  rictal  bristles 
lengthened. 

Above  uniform  brownish-oHve,  more  ashy  on  rnmp;  beneath  dull  white; 
the  sides  of  neck  ashy  ;  the  breast,  sides,  axillars,  and  perhaps  orissum  tinged 
with  the  same.  Eyelids  fulvous  yellow ;  cheeks  below  eye  dusky,  and  a 
narrow  dark  line  each  side  the  chin  ;  ear  coverts  more  fulvous.  The  inner 
wing  coverts  and  tips  of  longer  axillars  fulvous.     The  usual  light  patch  at 

'  Since  writing  the  preceding  article  I  have  had  the  opportunity  of  ex- 
amining three  specimens  of  the  species  in  the  Lafresnaye  Collection  (4,433, 
4,434,  4,435),  recently  purchased  by  Dr.  Bryant,  and  presented  to  the  Boston 
Society  of  Natural  History.  These  have  a  general  reaemblRnoe  to  the  bird 
just  described,  excepting  that  in  one  there  is  a  trace  of  rufous  in  the  tibial 
feathers.  They  are  labelled  "  Martinique  or  South  America,"  and  are  evi- 
dently not  authenticated  as  to  locality.  A  young  bird  among  them  (No.  4,3;).')) 
has  the  entire  under  parts  brownish-red,  with  blackish  edges  to  the  feathers, 
the  upper  parts  similarly  spotted. 


.n 


-J' 


426 


REVIEW  OP  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


base  of  quills,  visible  internally  as  a  yellowish-white  bar  across  the  wing, 
externally  as  a  fulvous  browu  bar  followed  by  a  blackish  one,  and  again  a 
fulvous.  lu  other  words,  the  olive  of  upper  parts  is  varied  on  the  wings  by 
having  the  outer  webs  of  quills,  except  outer  primaries,  fulvous  olive,  crossed 
near  the  base  by  a  broad  blackish  bar.  Central  tail  feathers  like  back  ;  others 
blackish  ;  outermost  ashy  for  most  of  length,  and  like  next,  tipped  with  white. 
Bill  black  ;  the  base  below  white.     Lfgs  flesh  color? 

(No.  25,911,  %  .)  Total  length,  7.50  ;  wing,  3.55  ;  tail,  3.80 ;  graduation  of 
tail,  .25  ;  diflFerence  of  10th  and  longest  quill,  .66 ;  exposed  portion  of  Ist 
primary,  1.00,  of  2d,  2.15,  of  longest  (5th)  (measured  from  exposed  base  of  1st 
primary),  2.60;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .56,  from  nostril,  .31,  along  gap*", 
.70  ;  tarsus,  .82  ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .78,  claw  alone,  .26 ;  hind  toe  and  claw, 
.62,  claw  alone,  .26. 


Smlth- 

Collec- 

Sex 

Botiian 

tor's 

and 

No. 

No. 

Age. 

2o,9U 

fT 

21,  «4.) 

V 

21,670 

ff 

2i,(i4G 

rf 

23  343 

Zi.r>r2 

341 

d 

Localitjr. 


When 
Collected. 


Received  from 


Cuba. 

Souna  del  Gate, 

"     [Cuba. 
It 

Monte  liibaDOgCuba. 
Cuba. 


Dec.  11. 
Sept.  24. 


Ur.  J   (iiindluch. 
Chas.  Wrigbt. 


Cab.  Lawrence. 


Collected  by 


IHyiadestes  melanops. 

Myiadestes  melanops,  Salvin,  P.  Z.  S.  1864,  580,  pi.  zxxv  (Tucurrique, 
Costa  Rica). 

Hab.  Costa  Rloa. 

(No.  30,501.)  Wing  moderately  pointed;  1st  quill  about  one-third  the 
longest ;  2d  scarcely  longer  than  8th  ;  4th  and  5th  longest. 

Above  bluish-slate  color;  rather  lighter  below  ;  middle  of  belly  somewhat 
paler,  t'orehead,  cheeks  anterior  to  eyes,  and  chin  black  ;  axillnrs  whitish 
at  ends,  the  bases  of  the  quills  showing  the  usual  patch  on  the  inner  face  of 
wing,  which  in  this  species  is  white  ;  externally  it  is  ashy,  scarcely  appre- 
ciable, and  followed  by  the  usual  dusky  bar.  Quill-  and  tail-feathers  black- 
ish, the  central  of  the  latter  scarcely  more  ashy,  as  is  the  case  in  the  terminal 
portion  of  the  outer  two  feathers  and  the  outer  edges  of  the  outermost ;  both 
obscurely  tipped  with  whitish.  Bill  reddish-yellow ;  legs  and  feet  clear 
yellow. 

(No.  30,501.)  Total  length,  7.25;  wing,  3.60;  tail,  3.45,  graduation,  40, 
emargination  slight ;  difference  of  10th  and  longest  quills,  .70 ;  exposed 
portion  of  Ist  primary,  .90,  of  2d,  2.30,  of  longest  (4th)  (measured  from  ex- 
posed base  of  1st  primary),  2.75  ;  length  of  bill  frotn  forehead,  .60,  from 
nostril,  .30,  along  gape,  .70  ;  tarsus,  .81 ;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .79,  claw  alone, 
.24  ;  bind  toe  and  claw,  .58,  claw  alone,  .28. 

In  some  specimens  the  pure  clear  bluish-plumbeous  of  bnrk  is 
faintly  glossed  behind  with  olive  brown.     Young  birds  have  the  bill 


MYIADESTE8. 


42T 


black,  except  at  the  base  bolow,  or  else  black  at  tip  ;  all  the  feathers 
with  a  ceutral  spot  of  ochraceous-yellowish,  bordered  by  blackish, 
traces  of  these  spots  occasionally  visible  iu  adults. 


Smith- 

Collec- 

Sex 

When 
Collected 

kouiau 
No. 

tor's 
No. 

II  ud 
Age. 

Locality. 

Received  from 

Reinarka, 

3i1,onl 

31 

Costu  Rica. 

Dr.  A.  V.  FrautziUH. 

33,at3 

32 

,  , 

(» 

... 

" 

30,.'iO.S 

3.S 

0 

• . . 

11 

30..'j02 

34 

,  , 

tt 

. . . 

11 

"'•1 

33,2fl4 

U9 

,  , 

14 

It 

-T"-. 

35.:143 

,  , 

rf 

Dota,  C.  R. 

.Inly  ir  '(H 

J.  Cirmiol. 

IrlH  yellow. 

35,244 

•• 

V 

Kaucbo  KedoDtlo. 

Nov.  1.5,  'B4 

::!'■ 

"'"^'^H 

1     '  .'"   , 

: 

1 

':■         -.■'^t. 

■  "   '*'  .  .■"'"-     r    .-'   •  r: 

-'   r  :--l:  i:^ 

1      -'   ','    1*' 

•..     •- 


Myladestes  venezuelensis.  ': 

"''■  Myiadestes  venezuelensis,  Sclatfr,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  2d  ser.  XVII, 
1.-^  4G8.— Ib.   p.  Z.  S.  1857,  6  ;  1860,  G4  (Ecuador).— Ib.  Catal.  1861, 

48,  no.  290  (Bogota). 

Hah.  Venezuela,  Bogota,  and  Ecuador. 

(No.  32,r)13.J  First  quill  about  two-fifths  the  longest ;  nearly  half  the  2d, 
which  is  rather  shorter  than  7th  ;  4th  and  5th  longest. 

Above  dark  rusty  brown,  brightest  towards  rump.  Forehead  (shading  off 
into  the  olivaceous  rufous  of  cap),  cheeks,  and  under  parts,  including  lining 
of  wings  and  axillars,  dark  slate  color,  becoming  paler  behind ;  the  tibiae, 
flanks  and  end  of  crissum  somewhat  tinged  with  olivaceous  rufons  (some- 
times scarcely  appreciable).  Lores  dusky.  As  in  most  species,  a  band  of 
liglit  fulvous  at  bases  of  quills,  distinctly  seen  on  the  ii  side  of  wing ;  scarcely 
appreciable  externally,  and  followed  by  a  dusky  bar.  Middle  tail  feathers 
somewhat  like  back,  but  with  a  purplish  tinge  ;  other  feathers  purplish-black, 
the  outermost  gray  for  most  of  outer  web,  the  next  to  a  less  extent,  both  with 
a  patch  of  white  at  end  of  inner  web.  Bill  dusky  above,  yellow  beneath ; 
feet  yellow. 

(No.  32,513.)  Total  length,  7.20  ;  wing,  3.30 ;  tail,  3.25  ;  difference  of  10th 
and  longest  quills,  .70;  exposed  portion  of  1st  primary,  .95,  of  2d,  2.16,  of 
longest  (4lh)  (measured  from  exposed  base  of  1st  primary),  2.60;  length  of 
bill  from  forehead,  .55,  from  nostril,  .26,  along  gape,  .69;  tarsus,  .80;  middlof 
toe  and  claw,  .75,  claw  alone,  .21  ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .56,  claw  alone,  .23. 

This  species  agrees  suflSciently  well  in  form  with  the  Mexican, 
but  has  shorter  and  more  rounded  wings ;  a  proportionally  longer 
first  primary,  and  perhaps  a  more  even  tail.  The  yellow  mandible, 
darker  rufous  of  back  extending  to  head,  dark  slate  of  throat,  and 
absence  of  white  or  dark  lines  about  the  head  readily  distinguish  it 
from  M.  obscurus,  most  nearly  allied  in  color. 


mn  :k 


m 


.1.-:. ;,  -  is 


■*/*f;    '* 


-i:- 


.*   i  V 


•■»■  '.l.,i 


4-      > 


429 


REVIEW  OP  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


Smlth- 

•oulau 

No. 

Collec- 
tor's 
No. 

Sox 
aud 
Age. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  \<y 

32,/)13 
32,ol4 
24,914 

•• 

Puerto  Cabello,  Veu. 
Bogota. 

... 

J.  Krider. 

11 

L.  de  Geofroy. 

Myiadestes  iinicolor. 

Myicuiestes  unicolor,  Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1856,  299  (Cordova) ;  1857,  5, 

213  (Orizaba)  ;  1858,  97 Ib.  Catal.  1861,  47,  no.  289.— Sclateb 

&  Salvin,  Ibis,  1860,  397  (Cobau). 

Hab,  Central  Mexico  and  Guatemala.  .    ^ 

(No.  22,377,  9 ,  type.)  Second  quill  rather  shorter  than  7th  ;  4th  and  5th 
longest,  and  about  equal ;  1st  about  one-third  the  longest. 

General  color  dark  slate  color,  paler  below  (darkest  on  jugulum  and  breast) ; 
chin  and  anal  region  lighter.  Eyelids  white ;  lores  and  cheeks  dusky.  Tail 
feathers  black,  except  central,  which  are  like  the  back,  the  outermost  which 
is  ashy  except  at  base,  and  the  second  feather  which  has  the  end  and  a  portion 
of  inner  web  ashy,  the  extreme  tips  of  the  two  last  mentioned  feathers  whitish. 
Quills  with  a  band  of  dull  fulvous  across  their  bases,  shown  very  obscurely 
externally  as  a  transverse  wing-bar,  followed  by  a  blackish  one.  Bill  black; 
legs  hazel. 

(No.  22,377,  9.)  Total  length,  7.60;  wing,  3.80;  tail,  3.70;  difference  be- 
tween outer  and  fourth  tail  feathers,  .50  ;  difference  between  10th  and  ongest 
quills,  .85  ;  exposed  portion  of  1st  primary,  1.00,  of  2d,  2.50,  of  longest  ^th) 
(measured  from  exposed  base  of  1st  primary),  3.00 ;  length  of  bill  fror.  ,  .0- 
head,  .60,  from  nostril,  .30,  along  gape,  .76  ;  tarsus,  .85  ;  middle  toe  aud  claw, 
.80,  claw  alone,  .22 ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .60,  claw  alone,  .26. 

This  species  in  form  resembles  M.  obscurvs,  although  in  colora- 
tion is  more  like  townsendii,  from  which  the  prevailing  dark  slate 
(not  grayish-ash),  and  the  absence  of  the  distinct  cinnamon  bars 
across  the  quills  readily  distinguish  it.  The  pattern  of  coloration 
of  qu'Ms  is  as  in  townaendii,  but  the  want  of  contrast  in  the  tints 
renders  this  almost  inappreciable  in  the  prevailing  dark  slaty  plinube- 
ouB  of  upper  parts.  The  uxillars  and  inner  lining  of  wings  are  slate, 
like  the  breast ;  but  the  pale  fulvous  band  at  base  of  quills  is  very 
well  marked  in  the  inside  of  wing. 


Smlth- 
sonlaa 

No. 

Cotlee-'  Sex 

tor's     aud 
No.      Age. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Remarks. 

22.377 
30,720 

•• 

9 

.  ■ 

Cordova,  Mex. 
Choctum,  Vera  Paz. 

Jan.  1880. 

VerrPHiix.               Type.          [iviK" 
0  Sulvin.              Compared    wUli 

MYIAD£STE8. 


ivia 


429 


Dfyiadestes  toi^vnsendii. 

Ptiliogonys  townsendii,  Add.  Orn.  Biog.  V,  1839,  206,  pi.  419,  fig.  2.  (For 
other  references  see  Birds  N.  Am,  321). — Newbekhy,  P.  R.  Rep.  VI, 
Whipple's  Rep.  Zool.  82.— r?«/iciVora  towns.  DbKay,  N.  Y.  Zool.  II, 
1844, 110.— Atyutdesles  towns.  Cabanis,  Wieg.  Arch.  1847, 1,  208.— 
ScLATER,  P.  Z.  S.  1857,  5;  1S58,  97.— Baibd,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858, 
321.— Cooper  &  Buckley,  P.  R.  Rep.  XII,  II,  187.— Kesnerly,  P.  R. 
Rep.  X,  Whipple's  Rep.  25.*-Lobd,  Pr.  R.  Art.  Inst.  Woolwich,  IV, 
116  (Br.  Col.). 

Hub.  Mountainous  regions  of  middle  and  western  United  States.  (Not 
fouud  at  Cape  St.  Lucas  nor  in  Mexico.) 

(No.  16,168.)  Second  quill  shorter  than  6th;  3d  rather  longer  than  5th; 
4th  longest.  Wings  much  pointed,  a»  long  as  the  tail,  which  is  forked,  and 
the  lateral  feathers  graduated. 

Prevailing  color  dark  ash  gray,  soarcelj  lighter  on  breast,  paler  on  abdomen, 
mixed'with  paler  dull  whitish-gray  on  chin,  throat,  belly  and  crissum ;  the  ends 

,-?'■;'■■ 


■J 'Hi  J 


Mtfiadestim  towntendii,  Cab.  '■■   '•■-^    "'■> 

of  axillarg,  inner  wing  covert*,  edge  of  bend  of  wing,  outer  web  of  lateral  and  tipa 
of  outer  tail  feathers,  dull  white.  A  white  ring  round  the  eye  ;  the  loral  region 
and  cheeks  below  eye  blackish.  Quill-  and  tail-feathers  dark  brown  ;  the 
central  tail  feathers  more  like  back,  the  lateral  edged  and  tipped  as  described. 
All  the  quills  with  abroad,  well-defined  patch  of  light  cinnamon  at  their  bases  ; 
which  In  the  outer  five  are  not  visible  across  the  outer  webs,  but  show  dis- 
tinctly externally  on  the  rest.  A  second  less  distinct  but  broader  band  of 
similar  color  (brightest  on  the  primaries)  crosses  the  outer  webs  of  the  same 
quills  nearer  the  end,  the  two  bands  separated  by  a  blackish  one.  Outer 
edges  of  inner  secondaries  grayish-white.     Bill  black  ;  feet  dusky. 

No  appreciable  difference  in  the  sexes  ;  the  young  bird  thickly  spotted  with 
pale  ochrey. 


#'^;| 


;,* 


i' 


■/'■■  "*• 


y  ' '  ■    , 


ISO 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


(No.  16,1(58.)  Fresh  specimen  :  Total  length,  8.10 ;  expanse  of  wing,  13.20 ; 
wing  from  carpal  joint,  4.50.  Prepared  specimen  :  Total  length,  8.00  ;  wing, 
4.40  ;  tail,  4.40,  depth  of  fork,  .42  ;  ditference  between  10th  and  longest  pri- 
inarj,  1.22 ;  exposed  portion  of  let  primary,  1.00,  of  2d,  3.00,  of  longest,  4tli 
(measured  from  exposed  base  of  1st  primary),  3.45  ;  length  of  bill  from  fore- 
head, .GO,  from  nostril,  .30,  along  gape,  .71 ;  tarsus,  .80  ;  middlo  toe  and  claw, 
.80,  claw  alone,  .24 ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .50,  claw  alone,  .26. 

On  tho  chin  and  crisaura  the  tips  of  feathers  arc  much  lighter 
than  tho  ashy  bases,  producing  a  mixture  of  the  two  colors,  although 
this  is  scarcely  appreciable  in  some  specimens.  There  is  a  very 
faint  indication  occasionally  of  a  dusky  line  on  each  side  of  the  chin, 
as  in  M.  obscurus. 

Young  birds  have  a  large  triangular  pale  ochraceous  light  spot  on 
the  end  of  each  feather  (rather  paler  below),  bounded  externally  by  a 
narrow  border  of  blackish ;  the  quill-  and  tail-feathers  as  in  the  adult. 

The  more  important  localities  of  specimens  before  me  are  as 
follows : — 


Smtth- 

Collec- 

eonlaa 

tor'* 

No. 

No. 

2,922 

.. 

8,28A 

,  . 

16,164 

*  ■ 

21,942 

623 

21,943 

612 

19,22.> 

162 

ll,0.-.8 

.  , 

18,325 

,  , 

38  427 

,  , 

8,286 

•• 

Sex 
and 

Age. 


Locality. 


Columbia  River. 
j  Fort  Steilacoom. 
j  Fort  Crook,  Cal. 
i  Kooteuay  River. 
I  Flathead  River. 
I  Pumpkin  Bulle. 

Fort  BridKPr,  Utah. 

Hellgate,  Id. 

Laramie  Peak. 

2uni. 


When 
Collected. 


AiiR.  1860. 
Sept.  8,  '60. 
Oct.  22. 
May  6. 

1860. 

1864. 


Received  from 


S.  F   Balrd. 
Dr  G.  Suckley. 
Juo.  Felln "r. 
A.  Campbell. 

Capt.  Raynoldg. 
C.  Drexler. 
Lt.  Miillan. 
Dr.  Hitz. 
Lt.  Whipple. 


Collected' 


J.  K.  Townsend. 


Dr.  Kennerly. 
Dr.  Hayden.  f« 
Jno.  Pearsall. 
Dr.  Kennerlv. 


(2,922  )   Tvpe  of  specie*.  ,    , 

IMyiadestes  obscurus.  .{ 

,_..        My'aulestea  obnciirus,  Lafr.  Rev.  Zool.  1839,  98  (Mexico). — Sclateb, 

,,*i;  P.  Z.  S.  1856,  300  (Guatemala);  1857,  5,  213  (Orizaba);  1859, 

364  (Jalapa)  ;  376  (Oaxaca ;  eggs).— Ib.  Catal.  1861, 47,  no.  288.— 

BoN.  Consp.  336. — Sclateb  &  Salvin,  Ibis,  1, 1859, 14  (Guatemala). 

Hab.  Mountainous  regions  of  Mexico,  into  Guatemala ;  Tres  Marias  Islands. 

(No.  37,500.)  Wing  about  equal  to  tail,  which  is  emarginate  and  rounded. 
Fourth  quill  longest ;  5th  and  3d  a  little  shorter ;  2d  longer  than  7th ;  let  two- 
fifths  the  2d. 

Back  olivaceous-rufous,  more  olive  on  rump  and  upper  tail  coverts :  the 
outer  surface  of  wings,  including  edges  of  quills,  more  rufous  cinnamon.  A 
pale  cinnamon  concealed  patch  at  base  of  inner  webs  of  quills,  abruptly  de- 
fined on  the  secondaries,  fading  out  gradually  in  the  primaries  along  their 
inner  edges.  Head,  neck,  and  under  parts  plumbebus-ash  (the  latter  less 
pure).  Chin  (fadi  out  gradually  into  the  ash  of  throat),  sides  of  lower 
mandibles  (separated  from  chin  by  a  black  line),  and  line  from  nostril  to 
above  eye,  with  middle  of  belly,  dull  white;  eyelids  pure  white,  the  loral 
region  dusky,  the  cheeks  below  the  eye   blackish.     Tail  black,  excepting 


:«M;-*i 


\,      \  '  .1*t4''^'^^.;^*w"T 


MTIADESTES, 


431 


the  two  central  feathers  which  are  platiibeous-ash,  and  the  exterior  which  ia 
light  auh,  blackish  at  the  base ;  the  next  feather  also  ashy  towards  the  tip, 
lioth  feathers  with  a  narrow  tip  and  a  border  of  white  along  the  end  of  inner 
web.  Axillars  and  inner  face  of  wiugs  tinged  with  fulvous.  Bill  black  ;  feet 
pale  ha»«l.     "  Irids  red  brown"  {Xantus). 

(No.  37,500.)  Total  length,  7.80;  wing,  4.20;  tail,  4.10;  difference  of  outer 
and  5th  (longest)  tail  feather,  .5,  difference  of  innermost  and  5th,  .25  ;  differ- 
ence of  lOtli  pnd  longest  quills,  1.00;  exposed  portion  of  1st  primary,  1.00,  of 
2d,  2.65,  of  longest  (4th)  (measured  from  exposed  base  of  1st  primary),  3.12 ; 
'ength  of  bill  from  forehead,  .61,  from  nostril,  .30,  along  gape,  .84;  tarsus, 
.81 ;  middle  toe  and  olaw,  .79,  claw  alone,  .29  ;  bind  toe  and  claw,  .54,  claw 
alone,  .30. 

The  outer  webs  of  the  quills  are  of  a  darker  rufous  than  elsewhere 
on  the  upper  surface.  The  rufous  on  secondaries  reaches  the  shaft, 
except  about  the  middle,  where  there  is  only  a  narrow  edge  bordering 
a  blackish  patch  like  the  inner  web.  On  the  outer  primaries  the 
inner  portion  of  the  whole  outer  web  is  dusky,  bordered  externally 
by  rufous  cinnamon,  diminishing  in  amount  exteriorly,  and  not 
appreciable  on  the  outer  two  quills. 

Specimens  vary  considerably  in  intensity  of  the  rufous  of  the  back, 
which  is  sometimes  very  bright,  at  other  times  much  duller.  Occa- 
sionally, as  in  No.  35,038,  the  whitish  line  from  bill  to  eye  meets  its 
fellow,  forming  a  pale  frontal  band,  the  same  specimen  having  the 
upper  part  of  back  ashy,  like  the  head  and  nape.  Sometimes  there 
is  a  wash  of  fulvous  olive  on  the  flanks,  which  again  are  entirely 
ashy.  As  far  as  the  materials  before  me  show,  it  is  in  specimens- from 
western  Mexico,  Tonila,  and  Tres  Marias,  that  the  ash  of  head  in- 
vades the  back :  the  rufous  of  back  paler ;  the  tail  also  appears 
longer  (4.40  in  No.  37,321,  Tres  Marias). 

This  species  is  quite  similar  to  M.  townsendii,  although  the  wings 
are  shorter  and  less  pointed.  It  is  readily  distinguished  by  the 
reddish  of  the  back  and  wings ;  the  dulness  of  the  two  trans- 
verse light  cinnamon  or  fulvous  bars  across  the  quills,  with  the  inter- 
vening black  one  ;  the  ashy,  not  whitish  edge  of  the  tail ;  the  whitish 
line  from  nostrils  to  above  eye,  and  the  black  line  bordering  tho 
chin. 


■•:  J  -T  :. 


Sinlth- 

Collec- 

Sex 

ioaian 

tor's 

and 

No. 

No. 

A(?e. 

37,327 

6.1 

d 

37,3  !8 

59 

d 

:i.i,n33 

2,219 

fT 

37,-)00 

82 

vi.m 

81 

2J.378   17,271 

3D,722     4,403 

••    t 

Locality. 


Tras  Marias  Uland.s, 
[Mex. 
Tonila.  Jalisco. 
Orizaba,  Mex. 

Mexico.  [Onat. 

Volcan  d«   Fnego, 


Wlien 
Collected. 


.Tan.  188.'). 
Oct.  1863. 

Not.' 1861. 


Received  from 


Col.  A.J.  Grayuon. 
(( 

J,  Xantuii. 
Prof.  Sum  icHrast. 

Verreaux. 
0  SalTin. 


Collected  by 


432 


REVIEW  OF  AMEUICAN  BIRDS. 


[PART  I. 


t     , 


Myiadestes  leuootla. 

Ptiloijiinya  leitcotiH,  TscH.  Arch.  Nat.  1844. — Ib.  Fauna  Peruana,  1846-7( 
139,  pi.  vii,  fig.  1.     Jlab,    Fetn.-^AIyiadettes  Uucotin,  Cab.  Arch. 
Nat.  1847, 1,  209. 
Ilab.  Peru. 

(No.  41,fl08,  Peru.)    Above  cinnamon  brown  ;  the  top  of  head  and  entire 
under  purta  black,  except  the  llauks,  wliich  are  like  the  back,  and  a  patuh  un 

* 

"H 

■>  ( 


I-'' 


■l'» 


Myiadettet  leucolia.  Cab. 

MyUideatai  Uucolit,  Cab     (Pern.) 

the  sides  of  breast  under  the  wing,  which  is  white  ;  the  cheeks  also  are  white. 
The  quill-  and  tail-feathers  are  sooty  black,  even  including  the  shafts;  tlie 
innermost  secondaries  not  so  dark,  and  like  the  wing  coverts,  washed  ex- 
ternally with  cinnamon.  Exposed  upper  surface  of  central  tail  feathera  tinged 
with  a  faint  shade  of  cinnamon,  the  terminal  half  of  outermost,  and  a  large 
patch  in  the  end  of  next,  grayish-white.  The  axillars,  inner  wing  coverts, 
and  a  quadrate  patch  at  base  of  inner  web  of  all  the  quills,  except  the  1st 
primary  and  innermost  secondaries,  white,  the  color  reaching  to  the  shaft,  but 
not  visible  externally.  Upper  mandible  and  legs  black ;  lower  mandible  yel- 
low.    "  Iris  fiery  red"  (Tschudi). 

Wings  rather  shorter  than  the  tail,  considerably  rounded  ;  the  first  primary 
large  and  broad,  not  falcate,  about  half  the  2d,  which  about  equals  the  8th; 
the  4th  and  5th  longest.  Tail  somewhat  graduated,  the  feathers  acute  and 
acuminate  at  tips  ;  the  outer  tapering  from  about  its  middle.  Rill  lengthened ; 
commissure  nearly  straight,  but  slightly  sinuated  towards  base  ;  nostrils  broad 
and  open.  Legs  stout ;  tarsus  about  equal  to  middle  toe  and  claw,  without 
distinct  scutellar  divisions  anteriorly  except  below ;  a  few  faint  and  obsolete 
transverse  divisions  on  outer  side.  Inner  toe  separated  to  base,  the  basal 
joint  of  middle  toe  united  for  rather  more  than  basal  half  to  outer  toe ;  claws 
all  rather  large.  , 

(No.  41,908.)  Total  length,  9.00  ;  Wing,  4.25  ;  tail, 4,55,  its  graduation,  .65 ; 
difference  of  10th  and  longest  primary,  .75  ;  exposed  portion  of  Ist  primary, 
1.42,  of  2d,  1.75,  of  longest  (4th  and  6th)  (measured  from  exposed  bace  of  Ist 
primary),  3.30  ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .74,  from  nostril,  .40,  along  gape, 


|i^  J 


rr-M 


V'  ? 


ftif  < 


CICIILOPSIS. 


433 


( '  'A 

ft 

ii.H 

1 1 

•'  '.(d. 

.•!.} 


.96  ;  tnrsns,  .06  ;  miildle  toe  and  olaw,  .96,  claw  alone,  .20 ;  liiud  toe  and  olaw, 
.67,  claw  alone,  .32. 

This  bird  constitutes  a  i)cculin»*  form  among  Mijiade»ten,  diff(M'ing 
ill  cortain  cliaractera  which  probably  are  of  generic  value.  Tho 
bill  is  much  longer,  and  |)roportional!y  narrower,  than  in  the  others; 
the  feet  and  claws  stouter.  The  wing  is  more  rounded,  without  any 
falcation  or  acumination  of  the  outer  quills,  and  differing  especially 
in  the  large  first  primary,  which  is  half  the  length  of  the  second. 
In  this  respect  it  is  nearest  to  M.  venezuelensis.  The  absence 
of  the  peculiar  markings  in  the  wings,  seen  in  the  other  species, 
is  noteworthy.  The  shape  and  markings  of  the  tail,  however,  are 
much  as  in  true  Myiadestes. 

It  is  possible  that  a  more  perfect  condition  of  the  feathers  may 
show  cither  a  diminution  or  an  increase  of  the  differences  referred 
to,  and  I  await  better  specimens  before  attempting  to  decide  upon 
the  claims  of  the  species  to  generic  rank.  In  some  respects  there 
is  a  relation  ihip  to  Gichlopsin. 

The  specimen  described  above  is  one  of  Mr.  Tschudi's  types, 
presented  to  the  Institution  by  the  Museum  of  Neuch&tel.  It  is 
moulting  a  considerable  portion  of  its  feathers,  which  somewhat 
obscures  its  characters,  and  it  may  even  be  a  young  bird  not  yet 
arrived  at  maturity.      .  ^   .     ,     f,-,,,o.  /  >.  •        n-.' 


CICHLOFSIS,  Cabanis. 
Cichlopsit,  Cab.  Mus.  Heiu.  I,  1851,  64.     (Type  C.  leucogonys.) 

General  appearance  Thrnsb-like.     Wings  quite  pointed,  about  equal  to  the 
tail;  outer  primary  about  two-fifths  the  2d,  which  is  longer  than  7th,  the  tips 


in,  .65: 

ninry, 

joflsl 

ggap«i 


J>'' 


■  '■)■ 


C'chloptis  leucoyonyi 

28     June.  1866. 


\lV(V' 


.,». 


1i^ 


434 


REVIEW  or  AMEBICAN  niUDS. 


[PAHT  I, 


m 


. .'  >i 


UfA 


not  attenunted.  Tu.i  umarginatHd,  and  Htill  ninro  rounded.  Dill  ratlior  Htmit, 
and  Houiuwiiat  Thruxh-Iike  ;  broad,  much  depivH^ed,  and  with  mouth  (ltf|<ly 
clnft,  innuh  as  in  Myiaurstes,  but  duepor  aii(*.  Htouter  in  inuportion.  Oohvh 
about  two-tlftliri  the  h)w«r  udge  of  h>wf  r  ninndiblu.  Frontal  and  rictal  hrisiltjit 
wt«ll  developMd.  Feut  short;  tarHU8  about  ttqual  to  middlo  too,  without  hoq- 
tellar  divinion,  excepting  two  platea  at  1  wer  end,  both  sides  of  which  alHO 
exhibit  Blifiht  indication  of  Biniilar  diviHion.  Lateral  toes  about  equal,  their 
chiWB  reaching  to  base  of  middle  claw.  BaHal  phalanx  ot  middle  toe  united 
for  a  very  little  more  than  half  to  rattier  leMH  than  half  the  basal  pliHinnx 
of  inner  toe,  and  for  two-tliirda  itH  length  to  one  and  a  half  Joints  of  outer: 
thid  phalanx  a  little  shorter  than  the  baaal  of  inner  toe. 

The  relatioiLship  of  tliis  genus  to  Mi/iadeHles  is  very  close,  and 
Rcema  to  connect  the  group  with  the  Txirdidue.  Tho  body  is  fuller; 
the  basal  joints  of  the  middle  toes  a  very  little  more  united ;  tho 
bill  stouter,  stronger,  and  deeper;  the  plumage  more  compact,  niul 
the  wing  lacks  the  peculiar  pattern  across  the  base  and  outer  edges 
of  the  quills,  having  instead  the  lighter  rusty  edgings  at  the  base 
inside,  so  common  in  the  Turdidee.  Tho  outer  quills  lack  the 
attenuation  of  typical  Myiadeatea,  but  resemble  almost  exactly  those 
of  M.  unicolor.  In  fact  the  only  tangible  differences  are  in  the 
stouter  bill,  rather  more  united  toes,  more  compact  plumage,  and 
absence  of  wing  p  tteru. 

Dr.  Cuban  is  gives,  as  one  of  the  characters  of  Cichlopsis,  tho 
tarsi  distinctly  scutellate.  In  Dr.  Sclater's  specimen,  however,  the 
tarsi  are  as  much  booted  as  in  the  genuine  Thrushes.  The  basal 
joints  of  the  middle  toe  are  united  a  very  little  more  than  in  Turdidee,; 
but,  on  the  other  hand,  in  Myiadestes  proper,  these  are  as  deeply 
cleft  as  in  the  Thrushes. 

The  young  of  Cichlopsis  are  probably  spotted,  as  in  Myiadattes, 
judging  from  the  indications  of  the  adult. 


1  ': 


r-'i,    »^ 


Cichlopsis  leucogonys. 

Cichlopsis  lencoijenys,  Cab.  Mus.  Hein.  1850-1,  54  (Brazil). 
Cichlopsis  lencoi/vtiys,  "  Cab.,"  Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1857,  6 ;   1858,  642 

(rectification).— Is.  Catal.  1861,  48,  no.  291. 
Myiadestes  lencotis,  Bon.  Consp.  1850,  336  (not  of  Tschpdi). 
Myiocichla  ochrata,  Bon.  Comp.  Rend.  XXXVIII,  1854,  6,  and  Notes 

Del.  30  (Brazil). 
r?"  THrdumpeHs  lanioides,  Less.  Echo  do  Monde  Sav.  1844, 1 56"(Sclater). 
?  f  Turdumpelis  riifococcyx,  Less.  Desc.  Mam.  et  Ois.  1847, 324  (Sclater). 
Hab.  Brazil. 

(No.  29l«,  Sclater  Coll.)  Wing  rather  longer  than  tail,  which  is  inodt'rntely 
eraarginated  and  still  more  graduated  ;  the  feathers  broad.  First  ijuill  about 
two-fifths  the  2d,  not  quite  one-third  the  longest  (4th  and  5tL)  ;  2d  inter- 


w 


CICHLOI'HIB. 


485 


mediatti  bctwean  6th  and  7tli ;  3(1  Iwtwoen  Sth  ajid  0th,  the  feathers  hrond  ; 
llif  iHt  primary  slightly  falcate,  hut  not  attenuated.  Tar«i  with  two  Hcuti-llur 
divisioiiH  only  Anteriorly  at  lower  e:.d,  aa  in  other  Myiadeatea,  the  upper 
Indistinct. 

Whole  upper  parts,  with  head  all  round,  and  upper  part  of  hreast,  oliva- 
oeniiH-rufous  (without  any  bhade  of  green)  ;  lighter  below,  but  brighter  on 
lliroat ;  rest  of  under  parts  ashy  ;  the  Hanks,  lower  breast,  crlssum,  and  tibia 
tinged  with  olive  rufous.  Tail  like  back  ;  the  central  feathers  and  inner 
wel)»  of  the  others  with  a  purple  tinge ;  the  lateral  paler  on  inner  edge  and 
at  tip.  Under  wing  coverts  fulvous  white;  the  basal  portion  of  inner  webs 
of  (luiils  (but  not  outer)  pale  cinnamon,  fading  off  grartuiilly  along  the  edges 
of  the  quills,  rest  of  these  webs  purplish-brown  ;  whole  of  outer  webs  of  quills 
like  back,  without  any  bars.     Bill  above  black,  beneath  whitish ;  le^s  dusky. 

(No.  291o.)  Total  length,  8.00;  wing,  4.2u ;  tail,  4.tt0,  graduation,  .34, 
emargination,  .20;  difference  of  10th  and  longest  quills,  .f)l ;  exposed  portion 
of  1st  primary,  1.14,  of  2d,  2.75,  of  longest  (5th)  (measured  from  exposed 
base  of  1st  primary),  3.20 ;  length  of  bill  fvom  forehead,  .70,  from  nostril,  .35, 
alnug  gape,  .85  ;  tarsus,  .90;  middle  toe  aud  claw,  .8b'  claw  alone,  .2ti  ;  hiud 
toe  and  claw,  .65,  claw  alone,  .25. 

This  species  is  closely  related  in  form  to  Platycichla  brevipes, 
Baird,  although  tlio  lower  mandible  is  rather  deeper  and  stouter, 
the  upper  less  attenuated  viewed  from  above.  The  first  quill  is 
longer,  two-fifths  the  second  instead  of  one-third,  and  not  qu'te  as 
mneii  pointed ;  the  tail  is  more  graduated  and  emarginattJ ;  the 
feet  much  the  same.  The  principal  difference,  therefore,  is  in  the 
stouter  lower  mandible,  and  less  attenuated  bill,  longer  first  pri- 
mary, aud  more  emarginate  and  graduated  tail. 

From  Myiadedes  armillatus  it  differs  in  stiffer  tail  and  falcate 
acuminate  outer  primary.  With  such  species,  however,  as  M. 
obscurus  and  venezvvlensis,  it  has  very  close  relationships  in  form, 
80  much  indeed  that  it  is  very  difficult  to  separate  them  generically  ; 
the  tail  feathers  are  perhaps  broader  and  stiifer,  and  the  bill  rather 
longT  and  stronger;  the  wings  and  feet  are  precisely  similar. 

The  two  citations  from  Lesson,  quoted  in  the  synonymy,  by  Dr. 
Sclater,  hardly  appear  to  belong  to  this  species,  but  rather  to  un 
allied  one.  The  description  in  "  VEcho"  1  have  not  seen,  that  in 
"Desc.  des  Mam.  et  Ois."  shows  many  discrepancies. 

For  the  opportunity  of  examining  this  species  I  am  indebted  to 
Dr.  Sclater.  I  have  seen  a  second  specimen  in  the  museum  of  the 
Phila'lelphia  Academy. 


Smith-  iCoUee. 


No. 


tor's 

No. 


291a 


Sex 
and 

Age. 


LocaUty. 


When 
Collected. 


Received  from 


Brazil. 


Cttb.  Sclater. 


Collected  by 


436 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAS  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


i!-i 


PLAT7CICHLA,  Baird. 
Platycichla,  Baibd,  Rev.  Am.  Birds,  1, 1864,  32.     (Type  P.  brevipes,  Bd.) 


-10 


,.,  •'  .  PkUycichla  brevipeg,  BjiitiD.    (Braiil.) 

General  appearance  that  of  Cichlopsis,  the  bill  rather  longer  and  much  more 
attenuated  at  the  end  ;  the  lower  mandible  much  weaker  and  narrower,  the 
toes  perhaps  a  little  more  deeply  cleft ;  tho  feet  larger,  but  similarly  propor- 
tioned ;  the  claws  longer  and  less  curved.  The  wings  and  tail  are  similar, 
the  latter  rather  shorter  ;  the  outer  quill  one-third  the  2d.  Inside  and  bases 
of  quills  colored  as  in  Planesticus,  and  throat  simJ'arly  streaked.        » 

This  generic  form  in  many  respects,  with  Cichlopsis,  unites  the 
Thrushes  to  the  Myiadestcs,  and  shows  clearly  that  all  three  should 
belong  rather  with  the  Turdidae  as  a  subfamily,  than  with  Ampe- 
lidae.  I  find  no  differences  in  any  to  throw  them  out  of  the  Turdidm, 
with  which  they  agree  so  closely  in  the  undivided  tarsi  (except 
occasionally  at  lower  end),  the  short  spurious  primary,  the  toothed 
and  bristled  bill,  etc. 

For  further  remarks  relative  to  this  genus  I  refer  to  page  32  of 
the  present  work.  I  there  placed  it  among  the  Thrushes,  and  now 
consider  it  as  showing  the  relationship  between  the  true  Turdinse 
and  Ampelinse,  and  proving  the  propriety  of  combining  them  in 
the  same  family. 

» 

Platycichla  brevipes. 

Platycichla  brevipes,  Baird,  Rev.  Am.  Birds,  I,  1864,  32  (Brazil). 
Ilab.  Brazil. 


-,.i„^.v;-.i;.t^.. 


For  the  description  of  this  species  I  would  refer  to  the  page  of 
the  present  work  cited  above. 


It 


,p 


t>u«] 


COLLURIO.    '''*'*^  "i-'i 


KSt 


,..,;,  ,'1 


Family  LANIID^. 


The  diagnosis  on  page  322  will  give  a  general  idea  of  the  characters 
of  this  family,  as  represented  in  the  New  World,  especially  as  com- 
pared with  its  allies  the  Vireonidae  and  Ampelidse.  The  only  genus 
found  in  America  is  that  of  typical  "  Lanins,"  and  from  which  I  have 
drawn  the  famii_^  characters,  although  as  given  above  they  are  in 
general  rather  those  of  the  Laniinae. 

Enneoctonus,  of  which  Europe  has  several  species,  differs  in  much 
less  rounded  wing,  the  first  quill  about  one-third  the  longest,  the 
second  about  equal  to  the  fourth  ;  the  tail  shorter  than  the  wing, 
and  much  less  graduated:  the  biU  more  feeble.  In  the  specimen 
before  me  of  Enneoctonus  collurio  there  is  no  indication  whatever 
of  division  of  lateral  plate  of  tarsus,  and  the  nostrils  are  scarcely 
concealed. 


(li  COLLURIO,  Vigors. 

Collurio,  Vigors,  Pr.  Zool.  Soc.  1831,42.     (Type  Lanius  excuhitor,  L.") 
Lanius,  Aut.  (not  of  Linn^us,  whose  type  is  L.  cristatus), 
CoUyrio,  Q.  R.  Gray.— Baied,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  323. 

Body  robust.  Winf^s  rather  shorter  than  the  much  graduated  tail  (the 
lateral  feather  about  three-fourths  the  central).  Primaries  ten ;  the  Ist  about 
half  the  2d,  which  la 
longer  than  the  7th,  the 
oatermost  slightly  sinu- 
ated  at  end.  Bill  very 
powerful,  deep  and  much 
couiprtAssed,  both  out- 
lines much  curved  and 
eonvex  ;  the  upper  man- 
dible decurviug  into  a 
stroll (^  hook  with  a  deep 
notch  behind  it,  followed 
by  a  prominent  tooth ;  tip 
of  Idwer  bill  obsoletely 
iimilar.  Nostrils  almost 
circnlar,  placed  nearly 
opposite  middle  of  cora- 
"'issar*,  in  nasal  fossa, 


Onllvrio  exeuhUoroieUg. 
(All  the  flgureH  tlireeruiirtliH  natnral  bIm.) 


*itlUMU  membrane,  excepting  behind,  overhung  and  mostly  concealed  by  the 
"tiff  Iroutal  bristly  feathers  and  bristles  ;  base  of  mouth  also  with  prominent 


*r 


\c 


5 


438 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[parti. 


briaties.  Feet  strong  and  well  developed  ;  the  tarsi  longer  than  middle  toe 
and  claw,  with  seven  or  eii;ht  scutellse  anteriorlj,  the  lateral  plates  usually 
with  a  tendency  toHuhdivision  inferiorly,  especially  the  outer,  which  is  some- 
times divided  regularly  its  entire  length  in  C.  excubitoroides,  although  this 
character  is  not  the  same  even  on  opposite  feet  of  the  same  specimeu.  Lateral 
toes  nearly  equal,  reaching  about  to  hase  of  middle  claw  ;  the  toes  quite 
deeply  cleft,  the  inner  nearly  to  its  base,  but  adherent  to  half  the  basal  joint 
of  middle ;  externally  this  joint  is  united  nearly  throughout  to  one  and  a 
half  joints  of  outer  toe ;  these  basal  joints  somewhat  abbreviated,  so  that 
the  iuuer  is  rather  longer  than  middle. 

There  is  a  slight  variation  in  form  in  American  species  of  Cotlurio, 
the  legs  being  shorter  and  the  bill  longer  proportionally  in  borealis 
than  in  the  others.  In  excubitoroides  the  legs  are  longer  both 
absolutely  and  relatively  than  in  any  American  species,  or  C  excu- 
bitor  of  Europe.  There  is  much  diflFerence  in  specimens,  and  even 
in  diflferent  feet  of  the  same  specimen  in  regard  to  the  subdivision 
of  the  lateral  plates  (especially  the  outer)  of  tarsus,  this  sometimes 
being  quite  regular,  as  much  so  as  anteriorly,  at  other  times  quite 
the  contrary ;  frequently  the  plates  are  entire,  except  at  the  lower 
end. 

The  type  of  the  genus  Lanius,  as  established  by  Linnaeus  in  the 
10th  edition  of  Systema  Naturse,  is  the  L.  cristatus  of  India  and 
Java,  which,  according  to  Cabanis,  is  congeneric  with  the  L.  collurio, 
the  type  of  Bole's  genus  Enneoctonus.  Lamus  should,  therefore, 
replace  Enneoctonus  for  tho  long-winged  European  Shrikes,  and 
another  name  adopted  for  the  larger  European  and  American  forms. 
In  the  "Birds  of  North  America,"  1858,  1  used  the  name  Collijrio 
of  Moehriug  for  this  group,  following  G.  R.  Gray,  but  as  I  now  admit 
no  genera  of  authors  prior  to  or  contemporaneous  with  Linmeus, 
who  did  not  adopt  the  binomial  system,  as  established  by  him,  not 
even  those  of  Linnaeus  himself  prior  to  1768,  it  becomes  necessary 
to  take  the  next  in  order,  namely,  Collurio  of  Vigors. 

The  following  synopsis  will  exhibit  the  characters  of  tlie  North 
American  Shrikes,  as  well  as  of  their  close  ally,  C.  excubitor  of 
Europe  : — 

Oenbkal  Color. — Bluish  or  plumbeons-ash  above  ;  th«  outer  edges  of  scap^^ 
lars,  sometimes  the  forehead  and  rump,  paler.  Beneath  white,  !«<iiu»?times 
with  waved  transverse  dark  lines.  A  broad  black  stripe  from  side  of  upper 
bill  through  eye  (extending  more  widely  beneath  than  above  it,  souietiiufs 
wanting  above)  to  end  of  ear  coverts.  Wings  (e.\cept  lesser  coverts*)  and 
tall  black  ;  the  former  with  a  white  patch  acioss  l)ase  of  primaries  (some- 
times on  inner  wobs  of  secondaries)  ;  the  secondaiins  tipped  with  wiiitn; 
tho  tail  with  broad  white  tips  to  the  lateral  feathers,  the  concealed  base* 
of  which  ore  also  usually  whit«. 


*?:.'■ 


COLLURIO 


439 


A.  Black  cheek-stripes  involving  eyelid  only  on  npper  border 

of  eye,  and  not  meeting  across  the  forehead.    A  crescentio  • 

patch  of  white  in  the  black,  beiow  the  eye;  npper  edge 
of  black  stripe  behind  the  eye  bordered  by  hoary  wuit- 
ish.  Breast  and  belly  always  with  distinct,  transverse 
waved  lines  of  dusky.  Bill,  when  mature,  entirely  black. 
Length  about  10  inches. 
Above  I'^jht  ash.    Upper  tail  coverts  and  forehead  much  ■:.: 

r  paler  than  the  back,  the  former  without  waved 

lines.     Axillars  whitish.  '    •       ,•'     ^  >  •  '    ■         •    • 

Inner  webs  of  secondaries  paler  towards  edges, 
'*  but  not  of  well-defined  white.     Concealed 

'■  bases  of  tail  feathers,  except  sixth,  white. 

Tarsus  shorter  than  the  gape  of  mouth        .    borealis. 
8.  Black  cheek-stripes  not  involving  upper  border  of  eye  or 

upper  eyelid,  which  is  whitish,  and  not  meeting  across  ' 

the  forehead,  its  upper  edge  behind  the  eye  with  scarcely 
a  lighter  border.     No  patch  of  white  on  lower  eyelid. 
Under  parts  unvaried  white  ;  in  female  obscurely  waved. 
Base  of  under  mandible  whitish.    Length  about  9  inches. 
..        Above  light  ash.     Upper  tail  coverts  and  forehead  de- 
cidedly paler  than  the  back.     Axillars  whitish. 
,1^                   Inner  webs  of  all  secondaries  (except  innermost) 
t                             white  to  shaft,  except  for  less  than  terminal 
half,  which  is  black  along  the  shaft.     Con- 
cealed base  of  tail  white,  except  on  sixth 
feather.     Tarsus  equal  to  the  gape       .         .    excubitor 
C.  Black  cheek-stripes  involving  upper  eyelid,  as  in  A,  but 
without  patch  of  white  below  the  eye ;  meeting  in  a  nar- 
row, sometimes  inconspicuous  line  across  the  forehead, 
its  upper  edge  behind  the  eye  not  bordered  by  lighter. 
Beneath  plain  white,  or  very  obscurely  waved  in  ludorici- 
anus  (the  female?).     Bill,  when  mature,  entirely  black. 
Length  about  8.50  inches. 
Above  dark  plumbeous-ash.     Upper  tail  coverts  and 
forehead  scarcely  paler  than  the  back.     Sides  and 
L; ;            breast  tinged  with  bluish-gray.             ■       ■       ■      •       :  '     , 
^,.                   Black  of  loral  space  rather  hoary  along  upper 
border.     Frontal  dark  line  inappreciable  or 
wanting.     Inner  webs  of  secondaries  paler 
only  along  the  marginal  half,  and  not  ab- 
,   .          ruptly  white.      Axillars  plumbeous.     Tail 
:,           feathers,  except  the  innermost,  with  a  con- 
-=»:                        cealed   well-defined   white   patch   at  base, 
largest  on  the  more  exterior  one.     Bill  from 
-     -.         nostril,  .50.     Under  parts  often  witli  very 
obscure  faint  waved  lines  (in  the  female?). 
White   patch  on  wing   reaching   about   to 
mitldleuf  1st  piimary.     Tarsus  equal  to  the 
gape ludov 


1 :. 


*■ 


I.:. 


•iuU 


■M 

■''■'* 


•'V     '  ■  ,"-'    -i. 


••  *  ^,^^V  ^ 


440  REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS.  [PAUT  I. 

Black  of  loral  space  without  any  lightening  above 
it.  Krontal  black  band  well  marked.  Inner 
weba  of  secondarieB  (except  innermost)  pure 
white  to  shaft,  except  along  rather  more  than 
terminal  half,  where  the  shaft  is  bordered  t 

by  black.  Axillars  whitish.  Tail  feathers 
black  to  base,  except  the  loose  fibres,  which 
are  grayish.     Bill  from  nostril,  .(JO.     Under  j 

parts  without  waved  lines.    White  patch  on 
wing  reaching  nearly  opposite  to  end  of  1st 
primary.     Tarsus  about  equal  to  the  gape  .    elegans 
'*.'-'■       Above  light  ash  color.    Upper  tail  coverts  and  forehead       -    ;' 
^"  •  much  lighter  than  the  back,  the  former  sometimes  ' 

almost  white.     Sides  and  breast  generally  nearly 

)  'i    '         pure  white. 

'i'i-        ••        Black  of  loral   space  with  conspicuous  hoary 

-■ '  margin  above  it.     Inner  web  of  secondaries  '■   ..<     ..; 

much  as  in  C.  /u(/oi'(c(n>iM«.     Axillars  whit-  .     Iw 

.  '      ish.      Tail   feathers   with   concealed  white  '"    !a 

patch  at  bases  of  all  the /eathers.    Bill  from  ~  jr 

•  nostril,  about  .50.    No  waved  lines  beneath.  -^ 

White  patch  on  wing  reaching  nearly  oppo-  r.f 

site  to  end  of  1st  primary.     Tarsus  longer 

than  the  gape excubitoroide», 

Collurio  1>orealis.     . 

Lanius  borealis,  Vieillot,  Ois.  Am.  Sept.  1, 1807,  90,  pi.  1. — Sw.  F.  B.  A. 
II,  1831,  111.— A0D.  Syn.  1839,  157.— Ib.  Birds  Am.  IV,  1842, 180, 
pi.  236.— Cassin,  Pr.  A.  N.  So.  1857,  212.— Max.  Cab.  Jopr.  VI, 
1858, 190  (Upper  Missouri).- Jones,  Nat.  Bermuda,  1857,  51  (Ber- 
muda).—  Collyrio  borealis,  Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  324. — Cooi-er 
&  SucKLEY,  P.  R.  Rep.  Xll,  II,  1860,  188  (Washington  Territory). 

Lanius  excubitor,  Forster,  Phil.  Trans.  LXII,  1772, 382  (not  of  Linnaeus). 
-Wilson,  I,  1808,  74,  pi.  v,  fig.  1. 

Lanius  septentrional  is,  BoN.  Syn.  1828,  72  (not  of  Gmklin,  which  cannot 
be  identified  as  an  American  species), — Ib.  Rev.  et  Mag.  Zool. 
'     '  1853,  294.— Cassin,  Pr.  A.  N.  Sc.  1857,  213.— Murray,  Ed.  New 

Phil.  Jour.  XI,  1859,  223  (H.  B.  T.). 

Hab.  Whole  of  America  north  of  United  States  ;  in  winter  south  to  Wash- 
ington, St.  Louis,  Prescotl  (Ariz.),  and  north  California. 

(No.  19,545,  %  ,  in  fall  spring  plumage.)  Fourth  quill  longest ;  3d  and  5th 
little  shorter ;  2d  shorter  than  6th  ;  exposed  portion  of  1st  not  quite  half  that 
of  longest. 

Whole  upper  parts  pure  clear  light  ash  ;  beneath  (including  axillars)  p^re 
while,  the  breast  and  upper  part  of  belly  waved  transversely  with  olisolete 
narrow  dusky  lines  (about  .15  of  an  inch  apart)  ;  each  feather  having  two 
or  three,  which  are  curved,  convex,  and  th6  terminal  one  some  distance  from 
the  tip.     Bristly  feathers  covering  the  nostrils  and  the  feathers  along  the 


■..3<f'J,' 


COLLURIO. 


441 


base  of  upper  mandible  to  gape,  black  ;  this  color  extending  as  a  broad  stripe 
througli  the  eye,  and  behind  it  to  nape,  involving  the  ear  coverts,  and  forming 
a  conspicuous  and  continuously  deep  black  stripe,  excepting  a  few  white 
fe.itliers  on  lower  eyelid  (sometimes  a  well-marked  crescentic  spot),  and  an 
almost  inappreciable  lightening  among  the  loral  feathers,  the  black  of  oppo- 
site sides,  however,  not  meeting  on  the  forehead  as  in  L.  excubitoroides.  The 
black  involves  only  the  upper  eyelid,  but  is  quite  broad  below  the  eye.  The 
forehead  and  space  above  the  black  stripe,  almost  to  its  posterior  extremity, 
are  hoary  white,  shading  into  the  ash  of  crown  ;  the  rump  and  ends  of  scapular 
featliers  are  similarly  colored,  though  perhaps  less  purely  white ;  the  ends 
of  upper  tail  coverts  becoming  also  more  ashy.  Wings  and  tail  black,  the 
tips  of  tlil  secondaries  and  the  bases  of  the  primaries  white,  this  increasing 
in  amount  on  the  latter  from  the  outermost,  and  showing  externally  as  a 
white  patch  (but  hardly  appreciable,  especially  on  outer  webs  in  first  and 
second).  Secondary  quills  whitish  along  inner  edge,  and  full  half  of  the 
inner  web  tinged  with  grayish,  but  without  abrupt  definition.  Outer  tail 
feather,  with  basal  half  of  inner  web,  and  a  narrow  stripe  in  the  outer  web 
along  the  shaft,  as  well  as  the  shaft  itself  nearly  to  end,  black;  the  black 
advancing  more  and  more  in  the  other  feathers  till  on  the  4th  there  is  only  a 
narrow  tip  of  white ;  the  5th  and  6th  entirely  black ;  all  the  feathers  with 
small  basal  white  patch,  except  ou  inner  web  of  6th.  Bill  and  feet  pure 
black. 

Female  birds  in  the  breeding  season  are  much  duller  than  the  males,  the 
ash  of  upper  parts  much  tinged  with  ochrey  brown,  the  black  stripe  through 
the  eye  more  or  less  obsolete,  the  white  of  wing  much  less  conspicuous. 

(No.  19,545,  %.)  Fresh  specimen  :  Total  length,  10.00  ;  expanse  of  wings, 
14.50;  wing  from  carpal  joint,  4.70.  Prepared  specimen  :  Total  length,  10.00  ; 
wing,  4.50;  tail,  4.70;  exposed  poition  of  Ist  primary,  1.65,  of  2<1,  2.90,  of 
longest  (measured  from  exposed  base  of  1st  primary),  3.40 ;  length  of  bill 
from  forehead,  .85,  from  nostril,  .60,  along  gape,  1.05;  tarsus,  1.05  ;  middle 
toe  and  claw,  .88,  claw  alone,  .33  ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .63,  claw  alone,  .35. 

The  plumage  of  the  male,  in  the  breeding  season,  as  indicated 
above,  lias  not  been  before  described.  A.s  met  with  during  it.s  more 
winter  abode  in  the  United  States,  G.  borealls  is  duller  in  plumage, 
and  tiiough  sometimes  quite  pure  ashy,  always  has  a  tinge  of  brown- 
ish ;  and  the  stripe  on  the  side  of  the  head  is  only  well  defined  behind 
the  eye.  There  is  generally  a  better  marked  clear  white  crescentic 
8[)ot  below  the  eye,  and  a  blackish  spot  anterior  to  its  upper  half; 
the  featliers  along  the  base  of  upper  mandible,  from  nostrils  to  gape, 
are  l)huk ;  but  the  rest  of  the  pre-ocular  region  is  grayish,  clouded 
somewhat  by  the  blackish  bristly  points  and  shafts  of  some  of  the 
fenthers.  The  bill,  instead  of  being  pure  black,  is  much  paler,  and 
ahnost  whitish  at  the  base,  especially  of  lower  mandible.  The  dark 
lines  below  are  more  distinct,  and  extend  more  on  the  throat,  aa 
well  as  along  the  sides. 

Other  specimens  of  females,  or  immature  males  probably,  are 


■^  •   •v'' 


4    -■■'  ,», 


|-'>i.''r;;'VH;: 

■•:"   ■  ' 

III '  "  '  '■'' '  -il 

■  ■  ■  =■■■ 

i:L;.^i;_ 

■ 

^-,     .,        •.^..;.:— :■ 

. 

p 

''    '■  '      .-'^      :■  f'^''  ,>  .■ '.  ■'■ 

.  .■ 

1:'.  ■; '    ';f<";!-:--". 

■'■,•* -4      '■> 

'             '- 

442 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


still  more  diiferent :  the  more  distinct  dark  transverfie  waved  linos 
extend  over  the  whole  nnder  surface  from  chin,  except  about  the 
anal  region  ;  the  upper  parts  almost  continuously  ochrey  hrowii ; 
tilt'  black  eye  stripe  indicated  only  by  rather  dusky  ears ;  the  wliito 
at  base  of  primaries  nearly  or  entirely  wanting;  the  white  at  end 
of  tail  feathers  more  restricted.  Every  grade  of  coloration  between 
these  extremes  is  to  be  met  with. 

As  usual  in  American  birds,  the  more  boreal  specimens  are  de- 
cidedly tlie  larger.  The  species  probably  does  not  breed  within  the 
limits  of  the  United  States,  except  possibly  in  the  northeri»i)ortiuns 
of  the  mountain  regions ;  but  in  winter  it  is  found  over  the  entire 
breadth  of  the  country  to  quite  a  southern  latitude. 

LaniuH  major,  Pallas,  Zoog.  Rosso-As.  I,  1831,  401,  and  Key- 
SERLINU  &  Blasius,  Wirb.  Europas,  1, 1840,  Ix,  and  193,  from  North- 
eastern Europe  and  Siberia,  judging  from  the  description,  appears 
to  resemble  ftoreaZis  in  size  and  other  characters;  the  dark  inner 
webs  of  the  secondaries  ;  the  diminished  amount  of  black  anterior 
to  the  eye  ;  the  whitish  rump,  and  the  waved  lines  of  the  under 
parts,  as  well  as  in  having  the  tarsus  shorter  than  the  gape.  The 
rump,  however,  is  said  to  be  waved  transversely  with  dusky,  and 
the  eyelids  to  be  white,  as  in  excuhitor,  not  black. 

The  differences  in  color  of  C.  borealis  from  ludovicianiis  and 
excubitoroideti  are  shown  in  the  preliminary  diagnoses.  The  bird 
is  stouter  in  form,  with  proportionally  longer  bill,  and  decidedly 
shorter  tarsi.  The  tarsi  are  considerably  shorter  than  those  of 
excubitnroides. 

Specimens  examined,  fifty-three.  The  more  important  localities 
are  the  following: — 


Smlth- 

Collec- 

Sex 

When 
Collected. 

aunian 
No. 

tor's 
No. 

Locality. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

19,.04.5 

394 

cT 

Fort  KPKoliition, 
Great  Slave  Lake. 

April  24,  "60 

R.  Kennicott. 

27,, 31 7 

1,342 

fort  iSiiiiiiNiiii. 

•  •  . 

B.  R.  \U,M. 

27,.U9 

1,().!1 

Pi.  IVel'H  Uiver. 

•  •  • 

R.  Kennicott. 

27,311 

0()J 

Fort  Voukon. 

Sept  24,  '00. 

•• 

27.312 

17.) 

V 

Jiiue  27. 

JaH.  Lnckbart. 

ai.4.-)(> 

104 

Fort  Rae. 

June  10, '0.1. 

L  rii.rk. 

l»,/)iil 

39 

Fort  Liard. 

April  2,  '00. 

B.  R.  Ross. 
.1.  Macken/le. 
G.  A.  BMnrilinan. 

82,:}4.'5 

MooHP  factory. 

2.<,2.-.6 

"New  BiurtdWtik. 

17,103 

lluTtfaX,  V.  S. — 

W    G.  Wintou. 

907 

Cftill.M>,  Vnr- 

Nov.  IS  12. 

8.  F    B.ird 

12,:)()1 

9 

WHsliimrtoii.  D.  C 

Feb.  10.  -40. 

R.  .1.  I'oliad. 

7,108 

27 

Slioahvater  liay,  W. 

Nov.  18.54. 

Dr.  ,1.  G.  Cooper. 

in,  109 

,  , 

9 

Fort  ("rook.Cal.  [T. 

.1.  Feiln^r. 

18..'J29 

,  , 

(f 

Hcll^HtP,  Mdutana. 

Lt    Mullan. 

Juo.  Irarsiill. 

1 1,0(51 

,  , 

rf 

Fort  Bridner. 

April  10. 

C,  Drexler. 

S9,:)69 

),l."i2 

.. 

Fort  Whijiple,  Ar. 

leb.  6,  -6.5. 

Dr.  E.  Coues. 

(27,312.)   With  OBB».     (707 )   9.80;  14. 50;  4.30.     (39,369  }   10.20;  14.80. 


.     it 


COLLUUIO. 


<.fi 


443 


Collurio  ludoTicianuB. 


hi 


Lanius  tuUuricitinus,  Linn.  Syat.  Nat.  1766,  134  (based  on  Lnniu*  ludo- 
vicianus,  Bhihhon,  II,  lti2,  tab.  xv,  flg.  2). — AuD.  Orii.  Biog.  I,  1831, 
300,  pi.  37.— 111.  liiids  Am.  IV,  pi.  237.— Cashin,  Pr.  A.  N.  So.  1857, 
213. —  Collyrio  liidoiicKinus,  Baiuu,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  325. 

Lanius  urdosiaceus,  Vikillot,  Ois.  Am.  Sept.  I,  1607,  81,  pi.  li. 

Lanius  carolinensis,  WiLs.  Am.  Orn.  Ill,  1811,  57,  pi.  xxii,  lig.  5.  ' 


Hab.  South  Atlantic  (and  Gulf  ?)  States. 

(No.  3,054.)  Fourth  quill  longest ;  3d,  and  then  5th  little  shorter;  2d  inter- 
tuediate  between  6th  and  7th;  ist  about  half  the  longest.  .  i    '    >  i  .    ti 

Upper  parts  rather  dark  plumbeous-a»h,  almost  inappreciably  paler  on  the 
upper  tail  coverts  ;  beneath  dull  bluish-white,  the  sides  of  boily  pale  ]>lumbe- 
ous,  shading  insensibly  into  the  whitish  of  belly  ;  the  axillars,  for  the  most 
part,  almost  as  dark  plumbeous  as  the  back,  the  outer  webs  of  those  nearest 
the  wing  whitish  (the  inner  wing  coverts  dark  plumbeons,  edged  with  dnsky). 
Ill  the  specimen  described  (perlial)S  female)  the  feathers  of  juguluni  and 
breast  present  very  obsolete  and  indistinct  waved  transverse  lines  of  pale 
plumbeous,  and  some  of  the  upper  tail  coverts  are  tipped  with  blackish. 
Bristly  feathers  at  side  of  upper  mandible  continuous  with  a  broad  stripe 
through  and  behind  the  eye  to  posterior  extremity  of  ear  coverts,  black.  This 
Ftiipe  extends  narrowly  above  and  broadly  below  the  eye,  and  is  not  varied 
on  letter  eyelid  with  white.  There  is  no  black  frontal  line,  altliongh  the 
black  frontal  bristles  of  opposite  sides  sometimes  almost  meet.  Forehead 
and  side  of  crown  as  far  as  the  eyes  somewhat  hoary,  shading  into  the  ash 
of  the  head.  Outer  webs  of  scapular  featliers  also  whitish,  shading  into  the 
color  of  back.  Wings  black  ;  the  lesser  coverts  only  like  the  back  ;  the  tips 
of  secondaries,  and  a  distinct  patch  at  base  of  primaries,  white.  This  patch 
crosses  the  bases  of  all  the  primaries  (indistinct  on  the  outer),  extending 
farthest  along  the  middle  ones,  where  it  reaches  a  point  but  little  beyond  the 
middle  of  the  exposed  portion  of  the  outer  primary.  The  inner  webs  of 
the  secondaries  are  gray  or  whitish  for  about  half  way  from  the  border  to  the 
shaft,  but  not  abruptly  defined.  The  tail  is  black  ;  the  concealed  bases  of  all 
the  feathers,  except  perhaps  the  innermost,  are  white ;  the  entire  terminal 
third  of  the  outer  feather,  and  still  more  of  its  outer  web,  with  a  constantly 
decreasing  amount  on  the  succeeding  feathers  as  far  as  the  fourth,  white  ;  the 
shafts,  however,  are  dusky  almost  to  tlieir  extremities.     Bill  and  feet  black. 

(Xo.  3,054.)  Total  length,  8.50;  wing,  3.72;  tail,  4.10,  its  graduation,  .92; 
exposed  portion  of  1st  primary,  1.76,  of  2d,  2.40,  of  longest  (measured  from 
exposed  base  of  1st  primary),  2.75  ;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  .82,  from 
nostril,  .5(1,  along  gape,  .98,  depth,  36;  tarsus,  1.00;  middle  toe  and  claw, 
•)i2,  claw  itlone,  .30  ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .65,  claw  alone,  .32.  ,,  ;  '■ 

Of  the  ten  specimens  before  me  nearly  all  e.xliibit,  to  a  p^reater  or 
loss  extent,  the  obsolete  wavings  on  the  feathers,  described  above. 
In  several,  also,  the  lesser  wing-  and  upper  tail-coverts  are  tipped 
oiciisluiially  with  blackish — features  not  observed  in  excubitoroides. 
There  is  some  variatiou  la  amount  of  white  on  the  tail  in  No.  542, 


k     ^' 


<  1^ 


19 

*  i 

i 

Ji 

[5i  '• 


■i! 


444 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAN.  BIRDS. 


[part  I. 


this  involving  more  than  half  of  the  outer  feather,  or  nearly  the 
whole  of  its  exposed  portion. 

Young  birds  differ  in  having  the  upper  plumage  much  duller  iii.d 
tinged  with  ochraeeous ;  the  feathers,  especially  of  head  and  rump, 
waved  (most  finely  on  the  head)  with  dusky,  the  jugulum  and  breast 
similarly  marked.  The  tii).s  of  the  greater  wing  coverts  are  pale 
ochraeeous,  and,  like  the  lesser,  are  waved  with  dusky ;  the  black 
cheek  stripe  is  obsolete  in  front  of  the  eye,  excepting  a  spot  at  its 
anterior  canthus  ;  the  bill  and  legs  are  paler.       .      i   4  . ,      ^    ...» 

The  dilference  between  this  species  and  its  American  allies  will 
be  pointed  out  farther  on.  It  appears  to  be  very  closely  related  to 
the  L.  meridionalis  of  Europe  (Temminck,  Man.  I,  1820,  143; 
Deqland,  Ois.  Eur.  I,  1849,  384;  Bree,  Birds  Jlurope,  I,  1H;M), 
159,  plate,  etc.) ;  but  judging  from  Degland's  description,  the  hitter 
differs  principally  in  the  vinaceous  or  rosy  tinge  of  the  under  parts, 
and  in  the  rectrices  being  entirely  black  at  the  base.  The  eye  stripe, 
with  its  paler  upper  border  anteriorly,  and  the  white  markings  of 
the  wing  appear  to  be  much  the  same.  The  length  of  meridionalis 
(ten  inches)  is  considerably  greater. 

Specimens  examined,  ten. 


Sraltli- 

eoniaa 

Mo. 

Collec- 
tor's 
No. 

Sex 
and 

Age. 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

3,0.')4 
542 

2,420 

.. 

Jav. 

Liberty  County,  Ga. 
Southern  Atlantic 

States. 
Savannah,  Ga. 

1846. 
1845. 

8.  F.  Balid. 

11 
II 

CoUiirio  elegans.  ' 

LantHS  elegans,  Sw.  F.  B.  A.  II,  1831, 122.— Ncttall,  Man.  1, 1840,287. 
— Cassin,  Pr.  A.  N.  So.  1857,  213.— Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858, 
327. — Collyrio  eleyans,  Baird,  Birds  N.  Am.  1858,  xxxv. 

Ilab.  California?  .  ,- 

Third  quill  longest ;  then  4th  and  5th  ;  2d  between  5th  and  6th;  1st  about 
half  tlie  longest.  Bill  lengthened  and  very  powerful,  as  large  and  strong  as 
that  of  L.  horealis. 

Upper  parts  dark  plumbeous-ash  (very  much  as  in  L.  ludovicianm) ;  darkest 
on  head,  a  little  paler  perhaps  on  the  lower  back  and  rump  (very  slightly  ami 
almost  inappreciably,  however)  ;  the  forehead  as  dark  as,  or  even  darker  than 
the  vertex  ;  the  longer  scapulars  quite  white  at  ends.  Beneath  bluish-wliite, 
quite  pure  on  throat  and  sides  of  neck,  middle  of  l)elly,  and  crissuni  :  the 
sides  of  body  and  the  front  of  breast  decidedly  bluish  ;  the  axillars,  uow- 
♦»ver,  with  their  outer  webs  quite  white,  their  inner  more  ashy ;  the  lesser 


COLLURIO. 


446 


m 


coverts  gray.  \Ving«  and  tail  black,  varied  with  whitt  ;  tlio  former  sliowing 
externally  a  large  white  patch  at  husen  of  jiriinai  ies,  and  broad  whiti'  i\])»  to 
the  secondaries.  The  white  on  primaries  extends  nearly  as  far  as  tho  tip  ol^ 
the  1st  quill ;  the  inner  webs  of  the  secondaries  (excepting  the  iiinernio.''t 
ones)  are  pure  white  to  the  sliaft  for  their  basal  half,  the  posterior  border  of 
the  patch  perpendicular  to  tho  shaft ;  this  color  also  bor<lering  tbe  web  for 
half  its  width  to  the  und,  and  quite  abruptly  defined.  Tlie  tail  feathers  are 
apparently  without  any  concealed  white  at  their  bases,  although  tho  discon- 
nected fibres  aro  grayish ;  the  outer  feather  lias  the  terminal  third  and  all 
the  outer  web  white  ;  the  amount  of  white  limiuiahes  iu  the  2d,  3d,  and  4th 
feathers  ;  the  Tith  and  (»th  entirely  black. 

There  is  a  broad  black  band  from  bill  tlirough  and  behind  eye,  and  im- 
variefl  by  white,  aa  in  e.xr.nlntoroi'les,  and  with  a  well  defined  narrow  frontal 
line  of  the  same  color ;  the  loral  region,  however,  exhibits  a  tinge  of  deep 
ashy ;  the  bill  and  legs  are  black. 

Total  length,  8.75  ;  wing,  4.20;  tail,  4.40,  graduation,  1.00  ;  exposed  por- 
tion of  Ist  primary,  1.35,  of  2d,  2.60,  of  longest  (measured  from  exjwsed  base 
of  1st  primary),  2.95;  length  of  bill  from  forehead,  1.00,  from  nostril,  .59, 
along  gape,  1.10,  depth,  .39;  tarsus,  1.20;  middle  toe  and  claw,  .95,  claw 
aloue,  .34 ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .70,  claw  alone,  33. 

The  description  given  above  is  taken  from  a  specimen  in  the  col- 
lection of  the  Philadelphia  Academy,  labelled  as  having  been  col- 
k'cted  iu  California  by  Dr.  Gambel,  and  is  very  decidedly  different 
from  any  of  the  recognized  North  American  species.  Of  nearly 
the  size  of  G.  excubitoroides  and  luduoicianus,  it  ha.s  a  bill  even 
more  powerful  than  that  of  C  borealis.  In  its  unwaved  under 
parts  and  uniform  color  of  the  entire  upper  surface,  except  scapulars, 
it  difl'ers  from  borealis  and  excubitoroides,  and  resembles  ludomci- 
anm.  In  the  extension  of  white  over  tho  inner  webs  of  the  secon- 
daries, it  closely  resembles  C.  excubitor.  The  great  restriction  of 
white  at  the  base  of  tho  tail — the  four  central  feathers  being  entirely 
black,  and  the  bases  of  the  others  grayish-ashy — is  quite  peculiar 
to  the  species.  ,,      :  ,.,       .    ',. 

I  am  by  no  means  satisfied  that  the  bird  here  described  is  the  true 
Lanius  elegans  of  Swainson — there  being  several  marked  differences 
from  his  description.  In  the  essential  features,  however,  of  the 
larger  size,  especially  of  the  bill,  the  concolored  forehead,  the  scarcely 
lighter  rump,  and  the  greater  amount  of  white  on  the  inner  webs 
of  the  secondaries,  there  is  a  decided  accordance.  In  Swainson's 
bird  the  tail  seems  to  be  almcvit  as  white  as  in  extremes  of  colora- 
tiuu  of  cxcubitoroidts,  instead  of  being  much  blacker  than  usual. 

C'ollurio  excubitoroides. 

Lanius  excubitoroides,  Swainson,  F.  B.  A.  II,  1831, 115  (Saskatchewan). 
— Oambel,  Pr.  A.  N.  Sc.  1847,  200  (Gala.).— Cassin,  I'r.  A.  N.  Sc. 


*r  ■■:'^-' 


la 


RrVIEW  OP  AMERICAN  HIIIDS. 


[PAUT  T. 


C.I--  •■■ 


<»•  ,.,  ■ 


II  -'»♦  : 


1    ■■ ,  ' 


1857,  213.— ScLATKR,  p.  Z.  8.  18«J4, 173  (City  of  M«xico).— CV/^no 

exruliitoi aides,  Uaiud,  IMuIa  N.  Am.  1858,  !i'27. 
t  LuniuH  tnexicaiiua,  Hkeiim.  tab.  Jour.  II,  18.04,  145. — Sclateb,  Catal. 

1801,  4fi  (Mexico). 
Lanius  luiiovicianus,  Max.  Cab.  Jour.  1868,  191  (Upper  Mlesouri). 

Hah.  Western  province  of  North  America,  as  far  north  as  California ;  Middle 
North  America,  to  the  Saskatchewan,  and  east  to  Wisconsin,  Micliigan  and 
lliinois;  Houth  to  Orizaba  and  Oaxaca,  and  City  of  Mexico;  Cape  St.  Lucas. 

(No.  38,423  f  %  ;  Laramie  Peak.)    Graduation  of  tail  rather  less  than  ono- 

fourth  of  its  total  length.     Fourth  quill  longest;  3d  scarcely  eliortt-r ;  then 

the  5th  ;  2d  longer  than  t)th  ;  exposed  portion  of  Ist  about  half  that  of  longHst. 

Above  pure  light  bluish-ash ;  beneath,  including  axillara,  pure  unbroken 

white.     A  very  narrow  frontal  Hue  with  all  th«  nasal  feathers,  and  cnntinu- 

,  '  oas  with  a  broad  stripe 
through  and  behind  eye, 
involving  entire  ear  cov- 
erts, with  the  wings  and 
tail,  bill  and  feet,  deep 
black  (the  lesser  wing 
coverts,  however,  like  the 
back)  ;  the  cheek  stripe 
extending  narrowly 
above  tlie  eye  and 
broadly  below  it,  and 
not  varied  with  white 
on  the  lower  eyelid. 
The  forehead  and  side 
of  vertex  in  contact  with 
the  black  stripe,  as 
far  as  posterior  border 
of  eye,  hoary,  almost 
'  pnre  white,  shading  oflF  quite  abruptly  into  the  ash  of  head  ;  the  scapnlar 
feathers,  where  they  overlap  the  wings,  as  well  as  upper  tail  coverts,  similarly 
white,  and  shading  into  the  adjacent  ash  ;  the  coverts,  however,  slightly 
glossed  with  ashy,  especially  above.  The  tips  of  the  secondary  quills,  and 
a  conspicuous  patch  across  the  base  of  the  primaries  (visible  externally  in 
the  closed  wing)  are  white  ;  this  involves  both  webs  of  the  primaries  (except 
perhaps  the  1st),  and  extends  about  as  far  as  the  tip  of  the  1st  primary, 
occupying  more  and  more  space  from  the  outer  to  the  middle  quills.  Tlie 
secondaries  are  edged  internally,  as  well  as  tipped  with  white ;  this  color 
usually  mixed  with  grayish,  occupying  rather  the  larger  portion  of  the  web 
towards  the  base,  but  not  abruptly  defined  as  in  the  primaries,  and  only 
reaching  the  shaft  at  the  extreme  base,  8nd  that  obliquely.  Outer  two  tail 
feathers  entirely  white,  except  a  wash  of  dusky  along  the  shaft  (greatest  in 
extent  on  the  2d  feather)  ;  the  3d  feather  is  white  with  rather  more  than  the 
central  third  black;  the  fourth  feather  is  black,  with  the  extreme  base  and 


Collyrio  exctihitnrnides,  Baird.    (Laramie  Peak.) 
(All  tbe  figures  tliree-fuurlhs  natural  size.) 


k<rl 


COLLUUIO. 


447 


tip  only  white,  the  reHt  are  entirely  black,  except  their  concealed  buHes,  which 
in  all  the  feathers  are  white. 

(No.  .18,42:5.)  Total  length,  8.. '50;  wing,  4.0.'5 ;  tail,  4.2.'5,  its  graduation, 
l.OU;  expoHed  portion  of  lt«t  primary,  1.50,  of  2<1,  2.(>0,  of  longent  (inuaHured 
from  exposed  baHe  of  lut  primary),  2.95  ;  length  of  bill  from  forehea<l,  .83, 
from  nostril,  .48,  along  gape,  .9^,  depth,  .33;  tarsus,  1.12;  middle  toe  and 
claw,  .77,  claw  alone,  .28  ;  hind  toe  and  claw,  .04,  claw  aloue,  .32. 

Young  birck  are  marked  very  much  as  tlio.se  of  G.  ludovicianns, 
already  described.  There  docs  not  seem  to  bo  much  difference  in 
color  between  the  sexes.  Winter  specimens  appear  inclined  to  a 
reddivsh  tinge  and  obscure  waves  of  dusky.  ,  .      _ 

The  specimen  described  (No.  38,423)  presents  an  extreme  amount 
of  white  on  the  wings  and  tail.  More  frequently  there  is  a  rectangular 
patch  of  black  on  the  inner  web  of  outer  tail  feather  (usually  at 
distal  end  of  basal  half),  and  generally  visible  at  the  tips  of  under 
tail  coverts,  which  becomes  larger  and  larger  in  the  next  two 
feathers;  the  fourth,  and  sometimes  fifth,  with  a  narrow  tip  only  of 
white.  Scarcely  any  two  specimens,  however,  agree  exactly  in  this 
amount  of  black  ;  in  all,  the  extreme  bases  of  the  quills  are  white, 
e.\c('j)ting  the  innermost,  which  usually  are  black,  unless  when  the 
white  on  the  ends  of  the  lateral  tail  feathers  is  of  more  than  usual 
cxttnit. 

In  No.  38,420  the  white  of  inner  webs  of  secondaries  is  purer, 
and  on  the  more  exterior  reaches  to  the  shaft  on  the  basal  third, 
then  passing  off  obliquely  behind  to  the  inner  edge  of  the  ((uill,  not 
transversely.  The  other  characters  are  much  as  described.  This 
amount  of  white  on  the  secondaries  is,  however,  but  seldom  met  with. 

No.  5,0G6,  from  Donana,  '.i  M.,  has  the  hoary  front  so  light  as 
to  appear  in  very  abrupt  contrast  against  the  dusky  stripe  through 
the  eye. 

In  No.  8,721,  from  near  San  Francisco,  the  colors  are  much 
darker  than  as  described,  the  plumbeous  of  upper  parts  being  as 
dark  as  in  Ivdovicianua,  and  without  any  hoariness  on  forehead 
and  side  of  vertex  ;  more  as  in  eler/anii. 

In  general,  specimens  from  the  California  coast  are  considerably 
darker  than  those  from  the  Plains,  very  similar  n\  color  to  C.  Itido- 
vicranus ;  the  hoariness  of  forehead  greatly  reduced,  sometimes 
scarcely  appreciable.  The  sides  and  axillars  are  more  plumbeous  ; 
less,  however,  than  in  lu.domcia,nun,  and  the  upper  tail  coverts  are 
always  considerably  and  appreciably  lighter  than  the  back. 

Cape  St.  Lucas  specimens  are  rather  darker,  especially  on  the 


If 


'.i'  I 


H 


448 


REVIKW  OP  AMERICAN  niRDS. 


[part  I. 


30139 


liouU,  tliuu  thoso  from  the  llucky  AlouiituiiiH ;  niid  among  tlicin  are 

Buverul  with  uiiiiMUully  large 
bills,  aliii08t  as  Ittrgu  um  that 
of  6'.  elegans,  one  uf  wliii'h 
(No.  2(5,438)  int'ftsures  .'(j 
from  fort'licad,  .55  from  nostril, 
and  1.05  from  gupc,  wliitli 
generally  exceeds  the  average. 
The  other  eharaeters,  however, 
are  essw.itially  thowe  of  cj-cuIh- 
toroides.  In  nearly  the  whole 
Rcries  (all  autumnal  birds) 
there  is  a  decided  tinge  of  reddish  on  breast  and  sides,  which  also 
are  obscurely  undulated  with  duuky. 

Specimens  from  the  Mississippi  Valley,  east  of  the  river,  ore 
darker,  with  tho  white  markings  less  prominent,  and  with  a  general 
approximation  to  the  characters  of  C.  ludovicianus.  They,  are, 
however,  usually  paler  than  the  California  birds,  Mexican  speci- 
mens are  perhaps  more  like  those  just  referred  to,  and  loss  tyj)ical, 
although  some  are  true  and  well-marked  excubitoroideH.  One  of 
these  Mexican  skins  (No.  18,600)  has  an  unusually  slender  and 
deeply  hooked  bill.    (See  figure  abovi.) 

In  this  species  (?),  as  in  C.  ludovicianus,  there  is  so  much  varia- 
tion in  the  amount  of  white  on  the  tail,  as  well  as  in  the  comparative 
length  of  the  feathers,  fls  to  unfit  these  features  for  specific  indica- 
tion, except  as  a  general  average. 

This  Shrike,  in  its  extreme  stage  of  coloration,  differs  from  ludo- 
vicianus in  paler  and  purer  color ;  the  ash  of  back  lighter ;  the 
under  parts  brilliant  white,  not  decidedly  plumbeous  on  the  sides  as 
in  the  other,  and  without  so  great  a  tendency  to  the  usual  obsolete 
waved  lines  (noticed  distinctly  only  in  winter  or  immature  birds) ; 
the  axillars  bluish-white,  not  plumbeous.  The  white  of  wings  and 
tail  is  more  extended ;  the  hoary  of  forehead  and  whitish  of  scapu- 
lars more  distinct.  The  bristles  at  base  of  bill  somewhat  involving 
the  feathers  are  black,  forming  a  narrow  frontal  line,  not  seen  in  the 
other.  The  most  striking  difference  is  in  the  rump  and  upper  tail 
coverts,  which  are  always  appreciably  and  abruptly  lighter  than 
the  back,  sometimes  white  or  only  faintly  glossed  with  plumbeous ; 
while  in  typical  speciiaons  of  ludovicianus  these  feathers  are  scarcely 
lighter  at  all,  and  generally  more  or  less  varied  with  blackish  spots 
at  the  end.     The  legs  and  tail  are  apparently  longer,  the  latter  loss 


♦  H 


COLLI' RIO. 


;i49 


j^rnduated.  These  differencos  arc,  however,  most,  appreciable  in 
gpt'ciirwjuH  from  th«  middle  and  wostern  provinces  TIiohc  from  Uio 
Western  States,  east  of  the  Missouri  River,  as  far  north  as  Wiscon- 
gin,  are  more  intermediate  between  the  two,  althougli  Htill  near«!st  to 
the  Rocky  Mountain  bird  as  described;  the  back  darker,  the  rump 
and  axillars  more  plumbeous,  the  sides  more  bluinli  1  have  little 
doubt  that  the  examination  of  scries  from  the  States  alonf?  th« 
Mississippi  will  show  a  still  clo'  ^r  resemblance  to  typical  C  ludo- 
vicianns,  and  that  the  gradation  between  the  two  extremes  will  bo 
found  to  be  continuous  and  unbroken.  It  therefore  becomes  a 
question  whether  there  is  really  more  than  one  species,  varying  with 
longitude  and  region,  according  to  the  usual  law,  the  more  western 
the  lighter,  with  longer  tail ;  or  whether  two  species,  originally  dis- 
tinct, have  hybridized  along  the  line  of  junction  of  their  respective 
provinces,  as  is  certainly  sometimes  the  case.  The  approximation 
in  many  respects  of  coloration  of  the  Shrikes  of  the  Pacific  coast  to 
those  of  the  South  Atlantic  States,  is  not  without  its  importance  in 
the  discussion  of  the  subject.  Pending  the  decision  of  this  question, 
however,  I  propose  to  retain  the  name  of  excuhitoroides,  as  repre- 
senting, whether  as  species  or  variety,  a  peculiar  regional  form, 
which  must  be  kept  distinctly  in  mind.  The  comparatively  greater 
eize  of  the  bill  in  the  Cape  St.  Lucas  specimens  is  seen  in  other 
species  from  this  locality. 

The  intensity  of  the  black  front  in  this  species  varies  considerably, 
sometimes  very  distinct,  and  again  entirely  wanting.  This  may 
probably  be  a  character  of  the  breeding  season,  the  dulness  of  black 
anterior  to  the  eye,  and  the  lighter  color  of  the  bill,  having  a  close 
relationship  here,  as  in  other  species,  to  maturity,  sex,  and  season. 

The  essential  differences  between  this  species  and  the  C  excuhitor, 
of  Europe,  will  be  found  in  the  diagnosis  given  under  the  generic 
head.     They  are  qnite  appreciable  on  a  slight  comparison. 

Siwcimens  examined,  over  one  hundred  in  number.  The  more 
important  localities  are  the  following : — 


29  June.  1866. 


'»■('• 


!    ^ — ^^ 


H 


Hi  ■' 


UJV 


450 


REVIEW  OF  AMERICAX  BIRDS. 


m 


'■■m 


Smith- 

Collec- 

Sex 

When 
Collected. 

No. 

tor'. 
No. 

Ane. 

Locality. 

Received  from 

Collected  by 

6,3(14 

6.W 

? 

PAalunm,  Cat. 

April,  IS-'ib. 

£.  Samuels. 

e.-ws 

743 

"          [Cisco. 

May,  1856. 

8,721 

., 

Presidio,  San  Fran- 

Lt.  T  .wbridge. 

89,483 

, , 

San  Francisco. 

1863. 

Col.C.  8.  Bulkley. 

E.  T.  Lorqnin. 

6,047 

, , 

Santa  Clara.  Cal. 

•  •  • 

Dr.  J.  C.  Cooper. 

4,040 

San  JoHO,  Cal. 

•  •  • 

A.  J.  OrayKon. 

8,719 

•• 

" 

Tulare  Valley. 
Fort  Tejon. 

Lt.  Williamson. 
J.  Xantns. 

Dr.  Heerioann. 

18.330 

762 

rf 

Fort  BeotoD,  Id. 

1860. 

Lt.  Mullan. 

J.  PearsHlI. 

13.3(12 

,  , 

? 

SteptoeValley.Utah. 

Mar.  12,  '59. 

Capt.  J.  U.  Simp- 

C.  8.  M  Carthy, 

38,420 

,  , 

.  . 

Fort  Lii ramie. 

1S64. 

Dr.  Hitz.        Uon- 



38,423 

49 

Laramie  Peak. 

May,  1864. 

35,403 

1,729 

Colorado  Terr. 

•  <  • 

Chicago  Ac.  Sc. 

D.  Thompson. 

6,066 

,  , 

Donafla,  N.  M. 

Nov.  14,  '53. 

Capt.  J.  Pope. 

37,003 

706 

Fort  Whipple,  Ar. 

Sept.  8,  '64 

Dr.  E.  Coues. 

26,438 

1,732 

Cape  St.  Lac  -s. 

18.>9. 

J.  Xantus. 

26,437 

"(San  Nicolas). 

Oct.  1839. 

it 

40,530 

365' 

Fort  Rice,  Dae. 

186.3. 

Gen.  A.  Snlly. 

S.  M.  Rotiiham- 

8,722 

.  , 

Juv. 

Racine,  Wis. 

.853. 

S.  F.  Baird. 

[met 

35,032 

.  , 

, , 

Chicago,  111. 

June,  1864. 

Chicago  Ac.  Sc. 

■....• 

10,172 

,  , 

rf 

Manon  County,  111. 

R.  Kpunicutt. 

34,558 

,  , 

<f 

Mt.  Carroll,  111. 

May  28,  '64. 

H.  Shimer. 

26,012 

25 

Winnebago,  III. 

July,  1862. 

J.  W.  Tolman. 

12,504 

,  , 

,  , 

Red  Fork  of  Arkan- 

•  •  > 

Dr.  Woodhouse. 

1,664 

,  , 

Jur. 

Michigan.          [sas. 

■  .  . 

S.  S.  Ilaldeiuau. 

29,360 

140 

, , 

Colima,  Hex. 

Feb.  1863. 

J.  Xantus. 

4,190 

,, 

, , 

Charco  Escondido, 

Mar.  1863. 

Lt.  Couch. 

13,600 

,  , 

, , 

Mexico.            [Mex. 

•  •  > 

J.  Gonld. 

J.  Taylor. 

33,573 

162 

f 

Mirador,   Mt.  Ori- 

Feb.  1864. 

Dr.  Sarlcrins. 

29,694 

•• 

Oaxacs.           [zaba. 

Nov.  186a 

A.  Sall^. 

■^ 


(37,005.)  9.00;  12.60.    (26,012.)  WitU  eggs. 


I  ,1-..  •   "•)       <  : 


•  :> 


UST  OF  SPECIES  DESCRIBED. 


p^^ 


V*  1 


PAoa 

Tl'RDID^    .  1 

Catharus,  Bouap.  6 

Catharus        .         .  7 

C.  melpomene  (Cab.),  Sclater. 

Mex.  to  Costa  Rica'  7 
C.  occidentalis,  Sclater. 


Central  Mexico      8 


C.  frantzil,  Cab. 


Costa  Rica      9 

Malacocichla    ,         .10 

C.  dryaa  (Gould),  Sol. 

Guatemala    10 
C.  mezicanua  (Bon.),  Scl. 

Mex.  to  Guat.     11 

Turdus,  Linn.  .     11 

HyJockhla  (Baird)         .     13 

T.  mnstelinus,  Gtn. 

E.  U.  S.  to  Guat. ;  Cnba    13 

T.  pallasil,  Cab. 

E.  N.  A. ;  Mex. ;  f  Cuba    14 

T.  nanus,     nd. 

M.  &  W.  U.  8. ;  C.  St.  Lucas    15 
T.  auduboni)  Baird. 

M.  U.  S.  to  Mex.     16 
T.  faacescens,  Stephens. 

K.  N.  A.  to  Panama ;  Cuba    17 

T.  nstnlatns,  Nutt. 

W.  U.  S.     18 
T.  iwainsor'  Zxu 

i.  Am.  to  Ecuador    19 


PAOI 

T.  allclas,  Baird., 

£.  N.  A.  to  Costa  Rica    21 

Turdus,  L.       .         .23 

T.  lllacns,  Linn. 

Europe ;  Greenland    23 

Phnesticus,  Bon.  .    23 

T.  jamalcensis,  Gm. 


Jamaica    23 
Orizaba    68 
Costa  Rica    58 


T.  ploicola,  Scl. 

T.  plebelns,  Cab. 

T.  nlgresoens,  Cab. 

Costa  Kica    68 

T.  leucauchen,  Sclater. 

Guat. ;  Mex.  ?    24 

T.  aBBlmillB,  Cab. 

Mex. ;  Guat.     24 

T.  grayl,  Bon. 

Mex.  to  Costa  Rica    26 

T.  obBoletUB,  Lawr. 

Panama  R.  R.     28 

T.  mlgratoriuB,  Linn. 

N.  A.  &  Mex.;  Cuba  ;  Tobago    28 

T.  oonfinis,  Baird.     (n.  s.) 

Cape  St.  Lucas    29 

T.  flavlroBtrls,  Sw. 

W.  Mex.    31 

Merula.         .         .     81 
T.  lnfa8oatti8(Lafr.),S^l.  k  SaW. 

Mex.  to  Gnat.     31 


The  Cogta  Eiuan  ip^ies  is  perhaps  true  aurantilrimtrU. 

(451) 


*  .* 


I'  ■    . 


j: , 


r  jt  ■    « "''!T'j'??ii  T^'z-^ill 


452  LIST    OF   SPECIES   DESCUIUED. 

PAOB 


T.  mfltorques,  Hartl. 


Oaat.     32 


nesperocichla,  Baird        .     32 
T.  naeviuB,  Qm. 

W.  N.  xim.    32 

■V- 

Platyciclila,  Baird    .    32 

(P.  brevlpes,  Baird.    n.  s.) 

Brazil     32 

Semimerula)  Sclater  .     33 

8.  aorantia  (Gm.)*  Scl. 

,  ;  Jamaica    34 

Mimocicbla,  Scl.       .    35 
M.  plumbea  (L.),  Baird. 

,,.-.     .  Bahama      36 

M.  schlstacea,  Baird.     (n.  s.) 

Cuba    37 
M.  mbripes  (Temm.),  Sol. 

Cuba    38 
M.  ardoBiacea  (Linn.),  Baird. 

St.  Domingo;  Porto  Rico    39 

Vinclocerthia.       .         .     59 
C.  ruficauda  (Gould),  Scl. 

Guadalonpe     59 

C.  gatturalis,  Scl. 

Martinique    50 

^   •  Cichlerminia       .         .59 

C.  bonapartli  (Lafr.)*  Sol- 

,;,    ..  Guiidalonpe     69 

Ramphocincliis,  Lafr.    41 

R.  brachyurus,  Vieill. 

Martinique    41 

Margaropg,  Sclater  .    41 

M  fosoatns  (Vieill.),  Scl. 

St.  Dom. ;  P.  R, ;  St.  Thom. ; 

St.  Crnz  ;  Jamaica     42 

M.  denslrostris  (Vieill.),  Sol. 

Guad.;  Mart.     59 

M.  montanna  (Lafr.),  Scl.         .    59 
Guadalonpe    69 


FAGI 

Oreoscoptes,  Baird.    .    4-z 
O.  montanuB,  Towns. 
M.  &  W.  U.  S.  to  Cape  St.  Lucas     42 

HarporliyncIiusjCab.     43 
H.  rufus  (Liuu.),  Cab. 

E.  U.  S.    44 
H.  r.  var,  longicauda,  Baiui. 

W.  U.  S.    00 
H.  longlroBtris  (Lafr.)  Cab. 

Texas  and  E.  Mexico    44 
H.  curvlroBtris  (Swains.),  Cab. 
Mexico  to  within  border  of  U.  S.    45 

H.  ocellatus,  Scl. 

Oaxaca    59 
H.  cinereua,  Xautus. 

Cape  St.  Lucas    46 
H.  lecontei  (Lawr.),  Bonap. 

Arizona    47 
H.  oriBBalis,  Henrj. 

,  .  Gila  River    48 

H.  redlvlvti(<  (Qambel),  Cab. 

Coast  of  Cal.    48 

MfiinUB,  Boie.   .        .    48 

M.  polyglottus  (D.),  Boie. 
n.  S.  (Southern  part)  to  Mex. 

Cuba?    48 
M.  p.  Tar.  caudatus,  Baird. 

W.  U.  S.    50 

M.  Orpheus  (Linn.),  Scl. 


Jamaica    50 


M.  dotainicuB,  Scl. 

St.  Domingo    59 

M.  bahamenslB,  Bryant. 

Bahamas    52 

M.  gtmdlachf,  Cab. 
M.  UUU,  March. 


Cuba  59 

Jamaica  52 

M.  gracilis,  Cab. 

Yucatan  to  C.  Rica  54 

fialeoscoptes,  Cab.    .  54 

Q.  carolinenBlB  (Linn.),  Cab. 

U.  S.  to  Panama ;  Cuba  64 


■V    "r-^-^lfii^.  '-'.' 


■*-,  'I 


LIST  OF   8PECIK8  DESCEIBED. 


453 


■:c 


PAOi 

I.   . 

4:i 

icas 

42 

:ab. 

43 

U.S.    44 


U.S. 

00 

b. 

exico 

44 

Cab. 

U.S. 

45 

^ . 

axaca 

59 

Lucas 

46 

ap. 

rizona 

47 

I  River 

48 

Cab. 

of  Cal. 

48 

,    48 


le. 


0  Mex. 
Cuba? 

48 

r.  u.  s. 

50 

amaica 

50 

omingo 

59 

ibamas 

52 

Cuba 

59 

amaica 

52 

C.  Rica 

54 

Cab.    . 

54 

Cab. 
;  Cuba 

54 

9Ielanoptila>  Sclater.      65 
.  M-  glabrirostria,  So  later. 
Si>  Uouduras     55 

Si 

'^        MelaaotiSjtBonap.      .     66 

M.  caerulescens  (Sw.)  liou. 

Mexico    56 
M.  hTpoleucTM,  Hartlaub. 

Guatemala    f>7 

^      Donacobius,  Swaius.       67 
(D.  atricapiUus,  Llun.,  Bon.) 

E.  S.  Am.     58 

(D.  albo-vittatUB,  D'Orb.) 

Bolivia    68 


CINCLID.!!:    . 


69 


Cinclus,  Beohst.     .        69 
C.  mezicanus,  Swains. 
Mountainous  part  of  W.  N.  Am. 

to  Mex.     69 

SAXICOL1D.S:        .    61 

Saxicola,  Bechst.  .     61 

S.  nnantho  (Linn.),  Bechst. 
Europe  ;  Greenland ;  Coast  of 

Am.  to  U.  S.     61 

'  Sialia,  Swains.        .     62 

S.  slaliB  (Linn.),  Baird. 

E.  U.  S. ;  Bermuda ;  Cuba    62 

S.  azarea,  Swains. 

Mex.  and  Guat.     62 

8.  mezlcana,  Swains. 

M.  and  W.  U.  S.  to  Mex.     63 

8.  arctioa,  Swaius. 

M.  N.  Am.     64 

SYLTIIDiE   .        .     64 

Regulina        ,        .     65 

Regnlus,  Cab.         .    6B 

R.  satrapa,  Licht. 

E.  N.  America    66 


R.  B.  var.  olivaceus,  Baird. 

W.  U.  States     65 
R.  cuvierl,  Aud. 

Penna.     66 

R.  calendulua  (Linn.),  Licbt. 

Greenland ;  N.  A.  to  Guatemala     66 

POLIOPTILli«i:c.     6&,  .  / 

Polioptila,  Sol.       .    67 

P.  melanura,  Lnwr. 

San  Diego  ;  Ft.  Yuma,  and  C. 

St.  Lucati     68 
P.  nigriceps,  Baird  (n.  s.). 

Mazatlan     69 
(P.  leucognstra  (Max  ),  Set.) 

Brazil     69 

(P.  buffonl,  Scl.) 

Cayenne ;  Bogota    70 
P.  albiloris,  Salvin.    •     '    •  -^    ;    .  •* 
W.  C. ;  Central  Amer.     70 
p.  Buperciliaris,  Lawr. 

Panama  R.R.     71 
(P.  bilineata  (Bp.),  Scl.). 

Carthagena  and  Eucador     72 

(P.  dumicola  (Vieill.),  Scl.). 

La  Plata;  Bolivia     73 

P.  bollviana,  Scl. 

Bolivia     73 

P.  plumbea,  Baird. 

Arizona    74 

P.  lembeyll,  Guval. 

Cuba    68 

P.  caerulea  (Linn.),  Scl. 

U.  S.  south  to  Gua^ .  ;  Cuba    74 


CHAMjEADiG 


75 


Chamsea,  Gambel     .  76  ' 

C.  fasciata,  Gambel. 

Coast  of  California  76 

PARID.X:     .        .  77 

Purince        ,         .  11 


•I    •    i   ■>"  ■* 


\'    •> 


»4i-^---^ 


454 


LIST   OF    SPECIES   DESCUIBED. 


PAOB 


Lophoptaanes,  Kaap.  .    77 

L.  bioolor  (Linn.),  Bon. 

E.  U.  States     78 
L.  b.  var.  missouriensis,  Baird. 


fifit 


S.  carollnensiB,  Qm. 

E.  U.  States    8t! 
S.  aouleata,  Cassin. 

W.  M.  U.  States  86 


Missouri  River  78    S.  canadensis,  Linu. 
L.  atrlcrlstatus,  Cassin.  Northern  N.  America    87 

£.  Tex.  and  Mexico  78    S.  pusilla,  Lath. 
L.  Inornatus  (Gambel),  Cassin.  ^-  Atlai  tic  and  Gulf  States    88 

VV.  end  of  S.  U.  States  78    8.  pygmaea,  Vigors 

L.  MTOllweberl,  Bon. 

Arizona  to  Mexico  79 


Parus,  Linn.  .        .    79 

p.  septentrionalis,  Harris. 

Missouri  Valley  to  R.  Mts.     79 

F.  atricapillns,  Liun. 

E.  N.  Am.     80 

P.  occidentalis,  Baird. 

N.  W.  Coast  of  U.  S.     81 

p.  meridionalis,  Solater. 

£.  Mexico    81 

P.  carolinenais,  And. 

S.  U.  States    81 

P.  montanus,  Qambel. 

Mts.  of  VV.  and  W.  U.  States    82 

P.  hudsonicus,  Forster. 

N.  E.  N.  America    82 
P.  rufescens,  Towns. 

N.  W.  U.  States    83 

Psaltriparus,  Bonap.       84 
P.  melanotis  (HartL),  Bonap. 

E.  Mexico    84 

P.  minimua  (Towns.),  Bon. 

W.  Coast  U.  S.      84 

P.  pInmbeuB,  Baird. 


W.  and  M.  U.  S.  to  Mexico    88 
CERTHIAD^         .    89 


Certhia,  Linn.  .        .    89 
C.  americana,  Bonap. 

N.  America,  generally    89 

C.  mesdcana,  Gloger. 

Mexico  to  R.  Mts.,  U.  S.    90 

TBOGLODYTID^  .    91 

Rhodinocincla,  Hart.      91 
H.  rosea  (Less.),  Hartl. 

Venezuela  to  Mazatlan    91 

Heleodytes,  Cab.  .    94, 95 

(H.  griseus  (Swains),  Cal.) 

Gaiana  and  Bogota    96 

rampylorhychus,Spix.    96 

C.  albibrunneus  (Lawr.),  Baird. 

Isth.  Panama    98 

C  brnnneicapllluB  (Lafr.),Gray. 
Adjacent  border  of  Mex.  &  U.  S.    99 

C.  gntattns  (Gould),  Lafr. 

Mexico  108 

C.  aflSnis,  Xantns. 

Cape  St.  Lucas  100 


M.  Province;  U.  S.    84   ^  paiiescens,  Lafr, 


Aliriparus,  Baird  (n.  g.").     85 
A.  flavicepa  (Sund.),  Baird. 

S.  border  of  W.  U.  States     8?) 


§ITTIN^ 

8itta«  Linn.   . 


S.  Mexico  101 

(C.  balteatns  Baird)  (n.  p.). 

Peru  and  Ecuador  103 

C.  zonatus  (Lesson),  Gray. 

Qo  I  Mexico  104 

.       Bo  I 

'  C.  capistratns  (Lesson).  Gruy. 
.     86  1  W.  Coast  Cent.  Auier.  104 


i  ,• 


^    ^ 


i2»  i'*  V 


LIST  OF   SPECIES   DESCRIBED. 

PAQB  ) 


C.  mfinncha,  Lafr. 

£.  and  S.  Mexico  105 

C.  jocosns,  Sclater. 
C.  nigriceps,  Scl. 

C.  homilis,  Sclater. 

C-  gularis,  SoL 


W.  Mexico  106 

Vera  Crui  109 

W.  Mexico  107 

Mexico  109 

.  109 


455 


TAUa 


Salpinctes,  Cab. 
S.  obsoletus  (Say),  Cab. 

M.  and  W.  U.  S.  to  Mex. ; 
«-  '  C.  St.  Lucas  110 

Catherpes,  Baird.      .  113 

C.  mezicsmus  (Swains.),  Baird. 

Western  U.  States  to  Mex.  Ill 

Cinnicertbia,  Lesson.    Ill 

(C.  nnlrufa,  Lafr.) 

Bogota  112 

(C.  nnibronnea,  Lafr.) 

Ecaador  112 

.':)  \i'>        Cyphorinus,  Cab.      .  112 
C.  lawrencii,  Sol. 

Isthmus  Panama  113 

MicrocerculUA,  Sclater   113 

M.  pUlomela  (Salvin),  Scl. 

Gaat.  to  Panama  114 

Heterorhina,  Baird  (n.  g.)  115 
B.  prostheleuca  (Sclater),  Baird. 

Mex.  and  Guat.  116 

B.  leacosticta  (Cab.),  Baird. 
Panama  to  Guiana  and  Ecuador  117 

H.  grlselcollis  (Lafr.),  Baird. 

Ecuador  to  Mex.  117 

H.  leQCophryB  (Tscbudi),  Baird. 

Pern  to  Costa  Rica  118 

H.  pusilla  (Sclater)i  Br.ird. 

W.  Mexico  119 

Thryothorns,  Vieill.   .  120 

Thrjfothorui,  Yieill.         .  123 


T.  ludovicianua  (Lath.),  Bon. 

E.  U.  blutes  123 
T.  berlandieri,  Couch. 

Lower  Rio  Grande  124 
T.  albinucha,  Cabot  (Baird). 

Guatemala  to  Yuuatau  125,  148 

Thryomanei,  Sclater        .  126 
T.  bewickii  (Aud.),  Bon. 
T.  b.  var.  bmickii  (And.),  Bon. 

E.  U.  States  126 
T.  b.  var.  spilurus  (Vigors),  Baird. 

Coast  U.  S.  126 
T.  b.  var.  leucogaster  (Gould),  Baird. 
Border  region  of  N.  Mex.  &  U.  S.  127 

Thryophilus,  Baird   .  127 

T.  rufalbus  (Lafr.),  Baird. 

T.  r.  var.  r«/a//>Ms  (Lafr.),  Baird, 

New  Grenada  to  Costa  Rica  128 
T.  r.  var.  poliopleura,  Baird. 

Guatemala  128 
T.  slnaloa,  Baird  (n.  s.). 

N.  Western  Mex.  130 
F.  modestiiB  (Cab.),  Baird. 

Guat.  to  Panama  131 

T.  galbraithl  (Lawr.),  Baird. 

Isth.  Panama  to  Carthagena  131 

(T.  strlolatus  (Max.),  Baird.) 

Brazil  132 

(T.  longlrostrla  (Vieill.),  Baird. 

Brazil  132 

(T,  albipectuB  (Cab.),  Baird.) 

S.  Ameriea  132  ' 

T.  caetaneuB  (Lawr.),  Baird. 

Isth.  Panama  133 

T.  Bohottli,  Baird  (n.  a.). 

Isth.  Darien  13H 

Pheiigopedius,  Cab.      134 

P.  fasclato-ventris  (Lafr.),  Bd. 

Bogota  to  lath.  Panama  134 

P.  mtlluB  (Vieill  ),  Baird. 

Brazil  to  Isth.  Panama  135 


-■'%■■  .■-■■...■ 


«)>> 


456 


LIST  OF  SPECIES  DESCRIBED. 


PAOB 


P.  fells  (Sclater),  Baird. 

W.  Mexico  ISO 

P.  maculipeotus  (Lafr.),  Baird. 

Mex.  to  Quat.  135 

Troglodytes,  Vieillot  .  137 

Troglodytes,  Vieill.  .  138 

138 


MOTACILLID^ 


PidS 

.  150 
.  161 


Alotacilla,  L.  . 

M.  alba,  Linn. 

Europe;  Greenland  152 


Anthus,  Bechst.        .  152 

Anthus,  Beubat.  .         .153 
A.  IndoviclanuB  (Om.),  Licht. 


T.  aedon,  Vieill. 

T.  a.  var.  cedon,  Vieill. 

Eastern  U.  States  138 

T.  a.  var.  aztecus,  Baird. 

N.  E.  Mexico  139 

T.  parkmanni,  Aud. 

N.  aud  W.  U.  States  140   A.  spraguei  (Aud.),  Baird 

T.  amerlcanus,  Aul. 

N.  E.  U.  States  141 

T.  intermediuB,  Cab. 

Mex.  to  CoRta  Rica  142 

T.  luquletUB,  Lawr.  (n.  s.)- 

Isth.  Panama  143 
T  brunneioollis,  Scl. 

S.  Mexico  144 


Anorthura,  Rennie.  .  144 

T.  hyemalis,  Vieillot.  144 
T.  h.  var.  hyemalis,  Vieill. 

E.  U.  States  144 
T.  h.  var.  pacificm,  Bd. 

West  Coast  U.  S.  145 

Cistothorus,  Cab.     .  146 

J  Cistothorus,  Cab.  .         .  146 

C.  Btellarla  (Licbt.),  Cab. 


E.  U.  States  146 
C.  elegans,  Sd.  &  Salv. 


Greenland  ;  N.  Am.  to  Guat.  153 
A.  prateusis  (Linn.),  Beclist. 

Europe ;  Greenland  155 

Neocorys,  Sclater    .        .  155 


Upper  Missouri  to  Saskatchewan  155 

NotiocoryK,  Baird  .        .  156 
A.  rufuB  (Gm.),  Lawr. 

iBtb.  Panama  156 

.  157 


Pedioc.orya,  Baird    . 
(A.  bogotensis,  Sclater.) 

Bogota  to  Ecuador  157 

(A.  .) 

tTraguay  158 


SYLTICOLIDJB  .  160 

SYLVICOLINiE  .       166,  167 

(MNIOTILTEiE)         .  107 

Mniotilta,  Vieill.      .  167 
M.  varia  (Linn.),  Vieill. 
E.  N.  Am.  to  Bogota ;  W.  Indies  167 


Pariila,  Bon.  .       .  168 
P.  americana  (Linn.),  Bon. 

E.  U.  S.  to  Guat. ;  W.  Indies  169 

Mexico  and  Guatemala  146    P.  pltiayutnl  (Vieill.),  Scl. 

S.  America  170 


Telmatodytes,  Cab.  .  147 

C.  paluBtrlB  (Wils.),  Baird        .  147 
C.  p.  var.  palustris  (Wils.) 

Greenland  ;  E.  N.  Am.  to  Gnat.  147 
C.  p.  var.  pahidlcola,  Baird. 

Pacific  Coast  U.  S.  148 


P.  Inornata,  Baird  (n.  s.). 

Guat.  to  Costa  Rica  171 

P.  BupercilloBa  (Hartl.),  Scl. 

Mex.  and  Guat.  171 

P.  gutturallB  (Cab.),  Baird, 

Costa  Rica  172 


LIST   OF   SPECIES  DESCRIBED. 


467 


...il 

05  >■ 


(VBRMIVORBJa) 


PAOK 

173 
173 


Protouotai-ia,  Baird 

P.  cltrea  (Bodd),  Baird. 

E.  U.S.  to  Panama  173 

Helminthopliaga)  Cab.  174 

H.  pinuB  (Liun.),  Baird. 

E.  U.  S.  to  Guat.  174 

H.  ohrysoptera  (Linn.),  Cab. 
t's        E.  U.  S.  to  Bogota;  Cuba  175 

H.  bachmani  (And.),  Cab. 

S.  Atlantic  Coast ;  Cuba  175 

H.  ruficapilla  (Wils.),  Baird. 

E.  N.  Am.  to  Mex.  175 

H.  celata  (Say),  Baird. 

Western  N.  Amer.  to  Mex.  178 

H.  virginiae,  Baird. 

S.  Rocky  Mta.  of  U.  S.  177 

H.  luciae,  Cooper. 

Arizona  178 
H.  peregrina  (Wils.),  Cab. 

E.  N.  Am.  to  Panama ;  Cuba  178 


Helmitherus,  Raf. 


179 


H-  vermlvoruB  (Gm),  Bon. 

E.  U.  S.  to  Guat.  ;  Cuba  179 

H.  Bwainsoni  (Aud.),  Bon. 

Coast  S.  E.  U.  States  ;  Cuba  180 


•    (SYLVICOLEiB) 


180 


Perissoglossa,  Baird  (n.  g.).  180 
P.  tlgrina  (Gm.),  Baird. 

E.  U.S.;  W.  Indies  181 

Dendroica,  Gray       .  182 
D.  virens  (Gra.),  Baird. 

E.  U.  S.  to  Panama;  Cuba  182 

D.  occidentalis  (Towns.),  Baird. 

W.  U.  S.  to  Guat.  183 

D.  chrysopareia,  Scl.  &  Sal>  . 

E.  Texas  to  Guat.  183,  267 

D.  townsendil  (Nuttall),  Baird. 

W.  U.  S.  to  Gnat.  185 
D.  nlgrescena  (Towns.),  Baird.  186 


I  PAOH 

D.  oasruleBoens  (Linn.),  Baird. 

E.  U.  S.  aud  W.  1.  188 

D.  coronata  (Linn.),  Gray. 

N.  aud  E.  N.  Amer.  to  Panama, 

Greenland,  and  W.  I.  187 
D.  audubonii  (Towns.),  Baird. 
W.  Amer.  to  Mex.  ;  C.  St.  Lucas  188 

D.  blackburniae  (Gm.),  Baird. 

E.  U.  S.  to  Bogota ;  Bahamas  189 
D.  caatauea  (Wils.),  Baird. 

E.  N.  Am.  to  Darien  189 

D.  plnua  (Wils.),  Baird. 

E.  U.  States  IQO 
D.  montaua  (Wils.),  Baird. 

Penna.  190 

D.  pennBylvanica  (Linn.),  Baird. 

E.  U.  S.  to  Panama  191 

D.  caerulea  (Wils.),  Baird. 

E.  U.  S.  to  Bogota ;  Cuba  191 
D.  pharetra(Gos8e),  Sclater. 

Jamaica  192 

D.  striata  (Forst.),  Baird. 

E.  N.  Am.  to  Bogota  ;  Cnba  ; 

Greenland  192 
D.  aureola  (Gould),  Baird. 

Galapagos  194 
D.  eeativa  (Gm.).  Baird. 

N.  Am.  to  Ecuador  195 

D.  eoa  (Gosse),  Baird. 

Jamaica  195 

D.  gundlachl,  Baird. 

>  Cuba  197 

D.  petechia  (Linn.),  Sclater. 

.Jiiinaica  199 

D.  ruficapilla  (Gm.),  Baird. 

St.  Thomas  201 

D.  vielUoti,  Cassin. 

Mex.  to  N.  Grenada  203 

D.  rufigula,  Baird  (n.  s.). 

W.  Indies  204 

D.  oliv^cea  (Giraud),  Sclater. 

Mexico  to  Guat.  205 

D.  maculosa  (Gm.),  Baird. 

E.  N.  Am.  to  Panama ;  W.  L  206 


»r 


458 


LIST   OF    SPECIES    DESCRIUBD. 


f  Jji^ 


'! ..,  \    ■';■». 


tAiit 


D.  kirtlandU,  Baird. 

Ohio  to  Bahamas  20(i 

D.  oarbonata  (Aud.),  Bd. 

Kentucky  207 

D.  palmarum  (Om.),  Baird. 

E.  N.  Am. ;  W.  I.  207 

X>.  pltyophila  (Guudl.),  Baird. 

Cuba  208 

D.  dominlca  (Linn.),  Baird. 

K.  U.  S.  to  Guat. ;  W.  I.  209 

'    D.  gfacise,  Coues. 

Arizona  210 
D.  adelaldaB,  Baird  (n.  s.). 

Porto  Rico  212 
:    D.  discolor  (Yieill.),  Baird. 

E.  U.  S.  113 


GEOTHLYPIN^ 
(SEIUREiE) 


.  214 
.  214 
.  214 


Seiurus,  Sw. 

8-  attrocapilluB  (Linn.),  Sw. 
E.  N.  Am.  to  Costa  Rica  ;  W.  I. ; 

Mazatlan  214,  266 

8.  noveboracensis  (Gm.)  (?) 

E.  N.  Am.  to  Bogota;  W.  t.    215 

8.  ladovicianus  (And.),  Bon. 

E.  U.  States  to  Guat. ;  W.  L  217 

Oporornis,  Baird.      .  218 
O.  agllis  (Wils.),  Baird. 

E.  U.  States  218 

O.  formosna  (Wils.),  Baird.  ^ 

£.  U.  States  to  Panama ;   Cuba  218 


(OEOiTHLirPEiE) 


219 


Oeotlhlypis,  Cab.      .  219 
G.  trlchas  (Linn.),  Cab. 

U.  3.  to  Gnat. ;  W.  L  220  Myiodioctes,  And 

a.  melanops,  Baird  (n.  s.).  M.  mitratUB  (Gniel.),  And. 

C.  Mexico  22^  E.  U.  S.  to  Pr.nama ;  W.  I.  239 

G.  Hemlflavus,  Sol.  j  M.  canadensis  (Linn.),  Aud. 


riui 
(O.  velata  (Vieill.),  Cab.)   ^      %) 

Brazil  223 
(G.  eeqalnootlalls  (Gm).  Cab.) 

N.  E.  8.  Am«r.  224 
G.  pollocephala,  Baird  (n.  s.). 
VV.  Coast  Mex.  and  C.  Amer.  225 

G.  Philadelphia  (Wils.),  Baird. 

E.  U.  S.  to  Panama  22f) 

G.  macgillivrayi  (Aud.),  Bainl. 

W.  &  M.  U.  b.  to  Costa  Rica  227 
G. . 

Guatemala  227 


ICTERIANiE    . 


.  228 
.  228 


Icferia,  Vieill. 
I.  ▼irens  (Linn.),  Baird. 

E.  U.  S.  to  Guatemala  228 
I.  longloauda,  Lawr. 

W.  U.  States  to  Mex.  230 

Oranatellus,  Dubns.  .  230 
G.  venustUB,  Dubus. 

W.  Mexico  231 

G.  francescee,  Baird  (n.  s.). 

Tres  Marias,  Mexico  232 

G.  pelzelni,  Scl. 

Brazil  231 

G.  sallaBi,  Scl. 

Mexico  to  Guat.  232 


Teretristig,  Cab. 


233 


T.  fernandinae  (Lemb.),  Cab. 

Western  Cuba  233 

T.  fornsll,  Gundl. 

East'o.Ti  Cuba  225 

SETOPIIAGINiE  .        .  235 


O.  speciosa,  Sol. 


Ecuador  223 
£.  Mexico  223 


E.  U.  S.  to  Borota  239 

M.  pusilluB  (Wils.),  Bon. 

E.  U.  S.  to  Costa  Rica  240 


LIST   OF   SPECIES   DE8CRIBKD. 


4:9 


PAUB 

M.  mlnutus,  Wils.,  Bd. 

United  States  241 

Basileuterus,  Cab.    .  241 

Basileuterus,  Cab.  .         .  241 

B.  ooliolToruB  (Licht.),  Bon. 

Mex.  to  Costa  Rica  245 

(B.  vermlvorus  (Vieill.).  Cab.) 

N.  K.  Soiitb  America  243 

(B.  bivlttatus  (Lafr.),  Sol.) 

Ecuador  243 

(B.  coronatua  (Tsch.),  Bp.) 

,      >•  •      Bouador;  Bogota  244 

(B.  lencoblepharum  (Vieill.), Sol.) 
S.  Brazil  and  Paraguay  244 

(B.  supercillOBua  (Swains. ),Baird.) 
N.  Brazil  244 

(B.  BtragulattiB  (Licht.),  Scl.) 

Brazil  244 

(B.  semicervlnus,  Scl.) 

Ecuador  244 

B.  oropygialls,  Sclater. 

Panama  to  C.  R.  246 

/(feo<e«,  Baird.     .        .  247 

B.  melanogenys,  Baird  (u.  s.). 

Costa  Rica  248 

B.  mfifirons  (Swains.),  Bon. 

Mexico  248 

B.  delattrii,  Bonap. 

Mex.  to  Ouat.  249 
R.  mesochrysas,  Sclater. 

Bogota  to  Costa  Rica  250 
B.  belUi  (Oiraad),Scl. 

Mex.  and  Guat.  250 

Mi/iothb/pix,  Cab. .        .  251 

(B.  nlgrlorlatatUB  (Lafr.),  Scl.) 

Ecuador  251 
(B.  flaveolOB,  Baird.) 

Paraguay  252 

Setophaga,  Swains.     .  253 
Setophaga,  Swains.         .  253 


S.  rutlciUa  (Linn.),  Swains. 

E.  N.  Am.  to  Ecuador;  W.  I    258 

S.  piota,  Swains. 

Mex.  and  Ouat.  256 

8.  multicolor,  Bp. 

Mexico  257 

Myioborus,  h&iii.  (n.  g.). 

8.  mlnlata,  Swains. 

Mexico  259 

S.  flammea,  Kaup. 

Guat.  to  Costa  Rica  259 

(8.  vertlcallB,  Lafr.  &  D'Orb.) 

Bogota  and  Ecuador  258 

8.  anrantlaoa,  Baird  (n.  s.). 

Costa  Rica  2G1 

(8.  ruficoronata,  Scl.) 

Ecuador  258 

(8.  melanocephala,  Tsch.) 
(8.  ornata,  Boiss.) 

(8.  brunneioepB,  Lafr.) 

Bolivia  258 

8.  torquata,  Baird  (n.  s.). 

Costa  Rica  261 

Euthhpis,  Cab.  .        .  262 

8.  lachrymosa  (Bon.),  Baird. 

Mex.  and  Ouat.  263 

Cardellina,  Dubus     .  263 

CardelUna,  Dubus  .  263 

C  rnbrifrons  (Oirand),  Sclater. 

Mex.  and  Ouat.  2G4 

Ergaticn*,  Baird  (n.  g.)    .  264 

C.  rubra  (Swains.),  Bon. 

Mexico  264 

C.  veralcolor,  Salvin. 

Guatemala  265 


Peru  268 
Bogota  258 


HIRU^TDIIVIDil] 


267 
271 


Progne,  Boie   . 
P.  SUbla  (Linn.),  Baird. 

U.  S.  to  Mex.  274 


■4f 


i    «»• 


AGO 


LIST   OF   BPKCIES   DEBCHIUED. 


'     , 


■v- 


PA(IB 


(P.  elegans,  Baird,  n.  s.) 

BuHiioH  Ayrefl  to  Brazil  275 

P.  oryptoleuoa,  Baird  (n.  h.). 

Cuba  277 

(P.  furoata,  Baird.)  (n.  s.) 

Cliile  278 
P.  oonoolor  (Oould),  Baird. 

Uuliipjigos  278 

P.  dominicenBis  (Gim.))  March. 

Jamaica  to  St.  Douiiugo  279 

P.  leucogaster,  Baird  (n.s.). 

Mex.  to  Cartliagcna  280 

(P.  domestica  (Vieill.),  Gray). 

Paraguay  aud  Bolivia  282 

Phof^progne,  Baird         .  283 

(P.  fuBca  (Vieill.),  Cab.).      .  . 

Panama  285 

(P.  tapera  (Linn.),  Cab.). 

Brazil  to  Bogota  286 

Petrochelidou,  Cab.  .  286 
P.  lunlfrona  (Say). 

U.  States  to  Panama  288 

(P. ). 

Brazil;  Paraguay  289 

p.  B'wainsonl,  Solater. 

Mexico  290 
P.  fulva  (Vieill.),  Cab. 

Cuba  and  St.  Domingo  291 

P.  posclloma  (Gosse),  Baird. 

Jamaica  292 

(P.  rnfioollarls  (Feale),  Baird). 

Peru  292 

'  ^i-      ^irundo,  Linn.       .  293 

Hirundo,  Linn.        .        .  294 

H.  horreornm,  Barton. 

U.  States  to  C.  Am. ;  W,  I.  294 

(H.  erythrogaster,  Bodd.) 

S.  America  295 

Toch/cineta,  Cnh.  .         .  296 

H.  bloolor,  Vieill. 

U.  S.  to  Guat. ;  W.  I.  297 


fAOl 


H.  thalasslna,  Swninfl. 

M.  and  W.  U.  S.  to  Gunt.  299 
H.  albilinea  (Lawr.),  Baird. 

CoastH  of  Mex.  and  Cent.  Am.  300 

(H.  leuoorrhoa,  Vieill.)  ■*■•'■• 

Paraguay  301 
(H.  albiventrlB,  Bodd.) 

\i,  Coaut  S.  Am.  302 
(H.  meyeni,  Cab.) 

Chile  and  Patagonia  302 

CalUchtUJon,  Bryant       .  303 
H.  oyan'eovirldls,  Bryant. 

Bahamas  303 
H.  euohrysea,  Gosse. 

Jamaica  304 

Atticora,  Boie  .  305 

Atticora,  Boie     .         .  305 
(A.  fasclata  (Gm.),  Boie). 

Brazil  and  Cayenne  306 

Notiochelidon,  Baird       .  806 

A.  pileatf^  Gould. 

Guatemala  307 

Neochelidon,  Scl.  .  307 

A.  tibialis  (Cass.),  Scl. 

Panama  to  Brazil  307 

A.  fooata  (Temm.),  Baird. 

Paraguay  to  La  Plata  308 

""        ■  Pygochelidon,  Baird        .  308 
A.  cyanoleuca,  Vieill.  309 

A.  c.  var.  cyanoleuca,  Viell. 

E.  South  Amer.  309 

A.  0.  var.  montana,  Baird. 

Costa  Rica  to  Chile  310 

(A.  melanoleuca  (Max.),  Barm.). 

Brazil  310 

(A.  patagonlca  (D'Ort>.,  Lafr.)  Bd  ) 
Uragnay  and  Patagonia  311 

(A.  mnrlna  (Cass.),  Bd.). 

Andes  of  S.  A.  312 

Stelgldopteryx,  Baird  .  312 


U8T  or   SPECIES   DESCRIBED. 


461 


PA«K 

8.  Berripennls  (Aud.),  Baird. 

U.  H.  to  C«)Utal  Mez.  314 

(S.  ruficoUls  (Viuill.),  Baird). 

La  Plata  and  Brazil  315 

8.  fulvipennis  (Sol.),  Baird.. 

Mex.  aud  tiuat.  316 
8.  uropygialls  (Lawr.),  Baird. 

Istli.  Fanauia,  South.  317 
8.  gutturalls,'  Baird  (n.  a.). 

Costa  Rioa  314 

Cotyle,  Boio  .        .  318 
C.  rlparia  (Linn.),  Boie. 

Northern  Hemisphere  319 

,  •    .     TIREOlVIDiE  .         .  3'2:i 

Tireosylvia,  Bon.      .  326 

rireo»i/U'ia,  Bon.  .        .  327 
V.  calidris  (Linn.),  Baird. 

.Jamaica  to  St.  Thomas  329 
V.  barbatula  (Cab.),  Baird. 

Florida  ;   Bahama  ;  Cuba  331 
V.  oil  vac  ea  (Linn.),  Bon. 

N.  Amer.  to  Bogota  3?3 
V.  flavoviridlB,  Cassin. 

Mex.  to  Panama  336 
(V.  chivi  (Vieill.),  Baird). 

La  Plata  to  Bahia  337 
V.  agllls  (Licht.),  Sclater. 

On  at.  to  Buenos  Ayres  338 
v.  philadelphica,  Cassin. 

E.  N.  Am.  to  Costa  Rica  340 
V.  gUva  (Vieill.),  Cassin. 

E.  N.  Amer.  to  Mex.  342 
V.  Bwainsoni,  Baird. 

M.  and  W.  Province  U.  S.  343 
V.  josephae  (Sclater),  Baird. 

Costa  Rica  to  Venezuela  344 

Lantvtreo,  Baird  .         .  345 
V.  flavifrons  (Vieill.).  Baird. 

E.  U.  S.  to  Costa  Rioa  ;  Cuba  346 


PAIIH 

V.  Bolitarla  (Wils.),  Baird. 

U.  S.  ;  Sjulh  to  Uuat.  ;  Cuba  347 

V.  proplnqua,  Baird  (n.a.).         '"'    ' 

Ouateinala  348 
V.  plumbea,  Coaes. 

Arizona;  Colima  3-19 
Vireo,  Vieill.  .        .  350 

Vireo,  Vieill.    .         .  353 

V.  atrioaplUuB,  Woodh. 

S.  Texas  353 
V.  noveboracenslB  (Gm.),  Bon. 
K.  U.  S.  to  Bogota  ;  f  Cuba  ; 

Bermudas  354 
V.  carmioU,  Baird  (n.  s.). 

Costa  Rlja  356 
V.  huttonl,  Cassin. 

California  to  Mexico  357 
V.  bellil,  Aud. 

Missouri  Valley  358 
v.  puBilluB,  Coues. 

Arizona  to  C.  St.  Lucas  360 
V.  vioinlOT,  Coues. 

Arizona  3G1 

Vireonella,  Baird    .         .  362 

V.  modestuB,  Sol. 

Jamaica  362 

V.  latimeri,  Baird  (n.  s.). 

Porto  Rico  564 

V.  pallens,  Salvin. 

W.  coast  C.  Am.  365 
V.  ochraceuB,  Salvin. 

Mex.  and  Guat.  366 

v.  craBBiroBtrls,  Bryant. 

Bahamas  368 

V.  gnndlachl,  Lembeye. 

Cuba  369 

V,  bypoohryseuB,  Sclater. 

Tres  Marias  370 

Neochloe,  Sdater       .  371 
N.  brevlpennis,  Sclater. 

Orizaba  372 


1  By  mistake  named /u/vi'^ula,  on  p.  318. 


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TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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462 


UST  OF  SPECIES  DESCRIBED. 


(I-.--. 


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hi 


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!'■•■  '  PAOB 

V     HylopllilUS,  Tumtu.   .  372 
(H.  puicilotis,  Tumui.) 

£.  Brasil  376 

H.  ochraceicepa,  Scl. 

W.  Mex.  to  Costa  Rica  376 

(H  ferruginlfrons,  Scl.) 

'  N.  Grenada  377 

H.  aurantiifrons,  Lawr. 

Isth.  Panama  377 

(H.  acuticauda,  Lawr.) 

Venezuela  378 

H.  Insularis,  Sclater. 

Toago  379 

H.  virldiflavus,  Lawr. 

Isth.  Panama  380 
H.  decurtatua  (Bon.),  Baird. 

Mex.  and  Gnat.  380 
H.  pviailluB,  Lawr. 

Panama  to  Nicaragua  381 

Laletes,  Sclater         .  382 
L.  osburnil,  Sclater. 

Jamaica  383 

Cyclorhis,  Swaina.      ,  384 
C.  flaviventris,  Lafr. 

Mex.  and  Guat.  386 

C.  subflaveacens,  Cab. 

Costa  Rica  388 
(C-  flavipectua,  Sel.) 

Trinidad  and  Venezuela  319 
(C.  guianensis  (Gm.),  Burm.) 

Guiana  389 
(C.  g.  var.  cearensis,  Baird.) 

Brazil  391 
(C.  ochrooephala,  Tschudi.) 

S.  Brazil  391 
(C.  vlrldIs(Vieill.),Scl.) 

La  Plata  and  Bolivia  392 
(C.  virenticeps,  ticlater.) 

Ecuador  393 
(C.  nigrirostrls,  Lafr  ) 

Bogota  ?94 


PAor 
Tireolanius,  Dubua    .  3i)5 

V.  melitophrys,  Dubus.  h, 

ti.  Mex.  and  Guat.  396 
V.  pulchellus,  Scl.  &  iSalvr. 

Mex.  to  lath.  Panama  397 
(V.  eaEimius,  Baird.)  (u.  s.) 

Bogota  398 
(V.  icterophrys,  Bon.) 

Cayenne;  Peru  399 
(V.  chlorogaster,  Bon.) 

E.Peru  399 

AMPELID^   .        .401 
Dulina,  Vieill.    .         .  4U1 

Dulus,  VieiU.  .        .  401 
D.  dominlcuB  (Linn.),  Strickl. 

St.  Domingo  403 

D.  nuchalis,  Sw. 

Brazil  403 


AMPELIN^     . 


403 


Ampelis,  Linn.         .  403 

A.  garrula,  Linn. 

Northern  Hemisphere  405 

A.  cedromm  (VieiU.),  Scl. 

N.  Am.  to  Guat. ;  W.  L  407 

PTILOGONATINiE       .  408 

Ptiligonys,  Swaiu"..    .  410 

rtilogonys,  Swaina.         .  412 

P.  clnereuB,  Swains. 

Mex.  to  Guat.  412 

Sphenotelus,  Baird .         .412 

P.  oaudatuB,  Cab. 

Costa  Rica  413 

Phaenopepla,  Scl.    .  415 

P.  nltens  (Swains.),  Sol. 

W.  U.  S.  to  Mexico  416 


MYIADESTIN^ 


417 


LIST   OF   SPECIES   DESCRIBED. 


4C3 


.  401 
.  401 


PAOE 

MyiadeSteEt,  Swaiua.    .  4ib 

M.  soUtarius,  Baiid  (d.  s.). 

"    ^  Jamaiua  421 

M.  armillatus  (Vieill.),  Bou. 

Mai'tiuiquo  422 

M.  genibarbla,  Swaiua. 

W.  Indies  423 

M.  ulisabeth  (Lemb.),  Cab. 

Cuba  425 

M.  melanops,  Sal  v. 

Costa  Rica  426 

(M.  venezuelensls,  Scl.) 

Venezuela  to  Ecuador  427 

M.  unico^or,  Solater. 

Mex.  and  Gnat.  428 

M.  townsendil  (Au  1.),  Cab. 

Western  U.  S.  429 


Ciclllopsis,  Cab. 
(C.  leucogouys,  Cab.) 


PAUB 

.  433 


Brazil  434 

Platycichla,  Baird,  32, 436 

(P.  brevipes,  Baird.) 

B.azil  32,436 


LANUD^ 


.  437 
.  437 


■1 

M.  obacnruB,  Lafr. 

igo  403           H 

Mex.  to  Guat. ;  Tres  Marias  430 

izil  403           ■ 

(M.  leuootla  (Tschudi),  Cab.) 

Fera  432 

■ 

1 

ere  405           H 

H 

I 

■ 

I 

412           1 

I 

ica  413           jH 

• 

1 

-    -      --■-  -'-  ■  -     -     ■ 

icn  410           ■ 

•'        ■   -•--  —    ■■■    --    - 

1 

)  ;  .                        "-'.    ".1     ■    '  '■  '  ■ 

Collurio,  Vigors  . 

C.  borealls  (Vieill.),  B.-iird. 

Northern  N.  America  440 

C.  ludovlcJanus  (T.inn.),  Baird. 

S.  Atlantic  States  443 

C.  elegauB  (Sw.),  Baird. 

California  444 

C.  excublt-oroldes  (Sw),  Baird. 

Western  U.  S.  to  Mex.  445 


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}. 

ALPHABETICAL  INDEX  OE  SPECIES. 


^githaliscas,  84 

erythrocephalua,  84 
melaiiotiB,  84 
ilEgithalas  flaviceps,  85 
Agrodoiua,  153 

spraguei,  155 
Alaada  lud  >viciaiia,  153 

peunyiylvanica,  154 
prateiisis,  155 
spinoletta,  152 
rubra,  154 
rufa,  154,  156,  157 
Rpragiitiii,  155 
Alaadidm,  77,  150 
Aaipelidae,  ;i21.  322,  400,  402 
AmpelinsB,  401,  403 
Amp«li8,  321,  4(t(i,  402,  403,  405 
americaiia,  407 
carolinensis,  407 
cedronim,  402,  405,  407 
garruluri,  var.  B.,  407 
garrula,  404,  405 
phoeiiicopteruin,  405 
Anahatt^s  fernandiiiSB,  233,  234 
Aiiortliura,  123,  144 
AutliiiiiB,  105 
Anthus,  151,  152,  153,  16 
arboreus,  153 
bogotensis,  157,  153 
campestris,  153 
cerviiius,  153 
I'hertninitiri,  215 
Indoviciamis,   152,   153,    154, 

155,  15G,  1()4 
obscuriirt,  153,  154 
penusylvanita,  154 
pipiens,  154 
pratensis,  153,  155 
reinhardtii,  154 
riuhardi,  153 
rufescens,  158 
rufus,  15  () 

rupestris,  154  ..^. 

spinoletta,  153 
spragnei,  155 
Atticora,  208,  2t;9.  271,  305,  306,  313 
cinerea,  312.  320 
cyanoleaoa,  307,  309,  310,  313 
30     January,  1873. 


Attioora  oyanoleaca,  rar.montaiia,  310 

cyuiioph»3a,  312,  313 

fasciata,  207,  30(i 

fucata,  308 

Leuiipyga,  311 

uitilaiiol«'UL-a,  310 

niuriua,  312,  320 

patagouica,  310,  311 

pileata,  306,  307 

tibialis,  3(i7 
Auriparus  tiaviceps,  b5,  165 
Aviciila  lut.«a  vertiue  rubro^  1P9 

Baeolophus,  77 

bicolor,  78 
Baisileaterus,  237,  238,  241,  251,  258, 

2(J2,  2fc'4 
telli,  247,  248,  250 
bivittatus,  242,  243,  245 
brasieii.  2i45 
bruniieiceps,  258 
chrysogasitT,  242,  244 
cbrysophrys,  251 
ciuereicoUis,  242,  244 
coroiiatus,  242,  244 
culicivorus,  242,  245 
d«Ilatei,  223,  24!) 
bypolt'ueus,  242,  243 
lachryinosa,  263 
'  leucoblepLarum,       242, 

244 
inelai)o,!reny«,  248 
niesocbrytjus,  223,  25 
iiigriciipillus,  251 
nigricristatus,  251 
ruber,  265 
rufifroiis,  223,  248 
geniicerviuus,  243,  244, 

24t) 
etragulatnfl,     243,     244, 

246,  247 
enpercilioRus,  243,  244 
,  -^    -     uropygialis,  243,  246 

vtriiiivoiue,     242,     243, 

245 
viridicata,  242.  344 
Bombycilla,  404 

aroericaiia,  407 

(  4(J6  ) 


>,*,, 


4G6 


ALl'IIAUETICAL   INDJ5X    OF    UPKVIES. 


'* 


i' 


*^i<. 


P-^^ 


Buiubjruilla  caioliiieusis,  407 

cwliDiuiu,  404,  407 
gariula,  40(i 

Boni'>ycivoia,  404 

lioiubyviphura,  404 

C»r<>hi(l»,  160,  101,  1G2,  181 
CallicUeliduu,  2Gi»,  271,  :i03 

cyaneoviridis,  297,  303 
Campy loiUyucU us,    02,  93,  94,  9G,  99, 
128 
afflnis,  97,  9S,  100, 

101 
albibrnnneus,    97, 

98 
balteatns,   97,   98. 

101 
brevirostrjs,  97 
Lrunneicapillus, 

97,  99,  101,  109 
capistratus,  97,  98, 

104,  105,     10'!, 
107,  108,  128 

grisens,  9t; 
guttatus,  100,  108 
huuiilis,      97,     98 

107,  108 
jocodus,  105 
uiegalopterns,  101, 

102 
nigriceps,  98,  109 
nuchalis,  103 
oiuatus,  97 
pallesoeus,  97,  98, 

101,  102, 103 
pardu3,  97 
ruliunoha,   97,  98, 

105,  107,  108 
Bcolopaceus,  96 
uiiicolor,  99 
vaiiegatus,  97 
tonatoides,  97,  102 

*  loiiatus,     97,     98, 

102,  103,  104 
Cardellina,  236,  238,  2(j2,  2G3,  2tJ4 

auiiuia,  203,  264 
rubra,  264,  265 
rubrifrons,  236,  264 
versicolor,  265 
Catharus,  4,  6 

aurantiirostris,  7 
dryas,  10,  11 
frantzii,  6,  9 
imniaeulatus,  6,  7, 
,      •    niaculatus,  6,  10 

melpomene,  (i,  7,  8,  9, 10 
ntexiconun,  11 
Cath«rp«'s  uiexicanns,  111 
Certhia,  89 

nlbifroiis.  "Ill 

auicricaiia,  89,  90         ; .   ,,  ,  . 


C«rtlua  oaroliiiiHua,  124 
coslae,  iH> 
fautiliariH,  89,  90 
macutata,  167 
mexieaiia,  90 
palastris,  147 
piiiu;!,  174 
varia,  167 
Certhiadfe,  89,  141) 
Certbiola,  161,  162,  163,  181, 193 
babauiunsis,  163 
ntaritiuia,  181 
Chainsea,  75,  76 

fa.sciata,  76 
CLelidon,  268,  371 

tbalassiua,  299 
urbica,  268 
Cheramoeca,  271,  303 

lencosteina,  303 
Cliaetura  zonuris,  286 
Chloris,  168 

eritliacborides,  201 
Chlorophauey,  '  (il 

aiiicapilla,  1G3 
Chlorospiiigus,  161 
Chlorocbrysa,  161 
Cichlalopia,  4l 
Cichlerminia,  3 

bonapartei,  59 
fuscata,  42 
guttiiralis,  59 
rulicaiida,  59 
Cicblopais,  4,  34,  408,  417,  433,  434, 
436 
leucogoiiys,  417,  433,  434 
niteiis,  416 
Cinclidm,  1,  3,  59,  149 
Cinclocerthia,  3 

brachynra,  41 
Cinolus,  59 

americanna,  60 
leucoetiiibalus,  60 
leuconotns,  60 
niexicanus,  59,  60 
mortoiii,  60 
pallasii,  60 
townsendi,  60 
uiiicolor,  60 
Cinnicerthia,  93,  94,  111 

uiiibrniuiea,  112 
nuirufa,  112 
Cistotborus,  95,  123,  146 

elegaiis,  146,  147 
paliistris,  var.  paludicola, 

148 
palustris,  147,  148,120 
at^llaiis,  146, 147 
Collocalia  arborea,  287 
CoIIario,  321,  437,  438 

b-rt-alis,  438,  439,  440,  441, 
442,  445 


ALPHABETICAL   INDEX   OF    SPECIES. 


467 


CoUurio  elegans,  440,  444,  447,  448 

exuiiliitoroidfs,  4:^7,  438,  439. 
440,  441,  442,  443, 445,  448, 
44!) 
lu'lovioiaiius,  439,  442,  443, 
445,  447,  448,  449 
Coliuricincia  fusua,  42 
Gollyrio,  437,  43b 

boreal  is,  440  * 
elegans,  444 
exiubitoioides,  446 
ludoviciaiiu!*,  443 
Coinpsothlypis,  IfiS 

aniericanus,  lfi9 
biasiliamia,  179 
gutturalis,  172 
uiexicrtiia,  171 
protouotarius,  173 
Conirostrum,  161 

oniatum,  85 
supeiiiliortum,  171 
Corydalla,  153 

Cotyle,  2t59,  271,  283,  313,  318,  319 
flavigastra,  31(1,  317 
fulvipeiniis,  316  * 
fucata,  308  * 

leucorrhoa,  301         '  ' 
leucoptei-a,  302 
pyrrhonota,  2'-'9 
riparia,  2(J8,  281,  285,  299,  308, 

319 
ruficoUis,  315,  317 
serripennis,  314,  316 
tapera,  286 
uropygialis,  317 
Culicivora  atricapilla,  68,  69 
boliviana,  73 
dumecola,  69,  73 
leufogastra,  69 
mexicana,  68,  74 
towuseiidii,  429 
Cyclorhis,  324,  383,  384,  385,  395 
cearensi.-t,  391 
flavipectus,  385,  386,  388, 

389,  391 
flaviventris,  385,  386,  387, 

388 
gaiaiiensis,   384,  386,    389 

390,  391,392,  393 
nigrirostris,  885,  386,  894, 

395 
ochrocephala,  386,  391,  393 
poliocepliala,  390 
Bubrtavescens,  385, 386,  388 
virenticfps.  386,  393,  395 
viridis,  386.  391,  392,  393 
Cyclaris  flaviventris,  386 
iiifjrirostria,  394 
Cypboriuus,  93,  94,  112,  113,  114,  134 
albienlaiia,  114,  134 
bauibla,  114 


CypLorinua  cautans,  113 

fasciato-veutria,  134 
griaeicoUia,  117 
lawrencii,  112,  113 
leucopbrya,  118 
leucoaticlua,  117 
modulator,  113 
luusicns,  113 
pbiloniela,  114,  115 
prostbeleucus,  116,  117 
puailliis,  119 
tboriicicus,  112 

CypaelidsB,  267,  268 

Dacnia,  161 

cyanea,  163 

Deudroica,  163,  166,  180, 182,  192 
albicollis,  197,  198,  199 
adelaidse,  211,212 
sestiva,   29,  164,  193,   195, 

202,  236 
atricapilla,  193 
audubonii,  188 
aureola,  194 

blackburnise,  164,  172,  189 
cserulea,  191 
caeruleseeiia,  186 
canadensis,  186 
carbonata,  207 
castanea,  189,  164 
chrytopareia,  183,  185,  267 
coronata,  164,  187,  193 
discolor,  164,  213 
dominioa,  209,  211, 213,  267 
eoa,  195 

erithachorides,  203 
graciae,  210,  212,  213 
gundlachi,  194,  197,  202 
kirtlandii,  206 
maculosa,  164,  206,  213 
niontana,  190 
nigrescens,  186,  210,  211 
niveiventris,  183 
occidentaiis,  183,  184,  185 
olivacea,  205 
paluiaruui,  164,  207 
peunsylvanica,  164,  191 
petechia,  194,198,199,200, 

201,  202,  203,  236 
pbarotra,  192 
pinus,  190 
pityopbila,  208 
rufloapilla,  194,  201 
rufigula,  194,  204 
striata,  163,  164,  192,  193 
Buperciliosa,  164,  209 
tigrina,  161,  162,  IM,  164 
townaendii,  184,  185,  213 
vieiHoti,  194,  203.  204,  236 
virens,  182,  184, 164 

Donacobius,  57,  94,  95,  230 


463 


ALPHABETICAL   INDEX    OP    SPECIES. 


W 


.«f 


Douacobiasalbo-lineatus,  58 
albo-viltatus,  58 
atricapillua,  58 
brasilieusis,  58 
vooiferaua,  57,  58 
Oulos,  321,  384,  4U0,  401,  402,  405 
dorainioas,  402,  403 
nuchalis,  4o3 
pal  mar  am,   403 

Enioociohla,  214 
Euueoutouus,  438 

collario,  437 
Erythraoa  arctica,  (54 

wilriouii,  ()2 
Eigaticus,  237,  2;}8,  2G2,  264 
Euthlypis,  237,  2:18,  253,  255,  2G2 

canadensis,  240 

lacbrjmosa,  252,  2G2,  263 

Palonncnlug,  386 
Ficedala,  182 

canadensis  cinerea,  187 

dominica  ciuerua,  209 

dominicensis,  197 

minor,  197 

jamaioensis,  215 

ladoviciana,  169 

raartinicana,  201 
Farnarias  grisens,  95,  96 
roBuus,  91 

GaleoBcopteB,  3,  54 

carol  inensis,  54,  149 

plumbeus,  39 

rahripes,  33 
Qalbnla,  165 
GalbnlidsB,  165 
Geothlypeae,  166 
GeothlypinsB,  166,  214 
Geothlypis,  166,  219,  227,  252 

SBquinoctialis,  218, 220, 224, 

225,  226 

/       :.,       macgillivrayi,     220,    224, 

226,  227 
melanops,  222,  223 
pelzelnii,  231,  233 
Philadelphia.  220,  226 
poliooephala,  220,  225 
semiHava,  219 

serai davus,  223 
speoiosa,  219,  223,  228 
trichas,  219,  220,222,224 
Telata,  223 
velatus,  224,  226 

Glossiptila,  161,  162 

rnficollirt,  163 

Golondrina  domestica,  282 
de  la  parda,  285 

Granatellus,  166,  230 

frauolHoffi,  231,  232 


Granatellus aallaei,  221,  232 

veuustud,  23U,  231, 232, 233 

Habia  verde,  392 
Uarporbyuohus,   3,  5,  43 

ciuerHns,  46 
orissulis,  47 
curvirostris,  45 
lecunlei,  47 
lougirorttris,  44 
ooellatus,  59 
redivivus,  43,  48 
rafu£,  43,  44 
Harpes,  43, 

redivivus,  43 
Heleodytes,  91,  93,  94,  95,  96,  97,  128 
albibruiuieus,  98 
griseus,  96 
Helinaia,  179 

bachmani,  175 
carbonata,  207 
celata,  176 
chrysoptera,  175 
peregrina,  178 
protouotaria,  173 
rubricapilla,  176 
Bolitaria,  174 
Bwainsoni,  180 
vermivora,  180 
Helminthophaga,  161,  166,  173, 174 
bachmani,  161,  174, 

175,  181 
oelata,  163, 164, 173, 
174,  176,  177,  17_9 
chrysoptera,  174, 175 
citrea,  173 
luciae,  174,  178 
peregrina,  174,  177, 

178,  179 
pinus,  174 
ruflcapilla,  164,  173, 
174,  175,  177,  178 
Bolitaria,  174 
virpiniae,    166,    174, 
179 
Helmithems,  1S4,  174,  177 
bachmani,  175 
.     blanda,  234 
celata,  176 
cbrysopterus,  175 
.  migratorias,  180 
peregrinus,  178 
protonotarius,  173 
rnbricapillus,  176 
BolitariuB,  174 
Bwain^oni,  180 
veruiivorus,  179, 180 
Henicociclila,  214 

aurooapilla,  214 
,\i      ~     ludovioiana,  217 
major,  217 


ALPHABETICAL    INDEX   OF   SPECIES. 


409 


Uenioooichlaraotaoilla,  217 

iiovtiboracunsid,  215 
Hwrse  euohryat'a,  M-i 
Hespeniiiuhla,  12,  lii,  32 
Ueterorhiua,  93,  95,  112,  113, 114,  116 
grisuioolliH,  115,  117,  119 
le  icoplirya,  115,  118,  113 
leucosticta,  115,  117,  119 
proHtlieleuua,    112,     115, 

lit),  119 
pusilla,  11«,  1.9 
Hirundinidfc,  1(J5,  2G7,  2»i8,  2G9 
flirando,  2(18,  2(i9,  270,  271,  293,  294 

albiliuea,  297,  300,  317 

albiventris,  277,  302 

aniericana,  289,  294 

tapera,  286 

andeoola,  313,  320 

bico'or,  1()5,  297,  311 

cseriilea,  274 

cauadeusis,  274 

oayanensis,  282 

clialybea,  273,  282 

cinHi-ea,  312,  319 

coronata,  291 

concolor,  278 

oyaneoviridis,  303 

cyaiiopyrrlia,  295 

cyaiiolHuca,  308,  309,  312 

domestica,  292 

doininioeiisis,  279 

erythrogaster,  2G8,  295 

eu^hrysea.  304 

fasciata,  305,  306  ) 

flavigastra,  315  , 

flaviventer,  315  i 

frontalis,  301 

fulva,  28S,  291,  292 

fusca,  285 

fucata,  308 

gouldii,  301 

horreoruin,  165,  2G8,  294,  295 

hortensia,  315 

jugularis,  315 

leucogaster,  298 

leucoptera,  297,  302 

lencopyga,  301,  302 

leucorrhoa,  297,  301,  302 

ludoviciana.  274 

lunifroiiH,  288 

maculoHa,  320 

melanipyga.  309 

melanogaster,  286,  290 

melanoleuca,  310 

meyeni,  302 

minuta,  309 

nigricans,  287 

pasouuni,  286 

patatfonica,  311,  320 

purpurea,  271,  274,277 

pyrrhonota,  289 


Hivuudorespabliuana,  288 
riparia,  31«,  319 

ainurioaua,  319 
rufa,  294,  29r>,  29G 
ruUoullis,  315 
ruflcoliariH,  292 
ruHtiua,  2G8,  293,  294, 295, 296 
eerriptjunis,  312,  314 
BubiH,  271,  274 
tap«ra,  2hG 

tbalaHSina,  296,  299,  303 
tibialiH.  307 
unala.sclikHnnia,  320 
ven^icolor,  274 
violaoea,  274 
Hydrobata,  59 

niHxicana,  60 
Hylomatlirouii,  95,  128 

tedon,  138 
iuteriuedias,  142 
platendis,  128 
Hylocicbla,  12,  13 

Hylophilus,  321,  323,  824,  372,  273, 
374 
acutioanda,  374,  378 
aurantiifroua,  374,  377 
cinerasoena,  375 
oinereiceps,  2G6,  380 
decurtatus,  374,  380,  381 
ferruginifrona,  374,  377 
flaveolus,  375 
flavipea,  375,  379 
frontalis,  375 
inaiilaria,  373,  374,  379 
ochraceiceps,  374,  376 
olivaceaa,  375 
pcDoilotis,  372,  373,  375 
pusillus,  374,  381,  382 
tboracicua,  375 
Tiridiflavus,  373,  374,  378, 
380 
Hypothymis  cbryaorrlioa,  412 

loteria,  165,  136,  167,  221,  228,  229, 
230,  234,  407 

auricoUia,  229,  232 

dumioola,  228 

longicauda,  229,  230 

virens,  1()4,  228,  229 

viridia,  228 
IcteriansB,  166,  228 
Idlotea,  237,  238,  242,  247,  264 

bellii,  248 

delattrii,  247,  249,  250 

melanogenys,  247,  248 

mesocbryana,  242,  247, 248,  250 

ruflfrona,  247,  248,  249,  250 
Ixoreus,  13 


Jauco  hyemalis,  177 
Oregon  us,  177 


\i!'.'.)!^{'.r\ii 


470 


ALPHABETICAL    INDEX    OF    KI'ECIES. 


! 


k 


Hi 


-'<.' 


Lagopns,  268  ,    . 

Laietes,  o2;5,  324,  373,  382 
onbiiruii,  382,  383 
Lanindee,  321 
Laiiiidie.  322,  437 
Laiiiip  .!,  437 
Laii'dH,  437 

agi.;3,  338 
ariosiaceus,  443 
borealia,  440 
oaroliiieusia,  443 
oollurio,  4:i8 
oriettatUH,  437,  438 
elwgans,  444,  445 
exoubitor,  437,  440 
exuubitor»)ides,  445 
garrulns,  403,  406 
ludoviciauuB,  443,  446 
major,  442 
mui'idioiialis,  444 
mexicanuH,  44(J 
•  olivacBUS,  333 
SHptentrionalis,  440 
Laniviruo,  324,  32ii,  34r> 

flavifroiis,  32(!,  345,  346 
pluiubea,  32(j,  34r),  349 
propinqua,  326,  345,  348 
solitaria,  326,  345,  347 
Larus  atricilla,  209,  267 
Lepturus,  galeatiia,  416 
Limnornis  unirufus,  111 
Lopliophanea,  77 

atricristf     '  78' 
bicolor,  78 
galeatus,  79 
inoniatus,  78,  79 
niissouriensis,  78 
woUweberi,  79 
Loxigilla,  193 

Malacooichla,  6 

dryas,  6,  10 
mexicana,  11 
Margarops,  3,  5,  41 

densirostris,  59 
fuscatus,  42 
moiUauus,  59 
Melanoptila,  5,  55 

glabrirostris,  55 
Melanotis,  5,  56 

caerulescens,  56 
liypoleucus,  41,  56,  57 
Merula,  12,  13,  31,  34 

aiiierioana  cinerea,  37 
dominiceiisia,  51 
infuscata,  31 

olivacea  dominicensis,  329 
tristis,  26 
Merulaxis  griseicollis,  118 
Microcerculus,  93,  94, 112, 113, 114, 115 
'ii  albogularis,  115 


Miorocuroulua  baiiibla,  112,  114 

pblloiuela,  114,  115 
Miorouhtiliduu,  307 

tibialis,  307 
Miniinse,  3,  4,  409 
Miiuouiohla,  3,  4,  34,  35,  41 

ardosiaceuH,  36,  39 
pluuibua,  35,  36,  40 
ruliiipua,  35,  38 
acliistauea,  35,  37 
Mimokitta  plnuibua,  36 
Mimus,  5,  48,  149 

bahaineiiHia,  52,  53 
csei'ul«!<ceiia,  56 
carulineiiais,  35,  36,  54,  55 
curvinmtris,  45 
doniinicus,  51,  59 
gracilia,  54 
gnudlachi,  52,  59 
biilii,  14,  50,  52 
longiiostria,  44,  45 
nit  laiiojderus,  59 
iiioiitaiius,  42 
Orpheus,  50,  51,  52 
polyglottus,  48,  50,  51,  54, 149, 

335 
rubripes,  36,  38 
rufus,  44 
Baturninus,  53 
thenca,  53 
Mniotilta,  166,  167 

borealis,  167 
riibricapilla,  176 
striata,  192 
varia,  164,  167,  192,  267 

var.  loDgiroatris,  167 
virens,  182 
MniotiltesB,  160,  166 
Motaciila,  150,  151 

ffiquinoctialis,  224 
aestiva,  195 
alba,  151,  152 
albicoUis,  197 
americanua,  169 
auricollis,  173 
aurocapilla,  214 
blackburnise,  189 
caerulea,  67,  74 
Cffiriilescens,  187 
caleiidu'a,  65,  66 
calidris,  329,  331,  332 
caiia,  74 
canadensis,  187 
chloroieuca,  197 
chrysocepbala,  189 
cbryaoptera,  175 
oincta,  187     >, 
citrea,  173 
doininica,  209 
pquHS,  169 
flavicauda,  256 


AU'HABETICAL   INDEX   OF   EPECIES. 


471 


MotadlU  flavioolUs,  209 
tUvifroiiH,  175 
fulva,  2i)(> 
fasoeHCHim,  215 
inciaiia,  18i* 
lurioviviaiia,  169 
maculosa,  20<i 
mitrata,  238,  239 
noveboriict-Dsiu,  21S 
CDiiantlie,  til 
pal  mam  m,  207 
parva  cffiiiilua,  74 
pousilis,  209 
petechia,  199 
piluolata,  240 
pinguia,  187 
protonotarius,  173 
regulus,  (j6 
rubigiuosa,  196 
rufioapilla,  201 
rutioilla,  25li 
eialis,  )J2 
striata,  192 
supercllioaa,  209 
tigiina,  180,  181 
troglodytes,  144 
nmbria,  It^l 
varia,  1U7 
Vernaivora,  179 
vir^na,  182 
yarrelli,  152 
Motacillidee,  150,  lUl,  1G4 
Mu^icicapa,  12,  16 

altiloqna,  329 

•  rraillata,  421,  422 

bivittata,  243 

bonapartei,  240 

biasieri,  245 

canadensis,  239 

caiitatrix,  354 

carolineiisia,  54 

ciuerea,  239 

cucuUata,  239 

dcrliauii,  259 

elegans,  244 

«lizabeth,  425 

gilva,  342 

guttata,  15,  1$ 

leucoinus,  257 

nielodia,  342 

minuta,  241 

noveboracensis,  350,  354 

olivacea,  326,  329,  331,  333 

pusilla,  240 

Tubiifrons,  263,  264 

ruticilla,  253,  256 

eelbyi,  239 

flolitaria,  347 

stragulata,  244 

striata,  1D2 

sylvioola,  346 


MuMoicapaviridicita,  244 
viridis,  228 
TuliiHrata,  259 
wilsoiiii,  240 
Mufloicapidie,  267 
Musoivora  uifxioana,  165 
Myiaa«Mt«8,  321,  408,  409,  411,  416, 
417,418,419,434,436 
ardesiaceus,  421 
arniillatus,  420,  421,  422, 

424,  435 
eliHatHstii,  419.  420,  425 
gvnibarbia,  418,  420,  423, 

424 
griaeiv«nt«r,  421 
leuc-otis,  419,  420,  432,  434 
nielaiiops:,  420,  426 
obscurus,    420,   427,   428, 

430,  435 
solitarius,   418,   419,   420, 
421,  422,  in.  424 
towiLsundii,  417,  420,  428, 

429,  431 
nnicolor,  417,  420, 428, 434 
veiiezuel«(U»i&,    420,     427, 
435       • 
Myiad«8tinjB,  321,  408,  409,  410,  417 
Myiobonis,   237,   238,  2lti,  254.  257, 

258,  262 
Myiociclila  ochrata,  434 
Myioiitouus,  238 

niit^atua,  289 
pusillus,  240 
Myiodioctes,  236,  238,  239,  241,  242, 
262 
l)oiiapart«l,  240 
canadensis,  164,  239,  242 
eoronata,  244 
forin(>!<us,  218 
niinutns,  241 
tuitratus,    164,   239,   252, 

pardalina,  240 
pnsillr.s,  164,  239, 240,242 
trisHriatus,  244 
viridicata,  244 
wilsonii,  240 
MyiothlTpis,  237,  238,  251,  252 
flaveolus,  252 
li  teo-viridis,  252 
iii^ricristatus,  251,  252 

Nemosia,  161 

Neochelidon,  2G9,  270,  271,  305,  307 
fucata,  270,  308 
tibialis,  30"    . 
Neochloe,  323,  371 

brevipenniB,  371,  372 
Neocorya,  151,  152,  153,  155,  157 
spraguei,  155,  157,  159 
NoUochelidcn,  269,  270,  271,  3U5,  306 


) 


1,( 


i; 


m 


m 


472 


AI.I'IIAIIUTIUAL   INUKX   OF   BPECIES. 


Notiocorys,  Iftl,  163,  156 

(Etitiiithuaiiiui'icaiia,  p««ttorHlatea,228 
UyoiuruiM,  104,  lOii,  iS18,  227 
ugilitt,  218,  227 
foriuoDUH,  218,  227 
Oreoclncla,  ''> 

varia,  6 
Oreo8i)opte»,  0,  42 

iiioiitanas,  42,  43 
On)heu»,  :V2.,  48 

cwrulesceiiA,  fi(), 
curviroslri!*,  45 
IvucopteiuH,  48 
loDKiroHtris,  44 
uieruloidfs,  32 
uioiitanus,  42 
polyulottus,  00 
Oacines,  1,  77,  100 

Paciliysylvia  flecurtata,  ?M,  380,  381 

Palleimra,  151 

Pari.la),  (i4,  65,  75,  76,  77.  149,  165 

Pariiise,  77 

Paroidui)  ilavioep^,  85 

iwiidulluua,  85 
P»ru»,  79 

aiiiBricanns,  168,  169 
aniiHxas,  79 
atriuapillas,  79,  80,  82 

canadensis,  80 
atricristatas,  78 
bicolor,  77 
oarolinensis,  81 
cristatus,  77,  78,  79 
erythropis,  264 
fasciatas,  76 
hndsonicns,  82,  83, 
leucotis,  265 
major,  79 
melanotis,  84 
nieridionalia,  80,  81 
minimus,  84 
montanua,  82 
oocidentalis,  81 
palustris,  80 
rufeacens,  83 
septentrionalis,  165,  79,  82 

var.  albescens,  79 
sibirions,  S3 
virginianns,  187 
Parula,  166,  168,  169,  213,  266 
auiericana,  164,  169,  ll 
bra?iliana,  170, 171 
gutturalis,  161,  169,  172 
inornata,  169,  171,  266 
mexioana,  171 
pitiayurai,  169,  170,  266 
Bnperciliosa,  169,  171 
Pfdiouorys,  151,  153,  157 


Peilssoglossa,  162,  163,  in6,  180 

tigrinu,  163,  1.^1 
I'etruclielidou,  268,  269,  270,  271,  284, 
285,  286,  289,  31)9 
albilin«a,  300,  301 
al))iventri«,  302 
aniHricana,  289 
bicolor,  298 
cyanoleucus,  310 
euchryxea,  304 
fulva,2f7.291,290,292 
leuooptera,  300,  302 
leucorrhoa,  301 
liUor.-a,  300,  301.  302 
lunifrons,  287.288,289, 

290,  291,  293 
mt'lanognHter,  290 
nioyeni,  301,  302 
nigri  ans,  268,  287 
nmi'ina,  313 
poociloma,  286,  287,  292 
ruticollaris,  287,  292 
BwaiiiHoni,     286,    287, 

289,  290 
thalusaina,  299 
tibialis,  307 
Phsenopepla,  408,  409,  410,  415 

nitens,  414,  416,  416 
PbsBoprogne,  268,  269,  271,  272,  283 
Pkeugopedius,  93,  95,  113,  12(t,  121, 
123,  128,  134,  136 
coraya,  123 
fasciato-veutris,      123, 

134 
felix,  123,  134, 136 
genibarbis,  134 
leucophrys,  114 
leucostictas,  1 14 
maculipectas,  123, 135, 

136 
melanos,  123,  134 
pleurostictns,  ]l!3 
rutilus,  123,  135,  136 
Phyllomanes,  326 

agilis,  338 
barbatnlus,  331 
flavoviridis,  336 
niystacalis,  329 
olivaceus,  333 
Picolaptea  brnnneicapillus,  99 
capistratus,  104 
megalopterus,  102 
mfinucba,  105 
zonatus,  104 
Pitangus  derbianus,  165 
Pipastes,  153 

Plauesticus,  12,  23  ' 

luridus,  26,  27 
Platycichla  4,  32,  408,  417,  418,  436 
Platyoichia  brevipes,  32,  435,  436 


ALPUABETICAL   INDEX    OF   SPECIES. 


473 


PflBcila  atricnpllhiH,  80  •     ■ 

oaioliiiHimiK,  81 
m«lanotis,  84 
uiiiiiiua,  k4 
rufesoens,  83 
Polioptila,  67,  149 

aU)i1ori9,  67,  C9,  70,  71,  73 
biliiiHata,  U7,  72 
boliviana,  07 
buffoni,  ()7.  09,  70,  71 
cserulea,  B8.  74,  189 
duinicula,  07,  73 
l«mb«'yii,  08 
leucogastra,  07,  69 
iiielamira,  07,  63,  09,  360 
luttxicana,  74 
nigricMpH,  07,  69,  71 
plumbHa,  (i8,  74 
Biiperuiliarifl,  71,  72 
PolioptiliniB,  05 
I'uuiiitorhinuH  turdinns,  45 
Presliys,  111 

caiiifrons,  111 
Progne,  208,  209,  271,  272,  273 
clialybea,  280.  2S2 
cryptoleuoa,  273,  275,  277 
concolor,  274,  278 
doineatica,  274,  282,  283 
dominicensia,    274,   279,   280, 

281,  280 
elegana.  274,  275 
fnsca,  285 
furoata,  273,  278 
)  .Micogaster,  273,  274,  280,  282, 

283 
modesta,  278 

purpurea,  274,  275,  270,  277 
Buhis,  273,  274,  276,  277,  278, 

280,  281 
tapera,  285,  286 
Protonotaria,  100,  173 

citrea,  164,  173 
Psalidoproone,  209,  271,  313  1 

oypstflina,  313 
Paaltria  flaviceps,  85 
nielanoti:^,  84 

miniinua,  84  j 

personata,  84 
pluinlma,  84 
P3altriparu8,  84,  85 

flaviceps,  85 
nielaiiotis,  84 
minimus,  84,  85,  165 
persoiiatus,  84 
ptuinbeuH,  84 
Ptllogonys,  321,  329, 400,  402, 408, 409, 
410,  412,  410,  417 
armillatus,  421 
caudafus.    411,   412,    413, 

414 
ciaereua,  410,  412,  413,  412 


Ptilogonya  grineiventer,  421 
leui'otJH,  432 
niteiirt,  415,  416 
towiixeiidii,  429 
PtilogonatiiDV,  4i)l,  4()8,  4o9 
PtiliuguuatUH,  41ti,  411 

ciiK-reus,  412 
Pvgochelidou,  2iil»,  270,  271,  305,  308, 
309 
cvanoluuoa,  309 
malaiioleuoa,  309 
iiiurina,  3(i9 
pataguuiua,  309 

UegulinsB,  65 
KeguIuB,  05 

calendula,  65,  66 
oristatuB,  05 
cuvieri,  05 
myHtacena,  220 
olivauHUS,  65 
proreguiuH,  05 
rubinoua,  06 
satrapa,  <)5,  104 
tricolor,  05 
Rhamphotiiuuhis,  3,  4,  41 

brachyurus,  41 
Rhimauphus,  182 

wstivus,  195,  197 
blackburniffi,  189 
canadensis,  180 
lastaneuB,  189 
chryseoluB,  196 
coronata,  187 
discolor,  213 
maculosus,  206 
maritimua,  1«1 
olivacea,  205 
pensilia,  209 
pinus,  190 
pityoi^liilna,  208 
ruficapilla,  207 
ruficeps,  203 
striatua,  192 
virens,  182 
Rhodinocichla,  91  '     , 

rosea,  41,  91 

Salpiuotes,  93,  94,  109,  111 
mexicanus,  111 
obsolftns,  110 
Saltator  viridia,  392 
Saurothera,  193  =.■! 

Saxicola,  01 

oenanthe,  61 
ojnanthoides,  61 
Saxicolidae,  1,  2,  3,  61,  05, 149, 164, 409, 

410 
Seiureae,  106 

Seiarua,  21,  164,  214  ....^i 

aui'ocapillua,  164,  214,  266 


*u 


ALPHABETICAL   INDEX    OF   SPECIES. 


Soiaras  go<i<)ii,  21S 

ludoviuianus,  21,  217 
motaoilla,  217 

novel)<)i'aceiiSiS,  21,  164,  215 
Bulpliuranceus,  215 
teuuirostria,  215 
Semimerula,  4,  83,  34 
Setophaga,  23ti,  238,  239,  242, 253,  254, 
25(;,  258,  2ri2 
aaraiitiaca,  254,  261 
auricapilla,  243 
boiiapartei.  240 
brunneiceps,  255,  258 
cTanadunsis,  239 
oa^tanea,  259 
caBtaueo-capilla,  259 
chrysogaster,  242.  244 
flaiiimea,  254,  259,  2lj0 
flaveola,  255,  258 
int«rineflia,  2()0 
lachryinosa,  255,  263 
leuaoinphoinma,  255,  258 
melanocepliala,  255,  258 
miiiiata,  254,  257,  259,  260 
mitrata,  239 
multicolor,  254,  257 
nigriciucta,  240 
ornata,  255,  258,  421 
picta,  253,  254,  256 
rubra,  264 

ruficoronata,  255,  258 
rufifrous,  247,  248 
tuticilla,  164,  253,  256 
torquata,  255,  261 
verticalis,   254,    267,   258, 

261 
vulnerata,  259 
wilsoiiii,  240 
Setophaginae,  165,  167,  235 
Sialia,  62 

azurea,  62 
arctioa,  63,  64,  360 
oseruleorollJs,  63 
macroptera,  64 
mexlcaiia,  63 
occideutalia,  63 
sialis,  62,  63,  149,  164 
wihonii,  62 
Sitta,  86 

aouleata,  86 
oaua.lensis,  87,  166 
carolinensig,  86,  87 
europsea,  86 
melanocephala,  86 
pusilla,  88 
pyginsBa,  88 
varia,  87 
SittinaB,  77,  86 
Sphenotelus,  412 

Stelgidopteryx,  268,  269,  270,  271,  312 
flavigula,  318 


Stelgidopteryx  fulvipennis,  314,  316 
gutturalis,  314 
rullcollis,  314,  315 
surripennis,  314 
uropygialis,   314,  315, 
317,  318 
Sterna  anglica,  267 

aiitiilarum,  209,  268 

frenata,  209 
Sturnus  cinclus,  59 
ScytalopuH  prostheleuoas,  115,  116 
iSylvauia,  253 

boiiapartei,  240 
mitrata,  239 
pumila,  241 
pusilla,  240 
ruticilla,  256 
Sylvia  sestiva,  195,  197 

tequinoctialia,  218 

agilis,  218 

araericanus,  169 

anthoidea,  215 

audubonl,  188 

autumiialia,  190 

anricoUis,  173 

aurocapilla,  214 

azurea,  191 

bachmani,  175 

bifasciata,  191 

blackburiiiae,  189 

cserulea,  191 

caerulesceiia,  186 

caiiieapilla,  223 

canadeuaia,  186 

carbonata,  207 

carolineuaia,  195 

caatanea,  189 

celata,  176 

childreni,  195 

chivi,  337 

cbryaoptera,  175 

citrinella,  1.95 

ooronata,  182,  187 

culioivora,  245 

decurtata,  266,  380 

diacolor,  213 

domeatica,  139 

dumicola,  73 

flava, 195 

flaveola,  375 

flavifrona,  175 

formosa,  218 

fulv.a,  266 

griaeicollis,   266 

icterocepliala,  191 

ineaiia,  189 

lateralis,  189 

leudoeaatra,  69,  176,  187 

l«ucol)lepliara,  il4 

ludovieiaiia,  120,  123 

maogillivrayi,  227 


ALPHABETICAL   INDEX   OF   SPECIES. 


475 


Sylvia  maoropus,  187  ,„■  !>j  >  , -^ 

luaculusa,  20U 
niaguulia,  'ZW 
niarilandioa,  220 
Diaritim.  ,  181 
melanurhoa,  189 
uiiiiiata,  2(i5 
luiuuta,  213,  241      , 
luirirturieiisis,  179 
mitrata,  239 
montaiia,  190 
naslivillei,  176 
iiigie.scen.<,  186 
novHt)oraceusiH,  216 
oci;irt«iitali8,  183 
ocliroleu'ja,  266 
olivaoea,  205 
palinariim,  207 
paliiHtiia,  187 
pardalina,  238,  240 
parus,  189 
pennsylvanica,  191 
petasodes,  240 
pHi-egriiia,  178 
petechia,  201 
pliiladelpliia,  226 
pinus  174,  190 
pitiayutai,  170 
pluiiibea,  170 
pa'ciloti.s,  375 
popiilonim,  191 
piotonotaria,  173 
pniiiila,  2(;6 
pusilla,  169,  187 
rara,  191 
rathbonia,  196 
rose  OH,  220 
rabricapilla,  175 
rufi(vipilla,  173,  176,  204,  206 
russeicauda,  266 
fiemitorquata,  266 
sialis,  62 
solitaria,  174 
spliFgnosa,  187 
striiita,  192 
HwaiiiFoni,  179,  180 
twniata,  205 
tennessflBi,  179 
thoraoica,  375 
tigrina,  181,  190 
tolmisei,  227 
torquata,  169 
townseiidii,  186 
troglodytes,  144 
velata,  223 
vemiata,  170 
verinivora,  179,  241,  243 
vigorsii,  190 
viresce  IS,  266 
vireiiH,  182  /,. 

wilsonii,  240 


Sylvia  xanthopygia,  187 

xautboroa,  187 
Sylviadffi,  3 
Sylvicola,  166,  168,  182 

SBstiva,  195,  199 

agiiis,  218 

americana,  169       .,,/.; 

auduboni,  188         ,, ,i,  .  .,.:j 

aureula,  194  , 

auricoUis,  173 

bachuiauni,  175 

blackbumiae,  189 

ca'ralea,  191 

canadensis,  186 

"   *tanea,  189 

celata,  176 

chrysoptera,  175 

coroiiata,  187 

discolor,  213 

eoa,  1 94,  195 

forniosa,  218 

ieteimiephala,  191 

kirtland'i,  206 

mauulosa,  206 

mai'itiiua,  181 

niitiata,  239 

montana,  190 

occidentalis,  183 

olivacea,  205 

palinarurn,  207 

pannosa,  187 
,    pardalina,  240 

peusilid,  209 

peregrina,  178 

petechia,  207 

pharetra,  192 

pinus,  190 

pityophila,  208 

pii-iilla,  169  ..     ,     .  ; 

I'ubricapilla,  175  ,,., 

ruficapilla,  207 

striata,  192 

Bwainaoni,  180 

tseniata,  205 

townsendi,  185 

vermivora,  180 

venusta,  170 

virens,  182 
Sylvicolid8B,  2,  65,  150,  160,  ISl,  162, 

164,165,266,321 
SylvicolinsB,  165,  166,  167 
SylviidsB,  64,  76,  149,  164,  410 

Tachycineta,  268,  269,  270,  271,  298, 
297 
albilinea,  297 
albiventris,  297 
bic'dor.  297,  298 
Ifiiicorrlioa,  297 

;^  i  %,   =r        ni«<yeni,  297 

thalasaina,  297,  299 


■^ 


'476 


ALPHABETICAL   INDEX   OF   SPECIES. 


I 


i;  -»f^ 


Taenioptera,  13 

ruflveiitris,  13 
Tauagra  doiuiiiiua,  4U1,  403 
doiniiiiceiiriis,  403 
esolave,   401 
guiaiieuais,  384,  389 
TanagridfiB,  l(jl 
Telmatodytes,  95,  123,  147 

arundinac«ua,  147 
bewickii,  120 
palustriti,  147 
Teretriateae,  lUtj 
Teretiistid,  1G3,  165,  1(J6,  233 
fernaiiiiiiiie,  234 
fornsii,l(J3,  164,  234,  235 
Thamiiophilus  agilis,  338 
Thryooianes,  95,  120,  123,  126 

bHwiekii,  123,  125,  126 
leucogaster,  123,  126 
spilnrus,  123,  126 
ThryopUilus,  93,  95, 120. 121, 123, 127, 
134,  137 
albi  pectus,  122,  123,  131, 

132 
oastanens,  123,  133 
galbraithi,  123,  131 
longirostris,  123,  132 
inodestus,  122,  123,  130, 

131,  132 
nigricapilius,  123 
poliopleura,  123 
rufalbus,  127,  128 

var.  poliopleura, 
128   129 
sinaloa,  123,  129,  130 
striolatus,  123,  132 
Thryothoras,  92,  93,  95,  120,  121,  123, 
127,  128,  134,  137 
albi  nucha,  149 
arundinaceus,  147 
berlandieri,  121, 123, 124 
bewickii,   121,  126,  129, 
150 
«nr.  8pilurus,126 
oastaneus,  123,  132 
fasciato-ventris,  121,  134 
.      ,  felix,  121,  136 

galbraithi,  123,  131 
guttatus,  108,  111 
leucogaster,  121 
.'     littoralis,  124 
.   j;     <;.  longirostris,  123 
louisianae,  124 
ludovicianns,    120,    121, 
123,  124,  128,  130,  137 
tnaculipeotus,  121,  135 
. ; '    t*(,         mexicaiins,  110,  111 
modulator,  112 
mnrinuR,  123 
:*/; ,  i:P^,.  niKrioapillus,    123,    133, 
-    '.    '       134 


Thryothoras  palustria,  147 

petenicus,  121,  123,  126, 

130,  149 
pinus,  190 

pleurostiotus,  121,  123 
poliopleura,  122 
rufalbus,  122,  128,  129 
rutilaiis   135 
rutilus,  121,  138 
schottii,  123 
siiiiiloa,  122 
spilunis,  122,  126 
tonjuatuH,  ltJ9 
Todirostrnm,  165,  251,  253,  237  " 

Todus,  193,  251 

viridis,  165 
Tox'>8toma,  43 

curvirostris,  45 
lecontei,  47 
longirostre,  44 
rediviva,  48 
vetula,  43,  45 
Trichas,  219 

sequinoctialis,  224 
agilia,  218 

brachydactvlus,  220,  221 
delafleldii,  225 
leucoblepbaia,  244 
niacgillivrayi,  226 
marilandica,  220 
nigricristatus,  251 
persouatns,  220,  221 
pliiladelpliia,  226 
Ruperciliosus,  243,  244 
teplirocotis,  218 
vegeta,  227 
Telata,  225 
Troglodytes,  89,  95,  121,  137,  138 

iBdon,  137,  138,  139,  140, 
141,  142,  143,  145 
var.     aztecus,     138, 
139 
albinuoha,  149,  150 
araericanns,  138,  141 
aruudiiiaoeua,    120,   124, 

147 
bewickii,  120,  127 
brevirostris,  146 
bruuneicollis,     137,    138, 

139,  143,  144 
cumanensia,  128 
europsBus,  145 
fulvus,  139 
puttatus,  118 
hyemalis,  1.37,  138,  144, 
145 
var.      pacificn?, 
138,  145 
hypsBdon,  139,  142, 143 
intermediua,  138, 142, 143 
iuquietua,  138,  143 


ALPHABETICAL   INDEX   OP   SPECIES. 


477 


Troglodytes  latifasoiatus,  110 

leucogaatra,  109,  127 
le  loophryu,  118 
ludovicianus,  123 
/   ,  murariua,  111 

cbsoletus,  109,  110 
palustris,  147,  148 
parkiuauni,  138,  139, 140, 

141,  143,  145 
stellaris,  146 
Bylvestris,  140 
Troglodytidae,  91,  92,  93,  94, 149,  321, 

3:23 
Tardatnpelis  lanioides,  434 

rufouoccyx,  434 
Turdidse,  1,  2,  3,  5,  6,  58,  G5,  92,  149, 

1(J4,  321,  409,  410 
Turdinae,  3,  4,  409 
Turdus,  3,  4,  5,  11,  12,  13,  34,  160 

alicisB,  19,  20,  21,  22,  149,  217 

aonalasclika,  15 

ardodiaueu8,  3,  39 

aHsiinilis,  24 

auduboui,  15, 16 

aurautius,  34,  4 

aurautiirnstris,  7 

aurocapilla,  214 

bambla,  113 

braehyuius,  41 

ceesiud,  2U,  27 

capucinus,  23 

carolinendis,  54 

casius,  2t) 

cineieus  minor,  57 

ooufiiiid,  29 

coronatua,  214 

densns,  13,  14 

domiuicus,  51 

erythrophtbalmus,  56 

flavirorttris,  30,  31 

fuscatus,  41,  42 

fuscesceus,  tJ,  15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 

149 
grayi,  25,  26,  27 
guttatus,  14 
gyinnophthalmus,  27 
iufusuatus,  31 
iliuoud,  12,  23 
jamaicensis,  12,  23 
lereboulleti,  12,  23 
leucauohen,  24,  25,  27 
leucogeuys,  34 
ludovicianus,  217 
lUHlaiiotiSj  OQ 
nielodus,  13 
melpomene,  7 
JUHfula,  13 
migratoriua,  6,  12,  13,  23,  29, 

30.  33,  34,  149,  164 
tnini,nu:>,  19,  20,  21 
miucr,  14,  18,  19 


Turdua  moiitamia,  42  ■  ' 

luusteliiiua,  2,  12,  13,  14,  16, 
17,  149 

nsevius,  13,  32 

nauua,  15,  16,  17       t 

nigruscuiiH,  58 

obsoletua,  28  '  ■       . 

olivaceus,  19 

orpbtius,  50,  52 

palliatus,  31 

pallaaii,  7,  14,  16,  17 

phsRopygus,  59 

plumbeuri,  36,  37,  39,  40 

polyglotlua,  48 

rubripes,  35 

rulitorques,  32,  38  ■' 

rutopalliatus,  31 

rut  us,  44 

siluna,  16,  17 

Bolitarius,  14 

Bwainsonii,  15,  16,  19,  20,  22, 
24,  149,  164,  217 

torquatus,  12 

trie  baa,  220 

triatia,  27 

uatuiatua,  18 

variegatua,  96 

visoivorua,  11,  12 

pluuibeus,  36, 37 

virens,  228 

vulpinua,  41,  92 

wilaoiiii,  IB 

xantboacelia,  59 
TyraunidiB,  165 

Vormivora,  179 

bacbmanni,  175 
celata,  176 
fulviuapilla,  180 
pennaylvauioa,  180 
peregrina,  178 
protonotaria,  173 
riibricapilla,  175 
Bolitariii,  174 
swainsoui,  180 
Vermivorse,  1 66 

Vireo,  162,  163,  228,  2.34,  321,  323, 324, 
325,  326,  350,  351,  353,  373, 
383,  402 
agilis,  334,  338 
altiloqua,  329,  330,  .331 
atrioapillua,  324,  326,  351,  353, 

354 
babamensis,  363 
barbatula,  163,  165 
bartrami,  338,  340.  343 
belli,    323,  351,  352,  358,  359, 

860 
bogotenais,  333 
cariiiio  1.  32(i.  .S51,  352,  356 
oatisini,  347,  348 


478 


ALPHABETICAL  INDEX    OF   SPECIES. 


Vireo  ehivi,  338 

crassirostria,  165,  308 

freiiatii,  330 

flavifrons,  32(j,  346,  370  ,.j  ? 

llavovindis,  336 

gilvus,  342,  359 

guudlachi,  363.  368,  369 

huttoui,  326,  Zf>l,  352,  367,  358, 

363 
hypocliryasus,  370 
josoi>h.B,  324,  344,  364 
latimoii,  364 
longiiostrirt,  329 
inodestus,  3(;2,  363,  364,  369 
luuBiuud,  3.')4 
noveboraceiisia,   32(5,  345,   350, 

351,  354,  355,  362,  363,  369 
ochraceus,  366,  367 
olivaceus,  326,  333,  334,  338 
pal  lens,  365 
philadelpliii-a,  369 
p)iila(i«lp!ii(;ii8,  341 
pusillua,  326,  351,  352,360,  362, 
■;  365 

semiflavua,  366,  367 
solitarius,  326,  347,  348,  349 
swainsoiii,  343 
virescens,  333,  334,  338 
vicinior,  3:6,  351,  352,  361,  366 
vigorsii,  190 
Vireolauius,  324,  385,  395 

cliloiogaster,  396,  399 
eximiuH,  396,  398 
icterophrys,  3'.»6,  398,  399, 

400 
melitophrya,  385,  395,  396 
pulohellus,  396,  397,  398 
Vireonella,  325,  326,  351,  369 

craasirostris,  326,  351,  353 
gundlachi.  326,  351,  353 
hypochryaeua,     326,    361, 

353 
latimeri,  326,  361,  362 


Vireouellamod.jftus,  32<«  351,352,358 
OcliMceus,  32     351,  353 
palleaa,  326,  351,  352,  360, 
362 
Vireonidse,  161, 162,  IC  .,  321.  322,  323, 

402,  437 
Viroosylvla,  32z,  323, 324, 325, 326, 327 
agilis.  325   328,  338,  339, 

340 
altiloqud,       V  332 
atripeimiH,  o  .  ,  330,  331 
barbatula,  325,  328,  330, 

331,  340 
oalidris,328,  329,330,331, 

335 
oanipestris,  325 
ohivi,  325,  328,  334,  337, 

339.  340 
cobaneiisia,  .341 
flavifiona,  325,  346 
flavoviridia,  325,  328,  336, 

339,  340 
frenata,  330 

gilva,  325,  328,  342,  343, 

345 
josephae,  325,  328,  344 
olivacea,    325,    327,   328, 

329,  333,  336,  337,  339, 

340 
phlladelpliica,    326,    328, 

340,  341 
pUinibea,  349 

,        propiiiqiia,  348 

Bolitaiius,  347,  350 
Bwaiiiaoiii,  326,  328,  343, 

344 
virescens,  338 

Wilsonia,  238 

bonapartii,  240 
minuta,  241 
mitrata,  239 
pusilla,  240 


■'.   ..iA.. 


I' 


1,352,358 
if)!,  353 
,  352,  360, 

I.  322,  323, 

J5, 321),  327 

380,  331 
,  328,  330, 

;9,  330, 331, 


1,  334,  337, 

1 

346 

;5,  328,  336, 


3,  342,  343, 

328,  344 
,    327,   328, 
!6,  337,  339, 

325,    328, 


350 

,  328,  343, 


» *■.. 


